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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deposit of material ejected from a volcanic eruption</div> <p>A <b>pyroclastic fall</b> deposit is a uniform deposit of material which has been ejected from a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> or plume such as an ash fall or <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyroclastic fallout deposits are a result of: </p> <ol><li>Ballistic transport of ejecta such as <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_blocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic blocks">volcanic blocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic bombs">volcanic bombs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a> from volcanic explosions</li> <li>Deposition of material from convective clouds associated with <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic flows">pyroclastic flows</a> such as co<a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrite</a> falls</li> <li>Ejecta carried in gas streaming from a vent. The material under the action of gravity will settle out from an eruption plume or <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption column</a></li> <li>Ejecta settling from an eruptive plume or eruption column that is displaced laterally by wind currents and is dispersed over great distances</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structures">Structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic_fall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcanic_Ash-Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Volcanic_Ash-Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan.jpg/350px-Volcanic_Ash-Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Volcanic_Ash-Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan.jpg/525px-Volcanic_Ash-Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Volcanic_Ash-Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan.jpg/700px-Volcanic_Ash-Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9968" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>Pyroclastic fall layers of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> on <a href="/wiki/Izu_%C5%8Cshima" title="Izu Ōshima">Izu Oshima</a> volcano in Japan. The ash fell on an uneven ground surface. The ash layers have not been folded after deposition.</figcaption></figure> <p>The deposits of pyroclastic falls follow a well sorted and well bedded trend. They exhibit mantle bedding—the deposits directly overlie pre-existing topography and maintain a uniform thickness over relatively short distances. Sorting by size is more pronounced than <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">pyroclastic surge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic flows">pyroclastic flows</a>. Early settling of crystals and lithic fragments near an eruptive vent and of glassy fragments further away is a common trend witnessed during many eruptions. The <a href="/wiki/La_Soufri%C3%A8re_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soufrière (volcano)">St Vincent eruption in 1902</a> ejected a large <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption column</a> which when settled near the vent contained 73% crystals, and ash deposited in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1,600 km away consisted entirely of glass dust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispersal">Dispersal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic_fall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dispersal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distribution of pyroclastic ash depends largely on the direction of <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> at intermediate and high altitudes between approximately 4.5 – 13 km. The general trend of pyroclastic dispersal is shown using <a href="/wiki/Isopach_map" title="Isopach map">isopachs</a> (which are analogous to <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic map</a> contours though they illustrate lines of equal thickness rather than elevation) and show the dispersal as elongated with wind direction. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a> (Indonesia) eruption of 1883 produced an <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption column</a> which rose to more than 50 km. An ash flow from this explosion was recognised 2,500 km west of the volcano. The total area of recognisable pyroclastic fall was greater than 800,000 km<sup>2</sup>. The pyroclastic ash encircled the globe in 13.5 days and at altitudes of between 30 and 50 km the average <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> was 12 km/h. The ash remained in the upper atmosphere and produced brilliant sunsets for many years, lowered the global temperature by 0.5 °C for at least five years. </p><p>The 1912 eruption in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Ten_Thousand_Smokes" title="Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes">Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes</a> (Alaska) covered an area greater than 100,000 km<sup>2</sup> to a depth of six mm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_variations">Composition variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic_fall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pyroclastic falls exhibit lateral and commonly vertical variations in the nature and size of fragments. This is commonly known as an inversion of the <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chamber</a>. </p><p>The 79 AD eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced the <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a> which is an example of lateral and vertical variations. The deposit is well sorted with density and size of pumice, and the content and size of the lithic fragments increasing upwards. The bottom layer of the pumice is white felsic rich pumice with a darker grey mafic pumice overlying it. These changes represent the increasing vigour of the eruption. The mafic upper part of the deposit reflects the increasing depth of the origin or compositionally zoned <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chamber</a> (mafic lava is denser and settles to the bottom of the chamber as well as crystals which settle out, e.g., olivine). This unit represents an inversion of the magma chamber as progressively deeper materials from the chamber were tapped as the eruption progressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic_fall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">Pyroclastic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">Pyroclastic surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic shield volcano">Pyroclastic shield volcano</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyroclastic_fall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCasWright1988" class="citation book cs1">Cas, R. A. F.; Wright, J. V. (1988). Cas, R. A. F.; Wright, J. V. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3167-1_6"><i>Volcanic Successions Modern and Ancient: A geological approach to processes, products and successions</i></a>. Springer Netherlands. pp. <span class="nowrap">128–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-3167-1_6">10.1007/978-94-009-3167-1_6</a> – via Springer Link.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanic+Successions+Modern+and+Ancient%3A+A+geological+approach+to+processes%2C+products+and+successions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-3167-1_6&rft.aulast=Cas&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+F.&rft.au=Wright%2C+J.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-3167-1_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyroclastic+fall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSigurdsson,_HaraldurCashdollar,_StanfordStephen_R._J._Sparks1982" class="citation journal cs1">Sigurdsson, Haraldur; Cashdollar, Stanford; Stephen R. J. Sparks (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/504292">"The Eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79: Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological Evidence"</a>. <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>86</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F504292">10.2307/504292</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/504292">504292</a>.</cite><span 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volcano">Complex volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoexplosion" title="Cryptoexplosion">Cryptovolcanic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">Fissure vent</a></li> <li>Lava cone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">Mud volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">Parasitic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic cone">Pyroclastic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield" title="Pyroclastic shield">Pyroclastic shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somma_volcano" title="Somma volcano">Somma volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tossol" title="Tossol">Tossol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">Volcanic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_tremor" title="Harmonic tremor">Harmonic tremor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/90px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/135px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/180px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">Agglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">Basaltic andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Cinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">Lapilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucitite" title="Leucitite">Leucitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyroclastic fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_volcanoes" title="Lists of volcanoes">Lists of volcanoes</a></li> <li><a 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