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class="mw-page-title-main">Karl Helfferich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karl Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karl Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Helfferich" title="Carolus Helfferich – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karl Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="كارل ثيودور هيلفيريتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل ثيودور هيلفيريتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karl Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Гельферих, Карл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гельферих, Карл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karl Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Helfferich" title="Karl Helfferich – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl Helfferich" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German diplomat (1872–1924)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Karl Helfferich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Helfferich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Karl_Helfferich.jpg/220px-Karl_Helfferich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Karl_Helfferich.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Karl Helfferich</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_the_German_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor of the German Empire">Vice-Chancellor of the German Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 May 1916 – 24 October 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Georg Michaelis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Clemens von Delbrück">Clemens von Delbrück</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Payer" title="Friedrich von Payer">Friedrich von Payer</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_interior_ministers" title="List of German interior ministers">Secretary of State of the Interior</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 May 1916 – 23 October 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Georg Michaelis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Clemens von Delbrück">Clemens von Delbrück</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Wallraf" title="Max Wallraf">Max Wallraf</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_finance_ministers" title="List of German finance ministers">Secretary of State of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 January 1915 – 22 May 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Kühn (page does not exist)">Hermann Kühn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_von_Roedern" title="Siegfried von Roedern">Siegfried von Roedern</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Karl Theodor Helfferich</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1872-07-22</span>)</span>22 July 1872<br /><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe" title="Neustadt an der Weinstraße">Neustadt an der Weinstraße</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1924<span style="display:none">(1924-04-23)</span> (aged 51)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Annette, b. <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Siemens" title="Georg von Siemens">von Siemens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karl Theodor Helfferich</b> (22 July 1872 – 23 April 1924) was a German <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Financier" class="mw-redirect" title="Financier">financier</a> from <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe" title="Neustadt an der Weinstraße">Neustadt an der Weinstraße</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helfferich studied law and political science at the universities of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>. He taught at the University of Berlin and later at the government school for colonial politics and oriental languages. In 1902 he entered upon a diplomatic career. He soon became a leader in the German government's policy of <a href="/wiki/Economic_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic imperialism">economic imperialism</a>, and in 1906 he was appointed director of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Anatolian Railway</a> which was financed by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>. In 1908 he was made chairman of the directorship of the powerful Deutsche Bank in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the close of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan War</a>, Helfferich was the German financial delegate to the international conference at London in 1913. He was the secretary for the Treasury from 1916 to 1917, and was said to be responsible for financing expenses for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> through loans instead of taxes. He counted upon a final German victory and upon imposing heavy indemnities upon the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as the vice-chancellor for Chancellors <a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Georg Michaelis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">November Revolution</a>, Helfferich became an early supporter of the self proclaimed "national socialist" <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Stadtler" title="Eduard Stadtler">Eduard Stadtler</a> and helped fund the founding of his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a> on December 1, 1918, receiving a cash donation of 5,000 marks from Paul Mankiewitz, the director of Deutsche Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the nucleus of the 500-million-mark Anti-<i>Bolshevik Fund</i> established by German industry on January 10, 1919, in Berlin. Money from this fund flowed into propagandistic anti-Bolshevik, later National Socialist projects, but also to violent groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a>, which were intended to crush the socialist movement after the November Revolution. Stadtler, the founder and leader of the Anti-Bolshevist League, according to his own account, arranged for the murder of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> on January 12, 1919, and broke "<a href="/wiki/Gustav_Noske" title="Gustav Noske">Gustav Noske</a>'s hesitance" about using the military in Berlin days before.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, Helfferich was sent to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> as the German Ambassador to Russia, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mirbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Mirbach">Wilhelm Mirbach</a>, who was assassinated. Elected to the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> of 1920, Helfferich led the conservative and monarchist right, known as the <i>Deutsch-Nationalen</i>, and strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a> and the economic fulfillment of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles Treaty</a>. In particular, he directed his denunciations against the democratic Catholic leader <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a>, against whom he had a celebrated lawsuit in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lawsuit was a substantial event in the Weimar Republic, and especially for Helfferich. After the publication of his seminal pamphlet <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fort mit Erzberger!</i></span> ('Away with Erzberger!') regarding the prominent Weimar politician Matthias Erzberger in 1919, he began a very public political tirade smearing Erzberger's name. He accused Erzberger of financial improprieties, such as his financial decisions to use war bonds instead of taxes during the war and questioned his patriotism, focusing particularly on Erzberger's role in the armistice negotiations, which Helfferich and his nationalist supporters viewed as a betrayal of Germany. This all culminated in action when Erzberger filed formal suit against Helfferich citing libel in January 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After weeks of deliberation and statements, the presiding judge ruled in favor of Erzberger, forcing Helfferich to pay a fine of 300 marks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite losing the legal battle, in the eye of the German public, Helfferich and his right-wing political views were seen as the winner. After pressure from his own party, Erzberger was forced to resign his position as Finance Minister. In the eyes of the public, support had fully rallied behind Helfferich, mirroring the sway of the political climate during this tumultuous period. Unfortunately, tensions continued to rise against Erzberger until he was assassinated by two individuals who were directly tied to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization Consul">Organization Consul</a>. </p><p>Helfferich was a prominent politician of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP) and gave radical anti-republican speeches against politicians who supported reparations fulfilment. In June 1920 he was selected as spokesman in the Reichstag for the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">parliamentary committee of inquiry</a> into policies during the war, which he defended. </p><p>During the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a>, Helfferich developed a plan for a new rye currency, indexed to the price (in paper marks) of rye and other agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plan was rejected because of the extreme variability in the price of rye compared to other commodities, but many of his plan elements were incorporated in the successful <a href="/wiki/German_Rentenmark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Rentenmark">Rentenmark</a>, which began circulation on 15 November 1923. At the end of 1923, when Helfferich applied for the post of Reichbank president, he was rejected in favor of <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>. </p><p>Helfferich was killed in a railway wreck near <a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, on 23 April 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His publications comprise chiefly economic and political studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Reform of German Finance</i>, 1897</li> <li><i>Studies on Money and Banking</i>, 1900</li> <li><i>Money</i>, 1903</li> <li><i>Germany's National Wealth 1888-1913</i>, (<i>Deutschlands Wohlstand, 1888-1913</i>) 1915</li> <li><i>Speeches and Essays from the War</i>, 1917</li> <li><i>Do Away with Erzberger!</i>, Verlag Scherl, Berlin, 1919, letters to the editor, the Berlin newspaper "Tag"</li> <li><i>The World War</i>, (<i>Der Weltkrieg</i>) (3 vols.) published 1919 by Ullstein Berlin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E5D71539EF32A25756C2A9629C946595D6CF&legacy=true">"Helfferich Killed In Swiss Disaster. Death Of German Nationalist Chief Is Established By Finding Of Passport. His Body Not Identified Those Of Other Bellinzona Victims Charred Beyond Recognition. Four Americans Safe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. April 25, 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Helfferich+Killed+In+Swiss+Disaster.+Death+Of+German+Nationalist+Chief+Is+Established+By+Finding+Of+Passport.+His+Body+Not+Identified+Those+Of+Other+Bellinzona+Victims+Charred+Beyond+Recognition.+Four+Americans+Safe&rft.date=1924-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9807E5D71539EF32A25756C2A9629C946595D6CF%26legacy%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Helfferich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Helfferich, Karl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Helfferich,_Karl">"Helfferich, Karl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helfferich%2C+Karl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Helfferich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadtler" class="citation book cs1">Stadtler, Eduard. <i>Erinnerungen – Als Antibolschewist 1918–1919</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erinnerungen+%E2%80%93+Als+Antibolschewist+1918%E2%80%931919.&rft.aulast=Stadtler&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Helfferich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“ERZBERGER WILL SUE HIS CRITICS FOR LIBEL," The Catholic Standard and Times Volume 24, Number 48, 11 October 1919 - The Catholic News Archive, 1919. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Brecht on Matthias Erzberger's Libel Suit against Karl Helfferich in 1920 (Retrospective Account, 1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3831">https://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3831</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltfrerichBalderston1986" class="citation cs2">Holtfrerich, Carl-Ludwig & Balderston, Theo (1986), <i>The German Inflation, 1914-1923</i>, New York: De Gruyter, pp. 315–318, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-009714-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-009714-1"><bdi>3-11-009714-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Inflation%2C+1914-1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=315-318&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=3-11-009714-1&rft.aulast=Holtfrerich&rft.aufirst=Carl-Ludwig&rft.au=Balderston%2C+Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Helfferich" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttmannMeehan1975" class="citation cs2">Guttmann, William; Meehan, Patricia (1975), <i>The Great Inflation, Germany 1919-23</i>, Farnborough: Saxon House, pp. 206–207, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-347-00017-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-347-00017-7"><bdi>0-347-00017-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Inflation%2C+Germany+1919-23&rft.place=Farnborough&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=Saxon+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-347-00017-7&rft.aulast=Guttmann&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Meehan%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Helfferich" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1971" class="citation cs2">Williamson, John G. (1971), <i>Karl Helfferich, 1872-1924: Economist, Financier, Politician</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Helfferich%2C+1872-1924%3A+Economist%2C+Financier%2C+Politician&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Helfferich" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024105530/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,727793-1,00.html">"A Crash (obituary)"</a>, <i>Time magazine</i>, May 5, 1924, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,727793-1,00.html">the original</a> on October 24, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=A+Crash+%28obituary%29&rft.date=1924-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C727793-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Helfferich" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Helfferich%2C%20Karl%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Karl%20Helfferich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Helfferich%2C%20Karl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Karl%20Helfferich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Helfferich%2C%20K%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Karl%20Helfferich%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Helfferich%2C%20Karl%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Karl%20Helfferich%22%29%20OR%20%28%221872-1924%22%20AND%20Helfferich%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Karl Helfferich</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karl_Helfferich" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Karl Helfferich">Karl Helfferich</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/44940">Works by Karl Helfferich</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/007501">Newspaper clippings about Karl Helfferich</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Clemens von Delbrück">Clemens von Delbrück</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chancellor_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chancellor of Germany">Vice Chancellor of Germany</a> </b><br />1916–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Payer" title="Friedrich von Payer">Friedrich von Payer</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template:Finance Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finance_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Finance Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finance Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finance_Ministers_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)">Finance Ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a><br />(1871–1918) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Scholz" title="Adolf von Scholz">Adolf von Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Emil_Emanuel_von_Burchard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Emil Emanuel von Burchard (page does not exist)">Franz Emil Emanuel von Burchard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Rudolf_Jacobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Rudolf Jacobi (page does not exist)">Karl Rudolf Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Maltzahn" title="Helmuth von Maltzahn">Baron Helmuth von Maltzahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_von_Posadowsky-Wehner" title="Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner">Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Franz_Guido_von_Thielmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Franz Guido von Thielmann (page does not exist)">Max Franz Guido von Thielmann </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Stengel" title="Hermann von Stengel">Baron Hermann von Stengel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Sydow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Sydow (page does not exist)">Reinhold Sydow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Wermuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Wermuth (page does not exist)">Adolf Wermuth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_K%C3%BChn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Kühn (page does not exist)">Hermann Kühn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karl Helfferich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_von_Roedern" title="Siegfried von Roedern">Siegfried von Roedern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a><br />(1918–1933) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Schiffer" title="Eugen Schiffer">Eugen Schiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Dernburg" title="Bernhard Dernburg">Bernhard Dernburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hermes" title="Andreas Hermes">Andreas Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Rudolf Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_von_Schlieben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto von Schlieben (page does not exist)">Otto von Schlieben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Reinhold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Reinhold (page does not exist)">Peter Reinhold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_K%C3%B6hler" title="Heinrich Köhler">Heinrich Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Rudolf Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Moldenhauer" title="Paul Moldenhauer">Paul Moldenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Dietrich" title="Hermann Dietrich">Hermann Dietrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a><br />(1933–1945) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a><br />(1949–1990) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany"><img alt="East Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Loch" title="Hans Loch">Hans Loch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Rumpf" title="Willy Rumpf">Willy Rumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_B%C3%B6hm" title="Siegfried Böhm">Siegfried Böhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Schmieder" title="Werner Schmieder">Werner Schmieder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_H%C3%B6fner_(politician)" title="Ernst Höfner (politician)">Ernst Höfner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Nickel" title="Uta Nickel">Uta Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Romberg" title="Walter Romberg">Walter Romberg </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Skowron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Skowron (page does not exist)">Werner Skowron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a><br />(1949–) <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Fritz Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Etzel" title="Franz Etzel">Franz Etzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Starke" title="Heinz Starke">Heinz Starke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgr%C3%BCn" title="Rolf Dahlgrün">Rolf Dahlgrün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Kurt Schmücker">Kurt Schmücker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%B6ller" title="Alex Möller">Alex Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schiller" title="Karl Schiller">Karl Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Apel" title="Hans Apel">Hans Apel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Matth%C3%B6fer" title="Hans Matthöfer">Hans Matthöfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Lahnstein" title="Manfred Lahnstein">Manfred Lahnstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg" title="Gerhard Stoltenberg">Gerhard Stoltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Waigel" title="Theo Waigel">Theo Waigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine" title="Oskar Lafontaine">Oskar Lafontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eichel" title="Hans Eichel">Hans Eichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck" title="Peer Steinbrück">Peer Steinbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Altmaier" title="Peter Altmaier">Peter Altmaier</a><span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindner" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Kukies" title="Jörg Kukies">Jörg Kukies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template:Interior Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Interior Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interior Ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interior_Ministers_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_interior_ministers" title="List of German interior ministers">Interior Ministers of Germany</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1871–1918) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_von_Hofmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl von Hofmann (page does not exist)">Karl Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_von_Boetticher" title="Karl Heinrich von Boetticher">Karl Heinrich von Boetticher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_von_Posadowsky-Wehner" title="Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner">Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Clemens von Delbrück">Clemens von Delbrück</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karl Helfferich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wallraf" title="Max Wallraf">Max Wallraf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Trimborn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Trimborn (page does not exist)">Karl Trimborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1918–33) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Preu%C3%9F" title="Hugo Preuß">Hugo Preuß</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_David" title="Eduard David">Eduard David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch-Weser" title="Erich Koch-Weser">Erich Koch-Weser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Gradnauer" title="Georg Gradnauer">Georg Gradnauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_K%C3%B6ster" title="Adolf Köster">Adolf Köster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Oeser" title="Rudolf Oeser">Rudolf Oeser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sollmann" title="Wilhelm Sollmann">Wilhelm Sollmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jarres" title="Karl Jarres">Karl Jarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schiele" title="Martin Schiele">Martin Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Gessler" title="Otto Gessler">Otto Geßler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BClz" title="Wilhelm Külz">Wilhelm Külz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Keudell" title="Walter von Keudell">Walter von Keudell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Severing" title="Carl Severing">Carl Severing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">Wilhelm Groener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Gayl" title="Wilhelm von Gayl">Wilhelm von Gayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Bracht" title="Franz Bracht">Franz Bracht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1933–45) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Giesler" title="Paul Giesler">Paul Giesler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stuckart" title="Wilhelm Stuckart">Wilhelm Stuckart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a><span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"><sup>1</sup> (1949–90) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinhoff" title="Karl Steinhoff">Karl Steinhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Maron" title="Karl Maron">Karl Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Dickel" title="Friedrich Dickel">Friedrich Dickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Ahrendt" title="Lothar Ahrendt">Lothar Ahrendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter-Michael_Diestel" title="Peter-Michael Diestel">Peter-Michael Diestel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%; font-weight: normal"> (1949–present) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lehr" title="Robert Lehr">Robert Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Gerhard Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6cherl" title="Hermann Höcherl">Hermann Höcherl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_L%C3%BCcke" title="Paul Lücke">Paul Lücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Benda" title="Ernst Benda">Ernst Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Maihofer" title="Werner Maihofer">Werner Maihofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Baum" title="Gerhart Baum">Gerhart Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude" title="Jürgen Schmude">Jürgen Schmude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Zimmermann" title="Friedrich Zimmermann">Friedrich Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Seiters" title="Rudolf Seiters">Rudolf Seiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Kanther" title="Manfred Kanther">Manfred Kanther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schily" title="Otto Schily">Otto Schily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Thomas de Maizière">Thomas de Maizière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Peter_Friedrich" title="Hans-Peter Friedrich">Hans-Peter Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Thomas de Maizière">Thomas de Maizière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Faeser" title="Nancy Faeser">Nancy Faeser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%"><div><sup>1</sup> East Germany</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67018#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67018#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67018#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011610999X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27163099">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/274451/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp9y6dVQM4J3VQDCYF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118773828">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90686347">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12459301h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12459301h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2011661503&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/218165">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070546053">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Helfferich, Karl, 1872-1924"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000338547&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583881905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44977">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262534505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1089625">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118773828.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118773828">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033758603">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&oldid=1258934557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Helfferich&oldid=1258934557</a>"</div></div> <div 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