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<li id="toc-9th_to_11th_centuries:_beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th_to_11th_centuries:_beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>9th to 11th centuries: beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9th_to_11th_centuries:_beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_and_12th_centuries:_expansion_and_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_León" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_and_12th_centuries:_expansion_and_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_León"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_and_12th_centuries:_expansion_and_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_León-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12th_century:_a_link_between_Christianity_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th_century:_a_link_between_Christianity_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>12th century: a link between Christianity and Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th_century:_a_link_between_Christianity_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_century:_definitive_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_León" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_century:_definitive_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_León"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>13th century: definitive union with the Kingdom of León</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century:_definitive_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_León-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries:_the_House_of_Trastámara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_and_15th_centuries:_the_House_of_Trastámara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_and_15th_centuries:_the_House_of_Trastámara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_of_the_Crowns_of_Castile_and_Aragon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_the_Crowns_of_Castile_and_Aragon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_the_Crowns_of_Castile_and_Aragon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government:_municipal_councils_and_parliaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government:_municipal_councils_and_parliaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government: municipal councils and parliaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government:_municipal_councils_and_parliaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Castile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Castile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arms of the Kingdom of Castile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Castile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Castile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="مملكة قشتالة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة قشتالة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Castiella" title="Reino de Castiella – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino de Castiella" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Castiella" title="Reinu de Castiella – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Castiella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastiliya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kastiliya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kastiliya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="کاستیل شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاستیل شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Castilla Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Castilla Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каралеўства Кастылія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Кастылія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Кастилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Кастилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Kastilha" title="Rouantelezh Kastilha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Kastilha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Castella" title="Regne de Castella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Castella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Kastilské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kastilské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_Castilla" title="Teyrnas Castilla – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas Castilla" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Castilien" title="Kongeriget Castilien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Castilien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Kastilien" title="Königreich Kastilien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Kastilien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastiilia_kuningriik" title="Kastiilia kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kastiilia kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Καστίλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Καστίλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Castilla" title="Reino de Castilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Castilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Castilla" title="Reinu de Castilla – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Reinu de Castilla" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaztelako_Erresuma" title="Gaztelako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaztelako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پادشاهی کاستیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی کاستیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Castille" title="Royaume de Castille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Castille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninkryk_Kastylje" title="Keninkryk Kastylje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keninkryk Kastylje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%B3in_na_Caist%C3%ADle" title="Coróin na Caistíle – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coróin na Caistíle" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Castela" title="Reino de Castela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Castela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%BC_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="카스티야 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카스티야 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կաստիլիայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաստիլիայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Kastilija" title="Kraljevina Kastilija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Kastilija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejio_Kastilia" title="Rejio Kastilia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rejio Kastilia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Kastilia" title="Kerajaan Kastilia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Kastilia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Kastil%C3%ADa" title="Konungsríkið Kastilía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konungsríkið Kastilía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Castiglia" title="Regno di Castiglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Castiglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת קסטיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת קסטיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="კასტილიის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კასტილიის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Kast%C3%AElyay%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Kastîlyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Kastîlyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Castellae" title="Regnum Castellae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Castellae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kast%C4%ABlijas_Karaliste" title="Kastīlijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kastīlijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Kastilijos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kastilijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_de_Castelia" title="Rena de Castelia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rena de Castelia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszt%C3%ADliai_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Kasztíliai Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kasztíliai Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Кралство Кастиља – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Кастиља" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة كاستييا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة كاستييا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Castili%C3%AB" title="Koninkrijk Castilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Castilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="カスティーリャ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カスティーリャ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Castilla" title="Kongedømmet Castilla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Castilla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Castilla" title="Kongedømet Castilla – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Castilla" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiaume_de_Castelha" title="Reiaume de Castelha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reiaume de Castelha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="قشتالہ بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قشتالہ بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Kastylii" title="Królestwo Kastylii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Kastylii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Castela" title="Reino de Castela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Castela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Castiliei" title="Regatul Castiliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Castiliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевство Кастилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Кастилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Castile" title="Kinrick o Castile – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o Castile" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Castile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Кастиља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Кастиља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Kastilja" title="Kraljevina Kastilja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Kastilja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Kastilien" title="Kungariket Kastilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Kastilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ราชอาณาจักรกัสติยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรกัสติยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastilya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kastilya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kastilya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кастильське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кастильське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81" title="مملکت قشتالہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت قشتالہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Castilla" title="Vương quốc Castilla – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Castilla" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="卡斯蒂利亚王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡斯蒂利亚王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%BF%AA%E6%8B%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="卡斯迪拿王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡斯迪拿王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="卡斯蒂利亚王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡斯蒂利亚王国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Castile</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Reino de Castilla</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Regnum Castellae</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1065–1833</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Castile.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kingdom of Castile"><img alt="Flag of Kingdom of Castile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Castile.svg/125px-Flag_of_Castile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Castile.svg/188px-Flag_of_Castile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Castile.svg/250px-Flag_of_Castile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div>Royal Standard</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Castile_Arms_(no_crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kingdom of Castile"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kingdom of Castile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Kingdom_of_Castile_Arms_%28no_crowned%29.svg/85px-Kingdom_of_Castile_Arms_%28no_crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Kingdom_of_Castile_Arms_%28no_crowned%29.svg/128px-Kingdom_of_Castile_Arms_%28no_crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Kingdom_of_Castile_Arms_%28no_crowned%29.svg/170px-Kingdom_of_Castile_Arms_%28no_crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:506-Castile_1210.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/506-Castile_1210.png/250px-506-Castile_1210.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/506-Castile_1210.png/375px-506-Castile_1210.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/506-Castile_1210.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="506" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="padding-center: 0.6em; text-align: center;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD858B; color:black;"> </span> The Kingdom of Castile in 1210.</div></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Independent kingdom (1065–1230)<br /><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (1230–1715)<br />Realm of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1715–1833)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">No settled capital<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> (state religion),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feudal_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal monarchy">Feudal monarchy</a> (1065–1230)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1065–1072 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho II of León and Castile">Sancho II</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1217–1230 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1065</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Permanent union of Castile and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1230</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1833_territorial_division_of_Spain" title="1833 territorial division of Spain">1833 territorial division of Spain</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1833</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg/20px-Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg/30px-Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg/40px-Banner_of_arms_kingdom_of_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Castile</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Reino de Castilla</i>: <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Regnum Castellae</i>) was a polity in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. It traces its origins to the 9th-century <b>County of Castile</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Condado de Castilla</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Comitatus Castellae</i>), as an eastern frontier lordship of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>. During the 10th century, the Castilian counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, the union became permanent. </p><p>Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic principalities</a>. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9th_to_11th_centuries:_beginnings">9th to 11th centuries: beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 9th to 11th centuries: beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III of Asturias</a>, the first reference to the name "Castile" (Castilla) can be found in a document written during AD 800.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> chronicles from the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Cordoban Caliphate</a>, the oldest sources refer to it as Al-Qila, or "the castled" high plains past the territory of <a href="/wiki/Alava" class="mw-redirect" title="Alava">Alava</a>, further south than it and the first encountered in their expeditions from <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>. The name reflects its origin as a <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">march</a> on the eastern frontier of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a>, protected by castles, <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">towers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Need to cite reliable source for origin of name (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in a territory formerly called <a href="/wiki/Bardulia" title="Bardulia">Bardulia</a>. </p><p>The County of Castile, bordered in the south by the northern reaches of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Central" title="Sistema Central">Sistema Central</a> mountain system, was just north of modern-day Madrid province. It was re-populated by inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vasconia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozarab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarab">Mozarab</a> origins. It had its own <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> dialect and customary laws. </p><p>From the first half of the 9th century until the middle of the century, in which it came to be paid more attention, it was administered and defended by the monarchs of Leon, due to the increased incursions from the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a>. Its first repopulation settlements were led by small abbots and local counts from the other side of the Cantabrian ridge neighbor valleys, <a href="/wiki/Trasmiera" title="Trasmiera">Trasmiera</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primorias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primorias (page does not exist)">Primorias</a> and smaller ones, from the contiguous maritime valleys of Mena and <a href="/wiki/Encartaciones" class="mw-redirect" title="Encartaciones">Encartaciones</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>; some of those settlers had abandoned those exposed areas of the Meseta a few decades earlier, and taken refuge in the much denser and more intractable woods of the Atlantic valleys, so they were not that foreign to them. </p><p>A mix of settlers from the Cantabrian and Basque coastal areas, which were recently swelled with refugees, was led under the protection of Abbot Vitulus and his brother, Count Herwig, as registered in the local charters they signed around the first years of the 800s. The areas that they settled did not extend far from the Cantabrian southeastern ridges, and not beyond the southern reaches of the high <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> river valleys and canyon gores. </p><p>The first count of a wider and more united Castile was <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_of_Castile" title="Rodrigo of Castile">Rodrigo</a> in 850, under <a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_I_of_Asturias" title="Ordoño I of Asturias">Ordoño I of Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III of Asturias</a>. He settled and fortified the ancient Cantabrian hill town of <a href="/wiki/Amaya_(Burgos)" title="Amaya (Burgos)">Amaya</a>, west and south of the Ebro river, which offered an easier defense from the Muslim military expeditions and command of the main highway, still functional from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, passing by, south of the Cantabrian ridge all the way to Leon. Subsequently, the region was subdivided, separate counts being named to Alava, Burgos, Cerezo & Lantarón, and a reduced Castile. In 931 the county was reunified by Count <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernán González">Fernán González</a>, who rose in rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>, successor state to Asturias, and achieved an autonomous status, allowing the county to be inherited by his family instead of being subject to appointment by the Leonese king.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_and_12th_centuries:_expansion_and_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_León"><span id="11th_and_12th_centuries:_expansion_and_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_Le.C3.B3n"></span>11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Iberian_Peninsula_1037-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_1037-es.svg/425px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_1037-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="425" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_1037-es.svg/638px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_1037-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_1037-es.svg/850px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_1037-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>County of Castile (Castilla) in 1037</figcaption></figure><p> The minority of Count García Sánchez led Castile to accept <a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho III of Navarre">Sancho III of Navarre</a>, married to the sister of Count García, as feudal overlord. García was assassinated in 1028 while in León to marry the princess Sancha, sister of <a href="/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Bermudo III of León">Bermudo III of León</a>. Sancho III, acting as feudal overlord, appointed his younger son (García's nephew) <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand</a> as Count of Castile, marrying him to his uncle's intended bride, Sancha of León. Following Sancho's death in 1035, Castile returned to the nominal control of León, but Ferdinand, allying himself with his brother <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="García Sánchez III of Navarre">García Sánchez III of Navarre</a>, began a war with his brother-in-law Vermudo. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamar%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Tamarón">Battle of Tamarón</a> Vermudo was killed, leaving no surviving heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly_27_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly_27-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In right of his wife, Ferdinand then assumed the royal title as king of León and Castile, for the first time associating the royal title with the rule of Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly_27_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly_27-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ferdinand I died in 1065, the territories were divided among his children. <a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho II of Castile">Sancho II</a> became King of Castile,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly199639_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly199639-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI of Castile">Alfonso VI</a>, King of León and García, King of Galicia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly199639_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly199639-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his daughters were given towns: <a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Zamora,_Infanta_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Urraca of Zamora, Infanta of Castile">Urraca</a> was given Zamora, and <a href="/wiki/Elvira_of_Toro" title="Elvira of Toro">Elvira</a> was given <a href="/wiki/Toro,_Zamora" title="Toro, Zamora">Toro</a>. </p><p>Sancho II allied himself with Alfonso VI of León and together they conquered, then divided, Galicia. Sancho later attacked Alfonso VI and invaded León with the help of <a href="/wiki/El_Cid" title="El Cid">El Cid</a>, and drove his brother into exile, thereby reuniting the three kingdoms. Urraca permitted the greater part of the Leonese army to take refuge in the town of Zamora. Sancho laid siege to the town, but the Castilian king was assassinated in 1072 by Bellido Dolfos, a Galician nobleman. The Castilian troops then withdrew. </p><p>As a result, Alfonso VI recovered all his original territory of León, and became the king of Castile and Galicia. This was the second union of León and Castile, although the two kingdoms remained distinct entities joined only in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/El_Cid" title="El Cid">oath taken by El Cid</a> before Alfonso VI in Santa Gadea de Burgos regarding the innocence of Alfonso in the matter of the murder of his brother is well known. </p><p>During the first years of the 12th century, Sancho, the only son of Alfonso VI, died, leaving only his daughter. Because of this, Alfonso VI took a different approach from other European kingdoms, including <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave his daughters, Elvira, Urraca, and Theresa in marriage to Raymond of Toulouse, Raymond of Burgundy, and Henry of Burgundy respectively. In the Council of Burgos in 1080 the traditional <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic rite">Mozarabic rite</a> was replaced by the Roman one. Upon his death, Alfonso VI was succeeded by his daughter, the widowed Urraca, who then married Alfonso I of Aragon, but they almost immediately fell out. Alfonso tried unsuccessfully to conquer Urraca's lands, before he repudiated her in 1114. Urraca also had to contend with attempts by her son from her first marriage, the king of Galicia, to assert his rights. When Urraca died, this son became king of León and Castile as <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a>. During his reign, Alfonso VII managed to annex parts of the weaker kingdoms of Navarre and Aragón which fought to secede after the death of Alfonso I of Aragon. Alfonso VII refused his right to conquer the Mediterranean coast for the new union of Aragón with the County of Barcelona (Petronila and Ramón Berenguer IV). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th_century:_a_link_between_Christianity_and_Islam">12th century: a link between Christianity and Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 12th century: a link between Christianity and Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The centuries of Moorish rule had established Castile's high central plateau as a vast sheep pasturage; the fact that the greater part of Spanish sheep-rearing terminology was derived from Arabic underscores the debt.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 8th and 9th centuries was preceded by a period of <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> conquests, as Arabs took control of previously Hellenized areas such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at this point they first encountered Greek ideas, though from the beginning, many Arabs were hostile to classical learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this hostility, the religious Caliphs could not support scientific translations. Translators had to seek out wealthy business patrons rather than religious ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until Abbasid rule in the 8th century, however, there was little work in translation. Most knowledge of Greek during Umayyad rule was gained from scholars of Greek who remained from the Byzantine period, rather than through widespread translation and dissemination of texts. A few scholars argue that translation was more widespread than is thought during this period, but this remains the minority view.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main period of translation was during Abbasid rule. The 2nd Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-anti_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anti-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he founded a great library, containing Greek Classical texts. Al-Mansur ordered this collection of world literature translated into Arabic. Under al-Mansur, and by his orders, translations were made from Greek, Syriac, and Persian. The Syriac and Persian books themselves were translations from Greek or Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legacy of the 6th century King of Persia, Anushirvan (Chosroes I) the Just was the introduction of many Greek ideas into his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-brick_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brick_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aided by this knowledge and the juxtaposition of beliefs, the Abbasids considered it valuable to look at Islam with Greek eyes, and to look at the Greeks with Islamic eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbasid philosophers also advanced the idea that Islam had, from the very beginning, stressed the gathering of knowledge as a key part of the religion. These new ideas enabled the amassing and translation of Greek concepts to disseminate like never before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19755_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal19755-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 12th century, Europe enjoyed great advances in intellectual achievements, sparked in part by the kingdom of Castile's conquest of the great cultural center of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> (1085). There Arabic classics were discovered, and contacts established with the knowledge and works of Muslim scientists. In the first half of the century a <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">translation program</a>, called the "School of Toledo", translated many philosophical and scientific works from the Classical Greek and the Islamic worlds into Latin. Many European scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Morley" title="Daniel of Morley">Daniel of Morley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona</a>, travelled to Toledo to gain further knowledge. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Way_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of St. James">Way of St. James</a> further enhanced the cultural exchange between the kingdoms of Castile and León and the rest of Europe. </p><p>The 12th century saw the establishment of many new religious orders, like the rest of Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Calatrava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Order of Alcántara">Alcántara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Santiago</a>; and the foundation of many <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian abbeys</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_century:_definitive_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_León"><span id="13th_century:_definitive_union_with_the_Kingdom_of_Le.C3.B3n"></span>13th century: definitive union with the Kingdom of León</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 13th century: definitive union with the Kingdom of León"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VII">Alfonso VII</a> restored the royal tradition of dividing his kingdom among his children. <a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile" title="Sancho III of Castile">Sancho III</a> became King of Castile and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a>, King of León. </p><p>The rivalry between both kingdoms continued until 1230 when <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III of Castile</a> received the Kingdom of León from his father <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a>, having previously received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother <a href="/wiki/Berenguela_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenguela of Castile">Berenguela of Castile</a> in 1217.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he took advantage of the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> empire to conquer the Guadalquivir Valley whilst his son <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> took the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Murcia" title="Taifa of Murcia">taifa of Murcia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Courts from León and Castile merged, an event considered as the foundation of the Crown of Castile, consisting of the kingdoms of Castile, León, taifas and other domains conquered from the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Taifa of Córdoba">taifa of Córdoba</a>, taifa of Murcia, <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Taifa of Jaén">taifa of Jaén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">taifa of Seville</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_and_15th_centuries:_the_House_of_Trastámara"><span id="14th_and_15th_centuries:_the_House_of_Trast.C3.A1mara"></span>14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trast%C3%A1maran_Castile" title="Trastámaran Castile">Trastámaran Castile</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_Castile_-_Map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Crown_of_Castile_-_Map.gif/240px-Crown_of_Castile_-_Map.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Crown_of_Castile_-_Map.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> through the years</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> was a lineage that ruled Castile from 1369 to 1504, <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragón">Aragón</a> from 1412 to 1516, Navarre from 1425 to 1479, and Naples from 1442 to 1501. </p><p>Its name was taken from the Count (or Duke) of Trastámara.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title was used by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II of Castile</a>, of the Mercedes, before coming to the throne in 1369, during the civil war with his legitimate brother, King <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter of Castile</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="John II of Aragón">John II of Aragón</a> ruled from 1458 to 1479 and upon his death, his daughter became Queen <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Navarre">Eleanor of Navarre</a> and his son became King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_of_the_Crowns_of_Castile_and_Aragon">Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The marriage of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Isabella_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, in 1469 at the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_los_Vivero" title="Palacio de los Vivero">Palacio de los Vivero</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> began the familial union of the two kingdoms. They became known as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">the Catholic Monarchs</a> <i>(los Reyes Católicos)</i>. Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile and Ferdinand became <i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> King of Castile in 1474.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union, creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit, referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">España</a> (Spain)</i>. "Los Reyes Católicos" started policies that diminished the power of the bourgeoisie and nobility in Castile, and greatly reduced the powers of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a></i> (General Courts) to the point where they became rubber-stamps for the monarch's acts. They also brought the nobility to their side. In 1492, the Kingdom of Castile conquered the last Moorish state of Granada, thereby ending Muslim rule in Iberia and completing the Reconquista. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Isabella's death in 1504 her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna I</a>, became Queen (in name) with her husband <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a> as King (in authority). After his death Joanna's father was regent, due to her perceived mental illness, as her son Charles I was only six years old. On Ferdinand II's death in 1516, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> was proclaimed as king of Castile and of Aragon (in authority) jointly with his mother Joanna I as the Queen of Castile (in name).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the first monarch to reign over Castile and Aragon, Charles I may be considered as the first operational <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>. Charles I also became Charles V of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1519. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government:_municipal_councils_and_parliaments">Government: municipal councils and parliaments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government: municipal councils and parliaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with all medieval kingdoms, supreme power was understood to reside in the monarch "<a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the grace of God</a>", as the legal formula explained. Nevertheless, rural and urban communities began to form assemblies to issue regulations to deal with everyday problems. Over time, these assemblies evolved into municipal councils, known as variously as <i>ayuntamientos</i> or <a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)"><i>cabildos</i></a>, in which some of the inhabitants, the property-owning heads of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">households</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">vecinos</a></i>), represented the rest. By the 14th century these councils had gained more powers, such as the right to elect municipal magistrates and officers (<i><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">alcaldes</a></i>, speakers, clerks, etc.) and representatives to the parliaments (<i><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a></i>). </p><p>Due to the increasing power of the municipal councils and the need for communication between these and the King, <i>cortes</i> were established in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> in 1188, and in Castile in 1250. Unlike other kingdoms, Castile didn't have a permanent capital (neither did Spain until the 16th century), so the <i>cortes</i> were celebrated in whichever city the king chose to stay. In the earliest Leonese and Castilian Cortes, the inhabitants of the cities (known as "laboratores") formed a small group of the representatives and had no legislative powers, but they were a link between the king and the general population, something that was pioneered by the kingdoms of Castile and León. Eventually the representatives of the cities gained the right to vote in the Cortes, often allying with the monarchs against the great noble lords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Castile">Arms of the Kingdom of Castile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arms of the Kingdom of Castile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Castile" title="Heraldry of Castile">Heraldry of Castile</a></div> <p>During the reign of Alfonso VIII, the king began to use the <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a> of Castile as its emblem, in its <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">banners</a>, which were gules, a three towered castle or masoned sable and ajouré azure. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Sign_of_the_King_of_Castile_(1171-1214).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the King of Castile, 1171–1214"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the King of Castile, 1171–1214" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Heraldic_Sign_of_the_King_of_Castile_%281171-1214%29.svg/117px-Heraldic_Sign_of_the_King_of_Castile_%281171-1214%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Heraldic_Sign_of_the_King_of_Castile_%281171-1214%29.svg/175px-Heraldic_Sign_of_the_King_of_Castile_%281171-1214%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Heraldic_Sign_of_the_King_of_Castile_%281171-1214%29.svg/233px-Heraldic_Sign_of_the_King_of_Castile_%281171-1214%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms of the King of Castile, 1171–1214</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Castille_(1214-15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the King of Castile, 1214–30"><img alt="Coat of arms of the King of Castile, 1214–30" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/101px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/151px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/202px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of the King of Castile, 1214–30</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_(1230-1284).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the King of Castile and León (1230–84)"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the King of Castile and León (1230–84)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281230-1284%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281230-1284%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281230-1284%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281230-1284%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281230-1284%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281230-1284%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms of the King of Castile and León (1230–84)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_(1284-1390).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the King of Castile and León (1284–1390)"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the King of Castile and León (1284–1390)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms of the King of Castile and León (1284–1390)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_Castile_(1390-1406).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of King Henry III of Castile (1390–1406)"><img alt="Coat of Arms of King Henry III of Castile (1390–1406)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_Castile_%281390-1406%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_Castile_%281390-1406%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_Castile_%281390-1406%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_Castile_%281390-1406%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_Castile_%281390-1406%29.svg/171px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_Castile_%281390-1406%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III of Castile</a> (1390–1406)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_(15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the King of Castile and León (design of 15th century)"><img alt="Arms of the King of Castile and León (design of 15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/101px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/152px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg/203px-Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%2815th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of the King of Castile and León (design of 15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Crown_Castile_with_the_Old_Royal_Crest.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms with the Royal Crest (1366–1406)"><img alt="Arms with the Royal Crest (1366–1406)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arms_of_the_Crown_Castile_with_the_Old_Royal_Crest.svg/65px-Arms_of_the_Crown_Castile_with_the_Old_Royal_Crest.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arms_of_the_Crown_Castile_with_the_Old_Royal_Crest.svg/97px-Arms_of_the_Crown_Castile_with_the_Old_Royal_Crest.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arms_of_the_Crown_Castile_with_the_Old_Royal_Crest.svg/130px-Arms_of_the_Crown_Castile_with_the_Old_Royal_Crest.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms with the Royal Crest (1366–1406)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_II_and_Henry_IV_of_Castile_with_Supporters.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms with supporters (1406–74)"><img alt="Coat of arms with supporters (1406–74)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_II_and_Henry_IV_of_Castile_with_Supporters.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_II_and_Henry_IV_of_Castile_with_Supporters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_II_and_Henry_IV_of_Castile_with_Supporters.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_II_and_Henry_IV_of_Castile_with_Supporters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_II_and_Henry_IV_of_Castile_with_Supporters.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_II_and_Henry_IV_of_Castile_with_Supporters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms with supporters (1406–74)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Castile" title="Council of Castile">Council of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Castile" title="Heraldry of Castile">Heraldry of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">List of Castilian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Castilian battles">List of Castilian battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_counts" title="List of Castilian counts">List of Castilian counts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> were centres of royal authority of the Kingdom and the later Crown of Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArias_Guillén2013" class="citation journal cs1">Arias Guillén, Fernando (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03044181.2013.830981?needAccess=true">"A kingdom without a capital? Itineration and spaces of royal power in Castile, <i>c</i>. 1252–1350"</a>. <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 456–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2013.830981">10.1080/03044181.2013.830981</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219564625">219564625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=A+kingdom+without+a+capital%3F+Itineration+and+spaces+of+royal+power+in+Castile%2C+c.+1252%E2%80%931350&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=456-476&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2013.830981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219564625%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arias+Guill%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2013.830981%3FneedAccess%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Collins2004" class="citation book cs1">B. Collins, Wallace (2004). <i>Orientation: A Journey: Trip Through Europe Asia And Africa</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595310630" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595310630"><bdi>978-0595310630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientation%3A+A+Journey%3A+Trip+Through+Europe+Asia+And+Africa&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0595310630&rft.aulast=B.+Collins&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Castile-region-Spain">"Castile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Castile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCastile-region-Spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrayer1983" class="citation book cs1">Strayer, Joseph Reese (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>. Vol. 13. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>: American Council of Learned Societies. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684182797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684182797"><bdi>978-0684182797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=American+Council+of+Learned+Societies&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0684182797&rft.aulast=Strayer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Reese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reilly_27-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly_27_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reilly_27_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly1996" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Bernard F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pre0EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19964-9"><bdi>978-0-631-19964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contest+of+Christian+and+Muslim+Spain+1031%E2%80%931157&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19964-9&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Bernard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPre0EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReilly199639-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly199639_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReilly199639_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReilly1996">Reilly 1996</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.C. Darby, "The face of Europe on the eve of the great discoveries", in <i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i> vol. I, 1957:23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1975" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Franz, ed. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1mkhQYvPIoC"><i>The Classical Heritage in Islam</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01997-3"><bdi>978-0-520-01997-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Heritage+in+Islam&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01997-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1mkhQYvPIoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19753–4_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1975">Rosenthal 1975</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anti-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anti_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, David C., ed. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOCriv4rSCUC"><i>Science in the Middle Ages</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48233-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48233-0"><bdi>978-0-226-48233-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-226-48233-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOCriv4rSCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/De_Lacy_O%27Leary" title="De Lacy O'Leary">O'Leary, De Lacy</a> (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10599"><i>Arabic Thought and its Place in History</i></a>. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Thought+and+its+Place+in+History&rft.pages=107&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=De+Lacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.10599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brick_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brick_1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickman1961" class="citation journal cs1">Brickman, William W. (October 1961). "The Meeting of East and West in Educational History". <i>Comparative Education Review</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F444875">10.1086/444875</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144961089">144961089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Education+Review&rft.atitle=The+Meeting+of+East+and+West+in+Educational+History&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1961-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F444875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144961089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brickman&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenthal19755-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenthal19755_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenthal1975">Rosenthal 1975</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchini2014" class="citation book cs1">Bianchini, Janna (2014). <i>The Queen's Hand : Power and Authority in the Reign of Berenguela of Castile</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 209–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+Hand+%3A+Power+and+Authority+in+the+Reign+of+Berenguela+of+Castile&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bianchini&rft.aufirst=Janna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1993" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph (1993). <i>The learned king : the reign of Alfonso X of Castile</i>. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+learned+king+%3A+the+reign+of+Alfonso+X+of+Castile&rft.pub=Philadelphia+%3A+University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2007" class="citation book cs1">Ruiz, Teofilo F. (2007). <i>Spain's Centuries of Crisis: 1300–1474</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2789-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-2789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+Centuries+of+Crisis%3A+1300%E2%80%931474&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2789-9&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Teofilo+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardiola-Griffiths2010" class="citation book cs1">Guardiola-Griffiths, Cristina (2010). <i>Legitimizing the Queen : Propaganda and Ideology in the Reign of Isabel I of Castile</i>. Bucknell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legitimizing+the+Queen+%3A+Propaganda+and+Ideology+in+the+Reign+of+Isabel+I+of+Castile&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Guardiola-Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Castile" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF">Estudio documental de la Moneda Castilian de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526211146/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/byd/11321873/articulos/RGID0303220133A.PDF">Archived</a> 2006-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 139–140</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Castile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glossa.fi/mirator/pdf/frontiersofcastile.pdf">The Kingdom of Castile (1157–1212): Towards a Geography of the Southern Frontier</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.condadodecastilla.es">History of the County of Castile – The origins of Castile</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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selflink">Castile</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand I of León">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Sancho II of Castile and León">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Urraca of León and Castile">Urraca</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Castille_(1214-15th_Century).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/75px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/113px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_Castille_%281214-15th_Century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anscarids" title="Anscarids">House of Burgundy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile" title="Sancho III of Castile">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile" title="Henry I of Castile">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria" title="Duchy of Cantabria">Duchy of Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Duchy of Vasconia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Al-Andalus_(711-1492)"><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></b> (711-1492)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Province of the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#First_period_(11th_century)" title="Taifa">First Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Emirate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Second_period_(12th_century)" title="Taifa">Second Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Third_period_(13th_century)" title="Taifa">Third Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Feudal_Christian_realms"><b><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Feudal Christian realms</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Castile">County of Castile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Castile</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (<i>Castile-León</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Toledo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_counties" title="Catalan counties">Catalan counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Pamplona">Kingdom of Pamplona</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Viguera" title="Kingdom of Viguera">Kingdom of Viguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Najera" title="Kingdom of Najera">Kingdom of Najera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Artajona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Artajona (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Artajona</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxoako_Erresuma" class="extiw" title="eu:Artaxoako Erresuma">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aragon" title="County of Aragon">County of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic monarchs">Visigothic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebic monarchs">Suebic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of al-Andalus">Monarchs of al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asturian_monarchs" title="List of Asturian monarchs">Monarchs of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Monarchs of Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Majorca" title="List of monarchs of Majorca">Monarchs of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs" title="List of Valencian monarchs">Monarchs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish military orders">Military orders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179293#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147355236">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/240806894">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRDcyXmjvHFDXfYTXWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kastilien"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073292-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79103666">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Castiglia 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