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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luteal phase</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="طور أصفري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طور أصفري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutealfase" title="Lutealfase – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lutealfase" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_l%C3%BAtea" title="Fase lútea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fase lútea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84" title="فاز لوتئال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاز لوتئال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_lut%C3%A9ale" title="Phase lutéale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phase lutéale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_luteal" title="Fase luteal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fase luteal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_luteale" title="Fase luteale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fase luteale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E4%BD%93%E6%9C%9F" title="黄体期 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄体期" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_lute%C3%ADnica" title="Fase luteínica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fase luteínica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Менструальный цикл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менструальный цикл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86" title="قۆناغی زەردەتەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قۆناغی زەردەتەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretuvar_d%C3%B6nem" title="Sekretuvar dönem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sekretuvar dönem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The latter part of the menstrual cycle associated with ovulation and an increase in progesterone</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menstrual_cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Menstrual_cycle.svg/350px-Menstrual_cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Menstrual_cycle.svg/525px-Menstrual_cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Menstrual_cycle.svg/700px-Menstrual_cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Menstrual cycle</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a> is on average 28 days in length. It begins with <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menses</a> (day 1–7) during the <a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">follicular phase</a> (day 1–14), followed by <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> (day 14) and ending with the <b>luteal phase</b> (day 14–28).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the follicular phase which can vary in length among individuals, the luteal phase is typically fixed at approximately 14 days (i.e. days 14–28)<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is characterized by changes to hormone levels, such as an increase in <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> levels, decrease in <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) and <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH), changes to the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrial lining</a> to promote <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">implantation</a> of the fertilized egg, and development of the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">corpus luteum</a>. In the absence of fertilization by sperm, the corpus luteum degenerates leading to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen, an increase in FSH and LH, and shedding of the endometrial lining (menses) to begin the menstrual cycle again.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hormonal_events">Hormonal events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luteal_phase&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hormonal events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> and release of the <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary#Function" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary hormones</a>–<a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) and <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) are released and cause the remaining parts of the dominant <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">follicle</a> to transform into the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">corpus luteum</a>. It continues to grow during the luteal phase after ovulation and produces significant amounts of hormones, particularly progesterone, and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">inhibin</a>. Progesterone plays a vital role in making the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a> <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)#Uterus_receptivity" title="Implantation (embryology)">receptive</a> to <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">implantation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> and supportive of early pregnancy. High levels of progesterone inhibit the follicular growth. The increase in estrogen and progesterone also lead to increased basal body temperature during the luteal phase.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/LH_surge" class="mw-redirect" title="LH surge">LH surge</a> that occurs during ovulation triggers the release of the oocyte and its cumulus oophorus from the ovary and into the fallopian tube and triggers the oocyte to divide and enter metaphase of meiosis II (46 or 2n chromosome) and extrude its first polar body. The oocyte will only continue through meiosis and extrude its second polar body once it is fertilized. Ovulation occurs ~35 hours after the beginning of the LH surge or ~10 hours following the LH surge. Several days after <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>, the increasing amount of estrogen produced by the corpus luteum may cause one or two days of fertile <a href="/wiki/Cervical_mucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical mucus">cervical mucus</a>, lower basal body temperatures, or both. This is known as a "secondary estrogen surge".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hormones released by the corpus luteum suppress production of the FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland. The corpus luteum relies on LH activation on its receptors in order to survive. The loss of the corpus luteum can be prevented by implantation of an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>: after implantation, human embryos produce <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">human chorionic gonadotropin</a> (hCG),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is structurally similar to LH and can preserve the corpus luteum. If implantation occurs, the corpus luteum will continue to produce progesterone for eight to twelve weeks, after which the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> takes over this function.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of fertilization, hCG is not produced and the corpus luteum will atrophy in 10–12 days (Luteolysis or luteal regression). The death of the corpus luteum results in falling levels of progesterone and estrogen. The drop in ovarian hormones releases negative feedback on LH and FSH, thereby increasing LH and FSH concentrations and leading to shedding of the endometrium and another round of ovarian follicle selection.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uterine_events">Uterine events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luteal_phase&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uterine events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the follicular phase in the menstrual cycle, the uterine endometrium is in the proliferative phase which is characterized by an increase in circulating estrogen produced by the developing follicle. Increased estradiol alters the endometrial lining and promotes proliferation of epithelial cells, thickening of the tissue, and elongation of the spiral arteries that provide nutrients to the growing tissue. Estrogen also makes the endometrium more sensitive to progesterone in preparation for the luteal phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After ovulation and during the luteal phase, the uterine endometrium is in the secretory phase which is characterized by the production of progesterone from the growing corpus luteum. Progesterone inhibits endometrial proliferation, and preserves uterine tissue in preparation for fertilized egg implantation. At the end of the luteal phase, progesterone levels fall and the corpus luteum atrophies. The drop in progesterone leads to endometrial ischemia which will subsequently shed in the beginning of the next cycle at the start of menses.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This last stage in the luteal or secretory phase may be called the <b>ischemic phase</b> and lasts just for one or two days.<sup id="cite_ref-libretexts_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libretexts-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luteal_phase&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes in the level of progesterone during this phase may cause typical symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Pre-menstrual_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-menstrual syndrome">pre-menstrual syndrome</a> (PMS), such as: </p> <ul><li>Anxiety</li> <li>Headaches</li> <li>Mood swings</li> <li>Irritability</li> <li>Tender breasts</li> <li>Weight gain</li> <li>Trouble sleeping</li> <li>Changes in sexual desire</li> <li>Bloating</li> <li>Emotional stresses</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luteal_phase&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medicine+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=26.6B%3A+Ovarian+Cycle&rft.date=2018-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnatomy_and_Physiology%2FBook%253A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_%28Boundless%29%2F26%253A_The_Reproductive_System%2F26.6%253A_Physiology_of_the_Female_Reproductive_System%2F26.6B%253A_Ovarian_Cycle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuteal+phase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Template:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Template talk:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_physiology_of_sexual_reproduction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human physiology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">sexual reproduction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">Follicular phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luteal phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogonium" title="Spermatogonium">spermatogonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">spermatocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatid" title="Spermatid">spermatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">oogonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immature_ovum" title="Immature ovum">ootid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonocyte" title="Gonocyte">gonocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual activity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li>Erection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li>Ejaculation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">Implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Development of the<br /> reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadarche" title="Gonadarche">Gonadarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_scale" title="Tanner scale">Tanner scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubarche" title="Pubarche">Pubarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermarche" title="Spermarche">Spermarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenarche" title="Adrenarche">Adrenarche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_maternal_age" title="Advanced maternal age">Maternal age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paternal_age_effect" title="Paternal age effect">Paternal age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Egg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">Ovum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">Vivipary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology<br />and infertility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelarche" title="Thelarche">Thelarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Human reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diseases and disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">Anorgasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysorgasmia" title="Dysorgasmia">Dysorgasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_flaccid_syndrome" title="Hard flaccid syndrome">Hard flaccid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">Premature ejaculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">Vaginismus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Menstrual_cycle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Menstrual_cycle" title="Template:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Menstrual_cycle" title="Template talk:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Menstrual_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Menstrual cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Menstrual_cycle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">Follicular phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luteal phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tracking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_body_temperature" title="Basal body temperature">Basal body temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix#Cervical_mucus" title="Cervix">Cervical mucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelschmerz" title="Mittelschmerz">Mittelschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">Calendar-based methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billings_ovulation_method" title="Billings ovulation method">Billings Ovulation Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Model_FertilityCare_System" title="Creighton Model FertilityCare System">Creighton Model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_suppression" title="Menstrual suppression">Suppression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive" title="Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive">Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea" title="Lactational amenorrhea">Lactational amenorrhea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder" title="Menstrual disorder">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">Amenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anovulation" title="Anovulation">Anovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomenorrhea" title="Cryptomenorrhea">Cryptomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomenorrhea" title="Hypomenorrhea">Hypomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">Irregular menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menometrorrhagia" title="Menometrorrhagia">Menometrorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropathia_haemorrhagica" title="Metropathia haemorrhagica">Metropathia haemorrhagica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrorrhagia">Metrorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoamenorrhea" title="Oligoamenorrhea">Oligoamenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligomenorrhea" title="Oligomenorrhea">Oligomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoovulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligoovulation">Oligoovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymenorrhagia" title="Polymenorrhagia">Polymenorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymenorrhea" title="Polymenorrhea">Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folliculogenesis" title="Folliculogenesis">Folliculogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_synchrony" title="Menstrual synchrony">Menstrual synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_water_retention" title="Premenstrual water retention">Premenstrual water retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity_during_menstruation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual activity during menstruation">Sexual activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_and_mental_health" title="Menstruation and mental health">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">Premenstrual syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">Premenstrual dysphoric disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual psychosis">Menstrual psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene_management" title="Menstrual hygiene management">Menstrual hygiene management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pad" title="Menstrual pad">Menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_pad" title="Menstrual pad">Menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_underwear" title="Period underwear">Period underwear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_Hygiene_Day" title="Menstrual Hygiene Day">Menstrual Hygiene Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">In culture and religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">Chhaupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation_in_Islam" title="Menstruation in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_leave" title="Menstrual leave">Menstrual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_stigma" title="Menstrual stigma">Menstrual stigma</a></li> <li><a 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