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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulau_de_Mar" title="Consulau de Mar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Consulau de Mar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul%C3%A1u_del_Mar" title="Consuláu del Mar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Consuláu del Mar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolat_de_Mar" title="Consolat de Mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consolat de Mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulado_del_Mar" title="Consulado del Mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consulado del Mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonja_de_la_seda#Salle_du_Consulat_de_Mer" title="Lonja de la seda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lonja de la seda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulado_do_Mar" title="Consulado do Mar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consulado do Mar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolato_Del_Mare" title="Consolato Del Mare – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Consolato Del Mare" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolato_del_Mare" title="Consolato del Mare – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Consolato del Mare" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E9%A2%86%E4%BA%8B%E9%A6%86" title="海上领事馆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海上领事馆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3773382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Maritime law organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Book of the Consulate of the Sea">Book of the Consulate of the Sea</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lonja_de_Valencia1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lonja_de_Valencia1.jpg/220px-Lonja_de_Valencia1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lonja_de_Valencia1.jpg/330px-Lonja_de_Valencia1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lonja_de_Valencia1.jpg/440px-Lonja_de_Valencia1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>The Llotja de la Seda, seat of the Consulate of the Sea in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> since 1498.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Consulate of the Sea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">Consolat de mar</i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[kunsuˈlad<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaɾ]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-judicial_body" title="Quasi-judicial body">quasi-judicial body</a> set up in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, later to spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean basin</a>, to administer <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">maritime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial law</a>. The term may also refer to a celebrated collection of maritime customs and ordinances in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>, also known in English as <i>The Customs of the Sea</i>, compiled over the 14th and 15th centuries and published at <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> in or before 1494. </p><p>In the 21st century, the Catalan term <i>Consolat de mar</i> is today used for a commercial <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> service operated by the Barcelona <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Commerce">Chamber of Commerce</a>, and also for a series of trade-promotion offices operated by the city of Barcelona. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_institution">Medieval institution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulate_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medieval institution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperio_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Imperio_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png/193px-Imperio_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Imperio_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png/290px-Imperio_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Imperio_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png/386px-Imperio_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>The greatest extent of the territories controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, c. 1350</figcaption></figure> <p>The Catalan institution can be traced to the grant of the <i>Carta Consular</i> to the city of Barcelona by <a href="/wiki/Jaume_I_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaume I of Aragon">Jaume I of Aragon</a> in 1258.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave Barcelona merchants the right to settle their commercial disputes without interference from the royal courts: in return, the king received much needed financial support for his wars of expansion. <a href="/wiki/Mercantile_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantile Law">Mercantile Law</a> (<i>ius mercadorium</i>) was becoming established at the same time through much of Europe, and similar bodies had already been established in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> (first third of the 13th century) and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> (1250).<sup id="cite_ref-Moliné_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moliné-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> expanded, it was customary to establish new Consulates of the Sea in the major ports. One of the earliest was in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> (1283), where the charter of <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III of Aragon</a> makes it clear that disputes are to be settled "according to maritime customs, as these are accepted in Barcelona." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_the_Consulate_of_the_Sea"><i>Book of the Consulate of the Sea</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulate_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Book of the Consulate of the Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llibre_del_Consolat_de_Mar_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Llibre_del_Consolat_de_Mar_1814.jpg/225px-Llibre_del_Consolat_de_Mar_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Llibre_del_Consolat_de_Mar_1814.jpg/338px-Llibre_del_Consolat_de_Mar_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Llibre_del_Consolat_de_Mar_1814.jpg/450px-Llibre_del_Consolat_de_Mar_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>The title page of the 1914 edition of the <i>Book of the Consulate of the Sea</i>, edited by Ernest Moliné y Brasés.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Book of the Consulate of the Sea">Book of the Consulate of the Sea</a></div> <p>The full title in Catalan is <i>Les costums marítimes de Barcelona universalment conegudes per Llibre del Consolat de mar</i>, or "<i>The maritime customs of Barcelona universally known as the Book of the Consulate of the Sea</i>". The earliest extant printed edition of the work (Barcelona, 1494) is without a title-page or frontispiece, but it is described by the above-mentioned title in the epistle dedicatory prefixed to the table of contents. The only known copy of this edition (as of 1911<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consulate_of_the_Sea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jados_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jados-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epistle dedicatory states that the work is an amended version of the <i>Book of the Consulate of the Sea</i>, compiled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Celelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Celelles (page does not exist)">Francis Celelles</a> with the assistance of numerous <a href="/wiki/Shipmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipmaster">shipmasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a> well versed in maritime affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwiss1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a statement made by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Capmany_y_Montpalau" title="Antonio de Capmany y Montpalau">Capmany</a> in his <i>Codigo de los costumbras maritimas de Barcelona</i>, published at <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> in 1791, there was extant to his knowledge an older edition, printed in semi-Gothic characters, which he believed to be of a date prior to 1484.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwiss1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are, however, two Catalan manuscripts preserved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, the earliest of which, being <i>MS. Espagnol 124</i>, contains the two first treatises which are printed in the <i>Book of the Consulate of the Sea</i> of 1494, and which are the most ancient portion of its contents, written in a hand of the 14th century, on paper of that century. The subsequent parts of this manuscript are on paper of the 15th century, but there is no document of a date more recent than 1436. The later of the two manuscripts, being <i>MS. Espagnol 56</i>, is written throughout on paper of the 15th century, and in a hand of that century, and it purports, from a certificate on the face of the last leaf, to have been executed under the superintendence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Thomas_(notary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Thomas (notary) (page does not exist)">Peter Thomas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Notary_public" title="Notary public">notary public</a>, and the scribe of the Consulate of the Sea at Barcelona.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwiss1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The edition of 1494 contains, in the first place, a code of procedure issued by the kings of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> for the guidance of the courts of the consuls of the sea, in the second place, a collection of ancient customs of the sea, and thirdly, a body of rules for the government of cruisers of war. A <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> at the end of these ordinances informs the reader that the book commonly called the <i>Book of the Consulate of the Sea</i> ends here; after which there follows a document known by the title of <i>The Acceptations</i>, which purports to record that the previous chapters and ordinances had been approved by the "Roman" people in 1075, and by various princes and peoples in the 12th and 13th centuries: this is generally regarded as of no historical value.<sup id="cite_ref-Moliné_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moliné-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paging of the edition of 1494 ceases with this document, at the end of which is the printer's colophon, reciting that the work was completed on 14 July 1494, at Barcelona, by Pere Posa, priest and printer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwiss1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remainder of the volume consists of what may be regarded as an appendix to the original <i>Book of the Consulate</i>. This appendix contains various maritime ordinances of the kings of Aragon and of the councillors of the city of Barcelona, ranging over a period from 1271 to 1493. It is printed apparently in the same type with the preceding part of the volume. The original <i>Book of the Consulate of the Sea</i>, coupled with this appendix, circulated in Europe under the title, <i>The Consulate of the Sea</i>, and in the 16th century was translated into the Castilian, the Italian, and the French languages. The Italian translation, printed at Venice c. 1549 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptista_Pedrezano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Baptista Pedrezano (page does not exist)">Jean Baptista Pedrezano</a>, was the version that obtained the largest circulation in the north of Europe, and led many jurists to suppose the work to have been of Italian origin. In the next century, the work was translated into Dutch by Westerven, and into German by Engelbrecht, and it is also said to have been translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>. An excellent translation into French of <i>The Customs of the Sea</i>, which are the most valuable portion of the <i>Book of the Consulate</i>, was published by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Pardessus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Marie Pardessus">Pardessus</a> in the second volume of his <i>Collection des lois maritimes</i> (Paris, 1834), under the title of <i>La Compilation connue sous le nom do consulat de la mer</i>. See introduction, by <a href="/wiki/Travers_Twiss" title="Travers Twiss">Sir Travers Twiss</a>, to the <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Book_of_the_Admiralty" title="Black Book of the Admiralty">Black Book of the Admiralty</a></i> (London, 1874), which in the appendix to vol. iii, contains his translation of <i>The Customs of the Sea</i>, with the Catalan text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwiss1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulate_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/consulate/consulate.htm"><i>Consulate of the Sea and Related Documents</i>.</a> Translated by Stanley S. Jados (1975). University of Alabama Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lluisvives.com/servlet/SirveObras/jlv/09255007699869439647857/index.htm"><i>Les costums marítimes de Barcelona universalment conegudes per Llibre del Consolat de mar</i>.</a> Edited by Ernest Moliné y Brasés (1914). Barcelona: Henrich. <span class="languageicon">(in Catalan)</span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTwiss1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Travers_Twiss" title="Travers Twiss">Twiss, Sir Travers</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Consulate_of_the_Sea" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consulate+of+the+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Sir+Travers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsulate+of+the+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcu.es/archivos/lhe/Consultas/mostrarTitulo.jsp?titulo=028061">"De la favor de les causes mercantivols."</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Constitutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Constitutions">Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Corts_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Corts de Catalunya">Corts de Catalunya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monts%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Montsó">Montsó</a>, 1510. <span class="languageicon">(in Catalan)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admiraltylawguide.com/documents/barcelona1258.html">Barcelona Maritime Code of 1258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moliné-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moliné_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moliné_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moliné y Brasés (1914).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jados-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jados_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jados (1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwiss1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwiss1911_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwiss1911">Twiss 1911</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consulate_of_the_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Consolat_de_Mar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Consolat de Mar">Consolat de Mar</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consolatdemar.org/">Consolat de Mar Conflict Resolution Centre</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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