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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_I:_1635_to_1648_Treaty_of_Westphalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_I:_1635_to_1648_Treaty_of_Westphalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phase I: 1635 to 1648 Treaty of Westphalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_I:_1635_to_1648_Treaty_of_Westphalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_II:_1648_to_1659" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_II:_1648_to_1659"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phase II: 1648 to 1659</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_II:_1648_to_1659-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees_and_marriage_contract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees_and_marriage_contract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treaty of the Pyrenees and marriage contract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees_and_marriage_contract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_historical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_historical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath and historical assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_historical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_and_military_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_and_military_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Financial and military impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_and_military_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(1635%E2%80%9359)" title="الحرب الفرنسية الإسبانية (1635–59) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الفرنسية الإسبانية (1635–59)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1635%E2%80%941659)" title="Франка-іспанская вайна (1635—1659) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Франка-іспанская вайна (1635—1659)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Френско-испанска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френско-испанска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-espanyola_(1635-1659)" title="Guerra franco-espanyola (1635-1659) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra franco-espanyola (1635-1659)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouzsko-%C5%A1pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Francouzsko-španělská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzsko-španělská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sisch-Spanischer_Krieg_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Französisch-Spanischer Krieg (1635–1659) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französisch-Spanischer Krieg (1635–1659)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-espa%C3%B1ola_(1635-1659)" title="Guerra franco-española (1635-1659) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra franco-española (1635-1659)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franko-espainiar_Gerra_(1635-1659)" title="Franko-espainiar Gerra (1635-1659) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Franko-espainiar Gerra (1635-1659)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_franco-espagnole" title="Guerre franco-espagnole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre franco-espagnole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4-%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81_(1635%EB%85%84~1659%EB%85%84)" title="프랑스-스페인 전쟁 (1635년~1659년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스-스페인 전쟁 (1635년~1659년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francusko-%C5%A1panjolski_rat_(1635._%E2%80%93_1659.)" title="Francusko-španjolski rat (1635. – 1659.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francusko-španjolski rat (1635. – 1659.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Prancis%E2%80%93Spanyol_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Perang Prancis–Spanyol (1635–1659) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Prancis–Spanyol (1635–1659)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-spagnola" title="Guerra franco-spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra franco-spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%E2%80%93%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="מלחמת צרפת–ספרד (1635–1659) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת צרפת–ספרד (1635–1659)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia%E2%80%93spanyol_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Francia–spanyol háború (1635–1659) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francia–spanyol háború (1635–1659)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans-Spaanse_Oorlog_(1635-1659)" title="Frans-Spaanse Oorlog (1635-1659) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans-Spaanse Oorlog (1635-1659)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89_(1635%E5%B9%B4-1659%E5%B9%B4)" title="フランス・スペイン戦争 (1635年-1659年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス・スペイン戦争 (1635年-1659年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fransk-spanske_krigen_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Den fransk-spanske krigen (1635–1659) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den fransk-spanske krigen (1635–1659)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_fransk-spanske_krigen_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Den fransk-spanske krigen (1635–1659) – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den fransk-spanske krigen (1635–1659)" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_francusko-hiszpa%C5%84ska_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Wojna francusko-hiszpańska (1635–1659) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna francusko-hiszpańska (1635–1659)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Franco-Espanhola_(1635-1659)" title="Guerra Franco-Espanhola (1635-1659) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Franco-Espanhola (1635-1659)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1635%E2%80%941659)" title="Франко-испанская война (1635—1659) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франко-испанская война (1635—1659)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шпанско-француски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шпанско-француски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Franco-Espa%C3%B1ol_(1635-1659)" title="Digmaang Franco-Español (1635-1659) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Franco-Español (1635-1659)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa-%C4%B0spanya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_(1635-1659)" title="Fransa-İspanya Savaşı (1635-1659) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa-İspanya Savaşı (1635-1659)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Ph%C3%A1p_%E2%80%93_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Chiến tranh Pháp – Tây Ban Nha (1635–1659) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Pháp – Tây Ban Nha (1635–1659)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89_(1635%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941659%E5%B9%B4)" title="法西战争 (1635年—1659年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法西战争 (1635年—1659年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q617333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation)">Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Franco–Spanish War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/250px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/375px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/500px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="812" /></a></span><br />The war was driven by long standing French attempts to strengthen their borders with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> (red) and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Austria</a> (yellow)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>19 May 1635 – 7 November 1659 <br />(24 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> annexed by France</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Phase I: 1635–1648</b><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <br /> <span data-sort-value="Dutch Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></span> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy"><img alt="Duchy of Savoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/23px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/35px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/46px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_state" title="Savoyard state">Savoy</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducado_de_Modena_(antes_de_1830).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/23px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/35px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/46px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1647–1649) <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a> (1635–1637) <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Aragon_(Crowned).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/19px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/29px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg/38px-Royal_arms_of_Aragon_%28Crowned%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="950" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1640%E2%80%931641)" title="Catalan Republic (1640–1641)">Catalan Republic</a> (1640–1641) <br /><br /><b>Phase II: 1648–1659</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy"><img alt="Duchy of Savoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/23px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/35px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Savoie.svg/46px-Flag_of_Savoie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> Savoy<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducado_de_Modena_(antes_de_1830).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/23px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/35px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/46px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a> (1655–1659) <br /><span data-sort-value="Commonwealth"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg/19px-Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg/29px-Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg/38px-Flag_of_The_Commonwealth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></span> (1657–1659)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Phase I: 1635–1648</b> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> <br /><span data-sort-value="Holy Roman Empire"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></span> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ducado_de_Modena_(antes_de_1830).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/23px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/35px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg/46px-Ducado_de_Modena_%28antes_de_1830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1636–1646)<br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bouillon" title="Duchy of Bouillon">Duchy of Bouillon</a> (1641)<br /><br /><b>Phase II: 1648–1659</b> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Spanish Empire</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_Vicomte_de_Turenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne">Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé">Louis II of Condé</a> (until 1652)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Gassion" title="Jean de Gassion">Jean de Gassion</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Caesar,_duc_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar, duc de Choiseul">Caesar de Choiseul</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de La Porte">Charles de La Porte</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Fert%C3%A9-Senneterre" title="Henri de La Ferté-Senneterre">Henri de La Ferté</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry</a><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fherzogin_Sachsen_Weimar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gro%C3%9Fherzogin_Sachsen_Weimar.jpg/15px-Gro%C3%9Fherzogin_Sachsen_Weimar.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gro%C3%9Fherzogin_Sachsen_Weimar.jpg/23px-Gro%C3%9Fherzogin_Sachsen_Weimar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gro%C3%9Fherzogin_Sachsen_Weimar.jpg/30px-Gro%C3%9Fherzogin_Sachsen_Weimar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Saxe-Weimar" title="Bernard of Saxe-Weimar">Bernard of Saxe-Weimar</a><br /></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand">Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Melo" title="Francisco de Melo">Francisco de Melo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Austria the Younger">John of Austria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Benavides_Carrillo,_Marquis_of_Caracena" title="Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena">Luis de Benavides</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fajardo,_5th_Marquis_of_Los_V%C3%A9lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Fajardo, 5th Marquis of Los Vélez">Pedro Fajardo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Leopold_Wilhelm_of_Austria" title="Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria">Leopold Wilhelm</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_de_Bourbon,_Prince_de_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé">Louis II of Condé</a> (from 1652)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100,000 (1640s)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 120,000 (1653)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand201933_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand201933-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 110,000–125,000 (1653–1659)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand201934_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand201934-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 110,000 (1640)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 200,000–300,000 killed or wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009791_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009791-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 288,000+ dead or missing (Castile and Aragon only)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtiz197095_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz197095-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (June 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_War_(1635–1659)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_War_(1635–1659)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Franco-Spanish War</span></a><br /> (1635–1659)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Flanders and Northern France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins" title="Battle of Les Avins">Les Avins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Catelet_(1636)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Le Catelet (1636)">Le Catelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Capelle" title="Siege of La Capelle">La Capelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme" title="Crossing of the Somme">Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Corbie" title="First Siege of Corbie">1st Corbie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Landrecies (1637) (page does not exist)">1st Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer" title="Siege of Saint-Omer">1st Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Thionville" title="Relief of Thionville">1st Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Charlemont_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Charlemont (1640) (page does not exist)">Charlemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arras_(1640)" title="Siege of Arras (1640)">1st Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Aire-sur-la-Lys_(1641&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Aire-sur-la-Lys (1641 (page does not exist)">Aire-sur-la-Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Marf%C3%A9e" title="Battle of La Marfée">La Marfée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honnecourt" title="Battle of Honnecourt">Honnecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Thionville_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Thionville (1643) (page does not exist)">2nd Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gravelines_(1644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gravelines (1644)">1st Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_B%C3%A9thune_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Béthune (1645) (page does not exist)">Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Saint-Omer_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Saint-Omer (1645) (page does not exist)">2nd Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lens (page does not exist)">1st Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bergues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bergues (page does not exist)">Bergues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mardyck (1646) (page does not exist)">1st Mardyck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Furnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Furnes (page does not exist)">Furnes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1646) (page does not exist)">1st Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Armenti%C3%A8res_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Armentières (1647) (page does not exist)">Armentières</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nieuwpoort_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort (1647) (page does not exist)">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Commines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Commines (page does not exist)">Commines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Landrecies (1647) (page does not exist)">2nd Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Diksmuide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Diksmuide (page does not exist)">Diksmuide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ypres_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ypres (1647) (page does not exist)">Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">2nd Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Rethel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Rethel (page does not exist)">Rethel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:勒泰勒圍城戰">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mouzon" title="Siege of Mouzon">Mouzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1654)" title="Battle of Arras (1654)">2nd Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Landrecies_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Landrecies (1655) (page does not exist)">3rd Landrecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1657)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mardyck (1657) (page does not exist)">2nd Mardyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1658)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1658)">2nd Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)" title="Battle of the Dunes (1658)">The Dunes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Gravelines_(1658)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Gravelines (1658) (page does not exist)">2nd Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bergues_(1658)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bergues (1658) (page does not exist)">Bergues</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern Spain and Southern France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leucate" title="Siege of Leucate">Leucate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Fuenterrabía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salses" title="Siege of Salses">1st Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ille-sur-T%C3%AAt_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ille-sur-Têt (1640) (page does not exist)">Ille-sur-Têt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)" title="Battle of Montjuïc (1641)">Montjuïc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tarragona_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tarragona (1641) (page does not exist)">1st Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Almenar_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Almenar (1641) (page does not exist)">Almenar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmel%C3%B3" title="Battle of Montmeló">Montmeló</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Granada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Granada (page does not exist)">La Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Monz%C3%B3n_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Monzón (1642) (page does not exist)">Monzón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Collioure_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Collioure (1642) (page does not exist)">Collioure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tortosa (1642) (page does not exist)">1st Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perpignan_(1642)" title="Siege of Perpignan (1642)">Perpignan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roses_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roses (1642) (page does not exist)">1st Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Salses_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Salses (1642) (page does not exist)">2nd Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lleida_(1642)" title="Battle of Lleida (1642)">1st Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Miravet_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Miravet (1643) (page does not exist)">Miravet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Monz%C3%B3n_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Monzón (1643) (page does not exist)">Monzón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lleida_(1644)" title="Siege of Lleida (1644)">2nd Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tarragona_(1644)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tarragona (1644) (page does not exist)">4th Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roses_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roses (1645) (page does not exist)">2nd Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Lorenzo_de_Mongay_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Lorenzo de Mongay (1645) (page does not exist)">San Lorenzo de Mongay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Balaguer_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Balaguer (1645) (page does not exist)">Balaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lleida_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lleida (1646) (page does not exist)">3rd Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lleida_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lleida (1647) (page does not exist)">4th Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1648)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tortosa (1648) (page does not exist)">2nd Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Montblanc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montblanc (page does not exist)">Montblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tortosa_(1650)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tortosa (1650) (page does not exist)">3rd Tortosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(1651)" title="Siege of Barcelona (1651)">2nd Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Castell%C3%B3_d%27Emp%C3%BAries_(1653)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Castelló d'Empúries (1653) (page does not exist)">Castelló d'Empúries</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Girona_(1653)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Girona (1653) (page does not exist)">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Villefranche-de-Conflent_(1654)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Villefranche-de-Conflent (1654) (page does not exist)">Villefranche-de-Conflent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cadaqu%C3%A9s_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cadaqués (1655) (page does not exist)">Cadaqués</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Solsona (1655) (page does not exist)">Solsona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Solsona (1655) (page does not exist)">Berga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Solsona_(1657)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Solsona (1657) (page does not exist)">Castellfollit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Camprod%C3%B3n_(1658)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Camprodón (1658) (page does not exist)">Camprodon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1635)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valenza (1635) (page does not exist)">1st Valenza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Morbegno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Morbegno (page does not exist)">Morbegno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento" title="Battle of Tornavento">Tornavento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Marbegno_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Marbegno (1637) (page does not exist)">Marbegno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Breme_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Breme (1638) (page does not exist)">Breme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Vercelli_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Vercelli (1638) (page does not exist)">Vercelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chieri_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chieri (1639) (page does not exist)">Chieri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Casale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Casale (page does not exist)">Casale</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%96%A9%E8%90%8A%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="extiw" title="zh:卡薩萊戰役">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Turin_(1640)" title="Siege of Turin (1640)">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valenza (1641) (page does not exist)">2nd Valenza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cremona_(1644)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cremona (1644) (page does not exist)">1st Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Proh_(1645)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Proh (1645) (page does not exist)">Proh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Revolt_(1647%E2%80%931648)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Revolt (1647–1648)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cremona_(1648)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cremona (1648) (page does not exist)">2nd Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pavia_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pavia (1655) (page does not exist)">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Valenza_(1656)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Valenza (1656) (page does not exist)">3rd Valenza</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>France hinterland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">The Fronde</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Franche-Comté and Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dole_(1636)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Dole (1636) (page does not exist)">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Martignat_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Martignat (1637) (page does not exist)">Martignat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Savigny_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Savigny (1637) (page does not exist)">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Arbent_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Arbent (1637) (page does not exist)">Arbent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cornod_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Cornod (1637) (page does not exist)">Cornod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Saint-Amour_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Saint-Amour (1637) (page does not exist)">Saint-Amour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sainte-Agn%C3%A8s_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sainte-Agnès (1637) (page does not exist)">Sainte-Agnès</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lons-le-Saunier_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lons-le-Saunier (1637) (page does not exist)">Lons-le-Saunier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bletterans_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bletterans (1637) (page does not exist)">Bletterans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Poligny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Poligny (page does not exist)">1st Poligny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Poligny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Poligny (page does not exist)">2nd Poligny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pontarlier_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Pontarlier (1639) (page does not exist)">Pontarlier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Jonvelle_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Jonvelle (1639) (page does not exist)">Jonvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maynal_(1641)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Maynal (1641) (page does not exist)">Maynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen" title="Battle of Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caribbean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tortuga" title="Capture of Tortuga">Tortuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">Fort Rocher</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval battles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1635)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lérins Islands expedition (1635) (page does not exist)">1st Lérins Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Sardinia_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raid on Sardinia (1637) (page does not exist)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lérins Islands expedition (1637) (page does not exist)">2nd Lérins Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9rins_Islands_expedition_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lérins Islands expedition (1638) (page does not exist)">3rd Lérins Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Genoa_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Genoa (1638) (page does not exist)">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Getaria" title="Battle of Getaria">Getaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Laredo_and_Santo%C3%B1a_(1639)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attack on Laredo and Santoña (1639) (page does not exist)">Laredo <b>·</b> Santoña</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%8Ele_de_R%C3%A9_(1640)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Île de Ré (1640) (page does not exist)">Île de Ré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1640)" title="Battle of Cádiz (1640)">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Tarragona_(July_1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Battle of Tarragona (July 1641)">2nd Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarragona_(August_1641)" title="Battle of Tarragona (August 1641)">3rd Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barcelona" title="Battle of Barcelona">1st Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(1643)" title="Battle of Cartagena (1643)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orbetello" title="Battle of Orbetello">Orbetello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Castellammare_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Castellammare (1647) (page does not exist)">Castellammare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Piombino_and_Porto_Longone_(1650)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Piombino and Porto Longone (1650) (page does not exist)">Piombino <b>·</b> Porto Longone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_November_1650" title="Action of 23 November 1650">Cambrils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_galleon_Lion_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Capture of the galleon Lion Couronné">Formentera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Sant_Feliu_(1651)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attack on Sant Feliu (1651) (page does not exist)">Sant Feliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bordeaux_(1653)" title="Battle of Bordeaux (1653)">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Barcelona_(1655)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Barcelona (1655) (page does not exist)">3rd Barcelona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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1499–1504">1502–1504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1521–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">1526–1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">1536–1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1551–1559</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">1580–1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">1595–1598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Mantuan_Succession" title="War of the Mantuan Succession">1628–1631</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1635–1659</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">1640–1659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">1641–1659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">1648–1653</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">1667–1668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1673–1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">1683–1684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1688–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">1718–1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">1793–1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">1808–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">1823</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva 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font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pilsen" title="Siege of Pilsen">Pilsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lomnice" title="Battle of Lomnice">Lomnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sablat" title="Battle of Sablat">Sablat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisternitz" title="Battle of Wisternitz">Wisternitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bautzen_(1620)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bautzen (1620) (page does not exist)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neu_Titschein" title="Battle of Neu Titschein">Neu Titschein</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_campaign" title="Palatinate campaign">Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bad_Kreuznach" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bad Kreuznach">Bad Kreuznach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oppenheim" title="Capture of Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bacharach" title="Capture of Bacharach">Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim" title="Battle of Mingolsheim">Mingolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen" title="Battle of Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B6chst" title="Battle of Höchst">Höchst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Heidelberg_(1622)" title="Siege of Heidelberg (1622)">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mannheim" title="Capture of Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Frankenthal" title="Siege of Frankenthal">Frankenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stadtlohn" title="Battle of Stadtlohn">Stadtlohn</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Humenné</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1621)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1621) (page does not exist)">Érsekújvár</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tyrnau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tyrnau (page does not exist)">Tyrnau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Tyrnau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Tyrnau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hodon%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hodonín (page does not exist)">Hodonín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_uprisings_in_Moravia" title="Vlach uprisings in Moravia">Vlach uprisings</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Danish intervention (1625–1629)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dessau_Bridge" title="Battle of Dessau Bridge">Dessau Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutter" title="Battle of Lutter">Lutter am Barenberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1628)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1628)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolgast" title="Battle of Wolgast">Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish intervention (1630–1635)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Swedish landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg" title="Sack of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werben" title="Battle of Werben">Werben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">1st Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamberg" title="Battle of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rain" title="Battle of Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberg" title="Siege of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wiesloch_(1632)" title="Battle of Wiesloch (1632)">Wiesloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alte_Veste" title="Battle of the Alte Veste">Alte Veste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BCrth" title="Battle of Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oldendorf" title="Battle of Oldendorf">Oldendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pfaffenhofen_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pfaffenhofen (1633) (page does not exist)">Pfaffenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Steinau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Steinau (page does not exist)">Steinau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Konstanz_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Konstanz (1633) (page does not exist)">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Breisach_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Breisach (1633) (page does not exist)">1st Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinfelden_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinfelden (1633)">1st Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1634)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1634) (page does not exist)">Liegnitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Liegnitz_(1634)" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Liegnitz (1634)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">1st Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg_Bridge" title="Battle of Strasbourg Bridge">Strasbourg Bridge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins" title="Battle of Les Avins">Les Avins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ray-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ray-sur-Saône (page does not exist)">Ray-sur-Saône</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_D%C3%B6mitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dömitz (page does not exist)">Dömitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_D%C3%B6mitz" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dömitz">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hasel%C3%BCnne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Haselünne (page does not exist)">Haselünne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Hasel%C3%BCnne" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Haselünne">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Raon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Raon (page does not exist)">Raon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento" title="Battle of Tornavento">Tornavento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1636)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1636) (page does not exist)">2nd Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme" title="Crossing of the Somme">Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittstock" title="Battle of Wittstock">Wittstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leipzig_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Leipzig (1637) (page does not exist)">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hanau_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hanau (1638) (page does not exist)">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rheinfelden" title="Battle of Rheinfelden">2nd Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer" title="Siege of Saint-Omer">Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Fuenterrabía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kallo" title="Battle of Kallo">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittenweiher" title="Battle of Wittenweiher">Wittenweiher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thann_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Thann (1638) (page does not exist)">Thann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treffen_auf_dem_Ochsenfelde" class="extiw" title="de:Treffen auf dem Ochsenfelde">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vlotho" title="Battle of Vlotho">Vlotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breisach" title="Siege of Breisach">2nd Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (page does not exist)">1st Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemnitz" title="Battle of Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Melnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Melnik (page does not exist)">Melnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Thionville" title="Relief of Thionville">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salses" title="Siege of Salses">Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrils" title="Battle of Cambrils">Cambrils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)" title="Battle of Montjuïc (1641)">Montjuïc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pre%C3%9Fnitz" title="Battle of Preßnitz">Preßnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plauen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Plauen (page does not exist)">Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Marf%C3%A9e" title="Battle of La Marfée">La Marfée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dorsten" title="Siege of Dorsten">Dorsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Battle of Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kempen" title="Battle of Kempen">Kempen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honnecourt" title="Battle of Honnecourt">Honnecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Schweidnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schweidnitz (page does not exist)">Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1642)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)">2nd Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (1642) (page does not exist)">2nd Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Brno_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Brno (1643) (page does not exist)">1st Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen" title="Battle of Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolding_(1644)" title="Battle of Kolding (1644)">Kolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiburg" title="Battle of Freiburg">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippsburg_(1644)" title="Siege of Philippsburg (1644)">Philippsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_J%C3%BCterbog" title="Battle of Jüterbog">Jüterbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bysj%C3%B6n" title="Battle of Bysjön">Bysjön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jankau" title="Battle of Jankau">Jankau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brno_(1645)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Brno (1645)">2nd Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herbsthausen" title="Battle of Herbsthausen">Mergentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1645)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1645)">2nd Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Korneuburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Korneuburg (page does not exist)">Korneuburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Korneuburg_(1646)" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Korneuburg (1646)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Totenh%C3%B6he&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Totenhöhe (page does not exist)">Totenhöhe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefecht_auf_der_Totenh%C3%B6he" class="extiw" title="de:Gefecht auf der Totenhöhe">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hohent%C3%BCbingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hohentübingen (page does not exist)">Hohentübingen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Schloss_Hohent%C3%BCbingen" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Schloss Hohentübingen">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triebl" title="Battle of Triebl">Triebl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Revolt_(1647%E2%80%931648)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Revolt (1647–1648)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zusmarshausen" title="Battle of Zusmarshausen">Zusmarshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wevelinghoven" title="Battle of Wevelinghoven">Wevelinghoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dachau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dachau (page does not exist)">Dachau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Dachau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dachau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1648)" title="Battle of Prague (1648)">Prague</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Naval battles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">The Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1644" title="Action of 16 May 1644">Lister Dyb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colberger_Heide" title="Battle of Colberger Heide">Colberger Heide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehmarn_(1644)" title="Battle of Fehmarn (1644)">Fehmarn</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sub><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirty_Years%27_War_treaties" title="Template:Thirty Years' War treaties">Treaties</a></b></sub></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Franco-Spanish War</b> was fought from 1635 to 1659 between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>, each supported by various allies at different points. The first phase, beginning in May 1635 and ending with the 1648 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, is considered a related conflict of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. The second phase continued until 1659, when France and Spain agreed to peace terms in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>. </p><p>Major areas of conflict included <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. In addition, France supported revolts against Spanish rule in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portugal</a> (1640–1668), <a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Catalonia</a> (1640–1653) and <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647)">Naples</a> (1647), and from 1647 to 1653, Spain backed French rebels in the civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a>. Both also backed opposing sides in the 1639 to 1642 <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Civil_War" title="Piedmontese Civil War">Piedmontese Civil War</a>. </p><p>France avoided direct participation in the Thirty Years' War until May 1635, when it declared war on Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and entered the conflict as an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>. After Westphalia in 1648, the war continued between Spain and France, with neither side able to achieve decisive victory. France made some gains in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and along the north-eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, but by 1658 both sides were financially exhausted, which led them to make peace in November 1659. </p><p>French territorial gains were minor but strengthened the kingdom's borders. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> married <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a>, the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a>. Spain remained as a great power and retained a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">vast global empire</a>, but the treaty marked the end of its position as the predominant European power during the rest of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy198334_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy198334-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarby201566_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby201566-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_overview">Strategic overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Strategic overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europe in the 17th century was dominated by the struggle between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rivals in <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Until the mid 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> was primarily seen as a German religious conflict. In 1938, British historian <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Wedgwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Veronica Wedgwood">Veronica Wedgwood</a> argued that it actually formed part of a wider ongoing European struggle, with the <a href="/wiki/French-Habsburg_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Habsburg rivalry">Habsburg-Bourbon conflict</a> at its centre. Some historians suggest the Franco-Spanish War was simply part of a much wider contest with many different locations and participants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland1992588–590_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland1992588–590-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1620s, France was threatened internally by a series of <a href="/wiki/Huguenot_rebellions" title="Huguenot rebellions">Huguenot rebellions</a> and externally by Habsburg possessions on its borders in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Franche-Comté</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>. Prior to 1635, France sought to weaken both branches of the Habsburgs by financing their opponents, including the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch</a>, clients in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Ottomans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_I_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="George I Rákóczi">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>. After 1635, France intervened directly through anti-Habsburg alliances with the Dutch and the Swedish, and supported insurgencies with money and troops in <a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647)">Naples</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1985451–470_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1985451–470-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For their part, the Habsburgs backed the Huguenots and numerous conspiracies led by the feudal lords who resented their loss of power under <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>. The most significant ones were the 1632 <a href="/wiki/Henri_II_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri II de Montmorency">Montmorency plot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Soissons" title="Louis, Count of Soissons">1641 Princes des Paix rising</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Coiffier_de_Ruz%C3%A9,_Marquis_of_Cinq-Mars" title="Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars">Cinq-Mars</a> in 1642. Spain also helped finance the 1648–1653 French civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009663–664_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009663–664-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaminoEspa%C3%B1ol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CaminoEspa%C3%B1ol.svg/180px-CaminoEspa%C3%B1ol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CaminoEspa%C3%B1ol.svg/270px-CaminoEspa%C3%B1ol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CaminoEspa%C3%B1ol.svg/360px-CaminoEspa%C3%B1ol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a>; <b>Purple</b>: <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish</a> dependencies; <b>Green</b>: Ruled by <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>; <b>Orange</b>: Ruled by <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wider co-operation between the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs was limited since their objectives did not always align. Spain was a global maritime power, and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> was primarily a European land power and focused on the Holy Roman Empire, which contained over 1,800 states, most of them extremely small. Although the Habsburgs had been <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperors">Holy Roman Emperors</a> since 1440, their control over the empire was weakened by the 1555 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a>, which continued in the period leading up to 1620. Reversing the trend was a major Habsburg objective during the Thirty Years' War, but failure was acknowledged by the 1648 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1976259_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1976259-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France faced the same issue of diverging objectives with its allies. The war coincided with the period of economic supremacy known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, and by 1640, many Dutch statesmen viewed French ambitions in the Spanish Netherlands as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009669_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009669-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike France, Swedish war aims were restricted to Germany, and in 1641, the Swedes considered a separate peace with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009627_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009627-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 16th century, Italy, especially the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, was the primary source of money for the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen2002403_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002403-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, much of the fighting focused on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a>, a land supply route connecting Spanish possessions in Italy with <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> but also passing through areas considered vital to French security, like <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. The independent <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> and Spanish-held <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> were strategically important to the Road but also provided access to the vulnerable southern borders of France and Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Erblande" title="Erblande">territories in Austria</a>. Richelieu aimed to end Spanish dominance in those areas, an objective that had been largely achieved at his death in 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1976259_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1976259-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the advent of railways in the 19th century, water was the primary means of bulk transportation, and campaigns focused on control of rivers and ports. Armies relied on <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">foraging</a>, while the feeding of the draught animals essential for transport and cavalry restricted campaigning in the winter. By the 1630s, the countryside had been devastated by years of constant warfare, which limited the size of the armies and their ability to conduct operations. Sickness killed far more soldiers than combat. The French army that invaded Flanders in May 1635 had been reduced by desertion and disease from 27,000 to under 17,000 by early July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2014169–170_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2014169–170-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_XIII,_rey_de_Francia_(Philippe_de_Champaigne).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Luis_XIII%2C_rey_de_Francia_%28Philippe_de_Champaigne%29.jpg/180px-Luis_XIII%2C_rey_de_Francia_%28Philippe_de_Champaigne%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Luis_XIII%2C_rey_de_Francia_%28Philippe_de_Champaigne%29.jpg/270px-Luis_XIII%2C_rey_de_Francia_%28Philippe_de_Champaigne%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Luis_XIII%2C_rey_de_Francia_%28Philippe_de_Champaigne%29.jpg/360px-Luis_XIII%2C_rey_de_Francia_%28Philippe_de_Champaigne%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>, French ruler from 1610 to 1643</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> began in 1618 when the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Estates</a> offered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Crown of Bohemia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" title="Frederick V of the Palatinate">Frederick V of the Palatinate</a>, in place of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor#Bohemian_revolt" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> remained neutral and viewed it as an inheritance dispute, and the revolt was quickly suppressed. However, when Frederick refused to admit defeat, Imperial forces invaded the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_campaign" title="Palatinate campaign">Palatinate</a> and forced him into exile. The removal of a hereditary prince changed the nature and extent of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009314–316_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009314–316-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with a renewed <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, it presented a direct threat both to Imperial Protestant states and external powers that held Imperial territories. They included the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Prince of Orange</a>, hereditary ruler of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nassau#County_of_Nassau-Dillenburg" title="County of Nassau">Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a>, who was also <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a>. That presented Richelieu with additional opportunities to weaken his Habsburg opponents in Spain and the Empire but avoid direct conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayden19731–23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayden19731–23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, Catholic France supported the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">war against Spain</a> and funded first <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Danish</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish</a> intervention in the Empire. In 1630, <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> partly to support his Protestant coreligionists, but he also sought control of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_(c._1400%E2%80%931800)" title="Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)">Baltic trade</a>, which provided much of Sweden's income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1938385–386_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1938385–386-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swedish intervention continued after his death at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Lützen</a> in 1632 but caused tensions with <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>, whose lands were devastated by the plague and famine that accompanied the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiches2012125–126_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiches2012125–126-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant Imperial-Spanish victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a> in September 1634 forced the Swedes to abandon southern Germany, and most of their <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn_League" title="Heilbronn League">German allies</a> used the opportunity to make peace with Ferdinand II <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prague_(1635)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Prague (1635)">at Prague</a> in April 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox2017182–183_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox2017182–183-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other major European conflict of the period was the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, suspended in 1609 by the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch196942_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch196942-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish strongly objected to its commercial provisions, and when <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> became king in 1621, he resumed the war. The cost proved extremely high and increased after 1628 by a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> with France over the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Mantuan_Succession" title="War of the Mantuan Succession">Mantuan succession</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> reached its maximum nominal extent under Philip's rule, but its size and complexity made it increasingly difficult to govern, or enact essential reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay19994–5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay19994–5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its depth of resources consistently allowed it to recover from defeats that would have shattered other powers, and new regulations passed in 1631 and 1632 were key to the improved Spanish military performance in the first part of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979212_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979212-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1628, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">captured the Spanish treasure fleet</a>, which they used to finance the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">capture of 's-Hertogenbosch</a> the following year. The powerful <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> mercantile lobby saw that as an opportunity to end the war. Negotiations ended without result in 1633 but strengthened the peace party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995521–523_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995521–523-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peace of Prague led to rumours of a proposed Austro-Spanish offensive in the Netherlands and led <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> of France and Richelieu to decide on direct intervention. In early 1635, they signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Saxe-Weimar" title="Bernard of Saxe-Weimar">Bernard of Saxe-Weimar</a> to provide 16,000 troops for a campaign in Alsace and the Rhineland, formed an anti-Spanish alliance with the Dutch and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Compi%C3%A8gne_(1635)" title="Treaty of Compiègne (1635)">Treaty of Compiègne</a> with Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoot2013120–122_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoot2013120–122-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phase_I:_1635_to_1648_Treaty_of_Westphalia">Phase I: 1635 to 1648 Treaty of Westphalia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phase I: 1635 to 1648 Treaty of Westphalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:260px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) is located in Belgium"><img alt="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) is located in Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/260px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/390px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/520px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="988" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.436%;left:65.603%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Les Avins"><img alt="Les Avins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Les Avins</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.487%;left:3.901%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dunkirk"><img alt="Dunkirk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Dunkirk</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.538%;left:45.745%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brussels"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Brussels</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.256%;left:53.191%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leuven"><img alt="Leuven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Leuven</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.769%;left:29.078%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Valenciennes"><img alt="Valenciennes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Valenciennes</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.538%;left:74.113%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Maastricht"><img alt="Maastricht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Maastricht</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.231%;left:6.383%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Corbie"><img alt="Corbie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Corbie</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.077%;left:36.17%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lens"><img alt="Lens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Lens</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.692%;left:12.411%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Arras"><img alt="Arras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Arras</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Belgium relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>1635–1659; key locations in northern France and the Spanish Netherlands (current Belgium borders shown; Arras, Valenciennes and Dunkirk were part of the Spanish Netherlands)</div></div></div> <p>In May, a French army of 27,000 invaded the Spanish Netherlands and defeated a smaller Spanish force at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins" title="Battle of Les Avins">Les Avins</a> and besieged <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a> on 24 June, where they were joined by Dutch reinforcements. Disease and lack of supplies quickly reduced the besieging army, which withdrew in the face of a relief force under <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Piccolomini" title="Ottavio Piccolomini">Ottavio Piccolomini</a> on 4 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael199570_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael199570-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria</a>, the Spanish took the initiative and captured <a href="/wiki/Limbourg" title="Limbourg">Limbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gennep" title="Gennep">Gennep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diest" title="Diest">Diest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goch" title="Goch">Goch</a> and besieged Dutch garrisons in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Duchy of Cleves</a>. The French retreated across the border, and the Dutch, under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange">Frederick Henry</a>, marched urgently on the strategic position of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">Schenkenschans</a>. Captured by the Spanish on 28 July, it was recovered only after a long and costly siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2014169–170_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2014169–170-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that failure, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> opposed further large-scale land operations in favour of attacks on Spanish trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995934_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995934-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the campaign of 1636, Philip switched his focus to recovering territories in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, while a Franco-Savoyard offensive in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento" title="Battle of Tornavento">Tornavento</a> in June. A <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme" title="Crossing of the Somme">Spanish incursion</a> led by Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand into northern France captured the key fortified town of <a href="/wiki/Corbie" title="Corbie">Corbie</a> in August, but despite causing panic in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, the campaign did not continue past Corbie due to high risks deemed by the Cardinal-Infante, and the attack was not repeated as the Cardinal-Infante himself would fall ill not long after in the coming years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995272–273_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995272–273-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As agreed at Compiègne in 1635, the French replaced Swedish garrisons in Alsace. Prior to his death in 1639, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar won a series of victories over the Imperials in the Rhineland, notably the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breisach" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Breisach">capture of Breisach</a> in December 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBely201494–95_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBely201494–95-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severing the Spanish Road meant the Spanish armies in Flanders had to be resupplied by sea, which made them vulnerable to attack by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Navy" title="Dutch States Navy">Dutch States Navy</a>, which destroyed a large Spanish fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Battle of the Downs</a> in 1639. Although most convoys managed to get through, that illustrated the difficulties Spain faced in sustaining its war effort in the Low Countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009661-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Spanish resources stretched to the limit in Europe, the Dutch used the opportunity to attack their possessions in the Americas, Africa and Asia, especially those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, which was also ruled by Philip IV. Spanish inability to protect those interests caused increasing unrest in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta20054_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta20054-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage to the economy and tax increases imposed to pay for the war led to protests throughout Spanish territories, which in 1640 erupted into open revolts in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Catalonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen2002402_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002402-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1641, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Courts" title="Catalan Courts">Catalan Courts</a> recognised Louis XIII of France as <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">Count of Barcelona</a> and the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Gelderen2002284_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Gelderen2002284-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they soon found the new administration differed little from the old, which turned the war into a three sided contest between the Franco-Catalan elite, the rural peasantry and the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005431–448_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005431–448-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:200px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baden-Wuerttemberg_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) is located in Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) is located in Baden-Württemberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Baden-Wuerttemberg_relief_location_map.jpg/200px-Baden-Wuerttemberg_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Baden-Wuerttemberg_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Baden-Wuerttemberg_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Baden-Wuerttemberg_relief_location_map.jpg/400px-Baden-Wuerttemberg_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1891" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.352%;left:6.889%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Breisach"><img alt="Breisach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Breisach</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:94.87%;left:13.509%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rheinfelden"><img alt="Rheinfelden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Rheinfelden</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.123%;left:73.597%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mergentheim"><img alt="Mergentheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Mergentheim</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.796%;left:33.878%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mannheim"><img alt="Mannheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Mannheim</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.371%;left:44.571%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tuttlingen"><img alt="Tuttlingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Tuttlingen</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.218%;left:98.549%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zusmarshausen"><img alt="Zusmarshausen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Zusmarshausen</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.372%;left:95.493%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nördlingen"><img alt="Nördlingen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Nördlingen</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Baden-Wuerttemberg_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Baden-Wuerttemberg relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>1635–1648; key locations Rhineland campaign</div></div></div> <p>Louis XIII died on 14 May 1643, and was succeeded by his five-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, whose mother, the former Spanish princess, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a>, took control of the Regency Council that ruled in his name. Five days later, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé">Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé</a>, then known as the duc d'Enghien, defeated the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a>. Less decisive than often thought, the battle led to the loss of the veteran army and ended Spanish dominance of the European battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2002147_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2002147-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also gave Condé, a member of the royal family and the effective ruler of large parts of eastern France, leverage in his struggle with Anne and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009666–668_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009666–668-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite some successes in northern France and the Spanish Netherlands, including victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">Lens</a> in August 1648, France was unable to knock Spain out of the war. In the Holy Roman Empire, Imperial victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen" title="Battle of Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herbsthausen" title="Battle of Herbsthausen">Mergentheim</a> were offset by French success at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1645)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1645)">Nördlingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zusmarshausen" title="Battle of Zusmarshausen">Zusmarshausen</a>. In Italy, French-backed <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoyard</a> offensives against the Spanish-ruled <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> achieved little because of lack of resources and the disruption caused by the 1639 to 1642 <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Civil_War" title="Piedmontese Civil War">Piedmontese Civil War</a>. Victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orbetello" title="Battle of Orbetello">Orbetello</a> in June 1646, and the recapture of <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647)">Naples</a> in 1647 left Spain firmly in control of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti200727–28_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti200727–28-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1648 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> ended the Thirty Years' War, recognised Dutch independence and ended the drain on Spanish resources. Under the October 1648 Treaty of Münster, France gained strategic locations in Alsace and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pinerolo" title="Pinerolo">Pinerolo</a>, which controlled access to Alpine passes in Northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaoletti200727–28_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaoletti200727–28-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the peace excluded Italy, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Imperial territories in the Low Countries</a> and French-occupied Lorraine. Although Emperor Ferdinand was now at peace with France, the fighting between France and Spain continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009747_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009747-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phase_II:_1648_to_1659">Phase II: 1648 to 1659</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phase II: 1648 to 1659"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:362px;border-color:black"><div style="position:relative;width:360px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Italy_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) is located in Northern Italy"><img alt="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) is located in Northern Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/North_Italy_relief_location_map.png/360px-North_Italy_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/North_Italy_relief_location_map.png/540px-North_Italy_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/North_Italy_relief_location_map.png/720px-North_Italy_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="780" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.396%;left:30.087%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tornavento"><img alt="Tornavento" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Tornavento</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.91%;left:16.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Turin"><img alt="Turin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Turin</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.108%;left:56.926%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mantua"><img alt="Mantua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Mantua</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.559%;left:26.623%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Casale"><img alt="Casale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Casale</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.55%;left:36.147%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Milan"><img alt="Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Milan</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.559%;left:47.186%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Cremona"><img alt="Cremona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Cremona</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.315%;left:12.121%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pinerolo"><img alt="Pinerolo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Pinerolo</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.378%;left:32.9%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Genoa"><img alt="Genoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Genoa</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.622%;left:58.874%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Modena"><img alt="Modena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Modena</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.162%;left:35.768%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pavia"><img alt="Pavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Pavia</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Italy_relief_location_map.png" title="File:North Italy relief location map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Northern Italy; key locations 1635–1659 (note Pinerolo, ceded to France in 1648)</div></div></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a> had declared bankruptcy in 1647, he reduced expenditure by prioritising the retaking of Catalonia and remaining on the defensive elsewhere. In addition, many of his best troops had been lost at Rocroi and parts of Flanders overrun, including the key port of <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, a centre for Spanish <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> attacks on Dutch and French shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his position improved after the Peace of Westphalia ended the Dutch war, and political and economic turmoil in France led to a civil war, the <i><a href="/wiki/Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInglis_Jones199459–64_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInglis_Jones199459–64-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip initially hoped simply to improve the terms on offer from France, but the Fronde allowed him to make substantial gains in the Netherlands, including retaking <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>. Elsewhere, neither side was able to win a significant advantage. In 1650, Spanish success in crushing the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647)">Neapolitan Revolt</a> was offset by the loss of Barcelona to French-backed Catalan rebels. Mazarin forced Condé into exile in the Spanish Netherlands in 1651, where his immense prestige in territories adjacent to the Spanish possession of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Franche-Comté</a> made him a valuable ally for Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInglis_Jones19949–12_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInglis_Jones19949–12-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of 1652, Spain recaptured both Dunkirk and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(1651)" title="Siege of Barcelona (1651)">Barcelona</a>, and although limited combat continued in <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, the front by 1653 had stabilised along the modern <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1972221–224_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1972221–224-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, doing so forced Philip into bankruptcy again, while the end of the Fronde allowed Mazarin to resume attacks on Milan, possession of which would allow France to threaten <a href="/wiki/Erblande" title="Erblande">Habsburg Austria</a>. The attempt failed despite support from Savoy, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Modena</a> and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneid201269_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneid201269-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now, the two antagonists were exhausted, with neither able to establish dominance. From 1654 to 1656, major French victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1654)" title="Battle of Arras (1654)">Arras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landrecies" title="Landrecies">Landrecies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Ghislain" title="Saint-Ghislain">Saint-Ghislain</a> were offset by Spanish victories at <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a>. Under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Pope Alexander VII</a>, Mazarin offered peace terms but refused to accept Philip's insistence for Condé to be restored to his French titles and lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInglis_Jones1994296–300_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInglis_Jones1994296–300-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Spanish king viewed this as a personal obligation to Condé, the war continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack199116_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack199116-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France had previously relied on the Dutch to provide naval support against Spain, which ended after Westphalia. In 1657, Mazarin replaced the loss by negotiating an <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1657)" title="Treaty of Paris (1657)">anti-Spanish alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>. That expanded the scope of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a>, and France withdrew support for the exiled <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a>, whose supporters joined the Spanish as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuainton1935268_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuainton1935268-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1658)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1658)">capture of Dunkirk</a> in June 1658, Philip requested a truce, which Mazarin refused, but once again success proved illusory. On 15 August, Spain won an important victory at <a href="/wiki/Camprodon" title="Camprodon">Camprodon</a> in Catalonia, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s death in September led to political chaos in England, and fighting in northern Italy ended when French allies Savoy and Modena agreed to a truce with the Spanish commander, <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Benavides_Carrillo,_Marquis_of_Caracena" title="Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena">Caracena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016134_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016134-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees_and_marriage_contract">Treaty of the Pyrenees and marriage contract</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaty of the Pyrenees and marriage contract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg/180px-Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg/270px-Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg/360px-Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4860" data-file-height="6352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>, ruler from 1621 to 1665</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 May 1659, France and Spain began negotiating terms; the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658 weakened England, which was allowed to observe but excluded from the talks. Although the Anglo-Spanish War was suspended after the 1660 <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">restoration of Charles II</a>, it did not formally end until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1667)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1667)">Treaty of Madrid (1667)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin191750_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenportPaullin191750-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>, signed on 5 November 1659, France gained <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">Hainaut</a> along its border with the Spanish Netherlands, as well as <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>. These were more significant than often assumed; in combination with the 1648 Treaty of Münster, France strengthened its borders in the east and south-west, while in 1662, Charles II <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_Dunkirk" title="Sale of Dunkirk">sold Dunkirk to France</a>. Acquisition of Roussillon established the Franco-Spanish border along the Pyrenees, but divided the historic <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>, an event still commemorated each year by French Catalan-speakers in <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerra200882–84_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerra200882–84-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these territorial loses, Spain was forced to recognize and confirm all of the French territorial gains at the Peace of Westphalia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaland1966227_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaland1966227-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France withdrew support from <a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI of Portugal</a>, while Louis XIV renounced his claim to be Count of Barcelona, and king of Catalonia. Condé regained his possessions and titles, as did many of his followers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Montsaulnin,_Comte_de_Montal" title="Charles de Montsaulnin, Comte de Montal">Comte de Montal</a>, but his political power was broken, and he did not hold military command again until 1667.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2011838_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2011838-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An integral part of the peace negotiations was the marriage contract between Louis and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa</a>, which he used to justify the 1666 to 1667 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a>, and formed the basis of French claims over the next 50 years. The marriage was more significant than intended, since it was agreed shortly after Philip's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a>, gave birth to a second son, both of whom died young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInglis_Jones1994307_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInglis_Jones1994307-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip died in 1665, leaving his four-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles</a> as king, once described as "always on the verge of death, but repeatedly baffling Christendom by continuing to live."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant196325_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant196325-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_historical_assessment">Aftermath and historical assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath and historical assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_030b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_030b.jpg/180px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_030b.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_030b.jpg/270px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_030b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_030b.jpg/360px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_030b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a>, whose marriage to Louis XIV was part of the peace negotiations</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional scholarship viewed the war as a French victory that marked the start of France's rise, replacing Spain as the predominant European power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarby201566_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby201566-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent assessments argue this relies on hindsight, and that while France made crucial strategic gains around its borders, the outcome was far more balanced. One view is that the two parties effectively settled for a draw,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuard198650_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuard198650-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that had France not moderated its demands in 1659, Spain would have continued fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling199427_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling199427-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The (1659 treaty) was a peace of equals. Spanish losses were not great, and France returned some territory and strongholds. With hindsight, historians have regarded the treaty as a symbol of the 'decline of Spain' and the 'ascendancy of France'; at that time, however, (it) appeared a far from decisive verdict on the international hierarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarby201566_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarby201566-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Spain maintained her supremacy in Europe until 1659, and was the greatest imperial power for years after that. Although (its) economic and military power suffered an abrupt decline in the half century after (1659), (it) was a major participant in the European coalitions against Louis XIV, and the peace congresses at <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Nijmegen" title="Treaties of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> in 1678, and <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Ryswick</a> in 1697".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy198334_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy198334-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Parrott, Professor of Early Modern History at <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a> claims the Peaces of Westphalia and the Pyrenees both reflected mutual exhaustion and stalemate, not a "military diktat imposed by victorious powers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott200177–78_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott200177–78-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, he labels the Franco-Spanish War as "25 years of indecisive, over-ambitious and, on occasions, truly disastrous conflict".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott200631–49_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott200631–49-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financial_and_military_impact">Financial and military impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Financial and military impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taking on the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, then the strongest military power in Europe, required French forces of unprecedented size and an associated expansion of the taxation and supply base needed to support them. To meet these needs, official estimates for the army expanded from 39,000 in 1630 to around 150,000 shortly before the declaration of war in May 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1994890_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1994890-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at this stage the French state was unable to support such large numbers; of the 27,000 men who took part in the invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in May of the same year, fewer than 15,000 remained a month later. Throughout the war, both sides struggled to support offensives outside their own boundaries; the Spanish invasion of northern France in 1636 collapsed due to lack of supplies and was not repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2014169–170_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2014169–170-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocroi,_el_%C3%BAltimo_tercio,_por_Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rocroi%2C_el_%C3%BAltimo_tercio%2C_por_Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau.jpg/250px-Rocroi%2C_el_%C3%BAltimo_tercio%2C_por_Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rocroi%2C_el_%C3%BAltimo_tercio%2C_por_Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau.jpg/375px-Rocroi%2C_el_%C3%BAltimo_tercio%2C_por_Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Rocroi%2C_el_%C3%BAltimo_tercio%2C_por_Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau.jpg/500px-Rocroi%2C_el_%C3%BAltimo_tercio%2C_por_Augusto_Ferrer-Dalmau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Battle of Rocroi</a> (1643) is often seen as the end of the battlefield supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercios</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Including those supplied by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Saxe-Weimar" title="Bernard of Saxe-Weimar">Bernard of Saxe-Weimar</a> and paid by France, between 1635 and 1642 official troop levels averaged 150,000 to 160,000, with a peak of 211,000 in 1639.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1994891_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1994891-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are based on official muster rolls and should be treated with caution, since officers were paid for numbers reported, rather than those actually present; in addition, during this period on average another 10% was absent due to sickness, although most generally recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009790_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009790-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parrott estimates variances between "Reported" and "Actual" averaged up to 35% for the French and 50% for the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott20018_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott20018-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lynn" title="John A. Lynn">John A. Lynn</a> suggests an average of 60% "Reported" versus "Actual" "provides the most reasonable guide", a figure based on André Corvisier's 1964 work <i>L'armée française de la fin du XVIIe siècle au ministère de Choiseul</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1994896–897_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1994896–897-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the war, logistics remained the major constraint on the number of troops, while strategy was often subordinated to the need to find adequate provisions, especially given the primitive infrastructure then available. It was not until the 1660s that <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">Louvois</a> created the support systems that allowed France to sustain an army of nearly 200,000 men for extended periods, and crucially ensure co-ordinated strategy between different fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott2001548–551_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott2001548–551-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more experienced Spanish were better equipped in this respect while their resources made it easier to replace losses of men and material. These advantages could be offset by engaging them on multiple fronts while attacking their lines of communication, a tactic the French used throughout the war by supporting the Catalan, Neapolitan and Portuguese rebels along with allies in Northern Italy and the Rhineland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStradling1979206–207_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1979206–207-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss of Dutch naval support after 1648 severely impacted their ability to challenge the Spanish at sea, until replaced with the English alliance in 1657.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkberg1981324–325_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkberg1981324–325-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its peak in 1632, the Spanish army contained around 300,000 regulars, exclusive of local <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> and the empire increasingly relied on its Italian territories for recruits and money. Historian Davide Maffi calculates the Duchy of Milan provided an annual 6 million <a href="/wiki/Italian_scudo" title="Italian scudo">scudi</a> for the war, as well as an average of 4,000 recruits per year. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, a <i>de facto</i> Spanish <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> was required to supply 17,000 scudi a month, as well as provide ships for the fleet and soldiers for the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a>. In 1631 to 1636 alone, Naples provided 3.5 million scudi, significant naval resources and 53,500 recruits for the Spanish army, more than <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> from a population half the size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanlon2014116_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2014116-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Coppola_-_Resa_di_Napoli_a_Don_Giovanni_d%27Austria_nel_1648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carlo_Coppola_-_Resa_di_Napoli_a_Don_Giovanni_d%27Austria_nel_1648.jpg/260px-Carlo_Coppola_-_Resa_di_Napoli_a_Don_Giovanni_d%27Austria_nel_1648.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carlo_Coppola_-_Resa_di_Napoli_a_Don_Giovanni_d%27Austria_nel_1648.jpg/390px-Carlo_Coppola_-_Resa_di_Napoli_a_Don_Giovanni_d%27Austria_nel_1648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carlo_Coppola_-_Resa_di_Napoli_a_Don_Giovanni_d%27Austria_nel_1648.jpg/520px-Carlo_Coppola_-_Resa_di_Napoli_a_Don_Giovanni_d%27Austria_nel_1648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>The Spanish retake <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, April 1648; high taxes imposed to pay for the war led to revolt in October 1647</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to supporting its own army and navy, from 1630 to 1643 Naples supplied an average of 10,000 soldiers a year to the Spanish army, provided an annual subsidy of one million <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> to support other areas of the Spanish Empire, and paid a third of Milan's government expenditures. As a result, its public debt quintupled and by 1648 interest payments constituted 57% of the kingdom's revenue. In both Naples and Sicily, taxes tripled between 1618 and 1688; Philip sought to mitigate the impact by providing tax exemption for the elderly and poor and increasing consumption taxes on the wealthy, but this and other measures had the indirect effect of crushing the southern Italian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016119–120_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016119–120-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its power, the Spanish army was subject to constant supply shortages throughout the twenty five year conflict. By the end of it, both states were exhausted. When the commander of the Army of Extremadura requested 3,000 quintales (138 tons) of gunpowder for the 1659 campaign in Portugal, the central Junta of War for Spain revealed that total supplies for defense in the peninsula (including the navy, coastal garrisons, and militia in addition to the three major war fronts in Catalonia, Extremadura and Galicia) were only 1427 quintales (66 tons) due to so much powder having been spent in the fight against France. Shortages were particularly prominent among the militia and reserve forces. In 1632, 70% of the 44,000 men in Castile's militias were "unarmed" (as in, armed only with swords or similar weapons rather than firearms or pikes) due to a shortage of arquebuses. With the outbreak of war, this situation quickly improved so that by 1636 only 25% of militiamen in Castile were armed with hand weapons alone, with 25% carrying pikes and the remaining 50% arquebuses and muskets. By the end of the conflict, however, the situation had deteriorated once again, with more than 87 percent of the 465,000 militiamen listed in Castilian registers classed as "unarmed".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1647, discontent led to revolts in both Sicily and <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647)">Naples</a>; although quickly suppressed, it exposed the weakness of Spanish rule in Italy and the alienation of the local elites from Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen2002406_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002406-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1650, the governor of Milan wrote that as well as widespread dissatisfaction in the south, the only one of the Italian states that could be relied on was the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen2002407_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002407-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The strength of the French Army fluctuated greatly in the 1640s, and estimates by historians vary accordingly, ranging from 218,000 to just 40,000 around 1645–1648.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand201933_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand201933-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, it is likely that about 100,000 soldiers were usually in the field at any given time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand201924_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand201924-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Total available in Italy, Portugal, Catalonia; excludes another 90,000 facing the Dutch in the Army of Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter200839_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter200839-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson estimates three men died from disease for every one killed in action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2009791–792_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009791–792-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figure of 288,000 dead and missing, allegedly 25% to 30% of all Spanish troops enlisted (not including troops from Italy, the Spanish Netherlands, Portugal, or other territories), may be an underestimate, as some municipalities did not have figures available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrtiz197095_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz197095-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ships based in Dunkirk could enter the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> on a single flood tide, which allowed them to raid as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a>, and so its closure was an English objective for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromley1987233_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromley1987233-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand201933-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand201933_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand201933_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChartrand2019">Chartrand 2019</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand201924-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand201924_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChartrand2019">Chartrand 2019</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand201934-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand201934_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChartrand2019">Chartrand 2019</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li 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</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016119–120-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016119–120_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanlon2016">Hanlon 2016</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorraine White. "The Experience of Spain's Early Modern Soldiers: Combat, Welfare and Violence." <i>War in History,</i> January 2002, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1–38 [11–13].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002406-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen2002406_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2002">Kamen 2002</a>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002407-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen2002407_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamen2002">Kamen 2002</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2015" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, John (2015). <i>Better Begging than Fighting: The Royalist Army in exile in the war against Cromwell 1656–1660</i> (2016 ed.). Helion Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910777725" title="Special:BookSources/978-1910777725"><bdi>978-1910777725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Better+Begging+than+Fighting%3A+The+Royalist+Army+in+exile+in+the+war+against+Cromwell+1656%E2%80%931660&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Helion+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1910777725&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBely2014" class="citation book cs1">Bely, Lucien (2014). Asbach, Olaf; Schröder, Peter (eds.). <i>France and the Thirty Years War in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years' War</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409406297" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409406297"><bdi>978-1409406297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Thirty+Years+War+in+The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+the+Thirty+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1409406297&rft.aulast=Bely&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2002). <i>European Warfare, 1494–1660 (Warfare and History)</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415275316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415275316"><bdi>978-0415275316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Warfare%2C+1494%E2%80%931660+%28Warfare+and+History%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415275316&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1991). <i>A Military Revolution?: Military Change and European Society, 1550–1800 (Studies in European history)</i>. Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333519066" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333519066"><bdi>978-0333519066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+Revolution%3F%3A+Military+Change+and+European+Society%2C+1550%E2%80%931800+%28Studies+in+European+history%29&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0333519066&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1987). <i>The Origins of War in Early Modern Europe</i>. Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859761680" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859761680"><bdi>978-0859761680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+War+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Donald&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0859761680&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley1987" class="citation book cs1">Bromley, JS (1987). <i>Corsairs and Navies, 1600–1760</i>. Continnuum-3PL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907628774" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907628774"><bdi>978-0907628774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corsairs+and+Navies%2C+1600%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=Continnuum-3PL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0907628774&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand2019" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, René (2019). <i>The Armies and Wars of the Sun King 1643–1715. Volume 1: The Guard of Louis XIV</i>. <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>: Helion & Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1911628606" title="Special:BookSources/978-1911628606"><bdi>978-1911628606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+and+Wars+of+the+Sun+King+1643%E2%80%931715.+Volume+1%3A+The+Guard+of+Louis+XIV&rft.place=Solihull&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1911628606&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2008" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (2017 ed.). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.edition=2017&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta2005" class="citation journal cs1">Costa, Fernando Dores (2005). "Interpreting the Portuguese War of Restoration (1641–1668) in a European Context". <i>Journal of Portuguese History</i>. <b>3</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Portuguese+History&rft.atitle=Interpreting+the+Portuguese+War+of+Restoration+%281641%E2%80%931668%29+in+a+European+Context&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Dores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2015" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Graham (2015). <i>Spain in the Seventeenth Century</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138836440" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138836440"><bdi>978-1138836440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1138836440&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenportPaullin1917" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar, eds. (1917). <i>European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies, Vol. 2: 1650–1697</i> (2018 ed.). Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0483158924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0483158924"><bdi>978-0483158924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Treaties+Bearing+on+the+History+of+the+United+States+and+Its+Dependencies%2C+Vol.+2%3A+1650%E2%80%931697&rft.edition=2018&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1917&rft.isbn=978-0483158924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurantDurant1963" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Ariel; Durant, Will (1963). <i>Age of Louis XIV (Story of Civilization)</i>. TBS Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0207942277" title="Special:BookSources/0207942277"><bdi>0207942277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+Louis+XIV+%28Story+of+Civilization%29&rft.pub=TBS+Publishing&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0207942277&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft.au=Durant%2C+Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkberg1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ekberg, Carl J (1981). "Abel Servien, Cardinal Mazarin, and the Formulation of French Foreign Policy, 1653–1659". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 317–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1981.9640251">10.1080/07075332.1981.9640251</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105147">40105147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Abel+Servien%2C+Cardinal+Mazarin%2C+and+the+Formulation+of+French+Foreign+Policy%2C+1653%E2%80%931659&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=317-329&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1981.9640251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ekberg&rft.aufirst=Carl+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon2016" class="citation book cs1">Hanlon, Gregory (2016). <i>The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560–1800</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138158276" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138158276"><bdi>978-1138158276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+Of+A+Military+Tradition%3A+Italian+Aristocrats+And+European+Conflicts%2C+1560%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1138158276&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon2014" class="citation book cs1">Hanlon, Gregory (2014). <i>The Hero of Italy: Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma, his Soldiers, and his Subjects in the Thirty Years' War</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199687244" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199687244"><bdi>978-0199687244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hero+of+Italy%3A+Odoardo+Farnese%2C+Duke+of+Parma%2C+his+Soldiers%2C+and+his+Subjects+in+the+Thirty+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199687244&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hayden, J Michael (1973). "Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII: French Foreign Policy, 1598–1615". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F240888">10.1086/240888</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877591">1877591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144914347">144914347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Continuity+in+the+France+of+Henry+IV+and+Louis+XIII%3A+French+Foreign+Policy%2C+1598%E2%80%931615&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144914347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1877591%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F240888&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=J+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis_Jones1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Inglis Jones, James John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3ab667bf-f5af-45b7-985f-1d936f8299a4/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=602327127.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis"><i>The Grand Condé in exile; Power politics in France, Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, 1652–1659</i></a> (PHD). Oxford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Grand+Cond%C3%A9+in+exile%3B+Power+politics+in+France%2C+Spain+and+the+Spanish+Netherlands%2C+1652%E2%80%931659&rft.inst=Oxford+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Inglis+Jones&rft.aufirst=James+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A3ab667bf-f5af-45b7-985f-1d936f8299a4%2Fdownload_file%3Ffile_format%3Dpdf%26safe_filename%3D602327127.pdf%26type_of_work%3DThesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1995). <i>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198730729" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198730729"><bdi>978-0198730729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness+and+Fall%2C+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0198730729&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael2003" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (2003). Elliott, John (ed.). <i>Spain in the Low Countries, (1635–1643) in </i>Spain, Europe and the Atlantic: Essays in Honour of John H. Elliott<i><span></span></i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521470452" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521470452"><bdi>978-0521470452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+in+the+Low+Countries%2C+%281635%E2%80%931643%29+in+Spain%2C+Europe+and+the+Atlantic%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+H.+Elliott&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521470452&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1985" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, De Lamar (1985). "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy". <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 451–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2541220">10.2307/2541220</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541220">2541220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Turks+in+Sixteenth+Century+French+Diplomacy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=451-470&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2541220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2541220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=De+Lamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2002" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (2002). <i>Spain's Road to Empire</i> (2003 ed.). Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140285284" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140285284"><bdi>978-0140285284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+Road+to+Empire&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0140285284&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2017" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Bill (2017). Tucker, Spencer (ed.). <i>The 1635 Treaty of Prague; a failed settlement? in Enduring Controversies in Military History, Volume I: Critical Analyses and Context</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440841194" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440841194"><bdi>978-1440841194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1635+Treaty+of+Prague%3B+a+failed+settlement%3F+in+Enduring+Controversies+in+Military+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+Critical+Analyses+and+Context&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1440841194&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1983" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Jack (1983). <i>War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495–1975</i> (2015 ed.). University of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081316365X" title="Special:BookSources/081316365X"><bdi>081316365X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Modern+Great+Power+System%2C+1495%E2%80%931975&rft.edition=2015&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=081316365X&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuard1986" class="citation book cs1">Luard, Evan (1986). <i>War in International Society: A Study in International Sociology</i>. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850430124" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850430124"><bdi>978-1850430124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+International+Society%3A+A+Study+in+International+Sociology&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1850430124&rft.aulast=Luard&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1969" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Jack (1969). <i>Spain Under the Habsburgs: Vol. 11 Spain and America 1598–1700</i>. Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+Under+the+Habsburgs%3A+Vol.+11+Spain+and+America+1598%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lynn, John A (1994). "Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610–1715". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 881–906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286722">10.2307/286722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286722">286722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Recalculating+French+Army+Growth+during+the+Grand+Siecle%2C+1610%E2%80%931715&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=881-906&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay1999" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Ruth (1999). <i>The Limits of Royal Authority: Resistance and Obedience in Seventeenth-Century Castile</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521643436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521643436"><bdi>978-0521643436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Royal+Authority%3A+Resistance+and+Obedience+in+Seventeenth-Century+Castile&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521643436&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaland1966" class="citation book cs1">Maland, David (1966). <i>Europe in the Seventeenth Century</i> (1983 ed.). Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333335741" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333335741"><bdi>978-0333335741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.edition=1983&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0333335741&rft.aulast=Maland&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Mitchell, Andrew Joseph (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924205935/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1123962229&disposition=inline"><i>Religion, revolt, and creation of regional identity in Catalonia, 1640–1643</i></a> (PHD). Ohio State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1123962229&disposition=inline">the original</a> on 2022-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Religion%2C+revolt%2C+and+creation+of+regional+identity+in+Catalonia%2C+1640%E2%80%931643&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Fapexprod%2Frws_etd%2Fsend_file%2Fsend%3Faccession%3Dosu1123962229%26disposition%3Dinline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez (1970). <i>La sociedad española en el siglo XVII, vol. I</i> (in Spanish). Editorial Universidad de Granada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8433816771" title="Special:BookSources/978-8433816771"><bdi>978-8433816771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+sociedad+espa%C3%B1ola+en+el+siglo+XVII%2C+vol.+I&rft.pub=Editorial+Universidad+de+Granada&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-8433816771&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Dom%C3%ADnguez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1972" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (1972). <i>The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521084628" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521084628"><bdi>978-0521084628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Flanders+and+the+Spanish+Road+1567%E2%80%931659%3A+The+Logistics+of+Spanish+Victory+and+Defeat+in+the+Low+Countries%27+Wars&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0521084628&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrott2001" class="citation book cs1">Parrott, David (2001). <i>Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521792097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521792097"><bdi>978-0521792097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richelieu%27s+Army%3A+War%2C+Government+and+Society+in+France%2C+1624%E2%80%931642&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521792097&rft.aulast=Parrott&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrott2006" class="citation book cs1">Parrott, David (2006). "France's War against the Habsburgs, 1624–1659: the Politics of Military Failure". In García Hernan, Enrique; Maffi, Davide (eds.). <i>Guerra y Sociedad en La Monarquía Hispánica: Politica, Estrategia y Cultura en la Europa Moderna (1500–1700)</i>. Laberinto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8400084912" title="Special:BookSources/978-8400084912"><bdi>978-8400084912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France%27s+War+against+the+Habsburgs%2C+1624%E2%80%931659%3A+the+Politics+of+Military+Failure&rft.btitle=Guerra+y+Sociedad+en+La+Monarqu%C3%ADa+Hisp%C3%A1nica%3A+Politica%2C+Estrategia+y+Cultura+en+la+Europa+Moderna+%281500%E2%80%931700%29&rft.pub=Laberinto&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8400084912&rft.aulast=Parrott&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoot2013" class="citation book cs1">Poot, Anton (2013). <i>Crucial years in Anglo-Dutch relations (1625–1642): the political and diplomatic contacts</i>. Uitgeverij Verloren. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9087043803" title="Special:BookSources/978-9087043803"><bdi>978-9087043803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucial+years+in+Anglo-Dutch+relations+%281625%E2%80%931642%29%3A+the+political+and+diplomatic+contacts&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9087043803&rft.aulast=Poot&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoletti2007" class="citation book cs1">Paoletti, Ciro (2007). <i>A Military History of Italy</i>. Praeger Publishers Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275985059" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275985059"><bdi>978-0275985059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Italy&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0275985059&rft.aulast=Paoletti&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuainton1935" class="citation journal cs1">Quainton, C Eden (1935). "Colonel Lockhart and the Peace of the Pyrenees". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 267–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3633132">10.2307/3633132</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633132">3633132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Colonel+Lockhart+and+the+Peace+of+the+Pyrenees&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-280&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3633132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3633132%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Quainton&rft.aufirst=C+Eden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiches2012" class="citation book cs1">Riches, Daniel (2012). <i>Protestant Cosmopolitanism and Diplomatic Culture: Brandenburg-Swedish Relations in the Seventeenth Century (Northern World)</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004240797" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004240797"><bdi>978-9004240797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestant+Cosmopolitanism+and+Diplomatic+Culture%3A+Brandenburg-Swedish+Relations+in+the+Seventeenth+Century+%28Northern+World%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004240797&rft.aulast=Riches&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneid2012" class="citation book cs1">Schneid, Frederick C (2012). <i>The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618–1850</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004226715" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004226715"><bdi>978-9004226715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Projection+and+Limitations+of+Imperial+Powers%2C+1618%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004226715&rft.aulast=Schneid&rft.aufirst=Frederick+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerra2008" class="citation journal cs1">Serra, Eva (2008). "The Treaty of the Pyrenees, 350 Years Later". <i>Catalan Historical Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2436%2F20.1000.01.6">10.2436/20.1000.01.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalan+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+the+Pyrenees%2C+350+Years+Later&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2436%2F20.1000.01.6&rft.aulast=Serra&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStradling1994" class="citation book cs1">Stradling, RA (1994). <i>Spain's Struggle For Europe, 1598–1668</i>. Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852850890" title="Special:BookSources/978-1852850890"><bdi>978-1852850890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+Struggle+For+Europe%2C+1598%E2%80%931668&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1852850890&rft.aulast=Stradling&rft.aufirst=RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStradling1979" class="citation journal cs1">Stradling, Robert (1979). "Castrophe and Recovery: The Defeat of Spain, 1639–43". <i>History</i>. <b>64</b> (11): 205–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24411536">24411536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Castrophe+and+Recovery%3A+The+Defeat+of+Spain%2C+1639%E2%80%9343&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=205-219&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1979.tb02059.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24411536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stradling&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1992" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland, NM (1992). "The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Structure of European Politics". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>107</b> (424).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Thirty+Years+War+and+the+Structure+of+European+Politics&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=424&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=NM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C (2011). <i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i>. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Gelderen2002" class="citation book cs1">Van Gelderen, Martin (2002). <i>Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage Volume I</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521802031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521802031"><bdi>978-0521802031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republicanism+and+Constitutionalism+in+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+A+Shared+European+Heritage+Volume+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521802031&rft.aulast=Van+Gelderen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2014" class="citation book cs1">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2014). Asbach, Olaf; Schröder, Peter (eds.). <i>The Dutch-Spanish War in the Low Countries 1621–1648 in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years' War</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409406297" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409406297"><bdi>978-1409406297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch-Spanish+War+in+the+Low+Countries+1621%E2%80%931648+in+The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+the+Thirty+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1409406297&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1938" class="citation book cs1">Wedgwood, CV (1938). <i>The Thirty Years War</i> (2005 ed.). New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590171462" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590171462"><bdi>978-1590171462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty+Years+War&rft.edition=2005&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-1590171462&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=CV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1976" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Charles (1976). <i>Transformation of Europe, 1558–1648</i>. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297770152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297770152"><bdi>978-0297770152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformation+of+Europe%2C+1558%E2%80%931648&rft.pub=Littlehampton+Book+Services+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0297770152&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter (2009). <i>Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War</i>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713995923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713995923"><bdi>978-0713995923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Tragedy%3A+A+History+of+the+Thirty+Years+War&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0713995923&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Spanish+War+%281635%E2%80%931659%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial 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href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617333#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at 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