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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chancellor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chancellor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Georg Michaelis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="غيورغ ميشائليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيورغ ميشائليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Георг Міхаэліс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Георг Міхаэліс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Георг Михаелис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Георг Михаелис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Γκέοργκ Μιχαέλις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκέοργκ Μιχαέλις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گئورگ میشائلیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گئورگ میشائلیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3_%D5%84%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Գեորգ Միքայելիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեորգ Միքայելիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1" title="גאורג מיכאליס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאורג מיכאליס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გეორგ მიხელისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეორგ მიხელისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Michaelis" title="Georgius Michaelis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgs_Mihaeliss" title="Georgs Mihaeliss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Georgs Mihaeliss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="गेऑर्ग मिखाएलिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गेऑर्ग मिखाएलिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جورج ميخائيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج ميخائيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%92%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ゲオルク・ミヒャエリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲオルク・ミヒャエリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B2" title="جارج مائیکلز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج مائیکلز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Михаэлис, Георг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Михаэлис, Георг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Георг Міхаеліс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Георг Міхаеліс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Georg Michaelis" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%8F%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·米夏埃利斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·米夏埃利斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chancellor of the German Empire in 1917</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of the German Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 July 1917 – 1 November 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich">Karl Helfferich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister President of Prussia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 July 1917 – 1 November 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1857-09-08</span>)</span>8 September 1857<br /><a href="/wiki/Chojn%C3%B3w" title="Chojnów">Haynau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Province of Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1936<span style="display:none">(1936-07-24)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bad_Saarow" title="Bad Saarow">Bad Saarow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Province of Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">None as Chancellor, later the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Margarete Schmidt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Elisabeth <br />Charlotte <br />Emma <br />Georg Sylvester <br />Wilhelm <br />Eva <br />Martha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Michaelis_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Georg Michaelis's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Georg_Michaelis_Signature.png/128px-Georg_Michaelis_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Georg_Michaelis_Signature.png/192px-Georg_Michaelis_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Georg_Michaelis_Signature.png/256px-Georg_Michaelis_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Georg Michaelis</b> (8 September 1857 – 24 July 1936) was the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_German_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the German Empire">chancellor of the German Empire</a> for a few months in 1917. He was the first (and, in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, the only) chancellor not of noble birth. With an economic background in business, Michaelis' main achievement was to encourage the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling classes</a> to open peace talks with Russia. Contemplating that the end of the war was near, he encouraged infrastructure development to facilitate recovery at war's end through the media of <i><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i>. A somewhat humourless character, known for process engineering, Michaelis was faced with insurmountable problems of logistics and supply in his brief period as chancellor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Georg_Michaelis" title="Special:EditPage/Georg Michaelis">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Georg+Michaelis%22">"Georg Michaelis"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Georg+Michaelis%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Georg+Michaelis%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Georg+Michaelis%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Georg+Michaelis%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Georg+Michaelis%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Michaelis, born in <a href="/wiki/Chojn%C3%B3w" title="Chojnów">Haynau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Province of Silesia</a>, grew up in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt (Oder)</a>. He studied <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Breslau">University of Breslau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a> from 1876 to 1884, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Doctor of Laws</a>. </p><p>From 1885-89, he lived and worked in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo, Japan</a> as a law professor of the Law School of the <a href="/wiki/Dokkyo_University" title="Dokkyo University">Society for German Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his return to Germany, he became a member of the Prussian administration. In 1909 he was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Undersecretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersecretary of state">undersecretary of state</a> to the Prussian Treasury in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. From 1915 onward, he headed the Imperial Grain Office, which was responsible for the administration of Prussian corn and wheat during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chancellor">Chancellor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chancellor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> and the High Command (OHL) forced the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a> on 10 or 13 July 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michaelis emerged as the surprise candidate for both chancellor of Germany and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Prussia">Minister President of Prussia</a>. Army commander <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> agreed because Michaelis was the army's man.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He had visited the OHL on several occasions in his position as Undersecretary of State in the Prussian Ministry of Finance and Commissioner of Food Supplies, when his brusque manner had made a good impression on staff officers present.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “The truth was that anyone more radical than Bethmann would have been unacceptable to the High Command as Chancellor, while anyone more reactionary would have been unacceptable to the Reichstag; the only way out was to choose a nonentity.”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michaelis was described as "Germany's first bourgeois chancellor",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he was the only non-titled person to serve as chief minister during the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern monarchy</a>'s 400-year rule over Prussia and Germany. But the forces of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a> remained in control behind the scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 July, the Reichstag passed Erzberger's <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Peace_Resolution" title="Reichstag Peace Resolution">Peace Resolution</a> for "a peace without annexations or indemnities", after the Chancellor's speech had "devalued" the resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inability of the government to impose controls on rising prices, demands for wage increases, strikes, and mounting economic chaos, drove the "political fixers" towards a military takeover of the reins of power. The Kaiser wanted a chancellor who could manage the Reichstag, and the army wanted a chancellor who would bring about a "German Peace".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 25 July 1917, Michaelis told the crown prince that the devil was in the detail; <i>"I have deprived it of its most dangerous features by my interpretation of it. One can make any peace one likes with this resolution"</i>, he reassured the heir to the throne. But it was a feint, and Michaelis’ role in the discreditable episode was designed to facilitate a permanent closure of the Reichstag.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The army perceived the majority parties as posing a threat to stability in Germany in the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution had brought an end to the Russian war effort. But this had left him very "uncertain" as to the place of the Central Powers. Knowing Austro-Hungary was bankrupted by the fighting, he understood their demand to sue for peace; but the military was unwilling to relinquish any power to the civilian authorities. The OHL hoped to destabilize Ukraine and the Baltic States so as to bring Russia's ailing Tsarist regime to the negotiations, while guaranteeing Germanic frontiers, in more than Michaelis' <i>status quo ante bellum</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>But Michaelis was a pragmatist and a realist, whatever the Kaiser might have believed about military victory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Cabinet (July – October 1917) <span class="anchor" id="Cabinet"></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1">Office </th> <th colspan="1">Incumbent </th> <th colspan="1">In office </th> <th colspan="1">Party </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> </td> <td><b>Georg Michaelis</b> </td> <td>14 July 1917 – 24 October 1917 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">None</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor of Germany</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Secretary of the Interior</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich">Karl Helfferich</a> </td> <td>22 May 1916 – 23 October 1917 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Arthur Zimmermann</a> </td> <td>22 November 1916 – 6 August 1917 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_K%C3%BChlmann" title="Richard von Kühlmann">Richard von Kühlmann</a> </td> <td>6 August 1917 – 9 July 1918 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reichsjustizamt" title="Reichsjustizamt">Secretary of Justice</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lisco" title="Hermann Lisco">Hermann Lisco</a> </td> <td>25 October 1909 – 5 August 1917 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Krause" title="Paul von Krause">Paul von Krause</a> </td> <td>7 August 1917 – 13 February 1919 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Imperial_Naval_Office" title="German Imperial Naval Office">Secretary of the Navy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Capelle" title="Eduard von Capelle">Eduard von Capelle</a> </td> <td>15 March 1916 – 5 October 1918 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>Secretary of Economics </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schwander" title="Rudolf Schwander">Rudolf Schwander</a> (Acting) </td> <td>5 August 1917 – 20 November 1917 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reichsern%C3%A4hrungsamt" title="Reichsernährungsamt">Secretary for Food</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Tortilowicz_von_Batocki-Friebe" title="Adolf Tortilowicz von Batocki-Friebe">Adolf Tortilowicz von Batocki-Friebe</a> </td> <td>26 May 1916 – 6 August 1917 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Waldow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Waldow (page does not exist)">Wilhelm von Waldow</a> </td> <td>6 August 1917 – 9 November 1918 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_postal_ministers" title="List of German postal ministers">Secretary of the Post</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Kraetke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Kraetke (page does not exist)">Reinhold Kraetke</a> </td> <td>6 May 1901 – 5 August 1917 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_R%C3%BCdlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Rüdlin (page does not exist)">Otto Rüdlin</a> </td> <td>6 August 1917 – 19 January 1919 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_finance_ministers" title="List of German finance ministers">Secretary of the Treasury</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_von_Roedern" title="Siegfried von Roedern">Siegfried von Roedern</a> </td> <td>22 May 1916 – 13 November 1918 </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_colonial_ministers" title="List of German colonial ministers">Secretary for the Colonies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solf" title="Wilhelm Solf">Wilhelm Solf</a> </td> <td>20 November 1911 – 13 December 1918 </td> <td>None </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Chancellor chaired the Second Kreuznach Conference discussing the fate of Alsace-Lorraine on 14 August 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proposal included one for an integrated Federal State coupled to socio-economic changes connecting the Prussian-Hessian railways across Germany. Alsace's connectivity was an extension of a war aims policy via Aachen into the Belgian occupied zones and across neutral Netherlands, as had already been achieved in Luxembourg. Longwiy was the centre of German Steel Association's industry. Located on the border of Belgium and Lorraine, it was at the contractual nexus of the Low Countries adjacent to the Dutch treaty town of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>. German industrialists, including Thyssen and Krupp, wanted a guaranteed supply of coal from France and return to an answer to the Belgian Question, which monopolised the thinkers on the Western Front.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 August, it was in light of the Longwy-Briey Plan railway carriage meeting near <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> that he was given "an impossible task" of perpetuating the war for "another ten years". But the economic plan <i>Mitteleuropa</i> depended on the Quadruple Alliance which was in trouble. The brains behind the second conference was the new Secretary of State, Max von Kuhlmann, with Czernin and Hohenlohe (Austria) chaired in chamber by Michaelis. But he underestimated Britain's economic determination to stay the course until the bitter end.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unenviable task to spell out the myth of a German victory fell to Michaelis, still obliged to the Kaiser and OHL in a report to the Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end the government won over the Reichstag with only one small party outstanding in its continual opposition to the plan. The Fatherland Party and the OHL, now under Ludendorff, demanded a rigorous pro-Kaiser pursuance of a Rumanian-Germany. <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, a rich and fertile agricultural basin, was ripe for the Central Powers to pick. Michaelis was sceptical of OHL's avowal of the closest relationship with Austria when another conference was called for 7 October. Still dominated by the obsession with seaports for the Reich, Michaelis demanded access in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> from the Austrians, as well as those on the Belgian coast. Through the vehicle of <i>Mitteleuropa</i> he sought to enable the Austrian economy to withstand the peace conditions he knew would be imposed on the German customs union.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But the candidate chosen as the new Chancellor was the Army's and not that of the Reichstag. "We have lost a statesman and secured a functionary in his place", remarked <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Hau%C3%9Fmann" title="Conrad Haußmann">Conrad Haussmann</a>, a member of the Reichstag from the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August, the naval mutinies at Wilhelmshaven led to executions. Michaelis blamed the socialists in the Reichstag hoping to split the coalition. But the Reichstag demanded his resignation. On 24 October 1917 the National Liberals three socialist parties in the coalition made representations to the Kaiser.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Does not make grammatical sense as written (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In his autobiography he laid the blame on his own refusal to bend to pressure for liberal electoral reforms. The deputies hoped to replace him with a <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> aristocrat, <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He remained in this position until 1 November 1917, when he was forced to resign after coming under fire for refusing to commit himself by endorsing a <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Peace_Resolution" title="Reichstag Peace Resolution">resolution passed by the Reichstag favouring peace</a> without annexation or indemnities. Michaelis attempted to retain his role as Prussian Minister President, but without success as Count Hertling was determined that the two posts could not be separated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_life_and_death">Late life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1 April 1918 to 31 March 1919 he served as <i><a href="/wiki/Oberpr%C3%A4sident" title="Oberpräsident">Oberpräsident</a></i> of the Prussian province of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the end of World War I, he cooperated with the local <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">workers' and soldiers' council</a>. Nevertheless, the socialist-dominated government of Prussia soon replaced him. </p><p>Michaelis worked in the fields of economic lobbying, in student organizations, in the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_old-Prussian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union">Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union</a> and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP). In 1921, he published his memoirs, <i>Für Staat und Volk. Eine Lebensgeschichte</i> (For State and People. A Life Story). </p><p>Georg Michaelis died on 24 July 1936 in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Saarow-Pieskow" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Saarow-Pieskow">Bad Saarow-Pieskow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>) at the age of 78. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichaelis1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michaelis, Georg (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/799103"><i>History of Economics</i></a> (in Japanese) (Japanese ed.). Hakubunkan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F799103">10.11501/799103</a> – via National Diet Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Economics&rft.edition=Japanese&rft.pub=Hakubunkan&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F799103&rft.aulast=Michaelis&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F799103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis_cabinet_(Prussia)" title="Michaelis cabinet (Prussia)">Michaelis cabinet (Prussia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Conference_(August_1,_1917)" title="Vienna Conference (August 1, 1917)">Vienna Conference (August 1, 1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Conference_(October_22,_1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Conference (October 22, 1917)">Vienna Conference (October 22, 1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Conference_(March_16,_1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Conference (March 16, 1917)">Vienna Conference (March 16, 1917)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1922">Chisholm 1922</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strachan, Hew, "The First World War" (London 2003), p.263, 264, 266-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Balfour, <i>The Kaiser and His Times</i> (1969), p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balfour, pp. 380-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Hord (ed.), <i>The Private War of Seaman Stumpf</i> (London 1969), p. 345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strachan, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Kitchen, <i>The Silent Dictatorship</i>, pp. 170-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strachan, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volksmann, p. 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, p. 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 401-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 410-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fur Staat und Volk</i> (Berlin 1922), p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 436-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanssen, "Diary of a Dying Empire", p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaelis, pp. 365-68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, pp. 439-40</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Michaelis, Georg"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Michaelis,_Georg">"Michaelis, Georg" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michaelis%2C+Georg&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becker, Bert (2001). <i>Georg Michaelis: Ein preußischer Jurist im Japan der Meiji-Zeit; Briefe, Tagebuchnotizen, Dokumente 1885–1889</i> [<i>Georg Michaelis: A Prussian Jurist in Meiji Japan; Letters, Diary Notes, Documents 1885–1889</i>] (in German). Munich: iudicum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3891296509" title="Special:BookSources/978-3891296509"><bdi>978-3891296509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georg+Michaelis%3A+Ein+preu%C3%9Fischer+Jurist+im+Japan+der+Meiji-Zeit%3B+Briefe%2C+Tagebuchnotizen%2C+Dokumente+1885%E2%80%931889&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=iudicum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3891296509&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pp.113-120" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Braun, Magnus Freiherr (1955). <i>Von Ostpreussen bis Texas</i> (in German). Holkamm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Von+Ostpreussen+bis+Texas&rft.pub=Holkamm&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=von+Braun&rft.aufirst=Magnus+Freiherr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1967" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Fritz (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanysaimsinfi0000fisc"><i>Germany's Aims in the First World War</i></a></span>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393053470" title="Special:BookSources/9780393053470"><bdi>9780393053470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+Aims+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780393053470&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanysaimsinfi0000fisc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1976" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Martin (1976). <i>The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff 1916-1918</i>. London: Holmes & Meier Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0841902770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0841902770"><bdi>978-0841902770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silent+Dictatorship%3A+The+Politics+of+the+High+Command+under+Hindenburg+and+Ludendorff+1916-1918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0841902770&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelis1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michaelis, Georg (1922). <i>Für Staat und Volk : Eine Lebensgeschichte</i> [<i>For State and People : A Life Story</i>] (in German). Tübigen: Furche-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BCr+Staat+und+Volk+%3A+Eine+Lebensgeschichte&rft.place=T%C3%BCbigen&rft.pub=Furche-Verlag&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Michaelis&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegulski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Regulski, Christoph (2003). <i>Die Reichskanzlerschaft von Georg Michaelis 1917: Deutschlands Entwicklung zur parlamentarisch-demokratischen Monarchie im Ersten Weltkrieg</i> [<i>The Imperial Chancellorship of Georg Michaelis in 1917: Germany's Development Towards a Parliamentary Democratic Monarchy in the First World War</i>] (in German). Marburg: Tectum-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Reichskanzlerschaft+von+Georg+Michaelis+1917%3A+Deutschlands+Entwicklung+zur+parlamentarisch-demokratischen+Monarchie+im+Ersten+Weltkrieg&rft.place=Marburg&rft.pub=Tectum-Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Regulski&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnell1951" class="citation journal cs1">Snell, John L. (July 1951). "Benedict XV, Wilson, Michaelis and German socialism". <i>Catholic Historical Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Benedict+XV%2C+Wilson%2C+Michaelis+and+German+socialism&rft.date=1951-07&rft.aulast=Snell&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, Hew (2003). <i>First World War</i>. London: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Michaelis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Michaelis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/012191">Newspaper clippings about Georg Michaelis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">Chancellor of Germany</a> </b><br />1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg Graf von Hertling</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Prussia">Prime Minister of Prussia</a> </b><br />1917 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_Germany_(since_1867)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Chancellors of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_Germany_(since_1867)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /> Bundeskanzler (1867–1871)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1867%E2%80%931918).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /> Reichskanzler (1871–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi">Leo von Caprivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bernhard von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georg Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Prince Maximilian of Baden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(3-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /> Reichskanzler (1919–1933)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann" title="Philipp Scheidemann">Philipp Scheidemann</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Ministerpräsident)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauer" title="Gustav Bauer">Gustav Bauer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Constantin Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno" title="Wilhelm Cuno">Wilhelm Cuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281933%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <br /> Reichskanzler (1933–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Count Schwerin von Krosigk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Leading Minister)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Bundeskanzler (1949–present)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 1949–1963)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 1963–1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 1966–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPD, 1969–1974)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPD, 1974–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 1982–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPD, 1998–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU, 2005–2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(SPD, 2021–present)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of chancellors of Germany">List of chancellors</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minister-presidents_of_Prussia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_President_of_Prussia" title="Template:Ministers President of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_President_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Ministers President of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_President_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers President of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minister-presidents_of_Prussia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister-presidents of Prussia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(1701–1918)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849#Prussia" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">Office established 1848</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heinrich_von_Arnim-Boitzenburg" title="Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg">Adolf von Arnim-Boitzenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Ludolf_Camphausen" title="Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen">Gottfried Camphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Auerswald" title="Rudolf von Auerswald">Rudolf von Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Pfuel" title="Ernst von Pfuel">Ernst von Pfuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm,_Count_Brandenburg" title="Friedrich Wilhelm, Count Brandenburg">Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_von_Ladenberg" title="Adalbert von Ladenberg">Adalbert von Ladenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Theodor_von_Manteuffel" title="Otto Theodor von Manteuffel">Otto von Manteuffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Anton,_Prince_of_Hohenzollern_(born_1811)" title="Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern (born 1811)">Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolf_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" title="Prince Adolf of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Adolf of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi">Leo von Caprivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_zu_Eulenburg" title="Botho zu Eulenburg">Botho zu Eulenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">Bernhard von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georg Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Max of Baden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(1918–1947)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar</a> period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirsch_(politician)" title="Paul Hirsch (politician)">Paul Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Str%C3%B6bel" title="Heinrich Ströbel">Heinrich Ströbel</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Braun" title="Otto Braun">Otto Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1932_Prussian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1932 Prussian coup d'état">Reichskommisars</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>‡</sup>Co-prime minister</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template:Foreign Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Foreign Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_Ministers_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign Ministers of Germany</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1871–1918) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Thile" title="Hermann von Thile">Thile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ludwig_von_Balan" title="Hermann Ludwig von Balan">Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Ernst_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard Ernst von Bülow">B. E. von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maria_von_Radowitz_Jr." title="Joseph Maria von Radowitz Jr.">Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_zu_Limburg-Stirum" title="Friedrich zu Limburg-Stirum">Limburg-Stirum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Busch" title="Clemens Busch">Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hatzfeldt" title="Paul von Hatzfeldt">Hatzfeldt zu Wildenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bismarck" title="Herbert von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Marschall_von_Bieberstein" title="Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein">Marschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">B. von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Richthofen" title="Oswald von Richthofen">Richthofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Tschirschky" title="Heinrich von Tschirschky">Tschirschky-Bögendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Schoen" title="Wilhelm von Schoen">Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Kiderlen-Waechter" title="Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter">Kiderlen-Waechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_von_Jagow" title="Gottlieb von Jagow">Jagow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_K%C3%BChlmann" title="Richard von Kühlmann">Kühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hintze" title="Paul von Hintze">Hintze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solf" title="Wilhelm Solf">Solf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1918–33) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_K%C3%B6ster" title="Adolf Köster">Köster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Simons" title="Walter Simons">Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rosen" title="Friedrich Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Rosenberg" title="Hans von Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Curtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Brüning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1933–45) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Schwerin von Krosigk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a><span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"><sup>1</sup> (1949–90) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Dertinger" title="Georg Dertinger">Dertinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Ackermann" title="Anton Ackermann">Ackermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Bolz" title="Lothar Bolz">Bolz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Winzer" title="Otto Winzer">Winzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fischer_(politician)" title="Oskar Fischer (politician)">O. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Meckel" title="Markus Meckel">Meckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">de Maizière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1949–present) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">von Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Genscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li>Genscher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Kinkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">J. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Steinmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Westerwelle</a></li> <li>Steinmeier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Maas" title="Heiko Maas">Maas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Baerbock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%"><div><sup>1</sup> East Germany</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_Ministers_of_Prussia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_Prussia" title="Template:Foreign Ministers of Prussia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Ministers_of_Prussia" title="Template talk:Foreign Ministers of Prussia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Ministers_of_Prussia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Ministers of Prussia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_Ministers_of_Prussia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_ministers_of_Prussia" title="List of foreign ministers of Prussia">Foreign Ministers of Prussia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Friedrich_von_Hertzberg" title="Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg">Hertzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Ferdinand_von_der_Goltz" title="August Friedrich Ferdinand von der Goltz">Goltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_von_Hardenberg" title="Karl August von Hardenberg">Hardenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_G%C3%BCnther_von_Bernstorff" title="Christian Günther von Bernstorff">Bernstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_von_Werther" title="Heinrich Wilhelm von Werther">Werther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_von_Maltzan" title="Mortimer von Maltzan">Maltzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_B%C3%BClow_(diplomat)" title="Heinrich von Bülow (diplomat)">H. Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Wilhelm_von_Canitz_und_Dallwitz" title="Karl Ernst Wilhelm von Canitz und Dallwitz">Canitz und Dallwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heinrich_von_Arnim-Boitzenburg" title="Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg">Arnim-Boitzenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Alexander_von_Arnim" title="Heinrich Alexander von Arnim">Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Schleinitz" title="Alexander von Schleinitz">Schleinitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Auerswald" title="Rudolf von Auerswald">Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Heinrich_Hermann_von_D%C3%B6nhoff" title="August Heinrich Hermann von Dönhoff">Dönhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm,_Count_Brandenburg" title="Friedrich Wilhelm, Count Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Adolf_Karl_von_B%C3%BClow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Adolf Karl von Bülow (page does not exist)">H. A. Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_von_Arnim-Heinrichsdorff-Werbelow" title="Heinrich Friedrich von Arnim-Heinrichsdorff-Werbelow">Arnim-Heinrichsdorff-Werbelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm,_Count_Brandenburg" title="Friedrich Wilhelm, Count Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Schleinitz" title="Alexander von Schleinitz">Schleinitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Theodor_von_Manteuffel" title="Otto Theodor von Manteuffel">Manteuffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Schleinitz" title="Alexander von Schleinitz">Schleinitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Bernstorff_(diplomat,_born_1809)" title="Albrecht von Bernstorff (diplomat, born 1809)">Bernstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi">Caprivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Marschall_von_Bieberstein" title="Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein">Marschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">B. Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Hertling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Baden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60115#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60115#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119059584">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88638046">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12918269n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12918269n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621127">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20120829002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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