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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geological_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geological origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleolithic_and_Mesolithic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic_and_Mesolithic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Paleolithic and Mesolithic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic_and_Mesolithic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kushavati_Shamanic_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushavati_Shamanic_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Kushavati Shamanic culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushavati_Shamanic_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neolithic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_(from_16th_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_(from_16th_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iron Age (from 16th century BCE)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iron_Age_(from_16th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iron Age (from 16th century BCE) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_(from_16th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Formations_of_Gaumkaris_and_the_self_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Formations_of_Gaumkaris_and_the_self_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Formations of Gaumkaris and the self rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Formations_of_Gaumkaris_and_the_self_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_later_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_later_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The later migrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_later_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maurya_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maurya_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Maurya Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maurya_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Satavahanas_(c._2nd_century_BCE_to_2nd_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Satavahanas_(c._2nd_century_BCE_to_2nd_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Satavahanas (c. 2nd century BCE to 2nd CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Satavahanas_(c._2nd_century_BCE_to_2nd_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mauryas_of_Puri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mauryas_of_Puri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>The Mauryas of Puri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mauryas_of_Puri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhojas_(c._2nd_century_BCE_to_4th_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhojas_(c._2nd_century_BCE_to_4th_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Bhojas (c. 2nd century BCE to 4th CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhojas_(c._2nd_century_BCE_to_4th_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdoms_to_Late_Medieval_period_(1st_century_CE_to_16th)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdoms_to_Late_Medieval_period_(1st_century_CE_to_16th)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kingdoms to Late Medieval period (1st century CE to 16th)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kingdoms_to_Late_Medieval_period_(1st_century_CE_to_16th)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kingdoms to Late Medieval period (1st century CE to 16th) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kingdoms_to_Late_Medieval_period_(1st_century_CE_to_16th)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_of_dynasties_(to_16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_dynasties_(to_16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Table of dynasties (to 16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_dynasties_(to_16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shilaharas_(755_–_1000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shilaharas_(755_–_1000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shilaharas (755 – 1000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shilaharas_(755_–_1000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kadambas_(10th_century_to_14th)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kadambas_(10th_century_to_14th)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kadambas (10th century to 14th)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kadambas_(10th_century_to_14th)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Port_of_Gopakapattana_(10th_century_to_1345)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_of_Gopakapattana_(10th_century_to_1345)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Port of Gopakapattana (10th century to 1345)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_of_Gopakapattana_(10th_century_to_1345)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahmani_Sultanate_(1350-1370,_1469-1492)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahmani_Sultanate_(1350-1370,_1469-1492)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bahmani Sultanate (1350-1370, 1469-1492)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahmani_Sultanate_(1350-1370,_1469-1492)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vijayanagara_Empire_(14th_century_to_15th)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vijayanagara_Empire_(14th_century_to_15th)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Vijayanagara Empire (14th century to 15th)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vijayanagara_Empire_(14th_century_to_15th)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bijapur_Sultanate_(1492-1510)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bijapur_Sultanate_(1492-1510)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Bijapur Sultanate (1492-1510)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bijapur_Sultanate_(1492-1510)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_rule_(1510–1961)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_rule_(1510–1961)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Portuguese rule (1510–1961)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portuguese_rule_(1510–1961)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Portuguese rule (1510–1961) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_rule_(1510–1961)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_arrival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_arrival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Portuguese arrival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_arrival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afonso_de_Albuquerque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afonso_de_Albuquerque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Afonso de Albuquerque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afonso_de_Albuquerque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_new_Goan_polity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_new_Goan_polity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The new Goan polity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_new_Goan_polity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_in_Goa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_in_Goa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Christianity in Goa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_in_Goa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_neighboring_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_neighboring_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Relations with neighboring powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_neighboring_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estado_da_India:_18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estado_da_India:_18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Estado da India: 18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estado_da_India:_18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Independence Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_annexation_of_Goa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_annexation_of_Goa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Indian annexation of Goa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_annexation_of_Goa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Annexation_(1961_–_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Annexation_(1961_–_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-Annexation (1961 – present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Annexation_(1961_–_present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Annexation (1961 – present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Annexation_(1961_–_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_Union_Territory_(1961-1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_Union_Territory_(1961-1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>As a Union Territory (1961-1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_Union_Territory_(1961-1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Goa_(1987_-present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Goa_(1987_-present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>State of Goa (1987 -present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Goa_(1987_-present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Goa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="تاريخ غوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ غوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Portuguesa" title="Goa Portuguesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Goa Portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Goa" title="Histoire de Goa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Goa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="गोवा का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोवा का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഗോവയുടെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോവയുടെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_de_Goa" title="Istòria de Goa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria de Goa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="گوا دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوا دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Goa" title="História de Goa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Goa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கோவாவின் வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோவாவின் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_India" title="Category:History of India">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of <span class="fn org label">India</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/200px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/300px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/400px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="4258" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a>, c. 500,000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> 7570 – 6200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> 7106 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> 7000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> 7000 – 2600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Indian Neolithic</a> 3000 – 1000 BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Post Indus Valley Period<br />(Cemetery H Culture)</a>, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rigvedic tribes">Early Vedic period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Rise of Śramaṇa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Later Vedic Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Spread of Jainism – Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Rise of Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadratha Dynasty">Brihadratha Dynasty</a> 1700 – 682 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanka Dynasty">Haryanka Dynasty</a> 544 – 413 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaishunaga Dynasty">Shaishunaga Dynasty</a> 413 – 345 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Dynasty</a>, 345 – 322 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, c. 600 – 345 BCE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a>, 322 – 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 320 BCE - 280 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a>, 185 – 73 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a>, 73 – 28 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> 300 BCE – 400 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Dynasty</a>, c. 30 – c. 375 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Dynasty</a>, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Dynasty</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Early medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, 275 CE - 897 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Dynasty">Chalukya Dynasty</a>, 543 – 753 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 590 CE - 920 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha's Dynasty</a>, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karakota Dynasty</a>, c. 724 – c. 760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Arab Invasion</a>, c. 738 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a>, c. 760 – c. 973 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakuta Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Chola Dynasty</a>, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">2nd Chalukya Dynasty</a>, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, 1206 – 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a>, 1251 – 1618 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, 1336 – 1646 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, 1342 – 1576 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1526 – 1540 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, 1538/40 – 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1556 – 1857 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, 1857 – 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, 1858 – 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement"> Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Independent India</a>, 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, 1947 – 1950 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, 1950 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline of Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties in Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architectural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India#History" title="Religion in India">History of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Musical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper Currency History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and Technology History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">List of Inventions and Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Naval History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_India" title="List of wars involving India">Wars involving India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_India" title="Template:History of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_India" title="Template talk:History of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Goa</b> dates back to <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric times</a>, though the present-day <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> was only established as recently as 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of being <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">India's smallest state by area</a>, Goa's rich history is both long and diverse. It shares a lot of similarities with <a href="/wiki/Indian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian history">Indian history</a>, especially with regard to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial influences</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiculturalism in India">multi-cultural aesthetic</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Usgalimal_rock_engravings" title="Usgalimal rock engravings">Usgalimal rock engravings</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> periods, exhibit some of the earliest traces of human settlement in India. The <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a> Empires ruled modern-day Goa during the Iron Age. </p><p>During the medieval period, Goa was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Goa" title="Kadambas of Goa">Kadamba kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur Sultanate</a>. </p><p>It was ruled by the Kadamba dynasty from the 2nd century CE to 1312 and by the Deccan from 1312 to 1367. The city was then annexed by the Kingdom of Vijayanagara and was later conquered by the Bahmanī sultanate, which founded Old Goa on the island in 1440.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">invaded Goa in 1510</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur Sultanate</a>. The Portuguese rule lasted for about 450 years, and heavily influenced Goan <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Goa" title="Culture of Goa">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">cuisine</a>, and architecture. </p><p>In 1961, India took control over Goa after a 36-hour battle and integrated it into India. The area of Goa was incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu" title="Goa, Daman and Diu">Goa, Daman and Diu</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Damaon_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Damaon territory">Damaon territory</a> in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan region">Konkan region</a>. In 1987, following the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language_agitation" title="Konkani language agitation">Konkani language agitation</a> Goa was granted statehood. Goa has one of the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> among Indian states. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_history">Earliest history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Earliest history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> origins of Goa dating back to 10,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-vedic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, evidence of human occupation of Goa dates back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic Age</a>, indicated by the archaeological findings of <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">bifaces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mandovi_River" title="Mandovi River">Mandovi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zuari_River" title="Zuari River">Zuari</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, evidence suggesting the region's ancient foundation is obscured by the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation myth">legend</a> of Goa's creation by the <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Hindu sage</a> <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vedic_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_origins">Geological origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geological origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some parts of present-day Goa appear to have been <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">uplifted</a> from the sea due to geological tectonic plate movement. There is evidence to support this theory as indicated by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">marine fossils</a>, buried seashells, and other features of reclaimed <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> in the coastal belt.<sup id="cite_ref-vedic_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fossilized branches have been found later in many villages on the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Sahyadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahyadri">Sahyadri</a> dating back more than 10,000 BC. Thus the geologists concluded that Goa has risen from the seabed as a result of violent <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic movements</a>. At the decline of the intensity of <i><a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">population</a></i> in the last <i>Pleistocene age</i> around 10000 BC, the bottom of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan plateau">Deccan plateau</a> was lifted up and out of sea-waters by the tectonic movements, formed the West-coast of India, Goa being a part thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolithic_and_Mesolithic_era">Paleolithic and Mesolithic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paleolithic and Mesolithic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1993 the existence of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> in Goa during the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period was highly debated. The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> engravings on lateritic platforms and granite boulders from <i>Usgalimal</i> on the banks of west-flowing river <a href="/wiki/Kushavati" title="Kushavati">Kushavati River</a>, has shed light on the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> of Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-usgal_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgal-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rock shelter at Usgalimal has enough space for 25 to 30 people. The perennial stream in the vicinity which might have served <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> man for centuries as a source of water.<sup id="cite_ref-us2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> figure of <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a> and tectiforms resembling tree-like motifs have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-us2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Prakashchandra_Pandurang_Shirodkar" title="Prakashchandra Pandurang Shirodkar">Dr P.P.Shirodkar</a>. Exploration of several Mesolithic sites of the <a href="/wiki/Mandovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandovi">Mandovi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zuari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuari">Zuari</a> basin, at other sites such as <a href="/wiki/Keri" title="Keri">Keri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thane" title="Thane">Thane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjuna" title="Anjuna">Anjuna</a>, <i>Mauxim</i>, <i>Kazur</i> in <a href="/wiki/Quepem" title="Quepem">Quepem</a>, <i>Virdi</i>, has led to the discovery of several scrapers, points, bores, cones, etc. A hand <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a> has also been found at Usgalimal.<sup id="cite_ref-axe_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further <i>unifacial</i> choppers were recovered on a flat-based pebble of quartzite from a pebble conglomerate at <i>Shigaon</i> on the <a href="/wiki/Dudhsagar_Falls" title="Dudhsagar Falls">Dudhsagar River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chopper_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chopper-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shirodakar made a detailed study of the rock engravings and dated them to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and Mesolithic phases, or to 20,000-30,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-axe_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These discoveries have demonstrated that the region had been supporting a population of hunter-gatherers well before the advent of agriculture. Evidence of Palaeolithic cave existence can be seen at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigaon, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, Aquem-Margaon et cetera. Difficulty in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dating</a> the laterite rock compounds has posed a problem in determining the exact time period.<sup id="cite_ref-NIO_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIO-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usgal1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Usgal1.jpg/220px-Usgal1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Usgal1.jpg/330px-Usgal1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Usgal1.jpg/440px-Usgal1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Usgalimal_rock_engravings" title="Usgalimal rock engravings">Usgalimal rock engravings</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">upper Paleolithic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> periods. These are some of the earliest traces of human settlement in India.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kushavati_Shamanic_culture">Kushavati Shamanic culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kushavati Shamanic culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prehistoric engravings at Usgalimal were discovered by PP Shirodkar in the early 1990s and subsequently studied by the Institute of Oceanography in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 125 forms were found scattered on the banks of river <a href="/wiki/Kushavati" title="Kushavati">Kushavati</a> in south-eastern Goa. According to Kamat, these are evidence of a prehistoric Goan <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanistic</a> practice. For hundreds of years, the Kushavati rock art of Goa was known locally as <i>goravarakhnyachi chitram,</i> or pictures made by cowherds. But people did not know how ancient the works were, nor could anyone interpret them. After thorough study of these forms, scholars have concluded that these petroglyphs differ from those found elsewhere in Goa. Deeper studies and analysis over a period of ten years showed these petroglyphs were an exquisitely carved <i>ocular <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a></i>, one of the best in India and Asia. Its ocular nature added to the evidence of prehistoric shamanism. </p><p>The studies have shown that the Kushavati culture was a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> culture with deep knowledge of local natural resources and processes – water, fish, plants, game, animal breeding cycles, seasons and natural calamities. The Kushavati culture was greatly concerned with <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>, so they set up camps near the streams. The Kushavati found food security in the jungle near the streams. Like every culture, its members confronted the mysteries of illness, death and birth. Kamat believes that this culture dated to 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. On basis of recent DNA-based work on human migration, Dr. Nandkumar Kamat has ruled out the possibility of Kushavati shamans belonging to the first wave of humans to arrive in Goa. They were not negritoes or austrics. Most probably they were the earliest <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterraneans</a> who had descended the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, probably in their search for sea salt on Goa's coast. As the Kushavati transitioned into a Neolithic society, they began the domestication of animals and were in the last phase of using stone tools. The entire realm of shamanism underwent a radical transition. Today evidence of the metamorphosis in masked dance drama <i>Perni jagor</i> can be seen in the same cultural region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_period">Neolithic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neolithic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological evidence in the form of polished stone axes, suggest the first settlements of Neolithic man in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-axe2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axe2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These axes have been found in <a href="/wiki/Goa_Velha" title="Goa Velha">Goa Velha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-velha_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velha-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period tribes of <a href="/wiki/Austric" class="mw-redirect" title="Austric">Austric</a> origin such as the <i>Kols</i>, <i>Mundaris</i> and <i>Kharvis</i> may have settled Goa, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-axe2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axe2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Goan historian Anant Ramakrishna Dhume, the <a href="/wiki/Gauda_and_Kunbi" title="Gauda and Kunbi">Gauda and Kunbi</a> and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. Dhume notes several words of Mundari origin in the <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a>. He describes the deities worshipped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming, and its overall effect on modern-day Goan culture.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Negroid_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Negroid race">Negroids</a> were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture and were food-gatherers. Traces of Negroid physical characteristics can be found in parts of Goa, up to at least the middle of the first millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Australoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Australoid">Proto-Australoid</a> tribe known as the <i>Konkas</i>, from whom is derived the name of the region, <i>Kongvan or <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a>,</i> with the other mentioned tribes, reportedly made up the earliest settlers in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-gomes_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture had not fully developed at this stage and was being developed. The Kol and Mundari may have been using stone and wood implements, as iron implements were used by the <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> tribes as late as 1200 BC. The Kol tribe is believed to have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamat_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the people began worship of a mother goddess in the form of <a href="/wiki/Anthill" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthill">anthill</a> or <i>Santer</i>. The Anthill is called <i>Roen</i>(<a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>:रोयण), which is derived from the Austric word <i>Rono,</i> meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated into Prakrit <i>Santara</i>. They also worshipped the mother earth by the name of <i>Bhumika</i> in Prakrit. Anthill worship still continues in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age_(from_16th_century_BCE)"><span id="Iron_Age_.28from_16th_century_BCE.29"></span>Iron Age (from 16th century BCE)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iron Age (from 16th century BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Goa" title="Special:EditPage/History of Goa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Formations_of_Gaumkaris_and_the_self_rule">The Formations of Gaumkaris and the self rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Formations of Gaumkaris and the self rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comunidade" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunidade">Comunidade</a></div> <p>The theocratic democracy of Sumer was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Oligarchic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligarchic">oligarchic</a> democracy of village-administration in Goa known as <i><a href="/wiki/Comunidade" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunidade">Gaumkari</a></i>, when it overlapped with the practices of the locals. The agricultural land was jointly owned by the group of villagers, they had right to auction the land, this rent was used for development, and the remainder was distributed amongst the <i>Gaukars</i>. Sumerians view that the village land must belong to the village god or goddess, this was the main feature of the <i>Gaumkari</i> system where the village's preeminent deity's temple was the centre of all the activities.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of definite boundaries of land from village to village with its topographic detail, its management and social, religious and cultural interaction. Gaumkari thus were in existence long before constitution of the state of Goa itself.<sup id="cite_ref-ccom_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccom-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus even before any king ruled the territory, oligarchic democracy in the form of Gaumkari existed in Goa. This form of village-administration was called as <i>Gaumponn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>:गांवपण), and despite the periodic change of sovereigns, the Gaumponn always remained, hence the attachment and fidelity of the Goans to their village has always surpassed their loyalty to their rulers (most of them were extraterritorial).<sup id="cite_ref-gav_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gav-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system for governance became further systematised and fortified, and it has continued to exist ever since. Even today 223 comunidades are still functioning in Goa, though not in the true sense.<sup id="cite_ref-ccom_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccom-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_later_migrations">The later migrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The later migrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second wave of migrants arrived sometime between 1700 and 1400 BC. This second wave migration was accompanied by southern Indians from the Deccan plateau. A wave of <i>Kusha</i> or <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Harappan</a> people moved to <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilization which thrived on sea-trade.<sup id="cite_ref-kamat_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in early Goan society.<sup id="cite_ref-dhume24_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhume24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maurya_Empire">Maurya Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maurya Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> incorporated the west coast of India in his province of <a href="/wiki/Aparanta" title="Aparanta">Aparanta</a>, and the impact of <a href="/wiki/Magadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadhi">Magadhan Prakrit</a>, the official language of the Mauryan Empire, on the local dialects resulted in the formation of early <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, as was the case with other Aryan vernaculars. During this era <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was introduced to Goa. Similarly a native Goan named Purna, also known as Punna in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, who traveled to <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> is considered a direct disciple of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, who popularised Buddhism in Goa in the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-maurya_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurya-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Satavahanas_(c._2nd_century_BCE_to_2nd_CE)"><span id="The_Satavahanas_.28c._2nd_century_BCE_to_2nd_CE.29"></span>The Satavahanas (c. 2nd century BCE to 2nd CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Satavahanas (c. 2nd century BCE to 2nd CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a></div> <p>The Satavahana dynasty ruled Goa through their coastal vassals, the <a href="/wiki/Chutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutu">Chutus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a>. This period is estimated to have lasted from around the 2nd century BC to 100 AD. The Satavahanas had established maritime power and their contacts with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from the coastal trade from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a> to Sopara to Goa, where <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and Roman ships would halt during voyages. The Bhojas fortified themselves after the end of Satavahana Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-sat_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the fall of the Satavahanas, the lucrative seaborne trade declined.<sup id="cite_ref-sattr_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sattr-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Greek converts to Buddhism settled in Goa during this period. Buddha statues in Greek styles have been found in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be seen that they ruled a very small part of Goa. <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtri">Maharashtri</a> <i>prakrit</i> was their language of administration, which influenced medieval Konkani to a great extent.<sup id="cite_ref-maharashtri_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maharashtri-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Goa under the Western Kshatrapas</dt></dl> <p>In the year 150AD, <a href="/wiki/Vashishtiputra_Satakarni" title="Vashishtiputra Satakarni">Vashishtiputra Satakarni</a> was defeated by his son-in-law, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapas">Kshatrapa</a> King <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman_I" title="Rudradaman I">Rudradaman I</a> who established his rule over Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-rudra_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudra-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dynasty ruled the territory until 249AD. Thereafter the dynasty's power seems to have been weakened by their generals, the <a href="/wiki/Abhiras" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhiras">Abhiras</a><sup id="cite_ref-shat_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shat-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mauryas_of_Puri">The Mauryas of Puri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Mauryas of Puri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mauryas_of_Puri" title="Mauryas of Puri">Mauryas of Puri</a></div> <p>The history of the Mauryas is almost non-existent. The existing records disclose the names of only three of the dynasty's kings, namely <i>Suketavarman</i>, who ruled some time in the 4th or 5th centuries, <i>Chandravarman</i> in the 6th century, and <i>Ajitavarman</i> in the 7th century, who ruled from <i>Kumardvipa</i> or modern <i>Kumarjuve</i>, but beyond that the records provide no clue as to their mutual relationship. These dates were determined by comparing the style of the <a href="/wiki/Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagari script">Nagari script</a> in which these records are written with the evolution of this script, which may be dated fairly accurately. It is possible to infer from the places mentioned in these records and their discovery locations that at its zenith, the Western Maurya Kingdom comprised the Lata or South Gujarat, coastal Maharashtra, Goa, and approximately half of the North Kanara district. After the Maurya Empire had passed its meridian in the 2nd century BC its satrap in Aparanta made himself independent. A scion of the imperial Mauryas, he founded a dynasty that ruled over the west coast for nearly four centuries from its capital <i>Shurparaka</i> or modern <a href="/wiki/Sopara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopara">Sopara</a>. This dynasty was known as the <i>Konkan Mauryas</i>. Goa was called <i>Sunaparant</i> by the Mauryas.<sup id="cite_ref-maurya_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurya-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhojas_(c._2nd_century_BCE_to_4th_CE)"><span id="Bhojas_.28c._2nd_century_BCE_to_4th_CE.29"></span>Bhojas (c. 2nd century BCE to 4th CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bhojas (c. 2nd century BCE to 4th CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhojas_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojas of Goa">Bhojas of Goa</a></div> <p>First existing as vassals of the Mauryas and later as an independent kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Bhojas_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojas of Goa">Bhojas</a> ruled Goa for more than 500 years, annexing the entirety of Goa. The earliest known record of the Bhojas from Goa dates from the 4th century, it was found in the town of <a href="/wiki/Shiroda,_Goa" title="Shiroda, Goa">Shiroda</a> in Goa. According to Puranik, by tradition the Bhojas belonged to the clan of <a href="/wiki/Yadavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadavas">Yadavas</a>, who may have migrated to Goa via <a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dwaraka</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabharata war">Mahabharata war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyak_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyak-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Bhoja <a href="/wiki/Indian_copper_plate_inscriptions" title="Indian copper plate inscriptions">copperplates</a> grants dating back to the 3rd century BC were unearthed from <a href="/wiki/Bandora,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandora, India">Bandora</a> village, written by King Prithvimallavarman. Ancient <i>Chandrapur</i>, modern day <a href="/wiki/Chandor" title="Chandor">Chandor</a>, was the capital of the Bhoja Empire. </p><p>From the Bhoja inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan, it is evidenced that the Bhojas used <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> for administration. According to Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri, many <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishyas</a> arrived with Kshatriyas Bhojas from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> Bhojas patronised <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and employed many Buddhist converts of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-bus_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bus-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdoms_to_Late_Medieval_period_(1st_century_CE_to_16th)"><span id="Kingdoms_to_Late_Medieval_period_.281st_century_CE_to_16th.29"></span>Kingdoms to Late Medieval period (1st century CE to 16th)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kingdoms to Late Medieval period (1st century CE to 16th)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_dynasties_(to_16th_century)"><span id="Table_of_dynasties_.28to_16th_century.29"></span>Table of dynasties (to 16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Table of dynasties (to 16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goa was ruled by several dynasties of various origins from circa the beginning of the common era to 1500.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since Goa had been under the sway of several dynasties, there was no organised judicial or policing system in those days, except for traditional arrangements governed by absolute rulers and local chieftains. There may have been more order under Muslim rule.<sup id="cite_ref-dyn_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyn-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Goa was not ruled as a singular kingdom. Parts of this territory were ruled by several different kingdoms. The boundaries of these kingdoms were not clearly defined and the kings were content to consider their dominions as extending over many villages, which paid tribute and owed them allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-early_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="88"> <caption>Dynasties controlling Goa from the 1st century BC to 1500 AD </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of the ruler</th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a></td> <td>2nd–4th centuries AD </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abhir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhir">Abhiras</a>, Batapuras, <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhojas</a></td> <td>4th–6th centuries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas">Chalukyas</a> of Badami</td> <td>6th–8th centuries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malkhed" class="mw-redirect" title="Malkhed">Malkhed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">Shilaharas</a></td> <td>8th–10th centuries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadambas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadambas">Kadambas</a></td> <td>1006–1356 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yadavas_of_Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadavas of Devagiri">Yadavas of Devagiri</a></td> <td>12th and 13th centuries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td> <td>14th and 15th centuries </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a></td> <td>15th century </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shilaharas_(755_–_1000)"><span id="Shilaharas_.28755_.E2.80.93_1000.29"></span>Shilaharas (755 – 1000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shilaharas (755 – 1000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">Shilaharas</a> of South Konkan ruled Goa from 755 until 1000 AD. Sannaphulla, the founder of the dynasty, was a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakutas</a>. Their copper-plate inscriptions suggest that they ruled from Vallipattana (there is no unanimity amongst the scholars regarding identification of Vallipattana, some identify it with Balli in Goa, or it may either be Banda or Kharepatan in the modern-day state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chandor" title="Chandor">Chandrapura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopakapattana" title="Gopakapattana">Gopakapattana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shilahara_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shilahara-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a tumultuous period in Goan history. As the Goa Shilahara power waned during the 11th century, the Arab traders gained increasing control of the overseas trade. They enjoyed autonomy from the Shilaharas. In order to control this decline, Kadamba King Guhalladeva I, ruling from <a href="/wiki/Chandor" title="Chandor">Chandor</a>, established secular, political, and economic partnerships with these Arab states. After the Chalukyas defeated the Rashtrakutas, exploiting this situation to their advantage, the Kadamba King, Shashthadeva II, firmly established his rule in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-shilahara_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shilahara-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kadambas_(10th_century_to_14th)"><span id="Kadambas_.2810th_century_to_14th.29"></span>Kadambas (10th century to 14th)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kadambas (10th century to 14th)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Goa" title="Kadambas of Goa">Kadambas of Goa</a></div> <p>The Kadambas ruled Goa between the 10th and 14th centuries. In the beginning, the Kadambas ruled only <a href="/wiki/Salcette" class="mw-redirect" title="Salcette">Sashti</a> present day Salcette, a small part of Konkan. They ruled from <a href="/wiki/Chandor" title="Chandor">Chandor</a>, over a large part of Goa, but the port of <a href="/wiki/Gopakapattana" title="Gopakapattana">Gopakapattana</a> was not included in the early years.<sup id="cite_ref-kadamb_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadamb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Port_of_Gopakapattana_(10th_century_to_1345)"><span id="Port_of_Gopakapattana_.2810th_century_to_1345.29"></span>Port of Gopakapattana (10th century to 1345)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Port of Gopakapattana (10th century to 1345)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later King Shashthadeva conquered the island of Goa, including the ports of Gopakapattana and Kapardikadvipa, and annexed a large part of South Konkan to his kingdom. He made Gopakapattana as his secondary capital. His successor, King Jayakeshi I<i>,</i> expanded the Goan kingdom. The Sanskrit Jain text <i>Dvayashraya</i> mentions the extent of his capital. Port Gopakapattana had trade contacts with <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (mentioned as Zaguva, Gauda, Gurjara, and Simhala in the Sanskrit texts). The city has been described in the contemporary records not only as aesthetically pleasing, but spiritually cleansing as well. Because it was a trading city, Gopakapattana was influenced by many cultures, and its architecture and decorative works showed this cosmopolitan effect. The capital was served by an important highway called Rajvithi or Rajpath, which linked it with <a href="/wiki/Old_Goa" title="Old Goa">Ela</a>, the ruins of which can still be seen. For more than 300 years, it remained a centre for intra-coastal and trans-oceanic trade from Africa to Malaya. Later in the 14th century, the port was looted by the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a> general <a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a>. The capital was transferred to Chandor and then back to Gopakapattana because of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a>'s attack on Chandor.<sup id="cite_ref-kadamb_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadamb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiritual_Nature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spiritual_Nature.jpg/220px-Spiritual_Nature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spiritual_Nature.jpg/330px-Spiritual_Nature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Spiritual_Nature.jpg/440px-Spiritual_Nature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3581" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Temple,_Tambdi_Surla" title="Mahadev Temple, Tambdi Surla">Mahadeva Temple at Tambdi Surla</a>, built during the 12th century CE is one of the few surviving medieval temples in Goa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Guhalladeva III, Jayakeshi II, Shivachitta Paramadideva, Vinshuchitta II and Jayakeshi III dominated Goa's political scene in the 12th century. During the rule of Kadambas, the name and fame of Goapuri had reached it zenith. Goa's religion, culture, trade and arts flourished under the rule of these kings. The Kings and their queens built many <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> temples as they were devout <a href="/wiki/Shaivites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivites">Shaivites</a>. They assumed titles like Konkanadhipati, Saptakotisha Ladbha Varaveera, Gopakapura varadhishva, Konkanmahacharavarti and Panchamahashabda.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kings had matrimonial relationships with the Kings of Saurashtra, and even the local chieftains. The Kings patronised <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic religion</a> and performed major fire sacrifices like <i>the horse sacrifice</i> or <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a>. They are also known for patronising <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> in Goa. </p><p>Though their language of administration was <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, Konkani and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> were also prevalent. They introduced Kannada language to Goa, which had a very profound influence on the local tongue. <a href="/wiki/Nagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagari script">Nagari script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halekannada" class="mw-redirect" title="Halekannada">Halekannada script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi scripts</a> were very popular. Kadamba Tribhuvanamalla, inscribed a record, dated saka 1028 or AD 1106, that he established a Brahmapuri at Gopaka.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahmapuris were ancient universities run by the Brahmins where the Vedas, astrology, philosophy, medicine, and other subjects were studied. Such Brahampuris were found in many places in Goa such as Savoi verem and Gauli moula. </p><p>Kadambas ruled Goa for more than 400 years. On 16 October 1345<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goa Kadamba King Suriya Deva was assassinated by Muslim invaders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahmani_Sultanate_(1350-1370,_1469-1492)"><span id="Bahmani_Sultanate_.281350-1370.2C_1469-1492.29"></span>Bahmani Sultanate (1350-1370, 1469-1492)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bahmani Sultanate (1350-1370, 1469-1492)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1350 to 1370, Goa was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a>. In 1469 Goa was again conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gulbarga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulbarga">Gulbarga</a>. This Sultanate broke up in 1492. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vijayanagara_Empire_(14th_century_to_15th)"><span id="Vijayanagara_Empire_.2814th_century_to_15th.29"></span>Vijayanagara Empire (14th century to 15th)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vijayanagara Empire (14th century to 15th)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1370, the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> had reconquered Goa. Vijayanagara was a resurgent Hindu state controlling much of south India; its capital was located at modern day <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. The Vijayanagara rulers then held Goa for nearly a century. During that time its harbours were important ports of arrival for <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horses</a> destined for the Vijayanagara cavalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bijapur_Sultanate_(1492-1510)"><span id="Bijapur_Sultanate_.281492-1510.29"></span>Bijapur Sultanate (1492-1510)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bijapur Sultanate (1492-1510)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a>, which established <a href="/wiki/Goa_Velha" title="Goa Velha">Goa Velha</a> as its second capital. The former Secretariat building in Panaji is a former Adil Shahi palace. It functioned for the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> as the official residence of their <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Portuguese_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Portuguese India">Viceroys</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese_rule_(1510–1961)"><span id="Portuguese_rule_.281510.E2.80.931961.29"></span>Portuguese rule (1510–1961)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Portuguese rule (1510–1961)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oda_Nobunaga_swivel_breech_loading_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Oda_Nobunaga_swivel_breech_loading_gun.jpg/220px-Oda_Nobunaga_swivel_breech_loading_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Oda_Nobunaga_swivel_breech_loading_gun.jpg/330px-Oda_Nobunaga_swivel_breech_loading_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Oda_Nobunaga_swivel_breech_loading_gun.jpg/440px-Oda_Nobunaga_swivel_breech_loading_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">breech-loading swivel gun</a> thought to have been constructed in the 16th century in Goa. It was exported to Japan and used in the time of <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_arrival">Portuguese arrival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Portuguese arrival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> commanded the first circumnavigation of Africa, relying on stories and maps from earlier Portuguese voyages. His fleet of four ships set off from Lisbon in 1497. After island stops at <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> and Cape Verde, the ships made landfall on the West African coast. They then steered southwest into the vast South Atlantic Ocean. Near Brazil, by making an eastward turn, they headed toward the southern cape of Africa which they rounded. After passing by the Rio do Infante described earlier by a fellow explorer, a northward course was set. The ships stopped at the East African ports of Mozambique, Mombasa and Malinda. An Arab pilot, or an Indian, then guided their remaining course across the Arabian Sea. A year out from Lisbon, de Gama's fleet landed in Calicut, India. Their arrival signalled the end of Muslim monopoly over the region's maritime trade. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> ships came to India, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">seas to the east</a> had been dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Thalassocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassocratic">thalassocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>, followed by their <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra dynasty</a> successors and other Indianized seafaring states of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. "Indian ship-building had a high reputation at the time". Yet "by the fifteenth century the navigation of Indian waters was in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>" both toward the east and westward toward the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Gulf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afonso_de_Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Afonso de Albuquerque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afonso_de_Albuquerque_(with_Santiago_cloak).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28with_Santiago_cloak%29.jpg/220px-Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28with_Santiago_cloak%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28with_Santiago_cloak%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>The governor of India Afonso de Albuquerque.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">Portuguese conquest of Goa</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> arrived to serve as the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">Portuguese viceroy</a> of the East (1505-1509), already there was a <a href="/wiki/6th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Albergaria,_1504)" title="6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)">regional war</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>. In 1505 the <a href="/wiki/Estado_da_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado da India">Estado da India</a> was established there, in <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> considerably south of Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almeida ended his tenure with a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">naval victory fought off Diu</a>, far to the north in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. </p><p>The admiral <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> became second viceroy (1509-1515). In 1510 <a href="/wiki/Timoji" title="Timoji">Timoji</a> requested the Portuguese to take over Goa. The offer was welcomed. The city then was quickly seized from <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Adil_Shah" title="Ismail Adil Shah">Ismail Adil Shah</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a>, but as quickly lost. Albuquerque, however, returned in force on 25 November.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a day the gunnery of the Portuguese ships, and armed parties landing on shore, regained possession. Ismail Adil Shah and his <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Egyptian Mamluk</a> allies formally surrendered Goa on 10 December. An estimate held that 6,000 of the 9,000 Muslim defenders died, in the battle on the streets or trying to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albuquerque gained direct support from the Hindu people, which frustrated Timoji. He had expected to take autocratic command of the city. Albuquerque appointed him instead chief <a href="/wiki/Alguacil" title="Alguacil">Aguazil</a>, an administrative office whose role included being the Hindu representative. Timoji was a learned interpreter of local customs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Jizya_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Jizya tax">jizya tax</a>, Albuquerque secured his victory. "Most of the population of Goa were <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani-speaking</a> Hindus [and] Albuquerque had the good sense to cut their taxes in half".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of frequent attacks by raiders, Goa became the centre of Portuguese India. The conquest drew deference from several neighboring kingdoms: the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Gujarat">Sultan of Gujarat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Calicut dispatched embassies, offering alliances and local concessions, e.g., to build fortifications. </p><p>Albuquerque started a Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> in Goa. Local merchants and Timoji had complained about the scarcity of currency. The new coin served to announce the recent conquests.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its value was pegged to existing coins.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional mint was built in Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Gestus_et_habitus_tam_civium_quam_militum_Lusitanorum_in_oriente_agentium%22_(26277720302).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%22Gestus_et_habitus_tam_civium_quam_militum_Lusitanorum_in_oriente_agentium%22_%2826277720302%29.jpg/220px-%22Gestus_et_habitus_tam_civium_quam_militum_Lusitanorum_in_oriente_agentium%22_%2826277720302%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%22Gestus_et_habitus_tam_civium_quam_militum_Lusitanorum_in_oriente_agentium%22_%2826277720302%29.jpg/330px-%22Gestus_et_habitus_tam_civium_quam_militum_Lusitanorum_in_oriente_agentium%22_%2826277720302%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%22Gestus_et_habitus_tam_civium_quam_militum_Lusitanorum_in_oriente_agentium%22_%2826277720302%29.jpg/440px-%22Gestus_et_habitus_tam_civium_quam_militum_Lusitanorum_in_oriente_agentium%22_%2826277720302%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5167" data-file-height="4202" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese in Asia, in <i>Itinerario</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten" title="Jan Huyghen van Linschoten">Jan Huygen van Linschoten</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Albuquerque and his successors left the customs and constitutions of the thirty village communities on the island almost untouched, abolishing only the rite of <i><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a></i>, in which widows were burned on their husband's funeral pyre. A register of these customs (<i>Foral de usos e costumes</i>) was published in 1526; it is among the most valuable historical documents pertaining to Goan customs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goa was the base for Albuquerque's conquest of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in 1511 and <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a> in 1515. Albuquerque intended it to be a colony and a naval base, distinct from the fortified factories established in certain Indian seaports. Goa was made capital of the Portuguese Vice-Kingdom in Asia, and the other Portuguese possessions in India, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and other bases in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> in China and trade bases in Japan were under the suzerainty of its <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>. By mid-16th century, the area under occupation had expanded to most of present-day limits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_new_Goan_polity">The new Goan polity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The new Goan polity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Goa" title="Special:EditPage/History of Goa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Goa%22">"History of Goa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Goa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Goa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Goa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Goa%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Goa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Civil government, jurisdiction</dt></dl> <p>An initial aim of the rulers of Goa was military security, especially from the threat posed by the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur sultanate</a>. Goa's head of state, often titled the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">Viceroy</a>, was appointed directly by the Portuguese King. The viceroy might consult the finance council, the captain of the armed forces, the <a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo"><i>fidalgos</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Goa">Archbishop of Goa</a>, the chief of judiciary, the <i>Vereador da Fazenda</i> (superintendent of finance), the merchants, and others in informal councils. Commercial success was a primary objective, the purchase in quantity of fine spices to carry back to Europe. Ancillary objectives were creation of a spice-trade monopoly with control over merchant competitors, and levying duties on the cargoes of merchant vessels. Scores of commercial posts and stations were established, not only throughout India, but from <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (Africa) and <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a> (the Gulf) to <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> (Malaya) and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (China).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/330px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/440px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, circa 1540</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese rule in Goa</a> endured for four and a half centuries. Its Senate or municipal chamber maintained direct communications with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_royalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese royalty">King</a> and paid a special representative to attend to its interests at Court. In 1563 the Governor proposed to make Goa the seat of a parliament representing all parts of the Portuguese east, but this was rejected by the King. Eventually Goa was granted the same civic privileges as <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese rulers in Goa were either <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Portuguese_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Portuguese India">Viceroys or Governors</a>. Their original jurisdiction included those <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">possessions of the Portuguese</a> from east Africa to south Asia and east Asia. The first viceroy to serve located himself in <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> to the south of Goa on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>; in 1510 this Portuguese seat of government was then established at <a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Velha Goa</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Control of navigation</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carrack_1565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carrack_1565.jpg/220px-Carrack_1565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carrack_1565.jpg/330px-Carrack_1565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carrack_1565.jpg/440px-Carrack_1565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption>1565 illustration of a Portuguese carrack.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chief among the rivals of Portuguese Goa were the traders of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> (Kozhikode) on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>). The Zamorin's merchant ships regularly sailed on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, also venturing in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. Other formidable sea traders were of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> to the north. Opponents of the Portuguese in India could then effectively convert their merchant vessels into warships. Early naval battles were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul_(1508)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chaul (1508)">Chaul</a> (1508), and a decisive one off <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Diu</a> (1509) won by the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naval combat worked to decide the status of the rivals. The distinct advantage of the Portuguese was the <a href="/wiki/Naval_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval cannon">cannon</a> mounted on their ships. Vasco de Gama's flagship <i>San Gabriel</i> alone carried twenty guns of quality manufacture. Their mostly Muslim antagonists, lacking ship cannon, could not compete in the <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">sea battles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>'s invasion of India in 1526 used cannon, their use "on ships at sea was not known" before the Portuguese. Further, the well-made sailing ships of India had hulls sewn together not nailed, better in some weather, but unable to absorb the recoil from discharge of onboard cannon. "India was, on most criteria, one of the advanced countries of the world." Yet regarding naval cannon, gunnery, ship design, and nautical skill, the Portuguese had the edge.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> also disputed control of the Indian Ocean. At <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> overland by camel they transported Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> in pieces for reassembly on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, to reinforce their naval forces. From 1538 to 1553 the Turks sent <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_naval_expeditions_in_the_Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean">battle fleets against the Portuguese</a>. In several key engagements, however, the transoceanic <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a> outmaneuvered the Turkish galleys.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hence, from Goa the Portuguese were able to <a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">command</a> the Indian Ocean. They instituted a system to tax its trade. Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Cartaz" title="Cartaz">cartazes</a> (permits for navigation) were issued to owners of merchant vessels. The <i>cartaza</i> obliged the captain to keep to his ship's declared route and stop at the named Portuguese fort to pay duties on merchandise. "Any ship sailing without their <i>cartas</i> was treated as a pirate and was liable to capture and confiscation. . . . The Arab sea trade with India... passed into the hands of the Portuguese."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the sixteenth century "some eight hundred Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a>" sailed in Indian waters, which became "virtually a Portuguese monopoly."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>The spice trade</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/450px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/675px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/900px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5011" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joannes_van_Doetecum_the_Elder" title="Joannes van Doetecum the Elder">Johannes van Doetecum</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Market_of_Goa_(Van_Doetecum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market of Goa (Van Doetecum)">Market of Goa</a>", from <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huygen_van_Linschoten" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Huygen van Linschoten">Jan Huygen</a>'s 1596 <i>Itinerario</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Portuguese control of the waters off South Asia enabled them to master the lucrative spice trade during the 16th century. They coordinated and consolidated their operations from their base at Goa. At first their merchants, called <a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">factors</a>, were unfamiliar with the local produce markets, and with appraising the quality of different spices. They learned how not to overpay for poor quality. For storage until seasonal ships left for Portugal, they set up warehouses called factories. At strategic positions on many coasts of the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese established well-guarded, <a href="/wiki/Fortified" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified">fortified</a> factories.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a> of Goa, goods from all parts of the East were displayed. Separate streets were designated for the sale of different classes of goods: <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> pearls and coral, Chinese porcelain and silk, Portuguese velvet and piece-goods, and drugs and spices from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>. Fine peppers came from the nearby Malabar coast. Goa was then called <i>Goa Dourada</i>, i.e., <i>Golden Goa</i>. </p><p>Especially the Portuguese enjoyed the great rewards to be made by shipping spice cargoes around Africa to Lisbon. The ever increasing demand of Europe meant ready buyers willing to pay top prices. "Arab and Venetian merchants remained in the spice trade throughout the century of Portuguese power in Asia" but the "trade has shifted dramatically". The middle-merchant carriers had been short-circuited by the ships direct to Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Plan_de_Goa%22,_in_Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages,1750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%22Plan_de_Goa%22%2C_in_Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages%2C1750.jpg/220px-%22Plan_de_Goa%22%2C_in_Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages%2C1750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%22Plan_de_Goa%22%2C_in_Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages%2C1750.jpg/330px-%22Plan_de_Goa%22%2C_in_Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages%2C1750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%22Plan_de_Goa%22%2C_in_Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages%2C1750.jpg/440px-%22Plan_de_Goa%22%2C_in_Histoire_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_voyages%2C1750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5707" data-file-height="3339" /></a><figcaption>Map of Goa, in <i>Histoire générale des Voyages</i>, de la Harpe, 1750.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Life in Goa</dt></dl> <p>In 1542, St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> mentions the architectural splendour of the city. Goa reached the height of its prosperity between 1575 and 1625. Travellers marvelled at <i>Goa Dourada</i>, i.e., <i>Golden Goa</i>. A Portuguese proverb said, "He who has seen Goa need not see <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>." The houses of the rich were surrounded by gardens and <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm</a> groves; they were built of stone and painted red or white. Instead of glass, their balconied windows had thin polished oyster-shells set in lattice-work. The social life of Goa's rulers befitted the capitol of the viceregal court, the army and navy, and the church; luxury and ostentation became a byword before the end of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_Britannica_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_Britannica-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, according to Portuguese records there was a Cholera epidemic in 1543, "It is said that deaths from the disposal of the disease were so numerous that the disposal of bodies was a formidable task"<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Hoz_habitu,_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_(26344165136).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg/220px-%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg/330px-%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg/440px-%22Hoz_habitu%2C_qui_e_Lusitanis_nobilitate_aut_dignitate_clariores_in_India_..._obequitant%22_%2826344165136%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="4161" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese nobleman in Goa accompanied by a retinue.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the main street, African and Indian slaves were sold by auction. Almost all manual labour was performed by slaves. The common soldiers assumed high-sounding titles, and even the poor noblemen who congregated in boarding-houses subscribed for a few silken cloaks, a silken umbrella and a common man-servant, so that each could take his turn to promenade the streets, fashionably attired and with a proper escort.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_Britannica_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_Britannica-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1583, Christian missionary activity in the village of <a href="/wiki/Cuncolim" title="Cuncolim">Cuncolim</a> led to conflicts, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Cuncolim_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncolim Revolt">Cuncolim Revolt</a>. The first massacre happened when <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> villagers killed five Catholic priests (including an Italian nobleman) and fourteen native Christians. The Portuguese authorities then destroyed orchards and attacked the Hindu villagers. Cuncolim village had sixteen chieftains, one for each ward or <i>vado</i> of the village. The sixteen were called to Assolna Fort, ostensibly to discuss a peace pact. At the fort the Portuguese executed the chieftains, except for one who jumped into the Assolna River and presumably swam to <a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a>. The Hindus of Cuncolim then refused to pay taxes, and the Portuguese confiscated their land. In 1560 the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> began, ending in 1812. The Hindu villagers who did not want to become Christian then left their villages with their idols before their temples were demolished. Most of these Hindus then settled in the neighbouring areas that were ruled by Bijapur, and again had to pay the jizya tax.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Printing press, medical college</dt></dl> <p>In 1556 a <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> was first installed India at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Goa" title="Saint Paul's College, Goa">Saint Paul's College</a> in Goa. Through publications made on the printing press, Goa opened a window on the knowledge and customs of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuits brought this European-style, metal <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> technology to <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> in China in 1588 and to Japan in 1590.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuits also founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> in the Philippines, the oldest existing European-style university in the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same period, <a href="/wiki/Goa_Medical_College" title="Goa Medical College">Goa Medical College</a> was established as the first European medical college in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Garcia_da_Orta" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcia da Orta">Garcia da Orta</a> (1501-1568) wrote in Goa a treatise in Portuguese on the medicinal plants of India, <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3quios_dos_simples_e_drogas_da_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India">Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published in 1563 in Goa on the new printing press, which contained many errors in its type-setting. The author was a physician, an herbalist, a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Pharmacognosy" title="Pharmacognosy">pharmacognosy</a>, and originally a <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jew">Sephardic Jew</a>. As a <i>Cristão Novo</i> (<a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a>) he had escaped the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>; but one of his sisters was not as fortunate.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_in_Goa">Christianity in Goa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Christianity in Goa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churcholdgoa_(64).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Churcholdgoa_%2864%29.JPG/220px-Churcholdgoa_%2864%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Churcholdgoa_%2864%29.JPG/330px-Churcholdgoa_%2864%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Churcholdgoa_%2864%29.JPG/440px-Churcholdgoa_%2864%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>Chapel of St. Catherine, built during the Portuguese occupation in <a href="/wiki/Old_Goa" title="Old Goa">Old Goa</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Goan_Catholics" title="History of Goan Catholics">History of Goan Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Goa" title="Hinduism in Goa">Hinduism in Goa</a></div> <p>The Crown in Lisbon undertook to finance missionary activity; missionaries and priests converted large numbers of people in all spheres of society, especially in Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Francis Xavier in Goa, pioneered the establishment of a seminary, called <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Goa" title="Saint Paul's College, Goa">Saint Paul's College</a>. It was the first Jesuit headquarters in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St Francis founded the college to train Jesuit missionaries. He went to the Far East, traveling towards China. Missionaries of the Jesuit Order spread out through India, going as far north as the court of the great Mughal Emperor Jallaluddin <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>. Having heard about the Jesuits, he invited them to come and teach him and his children about Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Goa, the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit order">Jesuit order</a> was able to set up base almost anywhere in Asia for evangelistic missions, including the founding of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> colleges, universities and faculties of education. Jesuits are known for their work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits, and for their missionary efforts. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Saint Paul's College Goa was a base for their evangelisation of Macau, and then for their important missionary campaigns into China and Japan. Macau eventually superseded St Paul's College, Goa. They built <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Macau" title="St. Paul's College, Macau">St Paul College</a> in 1594 (now the University of Macau), known in Latin as the college of <i>Mater Dei</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nunez_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nunez-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his personal enmity with the Jesuits, the <a href="/wiki/Marques_de_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marques de Pombal">Marquês de Pombal</a> expelled the order from Portuguese territories in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Macau university combined evangelisation with education.<sup id="cite_ref-Nunez_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nunez-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 1600 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a> made the long voyage from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to Goa, where he pursued his higher studies at St. Paul's College and was ordained a Jesuit priest. He eventually became rector of the same college. He made a landmark missionary expedition from Goa, across the length of India and into Tibet. He overcame incredible hardships in the journey as the first European to cross the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya mountains">Himalaya mountains</a> into Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he founded churches and a mission in 1625.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body of the co-founder of the Society of Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, whose example many Goan missionaries tried to emulate by engaging in evangelizing work in Asia, was shipped to Goa on 11 December 1553. Goa has also produced its own saints: the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cuncolim" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs of Cuncolim">martyrs of Cuncolim</a>; St. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vaz" title="Joseph Vaz">Joseph Vaz</a>, whose missionary exploits in Sri Lanka are remembered with gratitude in that country; and the Venerable <a href="/wiki/Agnelo_de_Souza" title="Agnelo de Souza">Agnelo de Souza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 16th-century monument, the cathedral or Sé, was constructed during Portugal's Golden Age, and is the largest church in Asia, as well as larger than any church in Portugal. The church is 250 ft in length and 181 ft in breadth. The frontispiece stands 115 ft high. The cathedral is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/St._Catherine_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catherine of Alexandria">St. Catherine of Alexandria</a> and is also known as St. Catherine's Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was on her feast day in 1510 that Afonso de Albuquerque defeated the Muslim army and took possession of the city of Goa. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg/220px-The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg/330px-The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg/440px-The_procession_of_the_Inquisition_in_Goa_entering_th_Wellcome_V0041645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="2277" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a> procession of the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Inquisition at Goa</a>. The Goa Inquisition, which was established in 1560 and abolished in 1820, persecuted <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, and other religious minorities</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> was the office of the Inquisition acting within the Indian state of Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia. It was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774 to 1778, and finally abolished in 1812. Based on the records that survive, H. P. Salomon and I. S. D. Sassoon state that between the Inquisition's beginning in 1561 and its temporary abolition in 1774, some 16,202 persons were brought to trial. Of this number, only 57 were sentenced to death and executed; another 64 were burned in effigy. Most were subjected to lesser punishments or penances. </p><p>The Inquisition was established to punish <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a> who continued practicing their ancestral religion in secret. Many Sephardic Jews (as falsely-converted Catholics) had immigrated to Goa from the Iberian peninsula. Due to persecution by the Inquisition, most left and migrated to <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" title="Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>/Chennai) and <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>, where the English and the Dutch allowed them to be openly Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-Saraiva_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saraiva-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Goa the Inquisition also scrutinised Indian converts from Hinduism or Islam who were thought to have returned to their original ways.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It prosecuted non-converts who broke prohibitions against the observance of Hindu or Muslim rites, or interfered with Portuguese attempts to convert non-Christians to Catholicism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Goan Inquisition was abolished in 1812. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_neighboring_powers">Relations with neighboring powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Relations with neighboring powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Goa_1620_-_Manuel_Godinho_de_Her%C3%A9dia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portuguese_Goa_1620_-_Manuel_Godinho_de_Her%C3%A9dia.png/220px-Portuguese_Goa_1620_-_Manuel_Godinho_de_Her%C3%A9dia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portuguese_Goa_1620_-_Manuel_Godinho_de_Her%C3%A9dia.png/330px-Portuguese_Goa_1620_-_Manuel_Godinho_de_Her%C3%A9dia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Portuguese_Goa_1620_-_Manuel_Godinho_de_Her%C3%A9dia.png/440px-Portuguese_Goa_1620_-_Manuel_Godinho_de_Her%C3%A9dia.png 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>1620 map of Goa.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Bijapur</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi-Portuguese conflicts">Adil Shahi-Portuguese conflicts</a></div> <p>When the Portuguese arrived in Goa, they encountered the established regime of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a> under <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah" title="Yusuf Adil Shah">Yusuf Adil Shah</a> (1450-1510). The Adil Shah (written <i>Hidalcão</i> by the Portuguese) controlled Goa (and significant territory of the Sultanate) from his distant, inland capital. Led by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, in alliance with Timoji, their 1510 attack ended in Portuguese victory. Bijapur lost Goa, but continued as a large, local power.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1565 Bijapur and other <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">destroyed the capital</a> of the Hindu Empire <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar">Vijayanagara</a>, an ally of the Portuguese. From the spoils Bijapur doubled its size.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1571 Bijapur in an alliance of mostly Muslim sultanates (<a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ahmadnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Ahmadnagar">Ahmadnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Bijapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Calicut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aceh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Aceh">Aceh</a>) launched <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_the_Indies" title="War of the League of the Indies">determined attacks</a> on Goa, which failed. The defeat of this siege of Goa proved decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Kanara</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a> coastal regions lay immediately south of Goa. Many small principalities, largely autonomous, were under Vijayanagara, then Bijapur. <a href="/wiki/Timoji" title="Timoji">Timoji</a>, who played a role in the 1510 capture of Goa, was from Kanara, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Honavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Honavar">Honavar</a>. Goa traded with various Kanara rulers, which was an important source of rice for domestic consumption; other goods were pepper for export and timber for ships building. The Portuguese had built a fort and ran a factory in Kanara, and were often in effective local control. The <a href="/wiki/Nayak_(caste)" title="Nayak (caste)">Nayak</a> rulers of the Keladi ruling family, however, began to dispute with Goa over the prices paid for trade goods, and other issues. Goa was not able to pay the increases demanded. A series of treaties were nonetheless negotiated. Then hostile Dutch influence increased and Arabs from <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> began to compete with Goa for the Kanara trade.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Mughal</dt></dl> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (r. 1555–1605) ruled the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, he endeavored to harmonize the empire's conflicting religions. At Akbar's court, rival Muslim clerics had heated debates. At his new capital <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, meetings at his <a href="/wiki/Ibadat_Khana" title="Ibadat Khana">Ibadat Khana</a> [<i>House of Worship</i>] more variously included "Muslim scholars, Hindu <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandits</a>, Parsi <a href="/wiki/Mobed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobed">mobeds</a>, and Jain <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhus</a>". Akbar "invited Jesuits from Goa" but no Buddhists were in proximity. Conferring privately with Jesuits, Akbar discussed Christianity and Abrahamic theology.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1682 Akbar promulgated a syncretic <a href="/wiki/Din-i-Ilahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Din-i-Ilahi">Din-i-Ilahi</a> [<i>Divine Faith</i>].<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The crucial question about Akbar's religious activity is whether he established a new religion or new spiritual order." Either way, his efforts came to nought.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goa enjoyed a flourishing trade with <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, when Akbar annexed it in 1573. Agreeable relations were worked out, however, allowing the Portuguese at <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a> to continue to issue <a href="/wiki/Cartaz" title="Cartaz">cartazes</a> and collect duties on the sea trade. In 1602 the English arrived in Asia and pirated a loaded Portuguese merchant ship off <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>. In 1608 with 25,000 pieces of gold an English captain arranged for rights at <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, the Mughal Empire's principle trading port. This led to a two-year war between the Mughals and the Portuguese, ending with a feckless treaty in 1615. The Mughals, then dominate in India but weak at sea, began to play the Europeans off against each other. Under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (r. 1658–1707), the Mughals became frustrated by their war against the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>. Goa remained neutral, but once praised <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>'s valor.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Dutch</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_at_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_at_Goa.jpg/220px-Battle_at_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_at_Goa.jpg/330px-Battle_at_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_at_Goa.jpg/440px-Battle_at_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Naval battle at Goa between Dutch and Portuguese warships in 1639.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1595 there first appeared in Indian waters ships of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">United East India Company</a> (Dutch: <i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, for almost a century, the Portuguese had managed to keep secret their "more detailed information about India," especially their "priceless Portuguese navigation maps". Yet <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huygen_van_Linschoten" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Huygen van Linschoten">Jan Huygen van Linschoten</a>, who had worked in Goa, in 1592 came away with the coveted knowledge which "taught the Dutch how to use the monsoon winds to their best advantage."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also unfortunately for Portugal, Spain had initiated the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>, which united the two countries. Additionally, the Dutch and the Spanish were then fighting their <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>. In 1600 against Goa the Dutch allied with regional Muslim forces (the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bijapur" title="Sultanate of Bijapur">Sultanate of Bijapur</a>); then the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">made war on Goa</a>. The long-term result of these hostilities was the undoing of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_presence_in_Asia" title="Portuguese presence in Asia">Portuguese naval dominion in the Indian Ocean</a> and a loss of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">its preeminence in sea trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1603 and 1639, the city was blockaded by Dutch fleets, though never captured. The Dutch East India Company were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Travancore–Dutch War">Travancore–Dutch War</a>, which stifled their influence in the region. </p> <dl><dt>Vijayanagara</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> (1336-1646) ruled vast lands in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> when the Portuguese arrived in Goa. The empire's rise as a great power was said to encompass a "mission of upholding the Hindu cause against Islam." Vijayanagara had earlier governed Goa; its ruler <a href="/wiki/Viranarasimha_Raya" title="Viranarasimha Raya">Vira Narasimha Raya</a> (r. 1505–1509) contemplated retaking it, but soon died. <a href="/wiki/Krishnadeva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnadeva Raya">Krishna Deva Raya</a> (r. 1509–1529) then succeeded as ruler, said to be the empire's best. The Portuguese then were aggressively establishing control of maritime trade routes and coastal ports in <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a> and Goa. The regional political rivalries developed so that Vijayanagara and Goa remained aligned as friendly powers. The Portuguese supplied Vijayanagara with Persian horses.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Portuguese engineer improved irrigation for lands of Krishna Deva Raya.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vijayanagara was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota" title="Battle of Talikota">ultimately defeated</a> in 1646 by an alliance of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>. So vital was this alliance to Goa, that Goa lost much of its importance after the fall of Vijayanagara.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There began a gradual drop in Goa's prosperity. In 1635 Goa was ravaged by an <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (September 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Th%C3%A9venot" title="Jean de Thévenot">Jean de Thévenot</a> in 1666, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Balde" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Balde">Baldaeus</a> in 1672, and Fryer in 1675 described Goa in decline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Basilica_of_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Basilica_of_Goa.jpg/220px-The_Basilica_of_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Basilica_of_Goa.jpg/330px-The_Basilica_of_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_Basilica_of_Goa.jpg/440px-The_Basilica_of_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus" title="Basilica of Bom Jesus">Basilica of Bom Jesus</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Maratha</dt> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1683%E2%80%931684)" title="Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684)">Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684)</a></div></dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> (1674-1818) to the north grew steadily in strength, far surpassing that of the Mughal Empire, let alone Goa. After his escape from <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, the Maratha ruler Chhatrapati <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> (1627-1680) started a counterattack to recoup lands lost to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Purandar_(1665)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Purandar (1665)">Treaty of Purandar (1665)</a>. Against Goa, Chhatrapati Shivaji mounted an invasion that subdued the region adjoining the Old Conquestas. He captured <a href="/wiki/Pernem" title="Pernem">Pernem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicholim" title="Bicholim">Bicholim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattari">Sattari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponda,_Goa" title="Ponda, Goa">Ponda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanguem" title="Sanguem">Sanguem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quepem" title="Quepem">Quepem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canacona" title="Canacona">Canacona</a> from the Portuguese. Sawantwadi Bhonsale and Saudekar Rajas became his vassals. </p><p>The Maratha Chhatrapati <a href="/wiki/Sambhaji" title="Sambhaji">Sambhaji</a> (1657-1689), the son of C. Shivaji, tried in 1683 to conquer all of Goa. Chh. Sambhaji almost ousted the remaining Portuguese, but suddenly a <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Mughal army</a> appeared which prevented the Maratha from completing their conquest, resulting in the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_wars" title="Deccan wars">Deccan wars</a>. In 1739-1740 the territory of <a href="/wiki/Bardez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardez">Bardez</a> in north Goa was attacked by the Marathas, in order to pressure the Portuguese at <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Vasai</a>. The plan of conquest, however, was forestalled with "the payment of a large war indemnity."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1756 a Maratha Army invading Goa killed in action Luís Mascarenhas, Count of Alva (Conde de Alva), the Portuguese Viceroy. The Marathas, however faced an invasion from <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a>, resulting in their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> (1761). The Maratha <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a>'s overall control slackened throughout India.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese then defeated the regional Rajas of <a href="/wiki/Sawantwadi" title="Sawantwadi">Sawantwadi</a> and the Raja of Sunda to reconquer an area from Pernem to Canacona. This territory formed the Novas Conquistas, within the boundaries of present-day Goa. Following the Battle of Panipat, the Mughals retained their friendly relationship with the Portuguese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>English</dt></dl> <p>The long Dutch war described above led Portugal to seek an alliance with the English, which proved costly. The Dutch war did finally end in 1663.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1665 the English demanded in payment the cession of <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>. Officially it was part of the dowry of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a> on her ill-starred marriage to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. Though at first active rivals in India after the <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> arrived in 1601,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two latter attempted to coordinate against common enemies. The Maratha-derived "pirate" fleet led by the independent <a href="/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre" title="Kanhoji Angre">Kanhoji Angre</a> inspired such an uneasy alliance. The 1721 Anglo-Portuguese naval attack on Culaba, the Angria stronghold, was repulsed. It was a fiasco that then embittered the partnership.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estado_da_India:_18th_and_19th_centuries">Estado da India: 18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Estado da India: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1757, King <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I of Portugal</a> issued a decree, developed by his minister <a href="/wiki/Marques_de_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marques de Pombal">Marquês de Pombal</a>, granting Portuguese citizenship to all subjects in the Portuguese Indies, with the right to be represented in the Portuguese Parliament. Pombal (1699-1782), an anti-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>, served the King as the <i>de facto</i> leader of Portugal, 1750–1777.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enclaves of Goa, <a href="/wiki/Dam%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Damão">Damão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> became collectively known as the <i>Estado da Índia Portuguesa</i>. The first election was held in Goa on 14 January 1822. Three local citizens were elected as members of the Portuguese parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From their first arrival, the Portuguese intermarried among the converted natives of Goa. They produced Luso-Indian offspring, who were also Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1787, some disgruntled priests attempted a rebellion against Portuguese rule. It was known as the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Pintos" title="Conspiracy of the Pintos">Conspiracy of the Pintos</a>. </p><p>Goa was peacefully <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="British occupation of Goa">occupied by the British</a> between 1812 and 1815 in line with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p><p>The viceroy transferred his residence from the vicinity of Goa city to New Goa (in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <i>Nova Goa</i>), today's <a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a>. In 1843 this was made the official seat of government; it completed a move that had been discussed as early as 1684. <a href="/wiki/Old_Goa" title="Old Goa">Old Goa</a> city's population fell steeply during the 18th century as Europeans moved to the new city. Old Goa has been designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by UNESCO because of its history and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Goa_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa civil code">Goa civil code</a> was introduced in 1869 after Portuguese Goa and Damaon were elevated from being mere Portuguese colonies to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_Ultramarina" class="mw-redirect" title="Província Ultramarina">Província Ultramarina</a> (Overseas possession). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goa was neutral during the conflict like Portugal. As a result, at the outbreak of hostilities a number of Axis ships sought refuge in Goa rather than be sunk or captured by the British Royal Navy. Three German merchants ships, the <i>Ehrenfels</i>, the <i>Drachenfels</i> and the <i>Braunfels</i>, as well as an Italian ship, took refuge in the port of <a href="/wiki/Mormugao" title="Mormugao">Mormugao</a>. The <i>Ehrenfels</i> began transmitting Allied ship movements to the <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> operating in the Indian Ocean, an action that was extremely damaging to Allied shipping. </p><p>But the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was unable to take any official action against these ships because of Goa's stated neutrality. Instead the Indian mission of <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">SOE</a> backed a covert raid using members from the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Light_Horse" title="Calcutta Light Horse">Calcutta Light Horse</a>, a part-time unit made up of civilians who were not eligible for normal war service. The Light Horse embarked on an ancient Calcutta riverboat, the <i>Phoebe</i>, and sailed round India to Goa, where they sunk the <i>Ehrenfels</i>. The British then sent a decrypted radio message announcing it was going to seize the territory. This bluff made the other Axis crews scuttle their ships fearing they could be seized by British forces. </p><p>The raid was covered in the book <i>Boarding Party</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Leasor" title="James Leasor">James Leasor</a>. Due to the potential political ramifications of the fact that Britain had violated Portuguese neutrality, the raid remained secret until the book was published in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980 the story was made into the film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Wolves" title="The Sea Wolves">The Sea Wolves</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Niven" title="David Niven">David Niven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_Movement">Independence Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Independence Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Goa" title="Special:EditPage/History of Goa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Goan_independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan independence movement">Goan independence movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv/220px--Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="Goa_1955_invasion.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Goa_1955_invasion.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv/Goa_1955_invasion.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGoa_1955_invasion.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>In 1955 a group of unarmed civilians, the Satyagrahis, demonstrated against Portugal. At least twenty-two of them were killed by Portuguese gunfire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When India became independent in 1947, Goa remained under Portuguese control. The Indian government of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> demanded that Goa, along with a few other minor Portuguese holdings, be turned over to India. However, Portugal refused due to Goa being an integral part of Portugal since 1510. By contrast, France, which also had small enclaves in India (most notably <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>), surrendered all its <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">Indian possessions</a> relatively quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, a horde of armed Indians flooded into and took over the tiny land-locked enclaves of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>. This incident led the Portuguese to lodge a complaint against India in the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. The final judgement on this case, given in 1960, held that the Portuguese had a right to the enclaves, but that India equally had a right to deny Portugal access to the enclaves over Indian territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1955 a group of unarmed civilians, the Satyagrahis, demonstrated against Portugal. At least twenty-two of them were killed by Portuguese gunfire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Later the same year, these non-Goan Satyagrahis took over a fort at Tiracol and hoisted the Indian flag. They were driven out of Goa by the Portuguese with a number of casualties. On 1 September 1955, the Indian consulate in Goa was closed using this incident as an excuse; Nehru declared that his government would not tolerate the Portuguese presence in Goa. India then instituted a blockade against Goa, Damão, and Diu in an effort to force a Portuguese departure. Goa was then given its own airline by the Portuguese, the <a href="/wiki/Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_da_%C3%8Dndia_Portuguesa" title="Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa">Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa</a>, to overcome the blockade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_annexation_of_Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Indian annexation of Goa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></div> <p>On 27 February 1950, the Government of India asked the Portuguese government to open negotiations about the future of Portuguese colonies in India.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal asserted that its territory on the Indian subcontinent was not a colony but part of metropolitan Portugal and hence its transfer was non-negotiable, and that India had no rights to this territory because the Republic of India did not exist at the time when Goa came under Portuguese rule.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 December 1961, Indian troops crossed the border into <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Goa and annexed it</a>. Operation Vijay involved sustained land, sea and air strikes for more than thirty-six hours; it resulted in the unconditional surrender of Portuguese forces on 19 December 1961 by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vassalo_e_Silva" title="Manuel António Vassalo e Silva">Manuel António Vassalo e Silva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_K_C_Praval_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_K_C_Praval-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A United Nations resolution condemning the invasion was proposed by the United States and the United Kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, but it was vetoed by the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goa celebrates Liberation Day on 19 December every year, which is also a state holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Annexation_(1961_–_present)"><span id="Post-Annexation_.281961_.E2.80.93_present.29"></span>Post-Annexation (1961 – present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Post-Annexation (1961 – present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shubhankar_Shah_-_Goa_University_Library_-_8_March_2018-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shubhankar_Shah_-_Goa_University_Library_-_8_March_2018-1.jpg/220px-Shubhankar_Shah_-_Goa_University_Library_-_8_March_2018-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shubhankar_Shah_-_Goa_University_Library_-_8_March_2018-1.jpg/330px-Shubhankar_Shah_-_Goa_University_Library_-_8_March_2018-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shubhankar_Shah_-_Goa_University_Library_-_8_March_2018-1.jpg/440px-Shubhankar_Shah_-_Goa_University_Library_-_8_March_2018-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Goa_University" title="Goa University">Goa University</a> was established in 1985, although its affiliated colleges date back to as early as the 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_Union_Territory_(1961-1987)"><span id="As_a_Union_Territory_.281961-1987.29"></span>As a Union Territory (1961-1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: As a Union Territory (1961-1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu" title="Goa, Daman and Diu">Goa, Daman and Diu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1967_Goa_status_referendum" title="1967 Goa status referendum">1967 Goa status referendum</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language_agitation" title="Konkani language agitation">Konkani language agitation</a></div> <p>The territory of <a href="/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu" title="Goa, Daman and Diu">Goa, Daman and Diu</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> from 19 December 1961 to 30 May 1987. Its official language was declared to be <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, much to the anger of the majority of the native Goans. </p><p>After a brief period of military rule, on 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Goa" title="List of governors of Goa">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Kunhiraman_Palat_Candeth" title="Kunhiraman Palat Candeth">Kunhiraman Palat Candeth</a> nominated an informal <a href="/wiki/Goa_Legislative_Assembly" title="Goa Legislative Assembly">Consultative Council</a> of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory. <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Bandodkar" title="Dayanand Bandodkar">Dayanand Bandodkar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtrawadi_Gomantak_Party" title="Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party">Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party</a> was elected as the first Chief Minister of Goa, Daman and Diu. He attempted to merge Goa with Maharashtra by importing Marathi immigrants from the neighbouring state (Goa's population increased by almost 35% in the 1960s due to heavy immigration of Marathi people), but his plans were foiled by the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Opinion_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa Opinion Poll">Goa Opinion Poll</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Goa_(1987_-present)"><span id="State_of_Goa_.281987_-present.29"></span>State of Goa (1987 -present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: State of Goa (1987 -present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1987, the Indian government finally recognized Konkani as the official language of Goa. Goa was later admitted to Indian statehood in May 1987. <a href="/wiki/Pratapsingh_Rane" title="Pratapsingh Rane">Pratapsingh Rane</a>, who had previously served as Chief Minister of <a href="/wiki/Goa,_Daman_and_Diu" title="Goa, Daman and Diu">Goa, Daman and Diu</a>, was elected as the first Chief Minister of the newly formed state. </p><p>Goa has a high <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> compared to most Indian states.<sup id="cite_ref-report_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Goa</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Goa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Goa">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Goa" class="extiw" title="c:Goa">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Goa" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Goa">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Goa" class="extiw" title="q:Goa">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Goa" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Goa">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Goa" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Goa">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">Portuguese conquest of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholics_under_the_British_Indian_Empire" title="Goan Catholics under the British Indian Empire">Goan Catholics under the British Indian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackings_of_Goa_and_Bombay-Bassein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein">Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Goan_Catholics" title="History of Goan Catholics">History of Goan Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Goan_history" title="Timeline of Goan history">Timeline of Goan history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">Battle of Goa (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gune, Vithal Trimbak (1979) <i>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: Goa</i> (Goa)</li> <li>Nayak, K.D (1968) <i>Gomantakachi sanskrutic ghadan</i> [in Marathi] (Margao: Gomant Vidya Niketan)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Se_Cathedral" title="Se Cathedral">Cathedral of Santa Catarina</a>, also in Old Goa.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoddar2008" class="citation book cs1">Poddar, Prem (2 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=peOqBgAAQBAJ&q=Goa+was+made+India%27s+twenty-fifth+state&pg=PA454"><i>Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures – Continental Europe and its Empires</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748630271" title="Special:BookSources/9780748630271"><bdi>9780748630271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Companion+to+Postcolonial+Literatures+%E2%80%93+Continental+Europe+and+its+Empires&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft.isbn=9780748630271&rft.aulast=Poddar&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpeOqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DGoa%2Bwas%2Bmade%2BIndia%2527s%2Btwenty-fifth%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Goa/History">"Goa - History | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bombay: Thacker & Co. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+historical+and+archaeological+sketch+of+the+city+of+Goa+%3A+preceded+by+a+short+statistical+account+of+the+territory+of+Goa&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Thacker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Nicolau+da&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.pt%2F17211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudellerKorisettar1993" class="citation journal cs1">Goudeller, Luther D; Korisettar, Ravi (1993). "The first discovery of Acheulian bifaces in Goa: implications for the archaeology of the west coast of India". <i>Man and Environment</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man+and+Environment&rft.atitle=The+first+discovery+of+Acheulian+bifaces+in+Goa%3A+implications+for+the+archaeology+of+the+west+coast+of+India&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Goudeller&rft.aufirst=Luther+D&rft.au=Korisettar%2C+Ravi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhume5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dhume5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhume1986" class="citation book cs1">Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). <i>The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D</i>. 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Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 228 pages (see page 34). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120814646" title="Special:BookSources/9788120814646"><bdi>9788120814646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+rock+art+and+its+global+context&rft.pages=228+pages+%28see+page+34%29&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788120814646&rft.au=Kalyan+Kumar+Chakravarty&rft.au=Robert+G.+Bednarik&rft.au=Indir%C4%81+G%C4%81ndh%C4%AB+R%C4%81sh%E1%B9%ADr%C4%ABya+M%C4%81nava+Sa%E1%B9%85grah%C4%81laya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-us2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-us2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-us2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Goa in the Indian sub-continent: seminar papers</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+and+history+of+Goa&rft.atitle=7th+National+Conference+on+Marine+Archaeology+of+Indian+Ocean+Countries+%3A+Session+V&rft.aulast=Sakhardande&rft.aufirst=Prajal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nio.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_eventdisplay%26task%3Dview%26tid%3D4%26eid%3D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Nandkamat/PrehistoricGoanShamanismTheKushavatiRockArtGalleryGoaIndia#5469611125567591026">Kushavati Shamanic culture in Goa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-axe2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-axe2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-axe2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Souza1994" class="citation book cs1">De Souza, Teotonio R. 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Concept Publishing Company. pp. 176 pages (see page 33). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170225041" title="Special:BookSources/9788170225041"><bdi>9788170225041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+to+me&rft.pages=176+pages+%28see+page+33%29&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788170225041&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.aufirst=Teotonio+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-velha-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-velha_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1 Gazetteer of India Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Goa, Daman and Diu (India). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+navahind+times&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Goan+Shamanism&rft.aulast=Kamat&rft.aufirst=Nandkumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navhindtimes.in%2Fpanorama%2Fprehistoric-goan-shamanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhume2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dhume2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhume1986" class="citation book cs1">Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). <i>The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D</i>. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages (see pages 100–150).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+history+of+Goa+from+10000+B.C.-1352+A.D.&rft.pages=355+pages+%28see+pages+100-150%29&rft.pub=Ramesh+Anant+S.+Dhume&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dhume&rft.aufirst=Anant+Ramkrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccom-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccom_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccom_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Souza" class="citation web cs1">De Souza, Savio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719060326/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/comunidades/">"THE COMUNIDADES OF GOA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goa-world.com/goa/comunidades/">the original</a> on 19 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+COMUNIDADES+OF+GOA&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.aufirst=Savio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goa-world.com%2Fgoa%2Fcomunidades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gav-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gav_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaradesāya2000" class="citation book cs1">Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). <i>A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992</i>. Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 317 pages (see pages 6 and 7). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172016647" title="Special:BookSources/9788172016647"><bdi>9788172016647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Konkani+literature%3A+from+1500+to+1992&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=317+pages+%28see+pages+6+and+7%29&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788172016647&rft.aulast=Sarades%C4%81ya&rft.aufirst=Manoharar%C4%81ya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhume24-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dhume24_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhume1986" class="citation book cs1">Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). <i>The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D</i>. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages (see pages 100–185).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+history+of+Goa+from+10000+B.C.-1352+A.D.&rft.pages=355+pages+%28see+pages+100-185%29&rft.pub=Ramesh+Anant+S.+Dhume&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dhume&rft.aufirst=Anant+Ramkrishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maurya-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maurya_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurya_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraes" class="citation web cs1">Moraes, Prof. George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190744/http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm">"PRE-PORTUGUESE CULTURE OF GOA"</a>. <i>Published in the Proceedings of the International Goan Convention</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Published+in+the+Proceedings+of+the+International+Goan+Convention&rft.atitle=PRE-PORTUGUESE+CULTURE+OF+GOA&rft.aulast=Moraes&rft.aufirst=Prof.+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goacom.com%2Fcommunity%2Fassociations%2Fgoaont%2Fconvention%2Fmoraes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sat-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sat_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotichandra1982" class="citation book cs1">Motichandra (1982). <i>Sartavaha Ancient indian trade routes</i>. New Delhi: Sahitya academy. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sartavaha+Ancient+indian+trade+routes&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Sahitya+academy&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Motichandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sattr-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sattr_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1</i>. panajim Goa: Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu, 1979. 1979. pp. (see page 70).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Union+Territory+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu%3A+district+gazetteer%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=panajim+Goa&rft.pages=%28see+page+70%29&rft.pub=Gazetteer+Dept.%2C+Govt.+of+the+Union+Territory+of+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu%2C+1979&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(see Pius Melkandathil,<i>Martitime activities of Goa and the Indian ocean</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maharashtri-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maharashtri_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223191207/http://goakonkaniakademi.org/message.htm">"History of Konkani language"</a>. Goa Konkani akademi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/message.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Konkani+language&rft.pub=Goa+Konkani+akademi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goakonkaniakademi.org%2Fmessage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rudra-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rudra_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadzani1960" class="citation book cs1">Yadzani, G (1960). <i>The early history of the deccan (Girnar inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman)</i>. London: Oxford university Press. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+history+of+the+deccan+%28Girnar+inscription+of+Mahakshatrapa+Rudradaman%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+university+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Yadzani&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shat-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shat_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGune1979" class="citation book cs1">Gune, Vithal Trimbak (1979). <i>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: Goa</i>. Goa: Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Union+Territory+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu%3A+Goa&rft.place=Goa&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Gazetteer+Dept.%2C+Govt.+of+the+Union+Territory+of+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gune&rft.aufirst=Vithal+Trimbak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyak-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyak_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayak1968" class="citation book cs1">Nayak, K.D (1968). <i>Gomantakachi sanskrutic ghadan(in Marathi)</i>. Margao: Gomant Vidya Niketan. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gomantakachi+sanskrutic+ghadan%28in+Marathi%29&rft.place=Margao&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Gomant+Vidya+Niketan&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Nayak&rft.aufirst=K.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(see <i>A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bus-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bus_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatoskar1982" class="citation book cs1">Satoskar, Ba.Da (1982). <i>Gomantak prakruti ani sanskuti, khand II, in Marathi</i>. Pune: Shubhda publishers. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gomantak+prakruti+ani+sanskuti%2C+khand+II%2C+in+Marathi&rft.place=Pune&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Shubhda+publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Satoskar&rft.aufirst=Ba.Da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyn-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dyn_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Banerjea2005" class="citation book cs1">D. Banerjea (2005). <i>Criminal Justice India Series: Goa, 2002</i>. Allied Publishers. pp. see page 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177645170" title="Special:BookSources/9788177645170"><bdi>9788177645170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+India+Series%3A+Goa%2C+2002&rft.pages=see+page+3&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788177645170&rft.au=D.+Banerjea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-early-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-early_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakshena2003" class="citation book cs1">Sakshena, R.N. (2003). <i>Goa: Into the Mainstream</i>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 156 pages(see page 20–21). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170170051" title="Special:BookSources/9788170170051"><bdi>9788170170051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa%3A+Into+the+Mainstream&rft.pages=156+pages%28see+page+20-21%29&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788170170051&rft.aulast=Sakshena&rft.aufirst=R.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shilahara-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shilahara_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shilahara_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Souza1990" class="citation book cs1">De Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). <i>Goa Through the Ages: An economic history, Volume 2</i>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170222591" title="Special:BookSources/8170222591"><bdi>8170222591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Through+the+Ages%3A+An+economic+history%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=8170222591&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.aufirst=Teotonio+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadamb-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kadamb_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadamb_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Souza1990" class="citation book cs1">De Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). <i>Goa Through the Ages: An economic history</i>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 312 pages (see pages11-15). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170222590" title="Special:BookSources/9788170222590"><bdi>9788170222590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Through+the+Ages%3A+An+economic+history&rft.pages=312+pages+%28see+pages11-15%29&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170222590&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.aufirst=Teotonio+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGune1979" class="citation book cs1">Gune, Vithal Trimbak (1979). <i>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu</i>. Vol. I. Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept. p. 794.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Union+Territory+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu&rft.pages=794&rft.pub=Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu+%28India%29.+Gazetteer+Dept&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gune&rft.aufirst=Vithal+Trimbak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000644033"><i>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu : district gazetteer / edited by V.T. Gune</i></a>. Gazetteer of India. Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. 1979<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Union+Territory+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu+%3A+district+gazetteer+%2F+edited+by+V.T.+Gune&rft.series=Gazetteer+of+India&rft.pub=Gazetteer+Dept.%2C+Govt.+of+the+Union+Territory+of+Goa%2C+Daman+and+Diu&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000644033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Souza1990" class="citation book cs1">De Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&q=panjanakhani&pg=PA129"><i>Goa Through the Ages: An economic history, Volume 2</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170222590" title="Special:BookSources/9788170222590"><bdi>9788170222590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Through+the+Ages%3A+An+economic+history%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788170222590&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.aufirst=Teotonio+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwYDPnEjTb4C%26q%3Dpanjanakhani%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panikkar (4th 1964), pp. 107-108, 195-198, 195 quote re ships, 197 quote re Arabs. India became "the sole supplier of cotton cloth" to the "Middle East, Burma, Malaya, Java, etc." (p.195 quote). Cf. per the southeast: pp. 77-84, 104-108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geneviève Bouchon, "Beginnings of the <i>Carreira da India</i>", pp. 40-54, at 47, in de Souza (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winius Diffie, <i>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580</i>, p. 253. He returned with a renovated fleet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr, Robert (1824).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry and Charles J. Borges, <i>Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498-1763</i>, p. 34-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), p.137 quote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teotonio R. De Souza, <i>Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History,</i> pp. 220-221, Issue 6, Goa University publication series, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7022-226-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7022-226-5">81-7022-226-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indian_rupia" title="Portuguese Indian rupia">Portuguese Indian rupia</a> had a cross on one side and on the reverse the design of an <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary sphere</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a>). The armillary sphere was the badge of King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>. Eventually, gold, silver, and bronze coins were issued: gold <i>cruzados</i> or <i>manueis</i>, <i>esperas</i> and <i>alf-esperas</i>, and <i>leais</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commentarios do grande Afonso Dalboquerque</i>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOufgbY8TbsC&dq=bibliogroup%3A%22Gloss%C3%A1rio%20luso-asi%C3%A1tico%22&pg=PA1">Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Joseph M. Piel, <i>Glossário luso-asiático, Parte 1,</i></a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An abstract of it is given in R. S. Whiteway's <i>Rise of the Portuguese Empire in India</i> (London, 1898).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaudhuri (1985, 1989), pp. 69-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See below, section <i>Estado da India</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer (1969), p.46: Chau, and Diu in 1509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), p.135: naval guns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., ship cannon: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a>, at 2.4 "Artillery".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., ship cannon: <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">Naval artillery</a>, at 2.1 "Transition" under "Age of Sail".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Au contraire</i>, Panikkar (1929, 2016), at pp. 69-71, states that Egyptian gunnery was more than a match for that of the Portuguese in 1508 off Chaul.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson (1989), pp. 56-60 (ship cannon "not known" quote, sewn hulls and recoil, "advanced" quote).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer (1969), pp. 44, 207, 209 (naval artillery, ship construction, seamanship).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toussaint (1966), pp. 106-107. The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of sail">age of sail</a> had put paid to that of the oar, although the oar-driven galleys had their final act at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a> in 1571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panikkar (4th 1964), p.199, <i>cartas</i> quote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), pp. 135 (galleons), 136 (monopoly).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), p.136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), p.138, quotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_Britannica-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_Britannica_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_Britannica_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrizeman1903" class="citation book cs1">Prizeman, Matthew (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gYkAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia Britannica</i></a> (11 ed.). New York: The Encyclopedia Britannica Company. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Prizeman&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gYkAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2012" class="citation conference cs1">Barrett, Greg (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1366156"><i>An exploration of the role of Portugal in the economic integration of Asia and Europe with a focus on the pepper market</i></a>. Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference. Canberra, Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=An+exploration+of+the+role+of+Portugal+in+the+economic+integration+of+Asia+and+Europe+with+a+focus+on+the+pepper+market&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1366156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801155422/http://goamuseum.gov.in/collections.html?group=14">"Goa Museum – Government of Goa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goamuseum.gov.in/collections.html?group=14">the original</a> on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goa+Museum+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Goa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoamuseum.gov.in%2Fcollections.html%3Fgroup%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goaprintingpress.gov.in/about-us">Goa Printing Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. R. Russell-Wood, <i>The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move</i>, p.204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091222000856/http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php/history.html">"History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php/history.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ust.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmcmec.gov.in/">"Medicaleducation Cell-GMC- Bambolim Goa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medicaleducation+Cell-GMC-+Bambolim+Goa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmcmec.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Panikkar (4th 1964), p.200: da Orta's book, the Goa printing press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. R. Boxer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b20457248/page/8/mode/2up"><i>Two pioneers of tropical medicine: Garcia d'Orta and Nicolás Monardes</i></a> (London: Wellcome Historical Medical Library 1963), by ship to Goa in 1534 (p.8), as physician in India (9); publication and contents of his book (12-18), written in Portuguese (14); his sister Catarina in 1569 (11). Accessed 20 October 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pilgrims to the Light: Encounters in a Shared Destiny</i>, edited by Valson Thampu. Har-Anand Publications, 2000. p. 131 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8124106436" title="Special:BookSources/8124106436">8124106436</a>, 9788124106433).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773</i>, edited by John W. O'Malley, p. 480</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pilgrims to the Light: Encounters in a Shared Destiny</i>, edited by Valson Thampu. Har-Anand Publications (2000). p. 132 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8124106436" title="Special:BookSources/8124106436">8124106436</a>, 9788124106433).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunez-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nunez_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nunez_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Macao's Church of Saint Paul: A Glimmer of the Baroque in China</i> By César Guillén Nuñez. Hong Kong University Press. (2009). p. 70. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962209922X" title="Special:BookSources/962209922X">962209922X</a>, 9789622099227)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao:Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change;</i> Volume 7 of CERC Studies in Comparative Education. By M. Bray, Ramsey Koo (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1402034059" title="Special:BookSources/1402034059">1402034059</a>, 9781402034053) p. 113.114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/a/andrade-antonio-de.php">Antonio de Andrade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520081349/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/a/andrade-antonio-de.php">Archived</a> 20 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BDCC Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411044903/http://www.jesuitsources.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=114">"Tibet: The Jesuit Century [978-1-880810-29-8] - $16.75 : Zen Cart!, the Art of E-commerce"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesuitsources.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=114">the original</a> on 11 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+The+Jesuit+Century+%26%2391%3B978-1-880810-29-8%26%2393%3B+-+%2416.75+%3A+Zen+Cart%21%2C+the+Art+of+E-commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesuitsources.com%2Findex.php%3Fmain_page%3Dproduct_info%26products_id%3D114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Christian Discovery of Tibet</i> by Joseph Abdo (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9729985839" title="Special:BookSources/9729985839">9729985839</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121122854/http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/zpoupindia.htm">"Challenge of Witnessing the Faith in Indian Cultures"</a>. <i>ewtn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/zpoupindia.htm">the original</a> on 21 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Challenge+of+Witnessing+the+Faith+in+Indian+Cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FBISHOPS%2Fzpoupindia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121214080901/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=63">"Monuments - Se´ Cathedral - Culture and Heritage - Know India: National Portal of India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=63">the original</a> on 14 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monuments+-+Se%C2%B4+Cathedral+-+Culture+and+Heritage+-+Know+India%3A+National+Portal+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknowindia.gov.in%2Fknowindia%2Fculture_heritage.php%3Fid%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span>, Know India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goatourism.gov.in/destinations/churches/134-se-cathedral">Se Cathedral</a>, Goa Tourism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saraiva-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saraiva_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr-LeBeauSaraivaSalomonSassoon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen; Saraiva, António José; Salomon, H. P.; Sassoon, I. S. D. (1 October 2003). "The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536-1765". <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20061561">10.2307/20061561</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20061561">20061561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Marrano+Factory%3A+The+Portuguese+Inquisition+and+Its+New+Christians%2C+1536-1765&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=827&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20061561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20061561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Starr-LeBeau&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rft.au=Saraiva%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Salomon%2C+H.+P.&rft.au=Sassoon%2C+I.+S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See above section on Albuquerque.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Souza (1979, 2d 2009), pp. 10-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), pp. 138-139. In 1686 Bijapur itself was absorbed into the Mughal Empire by <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (p.167).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies (2d 1949), pp. 44-47 (Maps 21 & 22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer (1969), pp. 58-59: siege of Goa in 1571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson (1987), p.57: Muslims unite to attack Goa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), pp. 167: In 1686 Bijapur itself was absorbed into the Mughal Empire by <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Souza (1979, 2d 2009), pp. 13-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson (1987), p.20, Map 2: Honavar, <a href="/wiki/Bhatkal" title="Bhatkal">Bhatkal</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Souza (1979, 2d 2009) at p.7, writes that Akbar's "pretensions were so well disguised that it took even the wise Jesuits some time to realize that the Mughal emperor was playing a political game."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or alternatively <i>Tawhid-i-Ilahi</i> ["Divine Monotheism"].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ikram (1964), pp. 160 (<i>Ibadat</i> quote), 161 ("crucial" quote), 151-161 (Akbar's 'religious biography'), 158-159 ('Infallibility Decree'), 160-165 (Akbar remained a Muslim), 164 (did not claim to be a prophet).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (3d ed. 1958), <i>au contraire</i>, pp. 350 (promulgation), 149-50 & 157-158 (Akbar rejected Islam), 347-348 (first Jesuit Mission), 357-359 (Akbar's religious biography), 358, n1 (no Buddhists at <i>Ibadat</i>). Akbar's eyes were "vibrant like the sea in sunshine" remarked a Jesuit (p.356).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Vincent Smith, <i>Akbar the Great Mogul</i> (Oxford, Clarendon 1917).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Souza (1969, 2d 2009), pp. 7-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson (1987), pp. 51-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), 163-167: Shivaji.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goa and the Maratha: see herein below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krishna Ayyar (1966), p.99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), p.141, map quotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer (1069), pp. 106-111. Fighting between Dutch and Portuguese lasted from 1602 to 1663; the stakes included the East Indies, Africa, and the West Indies. In the east, it pitted Portuguese Goa against the Dutch in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (since 1619, what is now <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> in Indonesia). The prosperous Dutch, who drew on soldiers from Germany and Sweden, greatly outnumbered the Portuguese. Cf., pp. 113-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panikkar (4th 2004), p.201: Persian horses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (4th ed. 1975), pp. 215 (mission quote), 250 (<a href="/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty" title="Tuluva dynasty">Tuluva dynasty</a>), 252 (friends), 258 (irrigation).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (3d ed. 1958), p.332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shastri (4th ed. 1975), p.256: "Goa rose and fell simultaneously with the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Tuluva_dynasty" title="Tuluva dynasty">third Vijayanagar dynasty</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), pp. 138-139 (Vijayanagar-Goa diplomacy and trade, horses).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Souza (2009), pp. 6, 13, 27, 50, 66, 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer (1969), p.136 (1683 Mughal army, 1740 payment quote).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another version of 1740 had the conquest forestalled because of the unexpected arrival of the new Viceroy with a Portuguese fleet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (3d ed. 1958), pp. 488-490 (Panipat).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: three naval wars: <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1652-1654) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1665-1667) and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1672-1674).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer (1969), p.146 (the Marathas refrained from taking Goa, preferring it as a counterweight to the English).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (3d ed. 1958), p. 367-368 (<a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> "perceived that the English could now be used as a counterpoise to the Portuguese").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer (1969), pp. 111 (rivalry); 136, 137 (Bombay); 136-137 (naval fiasco).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1759 the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Jesuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Jesuits">Jesuits were expelled</a> from Portugal and the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1vora_affair" title="Távora affair">Távora affair</a> reduced aristocratic power, both benefiting Pombal. Critics also denounced his <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened absolutism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles J. Borges, Hannes Stubbe, <i>Goa and Portugal: history and development</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaudhuri (1985, 1989), p.73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolpert (7th 2004), p.138. Intermarriages were "officially encouraged".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/234">"World Heritage Sites"</a>, UNESCO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeasor1978" class="citation book cs1">Leasor, J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807210000/http://www.jamesleasor.com/boarding-party-filmed-and-republished-in-paperback-as-the-sea-wolves/"><i>Boarding Party</i></a>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-434-41026-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-434-41026-8"><bdi>0-434-41026-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4191743">4191743</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesleasor.com/boarding-party-filmed-and-republished-in-paperback-as-the-sea-wolves/">the original</a> on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boarding+Party&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4191743&rft.isbn=0-434-41026-8&rft.aulast=Leasor&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesleasor.com%2Fboarding-party-filmed-and-republished-in-paperback-as-the-sea-wolves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#as">Asian recorder 1962</a>, p. 4371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#as">Asian recorder 1962</a>, p. 4440</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226040732/https://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp">"Operação Vijay 18 a 19/12/1961"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp">the original</a> on 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Vijay+18+a+19%2F12%2F1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supergoa.com%2Fpt%2F40anos%2Fvijay.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goa was first recognised as equal to the metropolis in the Royal Charter of 1518, and affirmed in subsequent legislation. The term 'province' was first used in 1576, and the term 'overseas provinces' used in virtually all legislation and constitutions thereafter, e.g. Art.1–3 & Art. 162-64 of 1822 Constitution <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const822.html">online</a>, 1826 constitution <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/carta826.html">online</a>, Art. I & Title X of the constitution of 1838 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const838.html">online</a>, Title V of the Republican constitution of 1911 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const911.html">online</a> and the 1932 Constitution of the Estado Novo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major_K_C_Praval-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Major_K_C_Praval_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraval2009" class="citation book cs1">Praval, Major K.C. (2009). <i>Indian Army after Independence</i>. New Delhi: Lancer. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-10-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935501-10-7"><bdi>978-1-935501-10-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Army+after+Independence&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Lancer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-935501-10-7&rft.aulast=Praval&rft.aufirst=Major+K.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes2011" class="citation web cs1">Times, Navhind (13 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/14/goanews/goa-news-goa-honour-operation-vijay-heroes/">"Goa to honour Operation Vijay heroes"</a>. <i>The Navhind Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Navhind+Times&rft.atitle=Goa+to+honour+Operation+Vijay+heroes&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Navhind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navhindtimes.in%2F2011%2F12%2F14%2Fgoanews%2Fgoa-news-goa-honour-operation-vijay-heroes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaleiro2023" class="citation book cs1">Faleiro, Valmiki (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ&dq=panjim+brigadier+gurbux+singh&pg=PT154"><i>Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5708-175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5708-175-7"><bdi>978-93-5708-175-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa%2C+1961%3A+The+Complete+Story+of+Nationalism+and+Integration&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.isbn=978-93-5708-175-7&rft.aulast=Faleiro&rft.aufirst=Valmiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGYLyEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpanjim%2Bbrigadier%2Bgurbux%2Bsingh%26pg%3DPT154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"International Reactions to Indian Attack on Goa – Soviet Veto of Western Cease-fire Resolution in Security Council". <i>Keesing's Record of World Events</i>. <b>8</b>. Keesing's Worldwide, LLC. March 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Keesing%27s+Record+of+World+Events&rft.atitle=International+Reactions+to+Indian+Attack+on+Goa+%E2%80%93+Soviet+Veto+of+Western+Cease-fire+Resolution+in+Security+Council&rft.volume=8&rft.date=1962-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-goa-liberation-day-pm-modi-7679860/">"Explained: Goa Liberation Day and PM Narendra Modi's visit"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+Goa+Liberation+Day+and+PM+Narendra+Modi%27s+visit&rft.date=2021-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-goa-liberation-day-pm-modi-7679860%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reports of the finance commissions of India: First Finance Commission to the Twelfth Finance Commission: the complete report</i>. Academic Foundation. 2005. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7188-474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7188-474-2"><bdi>978-81-7188-474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+finance+commissions+of+India%3A+First+Finance+Commission+to+the+Twelfth+Finance+Commission%3A+the+complete+report&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Academic+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7188-474-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="as" class="citation book cs1"><i>Asia Recorder</i>. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Recorder&rft.pub=K.+K.+Thomas+at+Recorder+Press&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Banerjea, D., <i>Goa, 2002</i> (Allied Publishers 2005) Criminal Justice India Series <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177645170" title="Special:BookSources/9788177645170">9788177645170</a>.</li> <li>Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry & Charles J. Borges, <i>Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498-1763</i></li> <li>De Souza, Teotonio R., <i>Goa Through the Ages: An economic history</i>, vol. 2. (Concept Publishing Co. 1990)</li> <li>De Souza, Teotonio R., <i>Medieval Goa. A socio-economic history</i> (Goa: Goa,1556 1979, 2d ed. 2009)</li> <li>Krishna Ayyar, K. V., <i>A short history of Kerala</i> (Ernakulam: Pai & Co. 1966)</li> <li>Nayak, K. D., <i>Gomantakachi sanskrutic ghadan</i> [<b>Marathi</b>] (Margao: Gomant Vidya Niketan 1968)</li> <li>Panikkar, K. M., <i>Malabar and the Portuguese</i> (1929; reprint New Delhi: Voice of India 2016)</li> <li>Pearson, M. N., <i>The Portuguese in India</i> (Cambridge University 1988)</li> <li>Priolkar, Anant, <i>The Goa Inquisition, Being a Quatercentenary Commemoration Study of the Inquisition in India</i> (Bombay University Press)</li> <li>Rao, R. P., <i>Portuguese rule in Goa: 1510-1961</i> (Bombay: Asia Publishing House 1963)</li> <li>Sakshena, R. N., <i>Goa: Into the Mainstream</i> (Abhinav Publications 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170170051" title="Special:BookSources/9788170170051">9788170170051</a>.</li> <li>Satoskar, Ba. Da, <i>Gomantak prakruti ani sanskuti, khand II</i> [<b>Marathi</b>] (Pune: Shubhda publishers 1982) <ul><li>De Souza, Teotonio R., editor, <i>Indo-Portuguese History. Old issues, new questions</i> (Delhi: Naurang Rai Concept 1985)</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhat2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bhat, N. S. (2013). "History of Goa with Special Reference to its Feudal Features". <i>Indian Historical Review</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0376983613499680">10.1177/0376983613499680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145048379">145048379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=History+of+Goa+with+Special+Reference+to+its+Feudal+Features&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0376983613499680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145048379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bhat&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Goa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boxer, C.R. "Golden Goa 1510-1954." <i>History Today</i> (Nov 1954) 4#11 pp 754–763.</li> <li>Gune, Vithal Trimbak (1979) <i>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: Goa</i> (Goa)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary</dt></dl> <ul><li>Boxer, C. R., <i>The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825</i> (New York: Knopf 1969)</li> <li>Chaudhuri, K. N., <i>Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean</i> (Cambridge University 1985)</li> <li>Davies, C. Collin, <i>An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula</i> (Oxford University 2d ed. 1949)</li> <li>De Mendonça, Délio. <i>Conversions and Citizenry: Goa under Portugal, 1510-1610</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&dq=Goa+history&pg=PR5">online</a>.</li> <li>Diffie and Winius, <i>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580</i> (University of Minnesota 1977)</li> <li>Henn, Alexander. <i>Hindu-Catholic encounters in Goa: Religion, colonialism, and modernity</i> (Indiana University Press, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFZ_BAAAQBAJ&dq=Goa+history&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li>Ikram, A. J., <i>Muslim civilization in India</i> (New York: Columbia University 1964)</li> <li>Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva. <i>The Portuguese in the East: A Cultural History of a Maritime Trading Empire</i> (2008)</li> <li>Panikkar, K. M., <i>A survey of Indian History</i> (New York: Asia Publishing House 1947, 4th ed. 1964)</li> <li>Russell-Wood, A. J. R., <i>The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move</i></li> <li>Sarker, Himansu Bhusan, <i>Trade and commercial activities of Southern India in the Malayo-Indonesian world</i> (Calcutta: Firma KLM 1986)</li> <li>Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta, <i>A History of South India. From prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagara</i> (1947; New Delhi: Oxford University 4th ed. 1975)</li> <li>Smith, Vincent, <i>Oxford History of India</i> (3d ed. 1958), edited by Percival Spear.</li> <li>Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, <i>The Portuguese empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A political and economic history</i> (2012)</li> <li>Wolpert, Stanley, <i>A New History of India</i> (Oxford University 1977, 7th ed. 2004)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_History_of_India199" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_India_by_State" title="Template:History of India by State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_India_by_State" title="Template talk:History of India by State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_India_by_State" 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href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="History of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haryana" title="History of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jharkhand" title="History of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="History of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manipur" title="History of Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Meghalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mizoram" title="History of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikkim" title="History of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Telangana" title="History of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tripura" title="History of Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttarakhand" title="History of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Bengal" title="History of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delhi" title="History of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ladakh" title="History of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lakshadweep" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Puducherry_(union_territory)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Puducherry (union territory) (page does not exist)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Goa516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Goa_topics" title="Template:Goa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Goa_topics" title="Template talk:Goa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Goa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Goa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Goa516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_Goa%2C_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_Union_Territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and Union Territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojas_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhojas of Goa">Bhojas of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Goa" title="Kadambas of Goa">Kadambas of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Conquest_of_Goa_(1510)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)">Portuguese conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa State">Portuguese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_liberation_movement" title="Goa liberation movement">Liberation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Goa_status_referendum" title="1967 Goa status referendum">1967 status referendum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Goa" title="Government of Goa">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Goa">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Legislative_Assembly" title="Goa Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of Goa">State seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Goa" title="Category:Political parties in Goa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Police" title="Goa Police">Goa Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Fire_and_Emergency_Services,_Goa" title="Directorate of Fire and Emergency Services, Goa">Fire and Emergency Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Goa civil code">Goa civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudhsagar_Falls" title="Dudhsagar Falls">Dudhsagar Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonsogor" title="Sonsogor">Sonsogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Goa" title="Category:Rivers of Goa">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Goa" title="List of districts of Goa">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="North Goa">North Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="South Goa">South Goa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Taluks_of_Goa" title="Category:Taluks of Goa">Talukas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardez">Bardez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicholim_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicholim taluk">Bicholim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canacona_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Canacona taluk">Canacona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharbandora" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharbandora">Dharbandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormugao_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormugao taluk">Mormugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernem_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernem taluk">Pernem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponda_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponda taluk">Ponda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quepem_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Quepem taluk">Quepem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salcete" class="mw-redirect" title="Salcete">Salcete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanguem_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanguem taluk">Sanguem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattari">Sattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiswadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiswadi">Tiswadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjim">Panjim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margao" title="Margao">Margao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama,_Goa" title="Vasco da Gama, Goa">Vasco da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapusa" title="Mapusa">Mapusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponda,_Goa" title="Ponda, Goa">Ponda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Goa" title="Old Goa">Old Goa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_and_Convents_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Churches and Convents of Goa">Churches and Convents of Goa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Bom_Jesus" title="Basilica of Bom Jesus">Basilica of Bom Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_Convent_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi" title="Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi">Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_(Goa)" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Goa)">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Augustine,_Goa" title="Church of St. Augustine, Goa">Church of St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se_Cathedral" title="Se Cathedral">Se Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cajetan_Church" title="St. Cajetan Church">St. Cajetan Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Goa" title="Old Goa">Old Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontainhas_(quarter)" title="Fontainhas (quarter)">Fontainhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Temple,_Tambdi_Surla" title="Mahadev Temple, Tambdi Surla">Mahadev Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangueshi_Temple" title="Mangueshi Temple">Mangueshi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanta_Durga_Temple" title="Shanta Durga Temple">Shanta Durga Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Mahaveer_Sanctuary_and_Mollem_National_Park" title="Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park">Mollem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netravali_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary">Netravali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadeyi_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeyi Wildlife Sanctuary">Mahadayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotigao_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary">Cotigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondla_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary">Bondla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary">Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Goa" title="Flora and fauna of Goa">Flora and fauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Goa" title="Education in Goa">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goa_University" title="Goa University">Goa University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Goa" title="Category:Universities and colleges in Goa">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_in_Goa" title="Category:Schools in Goa">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goans_in_science_and_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Goans in science and technology">Goans in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Oceanography,_India" title="National Institute of Oceanography, India">National Institute of Oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Antarctic_and_Ocean_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research">National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Goa" title="Culture of Goa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comunidade" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunidade">Comunidades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goans" title="Goans">Goans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_literature" title="Goan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Goa" title="Media in Goa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Goa" title="Music of Goa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigmo" title="Shigmo">Shigmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zatra" title="Zatra">Zatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goans_in_sports" title="Goans in sports">Goans in sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiatr" title="Tiatr">Tiatr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Goa" title="Category:Sport in Goa">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goa_football_team" title="Goa football team">Goa football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_cricket_team" title="Goa cricket team">Goa cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Brothers_S.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill Brothers S.C.">Churchill Brothers S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dempo_S.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Dempo S.C.">Dempo S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salgaocar_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Salgaocar F.C.">Salgaocar F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesa_Football_Academy" title="Sesa Football Academy">Sesa Football Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting Clube de Goa">Sporting Clube de Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_S.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco S.C.">Vasco S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Goa" title="FC Goa">FC Goa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stadia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatorda_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatorda Stadium">Fatorda Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilak_Maidan_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilak Maidan Stadium">Tilak Maidan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajendra_Prasad_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium">Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Football_League" title="Goa Football League">Goa Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabolim_Airport" title="Dabolim Airport">Dabolim Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_International_Airport" title="Manohar International Airport">Manohar Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Transport_Corporation" title="Kadamba Transport Corporation">Kadamba Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Railway">Konkan Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormugao_Port_Trust" 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