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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate_and_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate_and_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Caliphate and expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliphate_and_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_into_al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_into_al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Expansion into al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_into_al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holding_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holding_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Holding years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holding_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Decline in al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse_in_the_Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse_in_the_Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Collapse in the Maghreb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse_in_the_Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Theology and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emblem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emblem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Emblem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emblem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calligraphy_and_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy_and_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Calligraphy and manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy_and_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Metalwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics_and_tilework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics_and_tilework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Ceramics and tilework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics_and_tilework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painted_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painted_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>Painted decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painted_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_Non-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_Non-Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status of Non-Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_Non-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Almohad_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Almohad_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of Almohad rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Almohad_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Almohad Caliphate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة الموحدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة الموحدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_almohade" title="Imperiu almohade – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu almohade" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مووحیدلر دؤولتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مووحیدلر دؤولتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="মুওয়াহহিদিন রাজবংশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুওয়াহহিদিন রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohadsk%C3%BD_chalif%C3%A1t" title="Almohadský chalifát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Almohadský chalifát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_kalifatet" title="Almohad kalifatet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almohad kalifatet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohaden-Kalifat" title="Almohaden-Kalifat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Almohaden-Kalifat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohaadide_riik" title="Almohaadide riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Almohaadide riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αλμοαδικό Χαλιφάτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλμοαδικό Χαλιφάτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_almohade" title="Imperio almohade – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio almohade" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="خلافت موحدون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلافت موحدون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_almohade" title="Empire almohade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire almohade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Almohade" title="Imperio Almohade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Almohade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC-%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ալ-Մոհադների պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալ-Մոհադների պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Әлмуаххид Халифаты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлмуаххид Халифаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алмохадска династија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алмохадска династија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifata_Alm%C3%B4hada" title="Kalifata Almôhada – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kalifata Almôhada" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="അൽ മൊഹാദ് ഖിലാഫത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽ മൊഹാദ് ഖിലാഫത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifat_Almohad" title="Kalifat Almohad – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kalifat Almohad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دولة الموحدين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دولة الموحدين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muwahhidun" title="Al-Muwahhidun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Muwahhidun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifaat_van_de_Almohaden" title="Kalifaat van de Almohaden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalifaat van de Almohaden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muvahhidlar_davlati" title="Muvahhidlar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muvahhidlar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4" title="ਮੋਹਦੀਨ ਖਿਲਾਫ਼ਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਹਦੀਨ ਖਿਲਾਫ਼ਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1121–1269 Berber empire in North Africa and Iberia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Almohad Caliphate</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1121–1269</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212[1][2]"><img alt="The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212[1][2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en.svg/250px-Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en.svg/375px-Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en.svg/500px-Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="409" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, c. 1180–1212<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1147)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinmel" title="Tinmel">Tinmel</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1124</span>–1147)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1147–1269)</span></li></ul> <p>In Al-Andalus: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1147–1162)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1162–1163)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1163–1248)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Almohadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohadism">Almohadism</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1121–1130 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1130–1163 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1266–1269 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Idris_al-Wathiq" title="Idris al-Wathiq">Idris al-Wathiq</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1121</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Almoravids overthrown </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1147</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1212</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Marinid suzerainty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1248</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1269</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1150 est.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,300,000 km<sup>2</sup> (890,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1200 est.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (770,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinar</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid kingdom">Hammadid kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Taifas_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Taifas period">Second Taifas period</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">Kingdom of Africa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khurasanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasanid dynasty">Khurasanid dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya" title="Banu Ghaniya">Banu Ghaniya</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Taifas_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Taifas period">Third Taifas period</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Almohad Caliphate</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ</span> or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ</span></span> or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ</span></span> from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'those who profess the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">unity of God</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <b>Almohad Empire</b> was a North African <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> Muslim empire founded in the 12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>) and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BoweringCrone2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoweringCrone2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Bibliographies_2020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Bibliographies_2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Almohad movement was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> among the Berber <a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> tribes, but the Almohad caliphate and its ruling dynasty, known as the <b>Mu'minid dynasty</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were founded after his death by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198787,_94,_and_others_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198787,_94,_and_others-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201658_and_after_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201658_and_after-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0522_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:052_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1121, Ibn Tumart was recognized by his followers as the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, and shortly afterwards he established his base at <a href="/wiki/Tinmel" title="Tinmel">Tinmel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201667,_339_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201667,_339-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Abd al-Mu'min (r. 1130–1163), they succeeded in overthrowing the ruling <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> governing Morocco in 1147, when he conquered <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> and declared himself <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>. They then extended their power over all of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> by 1159. Al-Andalus followed, and all of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> was under Almohad rule by 1172.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The turning point of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula came in 1212, when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a> (1199–1214) was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a> by an alliance of the Christian forces from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>. Much of the remaining territories of al-Andalus were lost in the ensuing decades, with the cities of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively. </p><p>The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinids</a> from northern Morocco in 1215. The last representative of the line, <a href="/wiki/Idris_al-Wathiq" title="Idris al-Wathiq">Idris al-Wathiq</a>, was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western Maghreb. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Special:EditPage/Almohad Caliphate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Almohad movement originated with <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Amazigh</a> tribal confederation of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> of southern Morocco. At the time, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and Spain (<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>), were under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> Berber dynasty. Early in his life, Ibn Tumart went to Spain to pursue his studies, and thereafter to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> to deepen them. In Baghdad, Ibn Tumart attached himself to the theological school of <a href="/wiki/Al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>, and came under the influence of the teacher <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>. He soon developed his own system, combining the doctrines of various masters. Ibn Tumart's main principle was a strict unitarianism (<i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i>), which denied the independent existence of the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam#Other_attributes" title="God in Islam">attributes of God</a> as being incompatible with His unity, and therefore a polytheistic idea. Ibn Tumart represented a revolt against what he perceived as <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> in Muslim orthodoxy. His followers would become known as the <i>al-Muwaḥḥidūn</i> ("Almohads"), meaning those who affirm the unity of God. </p><p>After his return to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> c. 1117, Ibn Tumart spent some time in various <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiyan</a> cities, preaching and agitating, heading riotous attacks on wine-shops and on other manifestations of laxity. He laid the blame for the latitude on the ruling dynasty of the Almoravids, whom he accused of obscurantism and impiety. He also opposed their sponsorship of the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of jurisprudence, which drew upon consensus (<i><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a></i>) and other sources beyond the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> in their reasoning, an anathema to the stricter <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahirism</a> favored by Ibn Tumart. His antics and fiery preaching led fed-up authorities to move him along from town to town. After being expelled from <a href="/wiki/Bejaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejaia">Bejaia</a>, Ibn Tumart set up camp in Mellala, in the outskirts of the city, where he received his first disciples – notably, al-Bashir (who would become his chief strategist) and <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> (a Zenata Berber, who would later become his successor). </p><p>In 1120, Ibn Tumart and his small band of followers proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, stopping first in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, where he briefly engaged the Maliki scholars of the city in debate. He even went so far as to assault the sister<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> emir <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">Ali ibn Yusuf</a>, in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, because she was going about unveiled, after the manner of Berber women. After being expelled from Fez, he went to <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, where he successfully tracked down the Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf at a local mosque, and challenged the emir, and the leading scholars of the area, to a doctrinal debate. After the debate, the scholars concluded that Ibn Tumart's views were blasphemous and the man dangerous, and urged him to be put to death or imprisoned. But the emir decided merely to expel him from the city. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png/300px-Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png/450px-Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png/600px-Almohad_Masmuda_tribes.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Approximate locations of the main Masmuda tribes that adhered to the Almohads</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Tumart took refuge among his own people, the Hargha, in his home village of Igiliz (exact location uncertain), in the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> valley. He retreated to a nearby cave, and lived out an ascetic lifestyle, coming out only to preach his program of puritan reform, attracting greater and greater crowds. At length, towards the end of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> in late 1121, after a particularly moving sermon, reviewing his failure to persuade the Almoravids to reform by argument, Ibn Tumart 'revealed' himself as the true <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, a divinely guided judge and lawgiver, and was recognized as such by his audience. This was effectively a declaration of war on the Almoravid state. </p><p>On the advice of one of his followers, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_ibn_Yahya_al-Hintati" title="Abu Hafs Umar ibn Yahya al-Hintati">Omar Hintati</a>, a prominent chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Hintata" title="Hintata">Hintata</a>, Ibn Tumart abandoned his cave in 1122 and went up into the <a href="/wiki/High_Atlas" title="High Atlas">High Atlas</a>, to organize the Almohad movement among the highland <a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmuda</a> tribes. Besides his own tribe, the Hargha, Ibn Tumart secured the adherence of the Ganfisa, the Gadmiwa, the Hintata, the Haskura, and the Hazraja to the Almohad cause.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sometime around 1124, Ibn Tumart established his base at <a href="/wiki/Tinmel" title="Tinmel">Tinmel</a>, a highly defensible position in the valley of the Nfis in the High Atlas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198789_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198789-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201667_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201667-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaadj201551_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaadj201551-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinmal would serve both as the spiritual center and military headquarters of the Almohad movement. It became their <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dar al-hijra</i></span> (roughly 'place of retreat'), emulating the story of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">hijra</a></i> (journey) of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201667_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201667-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaadj201551_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaadj201551-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first eight years, the Almohad rebellion was limited to a guerilla war along the peaks and ravines of the High Atlas. Their principal damage was in rendering insecure (or altogether impassable) the roads and mountain passes south of Marrakesh – threatening the route to all-important <a href="/wiki/Sijilmassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijilmassa">Sijilmassa</a>, the gateway of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a>. Unable to send enough manpower through the narrow passes to dislodge the Almohad rebels from their easily defended mountain strong points, the Almoravid authorities reconciled themselves to setting up strongholds to confine them there (most famously the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Tasgh%C3%AEm%C3%BBt" title="Tasghîmût">Tasghîmût</a> that protected the approach to <a href="/wiki/Aghmat" title="Aghmat">Aghmat</a>, which was conquered by the Almohads in 1132),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016299–300,_306_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016299–300,_306-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while exploring alternative routes through more easterly passes. </p><p>Ibn Tumart organized the Almohads as a commune, with a minutely detailed structure. At the core was the <i>Ahl ad-dār</i> ("House of the Mahdi"), composed of Ibn Tumart's family. This was supplemented by two councils: an inner Council of Ten, the Mahdi's privy council, composed of his earliest and closest companions; and the consultative Council of Fifty, composed of the leading <i>sheikh</i>s of the Masmuda tribes. The early preachers and missionaries (<i>ṭalaba</i> and <i>huffāẓ</i>) also had their representatives. Militarily, there was a strict hierarchy of units. The Hargha tribe coming first (although not strictly ethnic; it included many "honorary" or "adopted" tribesmen from other ethnicities, e.g. Abd al-Mu'min himself). This was followed by the men of Tinmel, then the other Masmuda tribes in order, and rounded off by the black fighters, the <i>ʻabīd</i>. Each unit had a strict internal hierarchy, headed by a <i>mohtasib</i>, and divided into two factions: one for the early adherents, another for the late adherents, each headed by a <i>mizwar</i> (or <i>amzwaru</i>); then came the <i>sakkakin</i> (treasurers), effectively the money-minters, tax-collectors, and bursars, then came the regular army (<i>jund</i>), then the religious corps – the <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzins</a>, the <i>hafidh</i> and the <i>hizb</i> – followed by the archers, the conscripts, and the slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Tumart's closest companion and chief strategist, al-Bashir, took upon himself the role of "<a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a>", enforcing doctrinal discipline among the Masmuda tribesmen, often with a heavy hand. </p><p>In early 1130, the Almohads finally descended from the mountains for their first sizeable attack in the lowlands. It was a disaster for their opponents. The Almohads swept aside an Almoravid column that had come out to meet them before Aghmat, and then chased their remnant all the way to Marrakesh. They laid siege to Marrakesh for forty days until, in April (or May) 1130, the Almoravids sallied from the city and crushed the Almohads in the bloody <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Buhayra" title="Battle of al-Buhayra">Battle of al-Buhayra</a> (named after a large garden east of the city). The Almohads were thoroughly routed, with huge losses. Half their leadership was killed in action, and the survivors only just managed to scramble back to the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliphate_and_expansion">Caliphate and expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Caliphate and expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almohad_Expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/300px-Almohad_Expansion.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/450px-Almohad_Expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Almohad_Expansion.png/600px-Almohad_Expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Phases of the expansion of the Almohad state</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Tumart died shortly after, in August 1130. That the Almohad movement did not immediately collapse after such a devastating defeat and the death of their charismatic Mahdi, is likely due to the skills of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201670_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201670-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Tumart's death was kept a secret for three years, a period which Almohad chroniclers described as a <i><a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">ghayba</a></i> or "occultation". This period likely gave Abd al-Mu'min time to secure his position as successor to the political leadership of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201670_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201670-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> Berber from Tagra (Algeria),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagillAves19984_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagillAves19984-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus an alien among the Masmuda of southern Morocco, Abd al-Mu'min nonetheless saw off his principal rivals and hammered wavering tribes back to the fold. Three years after Ibn Tumart's death he was officially proclaimed "Caliph".<sup id="cite_ref-:05222_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1133, Abd al-Mu'min quickly expanded Almohad control across the Maghreb, while the embattled Almoravids retained their capital in Marrakesh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198790_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198790-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various other tribes rallied to the Almohads or to the Almoravids as the war between them continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201671_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201671-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Almohad operations were limited to the Atlas mountains. In 1139, they expanded to the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> mountains in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198790_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198790-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of their early bases beyond the mountains was <a href="/wiki/Taza" title="Taza">Taza</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0523_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0523-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Abd al-Mu"min founded a citadel (<i>ribat</i>) and a <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Taza" title="Great Mosque of Taza">Great Mosque</a> circa 1142.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Almoravid ruler, Ali ibn Yusuf, died in 1143 and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Tashfin_ibn_Ali" title="Tashfin ibn Ali">Tashfin ibn Ali</a>. The tide turned more definitively in favour of the Almohads from 1144 onwards, when the Zenata tribes in what is now western Algeria joined the Almohad camp, along with some of the previously Almoravid-aligned leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Massufa" title="Massufa">Masufa</a> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201671_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201671-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed them to defeat Tashfin decisively and capture <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> in 1144. Tashfin fled to Oran, which the Almohads then attacked and captured, and he died in March 1145 while trying to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201671_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201671-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:05222_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05222-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Almohads pursued the defeated Almoravid army west to Fez, which they captured in 1146 after a nine-month siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201671_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201671-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They finally <a href="/wiki/Almohad_conquest_of_Marrakesh_(1147)" title="Almohad conquest of Marrakesh (1147)">captured Marrakesh</a> in 1147, after an eleven-month siege. The last Almoravid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Ali" title="Ishaq ibn Ali">Ishaq ibn Ali</a>, was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1151, Abd al-Mu'min launched an expedition to the east. This may have been encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">Norman conquests</a> along the coast of Ifriqiya, as fighting the Christian invaders here gave him a pretext for conquering the rest of the region. In August 1152, he captured <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a>. The last Hammadid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz" title="Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz">Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz</a>, fled by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198792–93_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198792–93-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab tribes of the region, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>, reacted to the Almohad advance by gathering an army against them. The Almohads routed them in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A9tif" title="Battle of Sétif">Battle of Sétif</a> in April 1153.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201679_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201679-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd al-Mu'min nonetheless saw value in their military abilities. He persuaded them by various means – including taking some families as hostages to Marrakesh and more generous actions like offering them material and land incentives – to move to present-day Morocco and join the Almohad armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201679–80_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201679–80-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These moves also had the corollary effect of advancing the Arabisation of future Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abd al-Mu'min spent the mid-1150s organizing the Almohad state and arranging for power to be passed on through his family line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201682_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201682-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1154, he declared his son Muhammad as his heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201682_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201682-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to neutralise the power of the Masmuda, he relied on his tribe of origin, the Kumiyas (from the central Maghreb), whom he integrated into the Almohad power structure and from whom he recruited some 40,000 into the army.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would later form the bodyguard of the caliph and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198794_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198794-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Abd al-Mu'min relied on Arabs, the great Hilalian families that he had deported to Morocco, to further weaken the influence of the Masmuda sheikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his son appointed as his successor, Abd al-Mu'min placed his other children as governors of the provinces of the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagillAves19985_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagillAves19985-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sons and descendants became known as the <i>sayyid</i>s ("nobles").<sup id="cite_ref-:16_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016354_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016354-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To appease the traditional Masmuda elites, he appointed some of them, along with theirs sons and descendants, to act as important advisers, deputies, and commanders under the <i>sayyid</i>s. They became known as the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">abna' al-muwahhidin</i></span> or "Sons of the Almohads".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201683_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201683-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd al-Mu'min also altered the Almohad structure set up by Ibn Tumart by making the <i>huffaz</i> or reciters of the Quran into a training school of the Almohad elite. They were no longer described as "memorisers" but as "guardians" who learned riding, swimming, archery, and received a general education of high standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970109_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970109-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abd al-Mu'min thus transformed the Almohad movement from a Masmuda aristocracy to a Mu'minid dynastic state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970109_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970109-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2022285_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2022285-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most of the Almohad elites accepted this new concentration of power, it nonetheless triggered an uprising by two of Ibn Tumart's half-brothers, 'Abd al-'Aziz and 'Isa. Shortly after Abd al-Mu'min announced his heir, towards 1154–1155, they rebelled in Fez and then marched on Marrakesh, whose governor they killed. Abd al-Mu'min, who had been in Salé, returned to the city, defeated the rebels, and had everyone involved executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201683–84,_342_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201683–84,_342-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1159, Abd al-Mu'min led a new campaign to the east. He conquered <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> by force when the local <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khurasan" title="Banu Khurasan">Banu Khurasan</a> leaders refused to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201687–88_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201687–88-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> was besieged soon after and surrendered in January 1160. The Normans there negotiated their withdrawal and were allowed to leave for <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Tripoli, which had rebelled against the Normans two years earlier, recognized Almohad authority right after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1170s and 1180s, Almohad power in the eastern Maghreb was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya" title="Banu Ghaniya">Banu Ghaniya</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_Qaraqush" title="Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush">Qaraqush</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> commander. <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Yaqub al-Mansur">Yaqub al-Mansur</a> eventually defeated both factions and reconquered Ifriqiya in 1187–1188.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaadj2015121–146_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaadj2015121–146-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1189–1190, the Ayyubid sultan <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah ad-Din (Saladin)</a> requested the assistance of an Almohad navy for his fight against the crusaders, which al-Mansur declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaadj2015146–149_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaadj2015146–149-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_into_al-Andalus">Expansion into al-Andalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion into al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> followed the fate of North Africa. Between 1146 and 1173, the Almohads gradually wrested control from the Almoravids over the Muslim principalities in Iberia. The Almohads transferred the capital of Muslim Iberia from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. They founded a great mosque there; its tower, the <a href="/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a>, was erected in 1184. The Almohads also built a palace there called Al-Muwarak on the site of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sevilla_Almohade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sevilla_Almohade.JPG/220px-Sevilla_Almohade.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sevilla_Almohade.JPG/330px-Sevilla_Almohade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sevilla_Almohade.JPG/440px-Sevilla_Almohade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>The Almohads transferred the capital of Al-Andalus to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The successors of Abd al-Mumin, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a> (Yusuf I, ruled 1163–1184) and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> (Yaʻqūb I, ruled 1184–1199), were both able men. Initially their government drove many Jewish and Christian subjects to take refuge in the growing Christian states of Portugal, Castile, and <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>. Ultimately they became less fanatical than the Almoravids, and Ya'qub al-Mansur was a highly accomplished man who wrote a good <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> style and protected the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>. In 1190–1191, he <a href="/wiki/Almohad_campaign_against_Portugal_(1190%E2%80%931191)" title="Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)">campaigned in southern Portugal</a> and won back territory lost in 1189. His title of "<i>al-Manṣūr</i>" ("the Victorious") was earned by his victory over <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos" title="Battle of Alarcos">Battle of Alarcos</a> (1195). </p><p>From the time of <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf II">Yusuf II</a>, however, the Almohads governed their co-religionists in Iberia and central North Africa through lieutenants, their dominions outside <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> being treated as provinces. When Almohad emirs crossed the Straits it was to lead a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against the Christians and then return to Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holding_years">Holding years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Holding years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png/300px-Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png/450px-Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png/600px-Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Coin minted during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1212, the Almohad Caliph <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_an-Nasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad an-Nasir">Muhammad 'al-Nasir'</a> (1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the three Christian kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragón">Aragón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a>. The battle broke the Almohad advance, but the Christian powers remained too disorganized to profit from it immediately. </p><p>Before his death in 1213, al-Nasir appointed his young ten-year-old son as the next <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph">Yusuf II "al-Mustansir"</a>. The Almohads passed through a period of effective <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> for the young caliph, with power exercised by an oligarchy of elder family members, palace bureaucrats and leading nobles. The Almohad ministers were careful to negotiate a series of truces with the Christian kingdoms, which remained more-or-less in place for next fifteen years (the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Siege of Alcácer do Sal">loss of Alcácer do Sal</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> in 1217 was an exception). </p><p>In early 1224, the youthful caliph died in an accident, without any heirs. The palace bureaucrats in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, led by the <i><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">wazir</a></i> Uthman ibn Jam'i, quickly engineered the election of his elderly grand-uncle, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Wahid_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph">Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'</a>, as the new Almohad caliph. But the rapid appointment upset other branches of the family, notably the brothers of the late al-Nasir, who governed in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. The challenge was immediately raised by one of them, then governor in <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, who declared himself Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Adil" title="Abdallah al-Adil">Abdallah al-Adil</a>. With the help of his brothers, he quickly seized control of al-Andalus. His chief advisor, the shadowy Abu Zayd ibn Yujjan, tapped into his contacts in Marrakesh, and secured the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">deposition</a> and assassination of Abd al-Wahid I, and the expulsion of the al-Jami'i <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>. </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> has been characterized as the pebble that finally broke al-Andalus. It was the first internal coup among the Almohads. The Almohad clan, despite occasional disagreements, had always remained tightly knit and loyally behind dynastic precedence. Caliph al-Adil's murderous breach of dynastic and constitutional propriety marred his acceptability to other Almohad <i><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a></i>. One of the recusants was his cousin, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi ("the <a href="/wiki/Baeza,_Spain" title="Baeza, Spain">Baezan</a>"), the Almohad governor of <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>, who took a handful of followers and decamped for the hills around Baeza. He set up a rebel camp and forged an alliance with the hitherto quiet <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III of Castile</a>. Sensing his greater priority was Marrakesh, where recusant Almohad <i>sheikh</i>s had rallied behind Yahya, another son of al-Nasir, al-Adil paid little attention to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_al-Andalus">Decline in al-Andalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline in al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1225, Abd Allah al-Bayyasi's band of rebels, accompanied by a large Castilian army, descended from the hills, besieging cities such as <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(1225)" title="Siege of Jaén (1225)">Jaén</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_And%C3%BAjar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Andújar (page does not exist)">Andújar</a>. They <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raided</a> throughout the regions of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(Spain)" title="Province of Jaén (Spain)">Jaén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" title="Province of Córdoba (Spain)">Cordova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vega_de_Granada" title="Vega de Granada">Vega de Granada</a> and, before the end of the year, al-Bayyasi had established himself in the city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Cordova</a>. Sensing a power vacuum, both <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II of Portugal</a> opportunistically ordered raids into Andalusian territory that same year. With Almohad arms, men and cash dispatched to Morocco to help Caliph al-Adil impose himself in Marrakesh, there was little means to stop the sudden onslaught. In late 1225, with surprising ease, the Portuguese raiders reached the environs of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. Knowing they were outnumbered, the Almohad governors of the city refused to confront the Portuguese raiders, prompting the disgusted population of Seville to take matters into their own hands, raise a militia, and go out in the field by themselves. The result was a veritable massacre – the Portuguese men-at-arms easily mowed down the throng of poorly armed townsfolk. Thousands, perhaps as much as 20,000, were said to have been slain before the walls of Seville. A similar disaster befell a similar popular levy by <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcians</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aspe" title="Aspe">Aspe</a> that same year. But Christian raiders had been stopped at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cáceres, Spain">Cáceres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Requena,_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Requena, Valencia">Requena</a>. Trust in the Almohad leadership was severely shaken by these events – the disasters were promptly blamed on the distractions of Caliph al-Adil and the incompetence and cowardice of his lieutenants, the successes credited to non-Almohad local leaders who rallied defenses. </p><p>But al-Adil's fortunes were briefly buoyed. In payment for Castilian assistance, al-Bayyasi had given Ferdinand III three strategic frontier fortresses: <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%B1os_de_la_Encina" title="Baños de la Encina">Baños de la Encina</a>, Salvatierra (the old <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a> fortress near <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Capilla,_Badajoz" title="Capilla, Badajoz">Capilla</a>. But Capilla refused to hand them over, forcing the Castilians to lay a long and difficult siege. The brave defiance of little Capilla, and the spectacle of al-Bayyasi's shipping provisions to the Castilian besiegers, shocked Andalusians and shifted sentiment back towards the Almohad caliph. A popular <a href="/wiki/Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising">uprising</a> broke out in Cordova – al-Bayyasi was killed and his head dispatched as a trophy to Marrakesh. But Caliph al-Adil did not rejoice in this victory for long – he was assassinated in Marrakesh in October 1227, by the partisans of Yahya, who was promptly acclaimed as the new Almohad caliph <a href="/wiki/Yahya,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya, Almohad Caliph">Yahya "al-Mu'tasim"</a>. </p><p>The Andalusian branch of the Almohads refused to accept this turn of events. Al-Adil's brother, then in Seville, proclaimed himself the new Almohad caliph <a href="/wiki/Idris_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I, Almohad Caliph">Abd al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'</a>. He promptly purchased a <a href="/wiki/Truce" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce">truce</a> from Ferdinand III in return for 300,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Maravedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maravedi">maravedis</a></i>, allowing him to organize and dispatch the greater part of the Almohad army in Spain across the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">straits</a> in 1228 to confront Yahya. </p><p>That same year, Portuguese and <a href="/wiki/Leonese_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese Country">Leonese</a> renewed their raids deep into Muslim territory, basically unchecked. Feeling the Almohads had failed to protect them, popular uprisings took place throughout al-Andalus. City after city deposed their hapless Almohad governors and installed local strongmen in their place. A Murcian strongman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_ibn_Hud_al-Judhami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Hud al-Judhami</a>, who claimed descendance from the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Banu Hud</a> dynasty that had once ruled the old <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">taifa of Saragossa</a>, emerged as the central figure of these rebellions, systematically dislodging Almohad garrisons through central Spain. In October 1228, with Spain practically all lost, al-Ma'mun abandoned Seville, taking what little remained of the Almohad army with him to Morocco. Ibn Hud immediately dispatched emissaries to distant <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> to offer recognition to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>, albeit taking up for himself a quasi-caliphal title, 'al-Mutawwakil'. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almohads_after_1212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Almohads_after_1212.jpg/250px-Almohads_after_1212.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Almohads_after_1212.jpg/375px-Almohads_after_1212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Almohads_after_1212.jpg/500px-Almohads_after_1212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Almohads after 1212</figcaption></figure> <p>The departure of al-Ma'mun in 1228 marked the end of the Almohad era in Spain. Ibn Hud and the other local Andalusian strongmen were unable to stem the rising flood of Christian attacks, launched almost yearly by <a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal" title="Sancho II of Portugal">Sancho II of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX of León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I of Aragon</a>. The next twenty years saw a massive advance in the Christian <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a> – the old great Andalusian <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadels</a> fell in a grand sweep: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a> in 1230 (to Leon), <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> in 1230 (to Aragon), <a href="/wiki/Beja_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beja (Portugal)">Beja</a> in 1234 (to Portugal), <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordova</a> in 1236 (to Castile), <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> in 1238 (to Aragon), <a href="/wiki/Niebla,_Huelva" class="mw-redirect" title="Niebla, Huelva">Niebla</a>-<a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Huelva</a> in 1238 (to Leon), <a href="/wiki/Silves_Municipality,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Silves Municipality, Portugal">Silves</a> in 1242 (to Portugal), <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> in 1243 (to Castile), <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ja%C3%A9n_(1245-46)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jaén (1245-46)">in 1246</a> (to Castile), <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> in 1248 (to Castile), culminating in the fall of the greatest of Andalusian cities, the ex-Almohad capital of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, into Christian hands in 1248. Ferdinand III of Castile entered Seville as a conqueror on December 22, 1248. </p><p>The Andalusians were helpless before this onslaught. Ibn Hudd had attempted to check the Leonese advance early on, but most of his Andalusian army was destroyed at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Alange (page does not exist)">battle of Alange</a> in 1230. Ibn Hud scrambled to move remaining arms and men to save threatened or besieged Andalusian citadels, but with so many attacks at once, it was a hopeless endeavor. After Ibn Hud's death in 1238, some of the Andalusian cities, in a last-ditch effort to save themselves, offered themselves once again to the Almohads, but to no avail. The Almohads would not return. </p><p>With the departure of the Almohads, the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a> ("<i>Banū Naṣr</i>", <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بنو نصر</span>) rose to power in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. After the great Christian advance of 1228–1248, the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> was practically all that remained of old <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>. Some of the captured citadels (e.g. Murcia, Jaen, Niebla) were reorganized as tributary vassals for a few more years, but most were annexed by the 1260s. Granada alone would remain independent for an additional 250 years, flourishing as the new center of al-Andalus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collapse_in_the_Maghreb">Collapse in the Maghreb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collapse in the Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, and after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>. The history of their decline differs from that of the Almoravids, whom they had displaced. They were not assailed by a great religious movement, but lost territories, piecemeal, by the revolt of tribes and districts. Their most effective enemies were the Banu Marin (<a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinids</a>) who founded the next dynasty. The last representative of the line, <a href="/wiki/Idris_al-Wathiq" title="Idris al-Wathiq">Idris al-Wathiq</a>, was reduced to the possession of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a> was important in <a href="/wiki/Almohad_doctrine" title="Almohad doctrine">Almohad doctrine</a>. Under the Almohads, the <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah"><i>khuṭba</i></a> (sermon) at <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayer</a> was made to be delivered in Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, with the latter referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Lisan_al-Gharbi" title="Lisan al-Gharbi">al-lisān al-gharbī</a></i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللسان الغربي</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'the western tongue') by the Andalusi historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81%E1%B8%A5ib_a%E1%B9%A3-%E1%B9%A2al%C4%81t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Ṣāḥib aṣ-Ṣalāt (page does not exist)">Ibn Ṣāḥib aṣ-Ṣalāt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:ابن صاحب الصلاة">ar</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">khaṭīb</a></i>, or sermon-giver, of <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque</a> in Fes, Mahdī b. 'Īsā, was replaced under the Almohads by Abū l-Ḥasan b. 'Aṭiyya khaṭīb because he was fluent in Berber.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Almohads rejected the status of <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi"><i>Dhimma</i></a>, the Almohad conquest of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> caused the emigration of <a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Andalusi Christians</a> from southern Iberia to the Christian north,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016173–174_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016173–174-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had an impact on the use of <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Romance</a> within Almohad territory. After the Almohad period, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>, in which the percentage of the population that had converted to Islam reached 90% and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_01.jpg/146px-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_01.jpg/219px-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_01.jpg/292px-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2468" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_02.jpg/138px-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_02.jpg/207px-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_02.jpg/276px-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="2955" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">An 1183 manuscript of Ibn Tumart's <i><a href="/wiki/A%CA%BFazzu_M%C4%81_Yu%E1%B9%ADlab" title="Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab">Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab</a></i> written in a <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi script</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>The Almohads worked to suppress the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a> of fiqh, even publicly burning copies of <i><a href="/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik" title="Muwatta Imam Malik">Muwatta Imam Malik</a></i> and Maliki commentaries. They sought to disseminate ibn Tumart's beliefs; he was the author of the <i><a href="/wiki/A%CA%BFazzu_M%C4%81_Yu%E1%B9%ADlab" title="Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab">Aʿazzu Mā Yuṭlab</a></i>, the <i>Counterpart of the Muwatta</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محاذي الموطأ</span></span>), and the <i>Compendium of <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تلخيص صحيح مسلم</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary production continued despite the Almohad reforms's devastating effect on cultural life in their domain. Almohad universities continued the knowledge of preceding Andalusi scholars as well as ancient Greek and Roman writers; contemporary literary figures included <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_al-Hajj_al-Rukuniyya" title="Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya">Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">ibn Tufayl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">ibn Zuhr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Abbar" title="Ibn al-Abbar">ibn al-Abbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amira" title="Ibn Amira">ibn Amira</a> and many more poets, philosophers, and scholars. The abolishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a> status of religious minorities further stifled the once flourishing <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> went east and many Jews moved to Castillian-controlled <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>. </p><p>According to the research of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Manuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad al-Manuni (page does not exist)">Muhammad al-Manuni</a>, there were 400 paper mills in Fes under the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Yaqub al-Mansur">Yaqub al-Mansur</a> in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology_and_philosophy">Theology and philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theology and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Almohad_doctrine" title="Almohad doctrine">Almohad doctrine</a></div> <p>The Almohad ideology preached by Ibn Tumart is described by <a href="/wiki/Amira_Bennison" title="Amira Bennison">Amira Bennison</a> as a "sophisticated hybrid form of Islam that wove together strands from <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> science, <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafi'i</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazalian</a> social actions (<i><a href="/wiki/Hisbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisbah">hisba</a></i>), and spiritual engagement with <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'i</a> notions of the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">imam</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">mahdi</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasted with the highly orthodox or traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school (<i><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">maddhab</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> which predominated in the region up to that point. Central to his philosophy, Ibn Tumart preached a fundamentalist or radical version of <i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i> – referring to a strict monotheism or to the "oneness of God". This notion gave the movement its name: <i>al</i>-<i>Muwaḥḥidūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المُوَحِّدون</span>), meaning roughly "those who advocate <i>tawhid</i>", which was adapted to "Almohads" in European writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Tumart saw his movement as a revolutionary reform movement much as <a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">early Islam</a> saw itself relative to the Christianity and Judaism which preceded it, with himself as its <i>mahdi</i> and leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>, the state gave recognition to the <a href="/wiki/Zahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiri">Zahiri</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ظاهري</span></span>) school of thought,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ites</a> were also given a measure of authority at times. While not all Almohad leaders were Zahirites, quite a few of them were not only adherents of the legal school but also well-versed in its tenets.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, all Almohad leaders – both the religiously learned and the laymen – were hostile toward the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikite</a> school favored by the Almoravids. During the reign of Abu Yaqub, chief judge <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ma%E1%B8%8D%C4%81%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Maḍāʾ">Ibn Maḍāʾ</a> oversaw the banning of all religious books written by non-Zahirites;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Abu Yaqub's son Abu Yusuf took the throne, he ordered Ibn Maḍāʾ to undertake the actual burning of such books.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, the Almohads were <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'arites</a>, their Zahirite-Ash'arism giving rise to a complicated blend of literalist jurisprudence and esoteric dogmatics.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors occasionally describe Almohads as heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazilism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Madeline Fletcher argues that while one of Ibn Tumart's original teachings, the <i>murshida</i>s (a collection of sayings memorized by his followers), holds positions on the <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">attributes of God</a> which might be construed as moderately Mu'tazilite (and which were criticized as such by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taimiyya</a>), identifying him with Mu'tazilites would be an exaggeration. She points out that another of his main texts, the <i>'aqida</i> (which was likely edited by others after him), demonstrates a much clearer Ash'arite position on a number of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, the Almohads, particularly from the reign of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur</a> onward, embraced the use of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reasoning</a> as a method of validating the more central Almohad concept of <i>tawhid</i>. This effectively provided a religious justification for philosophy and for a <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> intellectualism in Almohad religious thought. Al-Mansur's father, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Ya'qub Yusuf</a>, had also shown some favour towards philosophy and kept the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufayl</a> as his confidant.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016258–262_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016258–262-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Tufayl in turn introduced Ibn Rush (Averroes) to the Almohad court, to whom Al-Mansur gave patronage and protection. Although Ibn Rushd (who was also an <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Islamic judge</a>) saw rationalism and philosophy as complementary to religion and revelation, his views failed to convince the traditional Maliki <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a></i>, with whom the Almohads were already at odds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016261_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016261-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the decline of Almohadism, Maliki Sunnism ultimately became the dominant official religious doctrine of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198798,_101–102,_117,_132–133_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198798,_101–102,_117,_132–133-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the teachings of Ibn Rushd and other philosophers like him were far more influential for Jewish philosophers – including <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, his contemporary – and Christian Latin scholars – like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> – who later promoted his commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016261_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016261-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emblem">Emblem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Emblem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantiga_181_miniature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cantiga_181_miniature.jpg/220px-Cantiga_181_miniature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cantiga_181_miniature.jpg/330px-Cantiga_181_miniature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cantiga_181_miniature.jpg/440px-Cantiga_181_miniature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Almohad soldiers in the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i>, depicted on the right under white banners<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%27alam_al-mans%C3%BBr" title="'alam al-mansûr">'alam al-mansûr</a></div> <p>Most historical records indicate that the Almohads were recognized for their use of white banners, which were supposed to evoke their "purity of purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-:17_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began a long tradition of using white as main dynastic color in what is now Morocco for the later <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadian</a> sultanates.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether these white banners contained any specific motifs or inscriptions is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Ḥasan 'Ali Ḥasan writes:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As for the flags of the Almohads, the main flag was white, and on one side was written during the reign of Ibn Tumart: "The one Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the Mahdi is the successor of Allah", and on the other side: "There is no god but Allah, and my success is only with Allah, and I entrust my affairs to Allah", and the white color continued with the rest of the caliphs, even if they adopted other colored flags, red, yellow and other colors. There is no doubt that these flags in their different colors delighted and pleased the people.</p></blockquote> <p>According to historian Amira Benninson, the caliphs usually left their capital Marrakesh for war in al-Andalus preceded by the white banner of the Almohads, the Quran of 'Uthman and Quran of Ibn Tumart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016101_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016101-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison200788_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison200788-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian historiographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Qalqashandi" title="Al-Qalqashandi">Al-Qalqashandi</a> (d. 1418) mentioned white flags in two places, the first being when he spoke about the Almohad flag in Tunisia, where he stated that: "It was a white flag called the victorious flag, and it was raised before their sultan when riding for <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid prayers</a> or for the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">makhzen</a> slaves (which were the ordinary people of the country and the people of the markets)".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Almohad reign, dissident movements would adopt black in recognition of the Abbasid caliphate and in rejection of the Almohad authority.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Knowledge_of_All_Kingdoms" title="Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms">Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms</a></i>, written by a Franciscan friar in the 14th century (well after the end of the Almohad period), describes the flag of Marrakesh as being red with a black-and-white checkerboard motif at its center. Some authors have assumed this flag to be the former flag of the Almohads.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, Islamic al-Andalus in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> collective memory allowed more awareness of the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andalusia" title="Flag of Andalusia">Andalusian flag</a>, chosen in 1918 by <a href="/wiki/Blas_Infante" title="Blas Infante">Blas Infante</a>, a founding figure of Andalusia. Infante has explained the design of its flag by indicating that green was the color of the Umayyads and white that of the Almohads, the caliphates which represented periods of "greatness and power" in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calligraphy_and_manuscripts">Calligraphy and manuscripts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Calligraphy and manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Almohad dynasty embraced a style of cursive <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi script</a> known today as "Maghrebi thuluth" as an official style used in manuscripts, coinage, documents, and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the more angular <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic script</a> was still used, albeit in a reworked form in Qur'an epigraphy, and was seen detailed in silver in some colophons.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maghrebi thuluth script, frequently written in gold, was used to give emphasis when standard writing, written in rounded Maghrebi mabsūt script, was considered insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maghrebi mabsūt of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> region during the 12th to 14th centuries was characterized by elongated lines, stretched out curves, and the use of multiple colors for vocalizations, as derived from the people of Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scribes and calligraphers of the Almohad period also started to <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminate</a> words and phrases in manuscripts for emphasis, using <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While much of the script was written in black or brown ink, the use of <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychromy</a> for diacritical text and vocalizations also marked a departure from previous caliphates' calligraphic styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue dots were used to indicate elif, orange dots denoted <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a>, and yellow semicircles to marked <a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">shaddah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separate sets of verses were denoted by various medallions, with distinctive designs for each set. For example, sets of five verses were ended with bud-like medallions while sets of ten were marked by circular medallions, all of which were typically painted in gold.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manuscripts attributed to this caliphate were characterized by interlacing geometric or recti-curvilinear illuminations, and abstract vegetal artwork and large medallions were often present in the margins and as thumbnails.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composite floral <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finials</a> were also frequently used in decorating the margins and corners of the page.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color schemes focused on primarily using gold, white, and blue, with accentuating elements in red or pink.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Almohad dynasty, the act of bookbinding itself took on great importance, with a notable instance of the Almohad caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> bringing in artisans for a celebration of the binding of a Qur'an imported from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books were most frequently bound in goatskin leather and decorated with polygonal interlacing, <a href="/wiki/Goffering_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Goffering iron">goffering</a>, and stamping. The primary materials used for the pages were goat or sheep <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Almohad dynasty also saw industrial advancements in the spread of paper mills in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, leading to the introduction of paper for Qur'an manuscripts, illuminated doctrine books, and official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Qur'anic manuscripts were close to square-shaped, though other religious texts were typically vertically oriented. With the exception of a few large-scale Qur'ans, most were modestly sized, ranging from 11 centimenters to 22 centimeters on each side, with 19 to 27 lines of script each page.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, large-sized Qur'ans were typically approximately 60 centimeters by 53 centimeters and had an average of five to nine lines of script to a page, typically in Maghrebi thuluth.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Bayad_wa_Riyad" title="Hadith Bayad wa Riyad">Hadith Bayāḍ wa Riyāḍ</a>, the love story of Bayad and Riyad, is one of the few remaining illustrated manuscripts dated to 13th century Almohad caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use of miniatures displays a clear connection with previous illustrated tradition from the eastern Islamic world. However, it deviates in its depictions of the frontispiece, interior, and teaching scenes, which show similarities to scientific manuscripts from the central Islamic world, typically considered to have consisted of the Arabian peninsula, northeast modern Iran, and the Fertile Crescent.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depictions of architecture specific to the Almohad caliphate are also evident in several places in the manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_of_Abu_Hafs_al-Murtada_(Morocco_exhibit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Quran_of_Abu_Hafs_al-Murtada_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg/220px-Quran_of_Abu_Hafs_al-Murtada_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Quran_of_Abu_Hafs_al-Murtada_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg/330px-Quran_of_Abu_Hafs_al-Murtada_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Quran_of_Abu_Hafs_al-Murtada_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg/440px-Quran_of_Abu_Hafs_al-Murtada_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>A copy of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> personally transcribed by Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Murtada" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada">al-Murtada</a>, circa 1266</figcaption></figure><p>The penultimate Almohad caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Murtada" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada">Abu Hafs al-Murtada</a>, was a notable calligrapher in his own right and composed poems and copied Qur'ans. A known bibliophile, he frequently endowed books to madrasas and mosques and established the first public manuscript transcription center in Marrakesh.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the large Qur'ans that he copied has been preserved in Marrakesh and is the oldest surviving example in the western Islamic world of a Qur'an personally produced by a sovereign ruler. The 10-volume tome is written on parchment and bound with a leather cover decorated with a geometric motif, exhibiting the first dated use of gold tooling on a manuscript binding.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses are written in Maghrebi mabsūt script and the end of each verse is marked by a gold circle divided into eight uniform segments. Using large Maghrebi script, there are five to 10 lines to a page, with relatively few words to each line. There is lavish use of gold, and this Qur'an, as with other Qur'ans of this size, was likely intended for court use.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textiles">Textiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_banner2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_banner2.jpg/220px-Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_banner2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_banner2.jpg/330px-Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_banner2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_banner2.jpg/440px-Las_Navas_de_Tolosa_banner2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>The "Las Navas de Tolosa banner", an Almohad banner captured by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a> in the 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Almohads initially eschewed the production of luxury textiles and silks, but eventually they too engaged in this production. Almohad textiles, like earlier Almoravid examples, were often decorated with a grid of roundels filled with ornamental designs or Arabic epigraphy. However, textiles produced by Almohad workshops used progressively less figural decoration than previous Almoravid textiles, in favour of interlacing geometric and vegetal motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the best-known textiles traditionally attributed to the Almohads is the "Las Navas de Tolosa Banner", so-called because it was once thought to be a spoil won by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in 1212. More recent studies have proposed that it was actually a spoil won some years later by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">Ferdinand III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1992326–327_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1992326–327-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banner was then donated to the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Real_de_Las_Huelgas" title="Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas">Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Huelgas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>, where it remains today. The banner is richly designed and features blue Arabic inscriptions and white decorative patterns on a red background. The central motif features an eight-pointed star framed by a circle inside a larger square, with smaller motifs filling the bands of the frame and the corner spaces. This central design is surrounded on four sides by Arabic inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskhi</a> script featuring Qur'anic verses (<a href="/wiki/As-Saff" title="As-Saff"><i>Surah</i> 61</a>: 10–12), and another horizontal inscription in the banner's upper part which praises God and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Recent studies have argued that the banner is of 14th century origin rather than of Almohad origin, due to its similarities with captured Marinid banners kept at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Toledo">Cathedral of Toledo</a> and to its similarities with Nasrid motifs. It remains uncertain whether it was crafted either in Fez under the Marinids or in Granada under the Nasrids.<sup id="cite_ref-:1322_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1322-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metalwork">Metalwork</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Metalwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_de_Monzon_09420.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_de_Monzon_09420.JPG/220px-Lion_de_Monzon_09420.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_de_Monzon_09420.JPG/330px-Lion_de_Monzon_09420.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_de_Monzon_09420.JPG/440px-Lion_de_Monzon_09420.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The Monzón Lion, a bronze fountain from Al-Andalus dating from the 12th-13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The French historian <a href="/wiki/Henri_Terrasse" title="Henri Terrasse">Henri Terrasse</a> described <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">al-Qarawiyyin's</a> bronze grand <a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">chandelier</a>, commissioned by Caliph <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a>, as "the largest and most beautiful chandelier in the Islamic world."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chandelier consists of a 12-sided copula on top of which is mounted a large cone crowned around its sides with nine levels of candlesticks. The visible surfaces of the chandelier are carved and pierced with intricate floral arabesque motifs as well as <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> Arabic inscriptions. The chandelier is now the oldest surviving chandelier in the western Islamic world, and it likely served as a model for the later and nearly equally famous Marinid chandelier in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Taza" title="Great Mosque of Taza">Great Mosque of Taza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014334_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014334-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important piece, the so-called Monzón Lion, also dates from the Almohad period during the 12 or 13th century and is held in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a> today. It is an example of figural bronze sculpture from al-Andalus that continues in the tradition of earlier objects such as the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Griffin" title="Pisa Griffin">Pisa Griffin</a> (kept at the <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Cathedral Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>) and the 10th-century Stag of Córdoba<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made in <a href="/wiki/Medina_Azahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Azahara">Madinat al-Zahra</a> (now kept at the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_and_Ethnological_Museum_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Archaeological and Ethnological Museum of Córdoba">Archeological Museum of Córdoba</a>). It was found in <a href="/wiki/Monz%C3%B3n_de_Campos" title="Monzón de Campos">Monzón</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a>, but it is not known where exactly in the Iberian Peninsula it was made. As Palencia was outside the Almohad realm, it may have been made by Andalusi craftsman for a Christian patron. The lion, which served as a fountainhead, is sculpted in a highly stylized manner and its articulated tail is adjustable. Its surface is covered in incised decoration consisting of tapestry-like motifs, and a broad Kufic inscription on its side features well-wishes for its owner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014390_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014390-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1992270_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1992270-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other surviving metalwork objects from the Almohad period include a series of braziers and lamps discovered in Córdoba and now kept at the Archeological Museum of Córdoba. One of them, a hexagonal brazier, features both incised and pierced decoration. Along with prominent decorative Kufic inscriptions, it has an architectural motif of <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a> resembling the decorative sawtooth-shaped merlons found along the tops of Moorish and Moroccan buildings of the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014383_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014383-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1992274_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1992274-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceramics_and_tilework">Ceramics and tilework</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ceramics and tilework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_ceramic_fragments_(Morocco_exhibit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_ceramic_fragments_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg/200px-Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_ceramic_fragments_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_ceramic_fragments_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg/300px-Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_ceramic_fragments_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_ceramic_fragments_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg/400px-Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_ceramic_fragments_%28Morocco_exhibit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> inscription on <i><a href="/wiki/Cuerda_seca" title="Cuerda seca">cuerda seca</a></i> tiles formerly around the minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakech)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakech)">Kasbah Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Bloom">Jonathan Bloom</a> cites the white and green glazed tiles on the <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya Mosque</a>, dating from the mid-12th century in the early Almohad period, as the earliest reliably-dated example of <i><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a></i> in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tiles currently installed on the minaret are modern reproductions of the original decoration, but some of the original tiles were preserved in a collection kept at the <a href="/wiki/El_Badi_Palace" title="El Badi Palace">Badi Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014329_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014329-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same collection has also preserved fragments of the original tile decoration on the minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakech)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakech)">Kasbah Mosque</a>, including fragments of a <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> inscription which is no longer present on the minaret today. These latter fragments are also the earliest surviving example of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuerda_seca" title="Cuerda seca">cuerda seca</a></i> tilework (a technique originating in al-Andalus) being used in an architectural context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014332_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014332-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Painted_decoration">Painted decoration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Painted decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kutubiyya Mosque's minaret in Marrakesh originally had polychrome painted decoration around the windows and blind arches on its exterior façades, featuring a mix of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric</a> and vegetal <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Seville, some Almohad-era houses have been excavated in various locations in the city, particularly on the site of the present-day cathedral. At least one of these excavations have revealed the remains of mural decoration featuring interlacing geometric decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014327_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014327-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Decorations</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammam</a> dating back to the Almohad period were uncovered in a bar in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> during renovations in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decorations feature red ochre paintings of <a href="/wiki/Octagram" title="Octagram">concave hexadecagons</a> and eightfold rosettes on engraved white lime mortar in a pattern that fits the hammam's geometric skylight holes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marrakesh,_Morocco_(8999234830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_%288999234830%29.jpg/220px-Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_%288999234830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_%288999234830%29.jpg/330px-Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_%288999234830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_%288999234830%29.jpg/440px-Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_%288999234830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> in 1147</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Oudaia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bab_Oudaia2.jpg/220px-Bab_Oudaia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bab_Oudaia2.jpg/330px-Bab_Oudaia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bab_Oudaia2.jpg/440px-Bab_Oudaia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The ceremonial main gate of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_the_Udayas" title="Kasbah of the Udayas">Kasbah of the Udayas</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>), added to the fortress by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Ya'qub al-Mansur</a> in the late 1190s</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad architecture</a></div> <p>Along with the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> period preceding it, the Almohad period is considered one of the most formative stages of <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Moroccan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a>, establishing many of the forms and motifs that were refined in subsequent centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954258–260_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954258–260-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016276_and_after_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016276_and_after-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main sites of Almohad architecture and art include <a href="/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, Almohad architecture was built mostly in <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> rather than stone. These two materials were relatively cheap, readily available at most sites, and already widely used in the preceding centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016195–196_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016195–196-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almohad architects refined both the manufacturing process of these materials and their on-site assembly, making the execution of numerous and ambitious construction projects possible. According to scholar Felix Arnold, during the Almohad period "construction became an industry on a scale not seen since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2017196_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2017196-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to the earlier Almoravid period and the <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphal</a> period in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, early Almohad architecture was much more restrained in its ornamentation, focusing its attention on overall architectural forms rather than on detailed surface decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954228–231_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954228–231-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2017196_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2017196-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to continuing the integration of Moroccan and Andalusi artistic traditions, some currents in Almohad architecture may also reflect influences from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>). Some Almohad elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">polylobed arches</a>, have their earliest precedents in <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid architecture</a> in Ifriqiya and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and had also appeared in Andalusi architecture such as the <a href="/wiki/Aljafer%C3%ADa" title="Aljafería">Aljaferia palace</a>. In the Almohad period, this type of arch was further refined for decorative functions while <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe arches</a> continued to be standard elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954232–234_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954232–234-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decoration around <i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a></i> arches inside mosques also evolved into richer and more monumental forms in the great ceremonial stone gates of Almohad architecture such as <a href="/wiki/Bab_Agnaou" title="Bab Agnaou">Bab Agnaou</a> in Marrakesh and <a href="/wiki/Bab_Oudaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Oudaia">Bab Oudaia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bab_er-Rouah" title="Bab er-Rouah">Bab er-Rouah</a> in Rabat. These gates employed varying decorative motifs arranged in concentric semi-circles around the arch of the gate, all of which was in turn framed inside an outer rectangular band with other motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954243–244_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954243–244-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style remained evident in <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a> gateways (e.g. the main gate of <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a>) and in later Moroccan gateways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954319,_328,_338,_347_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954319,_328,_338,_347-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Almohad <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinmal_Mosque" title="Tinmal Mosque">Tinmal</a> mosques are often considered the prototypes of later Moroccan and Andalusi mosques,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954201_and_after_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954201_and_after-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Taza" title="Great Mosque of Taza">Great Mosque of Taza</a> (later modified by the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinids</a>) is the oldest surviving Almohad mosque (begun in 1142).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like earlier mosques in the region, Almohad mosques have interiors consisting of large <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> halls divided by rows of arches that create a repetitive visual effect. However, the aisle or "nave" leading towards the <i>mihrab</i> (niche symbolizing the <i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a></i> in the southern/southeastern wall) and the aisle running along the qibla wall itself were usually wider than the others and were highlighted with distinctive arches and greater decoration. This layout, already present in Almoravid mosques, is often referred to as the "T-plan" by art historians (because the aisle running parallel to the <i>qibla</i> wall and the aisle leading to the <i>mihrab</i>, perpendicular to it, form a "T" shape), and became standard in mosques of the region for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom202010,_128,_183_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom202010,_128,_183-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a> of Almohad mosques also established the standard form and style of subsequent minarets in the region, with a square base and two-tiered shaft covered in polylobed arch and <i><a href="/wiki/Darj_wa_ktaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Darj wa ktaf">darj wa ktaf</a></i> motifs. The minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakech)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakech)">Kasbah Mosque</a> of Marrakesh was particularly influential and set a style that was repeated, with minor elaborations, in the following Marinid period.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous minarets of this time, however, are the minarets of the Kutubiyya Mosque (begun in 1147 by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> but subsequently rebuilt before 1195<sup id="cite_ref-:22_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the <a href="/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a> of Seville (part of a Great Mosque begun in 1171 by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Ya'qub Yusuf</a>), and the unfinished "<a href="/wiki/Hassan_Tower" title="Hassan Tower">Hassan Tower</a>" of Rabat (part of a huge mosque begun by <a href="/wiki/Yaqub,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub, Almohad Caliph">Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur</a> in 1191 but never completed).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_108-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016312–323_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016312–323-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121128–133,_137–141_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121128–133,_137–141-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Almohads were also prolific builders of fortifications and forts across their realm. They were responsible for building (or rebuilding) the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">city walls</a> of Cordoba, <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Seville" title="Walls of Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Fez" title="Fortifications of Fez">Fes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taza" title="Taza">Taza</a>, as well as many smaller forts and castles across Morocco and southern Spain and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954220–225_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarçais1954220–225-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rabat, Abd al-Mu'min built most of the current <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_the_Udayas" title="Kasbah of the Udayas">Kasbah of the Udayas</a> in 1150–1151 (after having destroyed an earlier Almoravid <i><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribat</a></i> there), while Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur embarked on the construction of a vast new capital and citadel on its south side called <i>Ribat al-Fath</i> (for which the enormous unfinished mosque of the Hassan Tower was also intended). While never finished, this project created the current outer walls of the historic center of Rabat, along with multiple gates such as Bab er-Rouah and the ceremonial main gate of the Kasbah of the Udayas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016309–10,_322–25_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016309–10,_322–25-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mansur also created the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Marrakesh" title="Kasbah of Marrakesh">Kasbah of Marrakesh</a>, a large royal citadel and palace complex to house the caliph's family and administration. The main public entrance of this kasbah was the ornamental gate of Bab Agnaou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016320,_324_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016320,_324-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Seville, the Almohads built the <a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Oro" title="Torre del Oro">Torre del Oro</a>, a defensive tower on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir River</a> which dates from 1220 to 1221 and remains a landmark of the city today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016325–326_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016325–326-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Calahorra_Tower" title="Calahorra Tower">Calahorra Tower</a> in Cordoba is believed to be an originally Almohad structure designed to defend the river and the city's <a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Roman bridge of Córdoba">old bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016326_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016326-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Almohad caliphs also constructed multiple country estates just outside the main cities where they resided, continuing a tradition that existed under the Almoravids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2017196–212_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2017196–212-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known examples of these estates were centered around large water basins or reservoirs that sustained orchards of fruit trees and other plants. Some of them are referred to as <i>al-Buḥayra</i> ("little sea") in Arabic sources, likely in reference to these artificial lakes. Small palaces or pleasure pavilions were built on the edge of the reservoirs. In Marrakesh, the present-day <a href="/wiki/Agdal_Gardens" title="Agdal Gardens">Agdal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menara_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Menara gardens">Menara</a> gardens both developed from such Almohad creations. In Seville, the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Buhaira_Gardens" title="Buhaira Gardens"><i>al-Buḥayra</i> garden</a>, founded in 1171, were excavated and partly restored in the 1970s. A similar garden estate was also created in Rabat but has not been found by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2017196–212_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2017196–212-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_Genil" title="Alcázar Genil">Alcázar Genil</a> (originally called <i>al-Qaṣr as-Sayyid</i>) in Granada, created in the late Almohad period and later remodeled by the Nasrids, stood next to an enormous pool on the outskirts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2017239–240_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2017239–240-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small ribat, consisting of a square hall covered by a sixteen-sided dome on <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a>, was built nearby at the same time and has been preserved today as a Christian <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunken gardens were also part of Almohad palace architecture. In some cases the gardens were divided symmetrically into four parts, much like a <i><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">riyad</a></i> garden. Examples of these have been found in several courtyards in the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>, where former Almohad palaces once stood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2017199–210_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2017199–210-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mihrab of the Great Mosque of Tinmal"><img alt="Mihrab of the Great Mosque of Tinmal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_7.jpg/90px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_7.jpg/135px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_7.jpg/180px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tinmal_Mosque" title="Tinmal Mosque">Great Mosque of Tinmal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Giralda,_Seville,_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Giralda, the former minaret of the Great Mosque of Seville, built during the Almohad period"><img alt="La Giralda, the former minaret of the Great Mosque of Seville, built during the Almohad period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg/80px-La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg/120px-La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg/160px-La_Giralda%2C_Seville%2C_Spain_-_Sep_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">La <a href="/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Great Mosque of Seville</a>, built during the Almohad period</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_del_Yeso_(P%C3%B3rtico)._Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_de_Sevilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The south portico of the Patio del Yeso of the Alcázar of Seville, built during the Almohad period"><img alt="The south portico of the Patio del Yeso of the Alcázar of Seville, built during the Almohad period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Patio_del_Yeso_%28P%C3%B3rtico%29._Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_de_Sevilla.jpg/120px-Patio_del_Yeso_%28P%C3%B3rtico%29._Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_de_Sevilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Patio_del_Yeso_%28P%C3%B3rtico%29._Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_de_Sevilla.jpg/180px-Patio_del_Yeso_%28P%C3%B3rtico%29._Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_de_Sevilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Patio_del_Yeso_%28P%C3%B3rtico%29._Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_de_Sevilla.jpg/240px-Patio_del_Yeso_%28P%C3%B3rtico%29._Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_de_Sevilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="2280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The south <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> of the Patio del Yeso of the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>, built during the Almohad period</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_los_Jardines_de_la_Buhaira_(5000018808).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reservoir of the al-Buḥayra gardens in Seville, with remains of palace structure behind it (partly occupied by later building)"><img alt="Reservoir of the al-Buḥayra gardens in Seville, with remains of palace structure behind it (partly occupied by later building)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Palacio_de_los_Jardines_de_la_Buhaira_%285000018808%29.jpg/120px-Palacio_de_los_Jardines_de_la_Buhaira_%285000018808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Palacio_de_los_Jardines_de_la_Buhaira_%285000018808%29.jpg/180px-Palacio_de_los_Jardines_de_la_Buhaira_%285000018808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Palacio_de_los_Jardines_de_la_Buhaira_%285000018808%29.jpg/240px-Palacio_de_los_Jardines_de_la_Buhaira_%285000018808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reservoir of the <a href="/wiki/Buhaira_Gardens" title="Buhaira Gardens"><i>al-Buḥayra</i> gardens</a> in Seville, with remains of palace structure behind it (partly occupied by later building)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hassan Tower in Rabat: an incomplete minaret intended for an enormous mosque begun by Ya'qub al-Mansur in the 1190s"><img alt="Hassan Tower in Rabat: an incomplete minaret intended for an enormous mosque begun by Ya'qub al-Mansur in the 1190s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG.jpg/80px-La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG.jpg/120px-La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG.jpg/160px-La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Tower" title="Hassan Tower">Hassan Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>: an incomplete minaret intended for an enormous mosque begun by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Ya'qub al-Mansur</a> in the 1190s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bab Ruwah ('Gate of the Winds') in Rabat"><img alt="Bab Ruwah ('Gate of the Winds') in Rabat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg/120px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg/180px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg/240px-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bab_er-Rouah" title="Bab er-Rouah">Bab Ruwah</a> ('Gate of the Winds') in Rabat</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_minaret_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The minaret of the Kasbah Mosque (or Al-Mansuriyya Mosque) in the Kasbah of Marrakesh"><img alt="The minaret of the Kasbah Mosque (or Al-Mansuriyya Mosque) in the Kasbah of Marrakesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_minaret_2.jpg/90px-Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_minaret_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_minaret_2.jpg/135px-Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_minaret_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_minaret_2.jpg/180px-Marrakesh_Kasbah_Mosque_minaret_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakech)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakech)">Kasbah Mosque</a> (or Al-Mansuriyya Mosque) in the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Marrakesh" title="Kasbah of Marrakesh">Kasbah of Marrakesh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marrakech_(40898386293).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bab Agnaou, the original public entrance to the Kasbah of Marrakesh"><img alt="Bab Agnaou, the original public entrance to the Kasbah of Marrakesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marrakech_%2840898386293%29.jpg/120px-Marrakech_%2840898386293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marrakech_%2840898386293%29.jpg/180px-Marrakech_%2840898386293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Marrakech_%2840898386293%29.jpg/240px-Marrakech_%2840898386293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4734" data-file-height="3386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bab_Agnaou" title="Bab Agnaou">Bab Agnaou</a>, the original public entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Marrakesh" title="Kasbah of Marrakesh">Kasbah of Marrakesh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Safi_minaret.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Almohad minaret in Safi"><img alt="The Almohad minaret in Safi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Safi_minaret.png/120px-Safi_minaret.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Safi_minaret.png/180px-Safi_minaret.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Safi_minaret.png/240px-Safi_minaret.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Almohad minaret in <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_del_Oro_flag_Seville_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Torre del Oro in Seville"><img alt="The Torre del Oro in Seville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torre_del_Oro_flag_Seville_Spain.jpg/80px-Torre_del_Oro_flag_Seville_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torre_del_Oro_flag_Seville_Spain.jpg/120px-Torre_del_Oro_flag_Seville_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torre_del_Oro_flag_Seville_Spain.jpg/160px-Torre_del_Oro_flag_Seville_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="3094" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Oro" title="Torre del Oro">Torre del Oro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordoue_-_Tour_de_la_Calahorra_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Calahorra Tower in Cordoba"><img alt="Calahorra Tower in Cordoba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cordoue_-_Tour_de_la_Calahorra_2.JPG/120px-Cordoue_-_Tour_de_la_Calahorra_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cordoue_-_Tour_de_la_Calahorra_2.JPG/180px-Cordoue_-_Tour_de_la_Calahorra_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cordoue_-_Tour_de_la_Calahorra_2.JPG/240px-Cordoue_-_Tour_de_la_Calahorra_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3498" data-file-height="2371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Calahorra_Tower" title="Calahorra Tower">Calahorra Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_Non-Muslims">Status of Non-Muslims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Status of Non-Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_persecution_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim persecution of Christians">Muslim persecution of Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almohad_social_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Almohad_social_pyramid.svg/331px-Almohad_social_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="331" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Almohad_social_pyramid.svg/497px-Almohad_social_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Almohad_social_pyramid.svg/662px-Almohad_social_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Almohad social pyramid according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qattan" title="Ibn al-Qattan">Ibn al-Qattan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Almohads had taken control of the Almoravid Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147.<sup id="cite_ref-islamicworldeb_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islamicworldeb-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Almohads rejected the mainstream Islamic doctrine that established the status of <i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Non-Muslim</a> resident of a Muslim country who was allowed to practice his religion on condition of submission to Muslim rule and payment of <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016171_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016171-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treatment and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Jews</a> under Almohad rule was a drastic change.<sup id="cite_ref-Verskin_2020_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verskin_2020-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Almohad rule during the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>, Jewish culture experienced a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Menocal" title="María Rosa Menocal">María Rosa Menocal</a>, a specialist in Iberian literature at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, has argued that "tolerance was an inherent aspect of Andalusian society", and that the Jewish <i>dhimmi</i>s living under the Caliphate, while allowed fewer rights than Muslims, were still better off than in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Europe">Christian Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jews migrated to <i>al-Andalus</i>, where they were not just tolerated but allowed to practice their faith openly. Christians had also practiced their religion openly in Córdoba, and both Jews and Christians lived openly in Morocco as well. </p><p>The first Almohad ruler, Abd al-Mumin, allowed an initial seven-month <a href="/wiki/Grace_period" title="Grace period">grace period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ugr_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugr-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion#Islam" title="Forced conversion">forced</a> most of the urban <i>dhimmi</i> population in Morocco, both Jewish and Christian, to convert to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1198, the Almohad emir <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> decreed that Jews must wear a dark blue garb, with very large sleeves and a grotesquely oversized hat;<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_2013_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman_2013-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his son altered the colour to <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow</a>, a change that may have influenced Catholic ordinances some time later.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman_2013_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman_2013-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who converted <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">had to wear clothing that identified them as Jews</a> since they were not regarded as sincere Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases of <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">mass martyrdom of Jews</a> who refused to convert to Islam are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-ugr_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugr-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_persecution_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim persecution of Christians">persecution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> under Almohad rule was a drastic change as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Wasserstein_2020_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasserstein_2020-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the conversions were superficial. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> urged Jews to choose the superficial conversion over martyrdom and argued, "Muslims know very well that we do not mean what we say, and that what we say is only to escape the ruler's punishment and to satisfy him with this simple confession."<sup id="cite_ref-Verskin_2020_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verskin_2020-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_139-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ibn_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Ibn Ezra">Abraham Ibn Ezra</a> (1089–1164), who himself fled the persecutions of the Almohads, composed an elegy mourning the destruction of many Jewish communities throughout Spain and the Maghreb under the Almohads.<sup id="cite_ref-Verskin_2020_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verskin_2020-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jews fled from territories ruled by the Almohads to Christian lands, and others, like the family of Maimonides, fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands.<sup id="cite_ref-frank_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a few Jewish traders still working in North Africa are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-ugr_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugr-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Idris_al-Ma%27mun" title="Idris al-Ma'mun">Idris al-Ma'mun</a>, a late Almohad pretender (ruled 1229–1232 in parts of Morocco), renounced much Almohad doctrine, including the identification of Ibn Tumart as the Mahdi, and the denial of <i>dhimmi</i> status. He allowed Jews to practice their religion openly in Marrakesh and even allowed a Christian church there as part of his alliance with Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_139-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iberia, Almohad rule collapsed in the 1200s and was succeeded by several "Taifa" kingdoms, which allowed Jews to practice their religion openly.<sup id="cite_ref-Viguera_139-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viguera-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Almohad_rulers">List of Almohad rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of Almohad rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a> 1121–1130</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> 1130–1163</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph">Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I</a> 1163–1184</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqub,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub, Almohad Caliph">Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 'al-Mansur'</a> 1184–1199</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a> 1199–1213</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph">Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 'al-Mustansir'</a> 1213–1224</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Wahid_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'</a> 1224</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Adil" title="Abdallah al-Adil">Abdallah al-Adil</a> 1224–1227</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya, Almohad Caliph">Yahya 'al-Mutasim'</a> 1227–1229</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Ala Idris I al-Ma'mun</a>, 1229–1232</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_II" title="Abd al-Wahid II">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'</a> 1232–1242</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'</a> 1242–1248</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Murtada" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada">Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'</a>, 1248–1266</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris II, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Ula (Abu Dabbus) Idris II 'al-Wathiq'</a> 1266–1269</li></ul> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Almohad family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ali al-Kumi</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> <br /> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Muhammad</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf I</a> <br /> (2)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu al-Hassan Ali</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Ibrahim Ismail</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Said Uthman</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Ali al-Hussein</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Muhammad Abd Allah</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Musa Isa</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu al-Rabi Sulayman</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Imran Musa</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Hafs Umar</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur'</a> <br /> (3)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu al-Ula Idris <br /> <i>the Old</i></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Yahya</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid'</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Zayd Muhammad</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Wahid_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'</a> <br /> (6)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Ibrahim Ishaq <br /> 'al-Tahir'</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Zakariya Yahya</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu al-Hassan Ali</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Yusuf Yaqub</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu al-Rabi Sulayman</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Abd Allah Muhammad</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a> <br />(4)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Adil" title="Abdallah al-Adil">Abdallah al-Adil</a><br />(7)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Muhammad Said</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Musa</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ibrahim</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Said</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Idris_I,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris I, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'</a> <br />(9)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Murtada" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada">Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'</a> <br /> (12)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Zayd</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Ishaq</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Idris_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Idris II, Almohad Caliph">Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq'</a> <br /> (13)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Ali</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi'</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Abu Zayd</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Yahya,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya, Almohad Caliph">Yahya 'al'Mutasim'</a> <br /> (8)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Musa</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Zakariya</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ali</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_II,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph">Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir'</a> <br /> (5)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Ali,_Almohad_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali, Almohad Caliph">Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'</a> <br /> (11)</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #afa;"><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_II" title="Abd al-Wahid II">Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'</a> <br /> (10)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">List of Mahdi claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611222631/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-05&lang=en">"Qantara"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-05&lang=en">the original</a> on 2016-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_carte.php%3Fcarte%3Dcarte-05%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611222646/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-06&lang=en">"Qantara"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-06&lang=en">the original</a> on 2016-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_carte.php%3Fcarte%3Dcarte-06%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Moyen Âge, XIe–XVe siècle</i>, par <a href="/wiki/Michel_Kaplan" title="Michel Kaplan">Michel Kaplan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Boucheron" title="Patrick Boucheron">Patrick Boucheron</a>. p. 213, Ed. Breal 1994 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85394-732-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-85394-732-7">2-85394-732-7</a>)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RP-bn29KCB8C&pg=PA213">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1997" class="citation journal cs1">Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807">"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"</a>. <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 475–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053">10.1111/0020-8833.00053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600793">2600793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Expansion+and+Contraction+Patterns+of+Large+Polities%3A+Context+for+Russia&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=475-504&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0020-8833.00053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3cn68807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369">10.5195/JWSR.2006.369</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2FJWSR.2006.369&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5195%252FJWSR.2006.369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> P. Buresi, <i>La frontière entre chrétienté et islam dans la péninsule Ibérique</i>, pp. 101–102. Ed. Publibook 2004 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7483-0644-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7483-0644-6">978-2-7483-0644-6</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Almohad">"Definition of ALMOHAD"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+ALMOHAD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FAlmohad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/almohad">"Almohad definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Almohad+definition+and+meaning+%7C+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Falmohad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016246_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Almohads">"Almohads | Berber confederation"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Almohads+%7C+Berber+confederation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAlmohads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoweringCrone2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoweringCrone2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_BoweringPatricia_CroneMahan_MirzaWadad_Kadi2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza; Wadad Kadi; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Devin J. Stewart (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA34"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13484-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13484-0&rft.au=Gerhard+Bowering&rft.au=Patricia+Crone&rft.au=Mahan+Mirza&rft.au=Wadad+Kadi&rft.au=Muhammad+Qasim+Zaman&rft.au=Devin+J.+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1I0pcrFFSUC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Bibliographies_2020-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Bibliographies_2020_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0217.xml">"Almohads – Islamic Studies"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. 6 Jan 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Feb</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Almohads+%E2%80%93+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195390155%2Fobo-9780195390155-0217.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN-EBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA97"><i>North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76190-2"><bdi>978-0-292-76190-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa%2C+Revised+Edition%3A+A+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76190-2&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN-EBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjomand2022" class="citation book cs1">Arjomand, Said Amir (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNGAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285"><i>Messianism and Sociopolitical Revolution in Medieval Islam</i></a>. Univ of California Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38759-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38759-1"><bdi>978-0-520-38759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messianism+and+Sociopolitical+Revolution+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-520-38759-1&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Said+Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNGAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoweringCroneMirza2013" class="citation book cs1">Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA34"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13484-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13484-0&rft.aulast=Bowering&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Crone%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Mirza%2C+Mahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1I0pcrFFSUC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFالسلاوي2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">السلاوي, أبي العباس شهاب الدين أحمد/الدرعي (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLN0DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86&pg=PT242"><i>الاستقصا لأخبار دول المغرب الأقصى 1-3 ج1</i></a> [<i>Survey of the news of the countries of the Far Maghreb 1-3 Part 1</i>] (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7451-5495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7451-5495-8"><bdi>978-2-7451-5495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A7+%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89+1-3+%D8%AC1&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Dar+Al+Kotob+Al+Ilmiyah+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-7451-5495-8&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A&rft.aufirst=%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3+%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%2F%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLN0DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%2B%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A4%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%26pg%3DPT242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198787,_94,_and_others-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198787,_94,_and_others_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, pp. 87, 94, and others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201658_and_after-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201658_and_after_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, pp. 58 and after.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0522-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0522_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1986" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, J.F.P. (1986) [1971]. "Ibn Tūmart". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/ibn-tumart-SIM_3078"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 958–960. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+T%C5%ABmart&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=958-960&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=J.F.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-1%2Fibn-tumart-SIM_3078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:052-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:052_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévi-Provençal1986" class="citation book cs1">Lévi-Provençal, Évariste (1986) [1960]. "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Abd al- Mu'min". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/abd-al-mumin-SIM_0109"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 78–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Abd+al-+Mu%27min&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=78-80&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al&rft.aufirst=%C3%89variste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fabd-al-mumin-SIM_0109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsonTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xowm255qOzQC&pg=PA180"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52069-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Arabic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52069-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxowm255qOzQC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201667,_339-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201667,_339_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, pp. 67, 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuresiEl_Aallaoui2012" class="citation book cs1">Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl5_--mK8q4C"><i>Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269)</i></a>. Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23333-1"><bdi>978-90-04-23333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+the+Empire%3A+Provincial+Administration+in+the+Almohad+Caliphate+%281224%E2%80%931269%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+and+Society+of+the+Maghrib&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23333-1&rft.aulast=Buresi&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=El+Aallaoui%2C+Hicham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHl5_--mK8q4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198789-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198789_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201667-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201667_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201667_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaadj201551-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaadj201551_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaadj201551_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaadj2015">Baadj 2015</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016299–300,_306-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016299–300,_306_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, pp. 299–300, 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA592"><i>The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107–108</i></a>. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. 1989. p. 592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09082-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09082-8"><bdi>978-90-04-09082-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Volume+6%2C+Fascicules+107%E2%80%93108&rft.series=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=592&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09082-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPsUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201670-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201670_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201670_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagillAves19984-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagillAves19984_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagillAves1998">Magill & Aves 1998</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05222-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05222_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05222_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinsJésus2014" class="citation book cs1">Molins, Viguera; Jésus, Maria (2014). "Almohads". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004269606" title="Special:BookSources/9789004269606"><bdi>9789004269606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Almohads&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.isbn=9789004269606&rft.aulast=Molins&rft.aufirst=Viguera&rft.au=J%C3%A9sus%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198790-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198790_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198790_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201671-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201671_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201671_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201671_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201671_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0523-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0523_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Mar%C3%A7ais" title="Georges Marçais">Marçais, Georges</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2685">"Tāzā"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume X:<i> T–U</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 404–405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11211-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11211-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11211-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C4%81z%C4%81&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+X%3A+T%E2%80%93U&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=404-405&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11211-7&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2020121_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloom2020">Bloom 2020</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198791_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198792–93-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198792–93_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198793_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201679-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201679_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201679–80-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201679–80_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeynier2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Meynier, Gilbert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4s6AQAAIAAJ&q=Pour+soutenir+sa+construction+dynastique+et+contrebalancer+la+menace+de+partis+masm%C3%BBda+rivaux,+le+calife+ordonne+de+d%C3%A9porter+au"><i>L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698–1518)</i></a> (in French). La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2"><bdi>978-2-7071-5231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie%2C+coeur+du+Maghreb+classique%3A+de+l%27ouverture+islamo-arabe+au+repli+%28698%E2%80%931518%29&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2&rft.aulast=Meynier&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4s6AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DPour%2Bsoutenir%2Bsa%2Bconstruction%2Bdynastique%2Bet%2Bcontrebalancer%2Bla%2Bmenace%2Bde%2Bpartis%2Bmasm%25C3%25BBda%2Brivaux%2C%2Ble%2Bcalife%2Bordonne%2Bde%2Bd%25C3%25A9porter%2Bau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201682-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201682_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201682_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageOliver1975" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&dq=sayyids+almohads&pg=PA344"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 344–345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20981-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa%3A+From+c.+500+B.C.+to+A.D.+1050&rft.pages=344-345&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20981-6&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWjxR61xAe0C%26dq%3Dsayyids%2Balmohads%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaroui2015" class="citation book cs1">Laroui, Abdallah (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvl9BgAAQBAJ&dq=forty+thousand+abd+al+mu'min+almohad&pg=PA183"><i>The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6998-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6998-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-6998-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Maghrib%3A+An+Interpretive+Essay&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6998-5&rft.aulast=Laroui&rft.aufirst=Abdallah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddvl9BgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dforty%2Bthousand%2Babd%2Bal%2Bmu%27min%2Balmohad%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ&q=forty+thousand+abd+al+mu'min+almohad"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i></a>. Macmillan Reference USA. 2005. p. 4586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865981-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865981-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865981-7</bdi></a>. <q>Abd al-Mu'min, came from western Algeria, and, according to the chroniclers, he brought forty thousand of his countrymen with him to Morocco in order to reinforce his personal power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=4586&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865981-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0jMOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dforty%2Bthousand%2Babd%2Bal%2Bmu%27min%2Balmohad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFالسلاوي2014">السلاوي 2014</a>, pp. 273–274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198794-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198794_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarousse" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Larousse, Éditions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/groupe-personnage/Almohades/104942">"Almohades en arabe al-Muwaḥḥidūn"</a>. <i>www.larousse.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.larousse.fr&rft.atitle=Almohades+en+arabe+al-Muwa%E1%B8%A5%E1%B8%A5id%C5%ABn&rft.aulast=Larousse&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.fr%2Fencyclopedie%2Fgroupe-personnage%2FAlmohades%2F104942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagillAves19985-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagillAves19985_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagillAves1998">Magill & Aves 1998</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016354-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016354_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201683-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201683_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJulien1970109-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970109_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJulien1970109_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJulien1970">Julien 1970</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArjomand2022285-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArjomand2022285_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArjomand2022">Arjomand 2022</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201683–84,_342-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201683–84,_342_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, pp. 83–84, 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison201687–88-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison201687–88_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaadj2015121–146-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaadj2015121–146_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaadj2015">Baadj 2015</a>, pp. 121–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaadj2015146–149-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaadj2015146–149_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaadj2015">Baadj 2015</a>, pp. 146–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2009" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Simon (2009). <i>A History of Spain</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 63–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20012-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20012-8"><bdi>978-0-230-20012-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=63-66&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-20012-8&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Linda G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004256644/B9789004256644_004.xml">"The Preaching of the Almohads: Loyalty and Resistance across the Strait of Gibraltar"</a>. In Liang, Yuen-Gen; Balbale, Abigail; Devereux, Andrew; Gómez-Rivas, Camilo (eds.). <i>Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean</i>. Brill. pp. 76–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25664-4"><bdi>978-90-04-25664-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Preaching+of+the+Almohads%3A+Loyalty+and+Resistance+across+the+Strait+of+Gibraltar&rft.btitle=Spanning+the+Strait%3A+Studies+in+Unity+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&rft.pages=76-80&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25664-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Linda+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004256644%2FB9789004256644_004.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016173–174-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016173–174_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:33_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliet1979" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674732810"><i>Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period</i></a>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674732810">10.4159/harvard.9780674732810</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674732803" title="Special:BookSources/9780674732803"><bdi>9780674732803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+to+Islam+in+the+Medieval+Period&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674732810&rft.isbn=9780674732803&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674732810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Cited in</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorillas2000" class="citation cs2">Morillas, Consuelo López (2000), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139177870A009/type/book_part">"Language"</a>, <i>The Literature of Al-Andalus</i> (1st ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521471596.004">10.1017/chol9780521471596.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47159-6"><bdi>978-0-521-47159-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literature+of+Al-Andalus&rft.atitle=Language&rft.pages=31-59&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521471596.004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47159-6&rft.aulast=Morillas&rft.aufirst=Consuelo+L%C3%B3pez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCBO9781139177870A009%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongianino2018" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bongianino, Umberto (Feb 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=797&v=wWhtM9RzLJY&feature=emb_logo"><i>The Ideological Power of Some Almohad Illuminated Manuscripts</i></a> (Lecture).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ideological+Power+of+Some+Almohad+Illuminated+Manuscripts&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.aulast=Bongianino&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Ftime_continue%3D797%26v%3DwWhtM9RzLJY%26feature%3Demb_logo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSijelmassi1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sijelmassi, Mohamed (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzepO2Z_i4wC&q=manouni+morocco+manuscripts&pg=PA36"><i>ذخائر مخطوطات الخزانة الملكية بالمغرب: (Bibliothèque al-Hassania)</i></a> (in French). www.acr-edition.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86770-025-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86770-025-5"><bdi>978-2-86770-025-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B0%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%3A+%28Biblioth%C3%A8que+al-Hassania%29&rft.pub=www.acr-edition.com&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-86770-025-5&rft.aulast=Sijelmassi&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzepO2Z_i4wC%26q%3Dmanouni%2Bmorocco%2Bmanuscripts%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. M. Balyuzi, <i>Muḥammad and the Course of Islám</i>, p. 306. George Ronald, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-060-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-060-5">978-0-85398-060-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdang2005" class="citation book cs1">Adang (2005). "The Spread of Zahirism in al-Andalus in the Post-Caliphal Period: The evidence from the biographical dictionaries". In Günther, Sebastian (ed.). <i>Ideas, Images and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 297–346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14325-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14325-4"><bdi>90-04-14325-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Zahirism+in+al-Andalus+in+the+Post-Caliphal+Period%3A+The+evidence+from+the+biographical+dictionaries&rft.btitle=Ideas%2C+Images+and+Methods+of+Portrayal%3A+Insights+into+Classical+Arabic+Literature+and+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=297-346&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-14325-4&rft.au=Adang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kees_Versteegh" title="Kees Versteegh">Kees Versteegh</a>, <i>The Arabic Linguistic Tradition</i>, p. 142. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15757-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15757-5">978-0-415-15757-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shawqi_Daif" title="Shawqi Daif">Shawqi Daif</a>, Introduction to Ibn Mada's <i>Refutation of the Grammarians</i>, p. 6. Cairo, 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kojiro_Nakamura" title="Kojiro Nakamura">Nakamura, Kojiro</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient1960.10.89">"Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians"</a>. <i>Orient</i>. <b>10</b>: 89–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient1960.10.89">10.5356/orient1960.10.89</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orient&rft.atitle=Ibn+Mada%27s+Criticism+of+Arab+Grammarians&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=89-113&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5356%2Forient1960.10.89&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Kojiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5356%252Forient1960.10.89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pascal Buresi and Hicham El Aallaoui, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl5_--mK8q4C&dq=almohad+reforms&pg=PA170">Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate 1224–1269</a>, p. 170. Volume 3 of Studies in the History and Society of the Maghrib. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23333-1">978-90-04-23333-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2001" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Nazeer (10 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UavBlPQfuagC&q=hafsid+mu%27tazilites&pg=PA235"><i>Islam in Global History: Volume One: From the Death of Prophet Muhammed to the First World War</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4628-3130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4628-3130-2"><bdi>978-1-4628-3130-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Global+History%3A+Volume+One%3A+From+the+Death+of+Prophet+Muhammed+to+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2001-07-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4628-3130-2&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Nazeer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUavBlPQfuagC%26q%3Dhafsid%2Bmu%2527tazilites%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1991" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, Madeleine (1991). "The Almohad Tawhīd: Theology Which Relies on Logic". <i>Numen</i>. <b>38</b>: 110–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852791X00060">10.1163/156852791X00060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Almohad+Tawh%C4%ABd%3A+Theology+Which+Relies+on+Logic&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=110-127&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852791X00060&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016258–262-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016258–262_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, pp. 258–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016261-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016261_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016261_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198798,_101–102,_117,_132–133-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198798,_101–102,_117,_132–133_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, pp. 98, 101–102, 117, 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockstill2023" class="citation book cs1">Stockstill, Abbey (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obXFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT49">"The Red Tent in the Red City: The Caliphal Qubba in Almohad Marrakesh"</a>. In Ekici, Didem; Blessing, Patricia; Baudez, Basile (eds.). <i>Textile in Architecture: From the Middle Ages to Modernism</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-90044-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-90044-6"><bdi>978-1-000-90044-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Red+Tent+in+the+Red+City%3A+The+Caliphal+Qubba+in+Almohad+Marrakesh&rft.btitle=Textile+in+Architecture%3A+From+the+Middle+Ages+to+Modernism&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-90044-6&rft.aulast=Stockstill&rft.aufirst=Abbey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobXFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:17_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockstill2023" class="citation book cs1">Stockstill, Abbey (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obXFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48">"The Red Tent in the Red City: The Caliphal Qubba in Almohad Marrakesh"</a>. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-90044-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-90044-6"><bdi>978-1-000-90044-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Red+Tent+in+the+Red+City%3A+The+Caliphal+Qubba+in+Almohad+Marrakesh&rft.btitle=Textile+in+Architecture%3A+From+the+Middle+Ages+to+Modernism&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-90044-6&rft.aulast=Stockstill&rft.aufirst=Abbey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobXFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFالعزيز1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">العزيز, بنعبد الله، عبد (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ghAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8"><i>مظاهر الحضارة المغربية</i></a> [<i>Aspects of Maghrebi civilization</i>] (in Arabic). دار السلمى،. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89%D8%8C&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2&rft.aufirst=%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%8C+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1ghAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25B6%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison2014" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, Amira K. (2014). "Drums, Banners and Baraka: Symbols of authority during the first century of Marīnid rule, 1250-1350". In Bennison, Amira K. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12023406"><i>The Articulation of Power in Medieval Iberia and the Maghrib</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drums%2C+Banners+and+Baraka%3A+Symbols+of+authority+during+the+first+century+of+Mar%C4%ABnid+rule%2C+1250-1350&rft.btitle=The+Articulation+of+Power+in+Medieval+Iberia+and+the+Maghrib&rft.pages=194-216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Amira+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12023406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤasan1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ḥasan, ʻAlī Ḥasan (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/p.d.f3484"><i>الحضارة الإسلامية في المغرب والأندلس عصر المرابطين والموحدين</i></a> [<i>Islamic civilization in Morocco and Andalusia: The era of the Almoravids and Almohads</i>] (in Arabic). مكتبة الخانجي. p. 424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%A4asan&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+%E1%B8%A4asan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fp.d.f3484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016101-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016101_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison200788-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison200788_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2007">Bennison 2007</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFعاصم2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">عاصم, محمد رزق (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/2006._201901"><i>رايات الإسلام من اللواء النبوي الأبيض إلى العلم العثماني الأحمر</i></a> [<i>Banners of Islam from the white Prophet's banner to the red Ottoman flag</i>] (in Arabic). Cairo: مكتبة مدبولي. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85&rft.aufirst=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F2006._201901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuresiAallaoui2012" class="citation book cs1">Buresi, Pascal; Aallaoui, Hicham El (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQgzAQAAQBAJ&dq=Governing+the+Empire+Provincial+Administration+in+the+Almohad+Caliphate&pg=PA76"><i>Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224-1269): Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Ḥasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm ("Appointments")</i></a>. Brill. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23971-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23971-5"><bdi>978-90-04-23971-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+the+Empire%3A+Provincial+Administration+in+the+Almohad+Caliphate+%281224-1269%29%3A+Critical+Edition%2C+Translation%2C+and+Study+of+Manuscript+4752+of+the+%E1%B8%A4asaniyya+Library+in+Rabat+Containing+77+Taq%C4%81d%C4%ABm+%28%22Appointments%22%29&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23971-5&rft.aulast=Buresi&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft.au=Aallaoui%2C+Hicham+El&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQgzAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DGoverning%2Bthe%2BEmpire%2BProvincial%2BAdministration%2Bin%2Bthe%2BAlmohad%2BCaliphate%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivantos2017" class="citation book cs1">Civantos, Christina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GO0_DwAAQBAJ&dq=Almohad+white+flag&pg=PA175"><i>The Afterlife of al-Andalus: Muslim Iberia in Contemporary Arab and Hispanic Narratives</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6671-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6671-2"><bdi>978-1-4384-6671-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afterlife+of+al-Andalus%3A+Muslim+Iberia+in+Contemporary+Arab+and+Hispanic+Narratives&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-6671-2&rft.aulast=Civantos&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGO0_DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlmohad%2Bwhite%2Bflag%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreit2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Streit, Jessica (2013). <i>Monumental Austerity: The Meanings And Aesthetic Development Of Almohad Friday Mosques</i> (PhD). Cornell University. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F34025">1813/34025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Monumental+Austerity%3A+The+Meanings+And+Aesthetic+Development+Of+Almohad+Friday+Mosques&rft.inst=Cornell+University&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F34025&rft.aulast=Streit&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bongianino, Umberto (18 May 2021). <i>Untold Stories of Maghrebi Qur'ans (12th-14th centuries)</i> (Lecture).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrucand, Marianne (1995). <i>Remarques sur le decor des manuscrit religeux hispano-maghrebin du moyen-age</i>. Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. p. 240-243. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7355-0241-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-7355-0241-4">2-7355-0241-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhemir1992" class="citation book cs1">Khemir, Sabiha (1992). "The Arts of the Book". In Dodds, Jerrilynn (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain"><i>Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain</i></a>. New York, N.Y.: MetPublications. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-636-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-636-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arts+of+the+Book&rft.btitle=Al-Andalus%3A+The+Art+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=MetPublications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-636-8&rft.aulast=Khemir&rft.aufirst=Sabiha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FAl_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrucand, Marianne (2005). <i>Les Enluminares de l'Epoque Almohade: Frontispices et Unwans</i>. Estudios Arabes e Islamicos. p. 72-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Cynthia (2007). Contadini, A. (ed.). <i>Love Localized and Science from Afar: "Arab Painting", Iberian Courtly Culture, and the Hadith Bayad wa Riyad</i>. Brill. pp. 104–114. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2237-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2237-2">978-90-474-2237-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), "Almohad", <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195309911.001.0001%2Facref-9780195309911-e-70">10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911-e-70</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1">978-0-19-530991-1</a>, retrieved 2021-05-04</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blair, Sheila (2008). <i>Islamic Calligraphy</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh. pp. 227–228. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-6447-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-6447-5">978-1-4744-6447-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartearroyo1992" class="citation book cs1">Partearroyo, Cristina (1992). "Almoravid and Almohad Textiles". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain"><i>Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 105–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-637-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-637-1"><bdi>0-87099-637-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Almoravid+and+Almohad+Textiles&rft.btitle=Al-Andalus%3A+The+Art+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105-113&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-87099-637-1&rft.aulast=Partearroyo&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FAl_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1992326–327-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1992326–327_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1992">Dodds 1992</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1322-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1322_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli-de-Unzaga2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12770170">"La bannière de Las Huelgas dite de "Las Navas de Tolosa"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.). <i>Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne</i> (in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782350314907" title="Special:BookSources/9782350314907"><bdi>9782350314907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+banni%C3%A8re+de+Las+Huelgas+dite+de+%22Las+Navas+de+Tolosa%22&rft.btitle=Maroc+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val%3A+Un+empire+de+l%27Afrique+%C3%A0+l%27Espagne&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Louvre+%C3%A9ditions&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782350314907&rft.aulast=Ali-de-Unzaga&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12770170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavón_Maldonado1985" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pavón Maldonado, Basilio (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/26606">"Arte, símbolo y emblemas en la España musulmana"</a>. <i>Al-Qantara</i> (in Spanish). <b>10</b> (2): 448. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F26606">10261/26606</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0211-3589">0211-3589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Qantara&rft.atitle=Arte%2C+s%C3%ADmbolo+y+emblemas+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+musulmana&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=448&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F26606&rft.issn=0211-3589&rft.aulast=Pav%C3%B3n+Maldonado&rft.aufirst=Basilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.csic.es%2Fhandle%2F10261%2F26606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz_Souza2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruiz Souza, Juan Carlos (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucm.es/al-acmes/file/ruiz-souza-2001-boti%CC%81n-de-guerra-y-tesoro-sagrado-maravillas.cata%CC%81logo">"Botín de guerra y Tesoro sagrado"</a>. In Bango Torviso, Isidro G. (ed.). <i>Maravillas de la España medieval: Tesoro sagrado y monarquía</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Junta de Castilla y León. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bot%C3%ADn+de+guerra+y+Tesoro+sagrado&rft.btitle=Maravillas+de+la+Espa%C3%B1a+medieval%3A+Tesoro+sagrado+y+monarqu%C3%ADa&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Junta+de+Castilla+y+Le%C3%B3n&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ruiz+Souza&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucm.es%2Fal-acmes%2Ffile%2Fruiz-souza-2001-boti%25CC%2581n-de-guerra-y-tesoro-sagrado-maravillas.cata%25CC%2581logo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli-de-Unzaga2007" class="citation book cs1">Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam (2007). "Quranic inscriptions on the so-called 'Pennon of Las Navas de Tolosa' and three Marīnid banners". In Suleman, Fahmida (ed.). <i>Word of God, Art of Man: The Quran and its Creative Expressions</i>. Oxford University Press and the Institute for Ismaili Studies. pp. 239–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199591497" title="Special:BookSources/9780199591497"><bdi>9780199591497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quranic+inscriptions+on+the+so-called+%27Pennon+of+Las+Navas+de+Tolosa%27+and+three+Mar%C4%ABnid+banners&rft.btitle=Word+of+God%2C+Art+of+Man%3A+The+Quran+and+its+Creative+Expressions&rft.pages=239-270&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+and+the+Institute+for+Ismaili+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199591497&rft.aulast=Ali-de-Unzaga&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1022&lang=en">"Qantara - Large chandelier of the Qarawīyyīn Mosque"</a>. <i>www.qantara-med.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qantara-med.org&rft.atitle=Qantara+-+Large+chandelier+of+the+Qaraw%C4%AByy%C4%ABn+Mosque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D1022%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrasse1968" class="citation book cs1">Terrasse, Henri (1968). <i>La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée</i>. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Mosqu%C3%A9e+al-Qaraouiyin+%C3%A0+F%C3%A8s%3B+avec+une+%C3%A9tude+de+Gaston+Deverdun+sur+les+inscriptions+historiques+de+la+mosqu%C3%A9e&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+C.+Klincksieck&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Terrasse&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.i24news.tv/ar/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7/1569146827-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3">"i24NEWS"</a>. <i>www.i24news.tv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.i24news.tv&rft.atitle=i24NEWS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Far%2F%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%2F%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2582%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%2F1569146827-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014334-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014334_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014">Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=209&lang=en">"Qantara - Spout of a fountain in the form of a stag"</a>. <i>www.qantara-med.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qantara-med.org&rft.atitle=Qantara+-+Spout+of+a+fountain+in+the+form+of+a+stag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D209%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014390-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014390_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014">Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1992270-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1992270_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1992">Dodds 1992</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1037">"Qantara - Lion with an articulated tail"</a>. <i>www.qantara-med.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415160550/https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1037">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qantara-med.org&rft.atitle=Qantara+-+Lion+with+an+articulated+tail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D1037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014383-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014383_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014">Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1992274-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1992274_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1992">Dodds 1992</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:06_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomToufiqCarboniSoultanian1998" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Minbar_from_the_Kutubiyya_Mosque"><i>The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque</i></a>. 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Brill. p. 461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42581-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42581-1"><bdi>978-90-04-42581-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rumor+of+Water%3A+A+Key+Element+of+Moorish+Granada&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Granada&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42581-1&rft.aulast=R%C4%97klaityt%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Ieva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBhREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrihuela2021" class="citation book cs1">Orihuela, Antonio (2021). 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Brill. pp. 421–424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42581-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42581-1"><bdi>978-90-04-42581-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Private+to+the+Public+Space%3A+Domestic+and+Urban+Architecture+of+Islamic+Granada&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Granada&rft.pages=421-424&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42581-1&rft.aulast=Orihuela&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBhREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2017199–210-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2017199–210_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold2017">Arnold 2017</a>, pp. 199–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbaux2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). <i>La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc</i> (in French). 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Retrieved September 2, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viguera-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_139-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_139-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viguera_139-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.J. Viguera, "Almohads". In <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>, Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. First published online: 2010 First print edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17678-2">978-90-04-17678-2</a>, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennison2016171-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennison2016171_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennison2016">Bennison 2016</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verskin_2020-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verskin_2020_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verskin_2020_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verskin_2020_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerskin2020" class="citation book cs1">Verskin, Alan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph24DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">"Medieval Jewish Perspectives on Almohad Persecutions: Memory, Repression, and Impact"</a>. In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Glazer-Eytan, Yonatan (eds.). <i>Forced Conversion in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam: Coercion and Faith in Premodern Iberia and Beyond</i>. Numen Book Series. Vol. 164. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 155–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004416826_008">10.1163/9789004416826_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41681-9"><bdi>978-90-04-41681-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-8834">0169-8834</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211666012">211666012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+Jewish+Perspectives+on+Almohad+Persecutions%3A+Memory%2C+Repression%2C+and+Impact&rft.btitle=Forced+Conversion+in+Christianity%2C+Judaism%2C+and+Islam%3A+Coercion+and+Faith+in+Premodern+Iberia+and+Beyond&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Numen+Book+Series&rft.pages=155-172&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004416826_008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211666012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0169-8834&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41681-9&rft.aulast=Verskin&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPh24DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenocal2002" class="citation book cs1">Menocal, María Rosa (2002). <i>The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians created a culture of tolerance in medieval Spain</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-56688-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-56688-8"><bdi>0-316-56688-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ornament+of+the+World%3A+How+Muslims%2C+Jews%2C+and+Christians+created+a+culture+of+tolerance+in+medieval+Spain&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-316-56688-8&rft.aulast=Menocal&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Rosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ugr-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ugr_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ugr_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ugr_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugr.es/~estsemi/miscelanea/57/3.Gallego.08,33-51.pdf">Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest</a>." MEAH, sección Hebreo 56 (2007), 33–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverman_2013-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman_2013_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverman_2013_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Silverman" title="Eric Silverman">Silverman, Eric</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZYdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">"Bitter Bonnets and Badges"</a>. <i>A Cultural History of Jewish Dress</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-513-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-513-3"><bdi>978-1-84520-513-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bitter+Bonnets+and+Badges&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Jewish+Dress&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-513-3&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZYdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasserstein_2020-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wasserstein_2020_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein2020" class="citation book cs1">Wasserstein, David J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph24DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">"The Intellectual Genealogy of Almohad Policy towards Christians and Jews"</a>. In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Glazer-Eytan, Yonatan (eds.). <i>Forced Conversion in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam: Coercion and Faith in Premodern Iberia and Beyond</i>. Numen Book Series. Vol. 164. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 133–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004416826_007">10.1163/9789004416826_007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41681-9"><bdi>978-90-04-41681-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-8834">0169-8834</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211665760">211665760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Intellectual+Genealogy+of+Almohad+Policy+towards+Christians+and+Jews&rft.btitle=Forced+Conversion+in+Christianity%2C+Judaism%2C+and+Islam%3A+Coercion+and+Faith+in+Premodern+Iberia+and+Beyond&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Numen+Book+Series&rft.pages=133-154&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004416826_007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211665760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0169-8834&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41681-9&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPh24DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross Brann, <i>Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain</i>, Princeton University Press, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox7L8lO9YnMC&pg=PA123">pp. 121–122.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frank-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frank_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank and Leaman, 2003, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC"><i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2017" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Felix (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ"><i>Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190624552" title="Special:BookSources/9780190624552"><bdi>9780190624552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190624552&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXjXDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaadj2015" class="citation book cs1">Baadj, Amar S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BvTjCQAAQBAJ&q=almohads+and+banu+ghaniya"><i>Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29857-6"><bdi>978-90-04-29857-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin%2C+the+Almohads+and+the+Ban%C5%AB+Gh%C4%81niya%3A+The+Contest+for+North+Africa+%2812th+and+13th+centuries%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29857-6&rft.aulast=Baadj&rft.aufirst=Amar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBvTjCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dalmohads%2Band%2Bbanu%2Bghaniya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBel1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bel" title="Alfred Bel">Bel, Alfred</a> (1903). <i>Les Benou Ghânya: Derniers Représentants de l'empire Almoravide et Leur Lutte Contre l'empire Almohade</i>. Paris: E. Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Benou+Gh%C3%A2nya%3A+Derniers+Repr%C3%A9sentants+de+l%27empire+Almoravide+et+Leur+Lutte+Contre+l%27empire+Almohade&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=E.+Leroux&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Bel&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison2007" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, Amira K. (2007). <i>Cities in the Pre-Modern Islamic World The Urban Impact of Religion, State and Society</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09650-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-09650-3"><bdi>978-1-134-09650-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+in+the+Pre-Modern+Islamic+World+The+Urban+Impact+of+Religion%2C+State+and+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-09650-3&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Amira+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison2016" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, Amira K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19JVDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Almoravid and Almohad Empires</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748646821" title="Special:BookSources/9780748646821"><bdi>9780748646821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almoravid+and+Almohad+Empires&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780748646821&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Amira+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19JVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2020" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ"><i>Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300218701" title="Special:BookSources/9780300218701"><bdi>9780300218701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780300218701&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRHbDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppée1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Copp%C3%A9e" title="Henry Coppée">Coppée, Henry</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyconquest02coppgoog"><i>Conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13304630">13304630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+of+Spain+by+the+Arab-Moors&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13304630&rft.aulast=Copp%C3%A9e&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryconquest02coppgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds1992" class="citation book cs1">Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain"><i>Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87099-637-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87099-637-1"><bdi>0-87099-637-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Andalus%3A+The+Art+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-87099-637-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FAl_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozy1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy" title="Reinhart Dozy">Dozy, Reinhart</a> (1881). <i>History of the Almohades</i> (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13648381">13648381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Almohades&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13648381&rft.aulast=Dozy&rft.aufirst=Reinhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Goldziher, Ignác</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghazali.org/books/goldziher-1903.pdf"><i>Le livre de Mohammed ibn Toumert: Mahdi des Almohades</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Alger: P. Fontana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+de+Mohammed+ibn+Toumert%3A+Mahdi+des+Almohades&rft.place=Alger&rft.pub=P.+Fontana&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghazali.org%2Fbooks%2Fgoldziher-1903.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh N.</a> (1996). <i>Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus</i>. New York: Longman. pp. 196–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49515-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49515-9"><bdi>978-0-582-49515-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Spain+and+Portugal%3A+A+Political+History+of+al-Andalus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=196-266&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49515-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintzDéléryTuil_Leonetti2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014). <i>Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne</i> (in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782350314907" title="Special:BookSources/9782350314907"><bdi>9782350314907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maroc+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val%3A+Un+empire+de+l%27Afrique+%C3%A0+l%27Espagne&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Louvre+%C3%A9ditions&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782350314907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagillAves1998" class="citation book cs1">Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CurSh3Sh_KMC&pg=PA4"><i>Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579580414" title="Special:BookSources/9781579580414"><bdi>9781579580414</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+World+Biography%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781579580414&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+Northen&rft.au=Aves%2C+Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCurSh3Sh_KMC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1954" class="citation book cs1">Marçais, Georges (1954). <i>L'architecture musulmane d'Occident</i>. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+musulmane+d%27Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulien1970" class="citation book cs1">Julien, Charles André (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnorthaf0000juli/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, from the Arab Conquest to 1830</i></a>. Routledge & K. Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6614-5"><bdi>978-0-7100-6614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+North+Africa%3A+Tunisia%2C+Algeria%2C+Morocco%2C+from+the+Arab+Conquest+to+1830&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-6614-5&rft.aulast=Julien&rft.aufirst=Charles+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnorthaf0000juli%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopaMatei1988" class="citation book cs1">Popa, Marcel D.; Matei, Horia C. (1988). <i>Mica Enciclopedie de Istorie Universala</i>. Bucharest: Editura Politica. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895214574">895214574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mica+Enciclopedie+de+Istorie+Universala&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Editura+Politica&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895214574&rft.aulast=Popa&rft.aufirst=Marcel+D.&rft.au=Matei%2C+Horia+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlmohad+Caliphate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/686/Abd-al-Mumin">Abd al-Mumin life among Masmudas</a>: Encyclopædia Britannica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1">Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Almohad Caliphate (see index)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template:Morocco_topics" title="Template:Morocco topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Morocco_topics" title="Template talk:Morocco topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Morocco_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Morocco topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Morocco_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Morocco-related_articles" title="Index of Morocco-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Prehistoric_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Kingdom of Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Kingdom of Nekor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty"> Idrisids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.35em 0.5em;line-height:1.2em;">European protectorate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–12 protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="874" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Morocco" title="List of cities in Morocco">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Morocco" title="List of earthquakes in Morocco">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_and_provinces_of_Morocco" title="Prefectures and provinces of Morocco">Prefectures and provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Morocco" title="Regions of Morocco">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Morocco" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Morocco">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Morocco" title="Cabinet of Morocco">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">Alawi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_Nationale_(Morocco)" title="Sûreté Nationale (Morocco)">Sûreté Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspector_general_(Morocco)" title="Inspector general (Morocco)">Inspector general</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Morocco" title="Human rights in Morocco">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Morocco">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Morocco" title="Prime Minister of Morocco">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Morocco" title="List of heads of government of Morocco">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Western Sahara status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Bank Al-Maghrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies of Morocco">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Morocco" title="Energy policy of Morocco">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Morocco" title="Health in Morocco">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_Morocco" title="Investment in Morocco">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Casablanca" title="Economy of Casablanca">Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tangier" title="Economy of Tangier">Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Morocco" title="Tourism in Morocco">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Morocco" title="Trade in Morocco">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco" title="Culture of Morocco">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco" title="Coat of arms of Morocco">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Morocco">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Morocco" title="Sport in Morocco">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">Jewellery of the Berber cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Morocco" title="Demographics of Morocco">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan people">Moroccan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_diaspora" title="Moroccan diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Morocco" title="Outline of Morocco">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Morocco-related_articles" title="Index of Morocco-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Morocco" title="Category:Morocco">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Morocco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Morocco" title="Template:Rulers of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Rulers of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Morocco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Rulers of Morocco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a><br />(788–974)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I <span style="font-size:85%;">(Idris ibn Abdallah)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_II_of_Morocco" title="Idris II of Morocco">Idris II <span style="font-size:85%;">(Idris ibn Idris)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Idris" title="Muhammad ibn Idris">Muhammad ibn Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad" title="Ali ibn Muhammad">Ali I <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ali ibn Muhammad)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Muhammad" title="Yahya ibn Muhammad">Yahya I <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yahya ibn Muhammad)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Yahya" title="Yahya ibn Yahya">Yahya II <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yahya ibn Yahya)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Umar" title="Ali ibn Umar">Ali II <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ali ibn Umar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_al-Qasim" title="Yahya ibn al-Qasim">Yahya III <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yahya ibn al-Qasim)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Idris_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar">Yahya IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yahya ibn Idris ibn Umar)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjam_al-Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hajjam al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qasim">Hasan I <span style="font-size:85%;">(al-Hasan ibn Muhammad)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_Jannun" title="Al-Qasim Jannun">Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Aysh_ibn_al-Qasim_Jannun" title="Abu'l-Aysh ibn al-Qasim Jannun">Abu'l-Aysh ibn al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_al-Qasim_Jannun" title="Al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim Jannun">Hasan II <span style="font-size:85%;">(al-Hasan ibn al-Qasim)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a><br />(1040–1147)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Tashfin" title="Yusuf ibn Tashfin">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">Ali ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashfin_ibn_Ali" title="Tashfin ibn Ali">Tashfin ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Tashfin" title="Ibrahim ibn Tashfin">Ibrahim ibn Tashfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Ali" title="Ishaq ibn Ali">Ishaq ibn Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Almohad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad dynasty">Almohad dynasty</a><br />(1121–1269)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Yusuf I <span style="font-size:85%;">(Abu Yaqub Yusuf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Yaqub al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Nasir" title="Muhammad al-Nasir">Muhammad al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_II,_Almohad_caliph" title="Yusuf II, Almohad caliph">Yusuf II <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yusuf al-Mustansir)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_I" title="Abd al-Wahid I">Abd al-Wahid I <span style="font-size:85%;">(Abd al-Wahid al-Makhluʿ)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Adil" title="Abdallah al-Adil">Abdallah al-ʿAdil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_al-Mu%27tasim" title="Yahya al-Mu'tasim">Yahya al-Mu'tasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_al-Ma%27mun" title="Idris al-Ma'mun">Idris al-Ma'mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_II" title="Abd al-Wahid II">Abd al-Wahid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_as-Said_al-Mutadid" title="Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid">Said al-Muʿtadid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid dynasty</a><br />(1244–1465)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yahya_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Thabit_Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Thabit Amir">Abu Thabit Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Rabi_Sulayman" title="Abu al-Rabi Sulayman">Abu al-Rabi Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Uthman_II" title="Abu Sa'id Uthman II">Abu Sa'id Uthman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Inan_Faris" title="Abu Inan Faris">Abu Inan Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_ibn_Faris_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad II ibn Faris of Morocco">Abu Zayyan Muhammad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_Faris" title="Abu Bakr ibn Faris">Abu Bakr ibn Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Ali_of_Morocco" title="Ibrahim ibn Ali of Morocco">Ibrahim ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashfin_ibn_Ali_(Marinid)" title="Tashfin ibn Ali (Marinid)">Tashfin ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Faris_Abd_al-Aziz_I_of_Morocco" title="Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz I of Morocco">Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz" title="Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz">Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Abbas_Ahmad_al-Mustansir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Faris_al-Mutawakkil" title="Musa ibn Faris al-Mutawakkil">Musa ibn Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Wathiq" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Wathiq">Muhammad ibn Ahmad (al-Wathiq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Abbas_Ahmad_al-Mustansir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim (al-Mustansir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_II_ibn_Ahmad_II" title="Abd al-Aziz II ibn Ahmad II">Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ahmad_II" title="Abdallah ibn Ahmad II">Abdallah ibn Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_III" title="Abu Said Uthman III">Uthman ibn Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Haqq_II" title="Abd al-Haqq II">Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Idrisid interlude<br />(1465–1471)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_Ali_Amrani-Joutey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey (page does not exist)">Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasid dynasty</a><br />(1471–1549, 1554)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abd_Allah_al-Sheikh_Muhammad_ibn_Yahya" title="Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya">Muhammad ibn Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abd_Allah_al-Burtuqali_Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu Abd Allah al-Burtuqali Muhammad ibn Muhammad">Muhammad ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Abu_Hasan_Ali_ibn_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan Abu Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad">Ali ibn Muhammad (Abu Hassun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad">Ahmad ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_al-Qasri_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad" title="Nasir ad-Din al-Qasri Muhammad ibn Ahmad">Muhammad ibn Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad">Ahmad ibn Muhammad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a><br />(1549–1659)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Shaykh" title="Mohammed al-Shaykh">Mohammed al-Shaykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib" title="Abdallah al-Ghalib">Abdallah al-Ghalib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Muhammad al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd al-Malik I <span style="font-size:85%;">(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik al-Ghazi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Faris_Abdallah" title="Abu Faris Abdallah">Abu Faris Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib_II" title="Abdallah al-Ghalib II">Abdallah al-Ghalib II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidan_al-Nasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zidan al-Nasir">Zidan al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_II" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II">Abd al-Malik II <span style="font-size:85%;">(Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zidan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Walid_ben_Zidan" title="Al Walid ben Zidan">Al-Walid ibn Zidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_esh-Sheikh_es-Seghir" title="Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir">Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Abbas" title="Ahmad al-Abbas">Ahmad al-Abbas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zaouia_of_Dila" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaouia of Dila">Dila'i</a> interlude<br />(1659–1663)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Hajj_ibn_Abu_Bakr_al-Dila%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i">Muhammad al-Haj ad-Dila'i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">Alawi dynasty</a><br />(1666–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco" title="Al-Rashid of Morocco">Al-Rashid ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Ismail ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Abbas_Ahmad_of_Morocco" title="Abu'l Abbas Ahmad of Morocco">Ahmad ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdalmalik_of_Morocco" title="Abdalmalik of Morocco">Abd al-Malik ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_of_Morocco" title="Abdallah of Morocco">Abdallah ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali of Morocco (page does not exist)">Ali ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_II_ben_Arbia_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad II ben Arbia of Morocco (page does not exist)">Muhammad II <span style="font-size:85%;">(Muhammad ibn Ismail)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mostadi_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mostadi of Morocco (page does not exist)">Al-Mustadi' ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zin_al-Abidin_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zin al-Abidin of Morocco (page does not exist)">Zin al-Abidin ibn Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Muhammad III <span style="font-size:85%;">(Muhammad ibn Abdallah)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_of_Morocco" title="Yazid of Morocco">Al-Yazid ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hisham_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hisham of Morocco (page does not exist)">Hisham ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slimane_of_Morocco" title="Slimane of Morocco">Suleiman ibn Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Rahman of Morocco">Abd al-Rahman ibn Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad IV of Morocco">Muhammad IV <span style="font-size:85%;">(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_I_of_Morocco" title="Hassan I of Morocco">Hassan I <span style="font-size:85%;">(Al-Hassan ibn Muhammad)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco" title="Abdelaziz of Morocco">Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Hafid of Morocco">Abd al-Hafid ibn al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusef_of_Morocco" title="Yusef of Morocco">Yusuf ibn al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ben_Aarafa" title="Mohammed Ben Aarafa">Muhammad ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Muhammad V <span style="font-size:85%;">(Muhammad ibn Yusuf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hassan ibn Muhammad)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Muhammad VI <span style="font-size:85%;">(Muhammad ibn al-Hassan)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Template:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Template talk:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic dynasties in Maghreb region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_dynasties_in_Maghreb_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">Islamic dynasties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor" title="Emirate of Nekor">Salihids</a> (710–1019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrarid_dynasty" title="Midrarid dynasty">Midrarids</a> (757–976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a> (771–793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamids</a> (777–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a> (788–985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a> (790–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty" title="Aghlabid dynasty">Aghlabids</a> (800–909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymanid_dynasty" title="Sulaymanid dynasty">Sulaymanids</a> (814–922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> (909–973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> (973–1148)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (1008–1152)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> (1040–1147)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Khurasan" title="Banu Khurasan">Khurasanids</a> (1059–1158)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohads</a> (1147–1269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> (1229–1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanids</a> (1235–1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> (1269–1465)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a> (1472–1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Sa'dids</a> (1549–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawids</a> (1666–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husaynids</a> (1705–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_dynasty" title="Karamanli dynasty">Karamanlids</a> (1711–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senussids</a> (1837–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Kingdoms" title="Template:Spanish Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:Spanish Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Spain in the Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Early_Middle_Ages"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria" title="Duchy of Cantabria">Duchy of Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Duchy of Vasconia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Al-Andalus_(711-1492)"><b><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></b> (711-1492)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Province of the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#First_period_(11th_century)" title="Taifa">First Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Emirate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Second_period_(12th_century)" title="Taifa">Second Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohad Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taifa#Third_period_(13th_century)" title="Taifa">Third Taifa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Feudal_Christian_realms"><b><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Feudal Christian realms</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Castile">County of Castile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> (<i>Castile-León</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Toledo_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Toledo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_counties" title="Catalan counties">Catalan counties</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Pamplona">Kingdom of Pamplona</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Viguera" title="Kingdom of Viguera">Kingdom of Viguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Najera" title="Kingdom of Najera">Kingdom of Najera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Artajona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Artajona (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Artajona</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxoako_Erresuma" class="extiw" title="eu:Artaxoako Erresuma">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Aragon" title="County of Aragon">County of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> → <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic monarchs">Visigothic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebic monarchs">Suebic monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of al-Andalus">Monarchs of al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">Monarchs of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asturian_monarchs" title="List of Asturian monarchs">Monarchs of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Castilian_monarchs" title="List of Castilian monarchs">Monarchs of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_monarchs" title="List of Galician monarchs">Monarchs of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Monarchs of Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Leonese_monarchs" title="List of Leonese monarchs">Monarchs of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Majorca" title="List of monarchs of Majorca">Monarchs of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Valencian_monarchs" title="List of Valencian monarchs">Monarchs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish military orders">Military orders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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(page does not exist)">Umayyads</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Algeria_under_the_Hammadids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Algeria under the Hammadids (page does not exist)">Hammadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Almohad_Caliphate" title="Category:Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Category:Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marinid_dynasty" title="Category:Marinid dynasty">Marinid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regency_of_Algiers" title="Category:Regency of Algiers">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Algeria" title="Category:Modern history of Algeria">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Algeria"><img alt="Flag of Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/50px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/75px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/100px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Al-Andalus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Al-Andalus" title="Template:Royal houses of Al-Andalus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Amirids" title="Amirids">Amirids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Salt%C3%A9s_and_Huelva" title="Taifa of Saltés and Huelva">Baktrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">Banu Hayy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Banu Hud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">Banu Sabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sumadih" title="Banu Sumadih">Banu Sumadih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Tujib" title="Banu Tujib">Banu Tujib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">Banu Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhulnunid_dynasty" title="Dhulnunid dynasty">Dhulnunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Santa_Maria_do_Algarve" title="Taifa of Santa Maria do Algarve">Harunid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Silves" title="Taifa of Silves">Mundirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Silves" title="Taifa of Silves">Muzaymid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_M%C3%A9rtola#Qasid_dynasty" title="Taifa of Mértola">Qasid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&oldid=1258003021">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almohad_Caliphate&oldid=1258003021</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Almohad_Caliphate" title="Category:Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caliphates" 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