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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transport and lithification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_and_lithification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occurrences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occurrences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-silica_volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-silica_volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>High-silica volcanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-silica_volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alkaline_volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkaline_volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alkaline volcanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkaline_volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermediate_volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermediate_volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Intermediate volcanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermediate_volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mafic_volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mafic_volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mafic volcanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mafic_volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultramafic_volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultramafic_volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ultramafic volcanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultramafic_volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kimberlites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimberlites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Kimberlites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimberlites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komatiites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komatiites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Komatiites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komatiites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folding_and_metamorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_and_metamorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Folding and metamorphism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folding_and_metamorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Importance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapa_Nui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapa_Nui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Rapa Nui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapa_Nui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tephrochronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tephrochronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Tephrochronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tephrochronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuff</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="طفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_volc%C3%A1nica" title="Toba volcánica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toba volcánica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84" title="Вулканичен туф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вулканичен туф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tuff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuff" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τόφφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόφφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_volc%C3%A1nica" title="Toba volcánica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toba volcánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofo" title="Tofo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tofo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba" title="Toba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81_(%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="توف (سنگ) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توف (سنگ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf_volcanique" title="Tuf volcanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tuf volcanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowestien" title="Dowestien – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dowestien" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%91%ED%9A%8C%EC%95%94#용결응회암" title="응회암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="응회암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86" title="Հրաբխային տուֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրաբխային տուֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC" title="टफ़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टफ़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C5%A1inac" title="Pršinac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pršinac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufo" title="Tufo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tufo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3berg_(jar%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Móberg (jarðfræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Móberg (jarðfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufo" title="Tufo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tufo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A3" title="טוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu_putih" title="Watu putih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Watu putih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟುಫ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟುಫ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%84" title="Туф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Туф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofus" title="Tofus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tofus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufas" title="Tufas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tufas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufsjt%C3%A8%C3%A8" title="Tufsjtèè – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tufsjtèè" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tufa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%84" title="Туф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D" title="ടഫ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടഫ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufsteen" title="Tufsteen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tufsteen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufsteen" title="Tufsteen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tufsteen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="凝灰岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="凝灰岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tuff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tuff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf_volcanic" title="Tuf volcanic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tuf volcanic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf_wulkaniczny" title="Tuf wulkaniczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tuf wulkaniczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufo_vulc%C3%A2nico" title="Tufo vulcânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tufo vulcânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84" title="Вулканический туф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вулканический туф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tuff" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%84" title="Туф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuf" title="Tuf – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tuf" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffi" title="Tuffi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuffi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tuff" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCf" title="Tüf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tüf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%84" title="Вулканічний туф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вулканічний туф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawe" title="Tawe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tawe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="凝灰岩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凝灰岩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="凝灰岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凝灰岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rock consolidated from volcanic ash</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tuff_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tuff (disambiguation)">Tuff (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg/220px-Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg/330px-Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg/440px-Bandelier-Pockmarked_Cliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Cliff face of welded tuff pockmarked with holes — some natural, some man-made from <a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tufo_Necropoli_della_Banditaccia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tufo_Necropoli_della_Banditaccia.JPG/250px-Tufo_Necropoli_della_Banditaccia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tufo_Necropoli_della_Banditaccia.JPG/330px-Tufo_Necropoli_della_Banditaccia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tufo_Necropoli_della_Banditaccia.JPG/500px-Tufo_Necropoli_della_Banditaccia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a> tuff blocks from a tomb at <a href="/wiki/Banditaccia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banditaccia">Banditaccia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuffstein_Haus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Tuffstein_Haus.jpg/170px-Tuffstein_Haus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Tuffstein_Haus.jpg/255px-Tuffstein_Haus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Tuffstein_Haus.jpg/340px-Tuffstein_Haus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A house constructed of tuff blocks in <a href="/wiki/Rieden,_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rieden, Rhineland-Palatinate">Rieden, Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Eifel" title="Volcanic Eifel">Volcanic Eifel</a> region, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tuff</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> ejected from a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">vent</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a>. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is <a href="/wiki/Lithified" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithified">lithified</a> into a solid rock.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock that contains greater than 75% ash is considered tuff, while rock containing 25% to 75% ash is described as <i><b>tuffaceous</b></i> (for example, <i>tuffaceous sandstone</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt-1981_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic rock</a> containing 25–75% <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_bomb" title="Volcanic bomb">volcanic bombs</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_block" title="Volcanic block">volcanic blocks</a> is called <b>tuff breccia</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuff composed of sandy volcanic material can be referred to as <b>volcanic sandstone</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuff is a relatively soft rock, so it has been used for construction since ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-dolan-etal-2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolan-etal-2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it is common in Italy, the Romans used it often for construction.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson-etal-2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-etal-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui people</a> used it to make most of the <i><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></i> statues on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-collins-2016-150-151_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-2016-150-151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuff can be classified as either <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>. It is usually studied in the context of igneous <a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">petrology</a>, although it is sometimes described using <a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">sedimentological</a> terms. </p><p>Tuff is often erroneously called tufa in guidebooks and in television programs but <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volcanic_Ash">Volcanic Ash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Volcanic Ash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The material that is expelled in a <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">volcanic eruption</a> can be classified into three types: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">Volcanic gases</a>, a mixture made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and a sulfur compound (either <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, SO<sub>2</sub>, or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, H<sub>2</sub>S, depending on the temperature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">Lava</a>, the name of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> when it emerges and flows over the surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a>, particles of solid material of all shapes and sizes ejected and thrown through the air</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuff_shards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tuff_shards.jpg/220px-Tuff_shards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tuff_shards.jpg/330px-Tuff_shards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tuff_shards.jpg/440px-Tuff_shards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Light-microscope image of tuff as seen in thin section (long dimension is several mm): The curved shapes of altered glass shards (ash fragments) are well preserved, although the glass is partly altered. The shapes were formed about bubbles of expanding, water-rich gas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tephra is made when magma inside the volcano is blown apart by the rapid expansion of hot volcanic gases. Magma commonly explodes as the gas dissolved in it comes out of solution as the pressure decreases <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">when it flows to the surface</a>. These violent explosions produce particles of material that can then fly from the volcano. Solid particles smaller than 2 mm in diameter (<a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand-sized</a> or smaller) are called volcanic ash.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schmidt-1981_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volcanic ash is further divided into fine ash, with particle sizes smaller than 0.0625 mm in diameter, and coarse ash, with particle sizes between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm in diameter. Tuff is correspondingly divided into coarse tuff (coarse ash tuff) and fine tuff (fine ash tuff or dust tuff). Consolidated tephra composed mostly of coarser particles is called lapillistone (particles 2 mm to 64 mm in diameter) or agglomerate or pyroclastic <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> (particles over 64 mm in diameter) rather than tuff.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt-1981_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volcanic ash can vary greatly in composition, and so tuffs are further classified by the composition of the ash from which they formed. Ash from high-silica volcanism, particularly in ash flows, consists mainly of shards of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">volcanic glass</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198496_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198496-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tuff formed predominantly from glass shards is described as vitric tuff.<sup id="cite_ref-obrien-1963_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obrien-1963-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glass shards are typically either irregular in shape or are roughly triangular with convex sides. They are the shattered walls of countless small bubbles that formed in the magma as dissolved gases rapidly came out of solution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199627–29_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199627–29-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuffs formed from ash consisting predominantly of individual crystals are described as crystal tuffs, while those formed from ash consisting predominantly of pulverized rock fragments are described as lithic tuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-obrien-1963_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obrien-1963-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chemical composition of volcanic ash reflects the entire range of volcanic rock chemistry, from high-silica <a href="/wiki/Rhyolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyolitic">rhyolitic</a> ash to low-silica <a href="/wiki/Basaltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic">basaltic</a> ash, and tuffs are likewise described as rhyolitic, andesitic, basaltic, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198498–99_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198498–99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Welded_tuff"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport_and_lithification">Transport and lithification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transport and lithification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most straightforward way for volcanic ash to move away from the vent is as ash clouds that are part of an <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption column</a>. These fall to the surface as <i>fallout</i> deposits that are characteristically <a href="/wiki/Sorting_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorting (geology)">well-sorted</a> and tend to form a blanket of uniform thickness across terrain. <a href="/wiki/Column_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Column collapse">Column collapse</a> results in a more spectacular and destructive form of transport, which takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic flows">pyroclastic flows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">surges</a> that characteristically are poorly sorted and pool in low terrain. Surge deposits sometimes show <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">sedimentary structures</a> typical of high-velocity flow, such as <a href="/wiki/Dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunes">dunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antidunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidunes">antidunes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-77_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-77-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volcanic ash already deposited on the surface can be transported as mud flows (<a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>) when mingled with water from rainfall or through eruption into a body of water or ice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003138–157_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003138–157-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particles of volcanic ash that are sufficiently hot will weld together after settling to the surface, producing a <b>welded tuff</b>. Welding requires temperatures in excess of 600 °C (1,100 °F). If the rock contains scattered, pea-sized fragments or <a href="/wiki/Fiamme" title="Fiamme">fiamme</a> in it, it is called a welded <a href="/wiki/Lapilli_tuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapilli tuff">lapilli tuff</a>. Welded tuffs (and welded lapilli tuffs) can be of fallout origin, or deposited from ash flows, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke1984215_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke1984215-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During welding, the glass shards and pumice fragments adhere together (necking at point contacts), deform, and compact together, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Eutaxitic_texture" title="Eutaxitic texture">eutaxitic fabric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003186–187_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003186–187-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welded tuff is commonly rhyolitic in composition, but examples of all compositions are known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke1984209_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke1984209-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199629_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199629-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sequence of ash flows may consist of multiple <i>cooling units</i>. These can be distinguished by the degree of welding. The base of a cooling unit is typically unwelded due to chilling from the underlying cold surface, and the degree of welding and of secondary reactions from fluids in the flow increases upwards towards the center of the flow. Welding decreases towards the top of the cooling unit, where the unit cools more rapidly. The intensity of welding may also decrease towards areas in which the deposit is thinner, and with distance from source.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooler pyroclastic flows are unwelded and the ash sheets deposited by them are relatively unconsolidated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003186–187_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003186–187-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, cooled volcanic ash can quickly become lithified because it usually has a high content of volcanic glass. This is a thermodynamically unstable material that reacts rapidly with ground water or sea water, which leaches <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> from the glass. New minerals, such as <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, crystallize from the dissolved substances and cement the tuff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003138_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003138-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuffs are further classified by their depositional environment, such as lacustrine tuff, subaerial tuff, or submarine tuff, or by the mechanism by which the ash was transported, such as fallout tuff or ash flow tuff. Reworked tuffs, formed by erosion and redeposition of ash deposits, are usually described by the transport agent, such as aeolian tuff or fluvial tuff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489–90_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489–90-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcanic_Ash_Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Layers of fallout tuff in Japan"><img alt="Layers of fallout tuff in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Volcanic_Ash_Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan_1.jpg/250px-Volcanic_Ash_Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Volcanic_Ash_Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan_1.jpg/330px-Volcanic_Ash_Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Volcanic_Ash_Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan_1.jpg/500px-Volcanic_Ash_Fall_Layers_Izu_Oshima_Japan_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Layers of fallout tuff in Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BishopTuff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rocks from the Bishop tuff in California, unwelded with pumice on left, welded with fiamme on right"><img alt="Rocks from the Bishop tuff in California, unwelded with pumice on left, welded with fiamme on right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BishopTuff.jpg/200px-BishopTuff.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BishopTuff.jpg/300px-BishopTuff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BishopTuff.jpg/400px-BishopTuff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rocks from the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_tuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop tuff">Bishop tuff</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, unwelded with <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> on left, welded with <a href="/wiki/Fiamme" title="Fiamme">fiamme</a> on right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandelier_Tuff_San_Diego_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandelier Tuff at San Diego Canyon, New Mexico, USA. The lower Otowi Member is a single massive cooling unit, while the upper Tshirege Member is composed of multiple cooling units."><img alt="Bandelier Tuff at San Diego Canyon, New Mexico, USA. The lower Otowi Member is a single massive cooling unit, while the upper Tshirege Member is composed of multiple cooling units." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bandelier_Tuff_San_Diego_Canyon.jpg/200px-Bandelier_Tuff_San_Diego_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bandelier_Tuff_San_Diego_Canyon.jpg/300px-Bandelier_Tuff_San_Diego_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bandelier_Tuff_San_Diego_Canyon.jpg/400px-Bandelier_Tuff_San_Diego_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bandelier Tuff at San Diego Canyon, New Mexico, USA. The lower Otowi Member is a single massive cooling unit, while the upper Tshirege Member is composed of multiple cooling units.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrences">Occurrences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occurrences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuffs have the potential to be deposited wherever explosive volcanism takes place, and so have a wide distribution in location and age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-silica_volcanism">High-silica volcanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High-silica volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rhyolite tuffs contain pumiceous, glassy fragments and small scoriae with <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotite" title="Biotite">biotite</a>, etc. Iceland,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lipari,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range</a> of the American southwest, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are among the areas where such tuffs are prominent. In the ancient rocks of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_Forest" title="Charnwood Forest">Charnwood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc., similar tuffs are known, but in all cases, they are greatly changed by silicification (which has filled them with <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">chalcedony</a>, and quartz) and by devitrification.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequent presence of rounded corroded quartz crystals, such as occur in rhyolitic lavas, helps to demonstrate their real nature.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Welded ignimbrites can be highly voluminous, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lava_Creek_Tuff" title="Lava Creek Tuff">Lava Creek Tuff</a> erupted from <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera" title="Yellowstone Caldera">Yellowstone Caldera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> 631,000 years ago. This tuff had an original volume of at least 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cu mi).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lava Creek tuff is known to be at least 1000 times as large as the deposits of the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>, and it had a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a> (VEI) of 8, greater than any eruption known in the last 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ash flow tuffs cover 7,000 square kilometers (2,700 sq mi) of the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and about 100,000 square kilometers (39,000 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. Ash flow tuffs are the only volcanic product with volumes rivaling those of <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tioga Bentonite of the northeastern United States varies in composition from crystal tuff to tuffaceous shale. It was deposited as ash carried by wind that fell out over the sea and settled to the bottom. It is <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> in age and likely came from a vent in central <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where the tuff reaches its maximum thickness of about 40 meters (130 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkaline_volcanism">Alkaline volcanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alkaline volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trachyte tuffs contain little or no quartz, but much <a href="/wiki/Sanidine" title="Sanidine">sanidine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anorthoclase" title="Anorthoclase">anorthoclase</a> and sometimes oligoclase feldspar, with occasional biotite, augite, and hornblende. In weathering, they often change to soft red or yellow <a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">claystones</a>, rich in <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a> with secondary quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent trachyte tuffs are found on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Siebengebirge" title="Siebengebirge">Siebengebirge</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trachyte-carbonatite tuffs have been identified in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alkaline crystal tuffs have been reported from <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermediate_volcanism">Intermediate volcanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intermediate volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andesitic tuffs are exceedingly common. They occur along the whole chain of the <a href="/wiki/American_Cordillera" title="American Cordillera">Cordilleras</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, New Zealand,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc. In the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Wales, <a href="/wiki/Lorne,_Scotland" title="Lorne, Scotland">Lorne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Hills" title="Pentland Hills">Pentland Hills</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cheviots" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheviots">Cheviots</a>, and many other districts of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, ancient rocks of exactly similar nature are abundant. In color, they are red or brown; their scoriae fragments are of all sizes from huge blocks down to minute granular dust. The cavities are filled with many secondary minerals, such as <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>, quartz, <a href="/wiki/Epidote" title="Epidote">epidote</a>, or chalcedony; in microscopic sections, though, the nature of the original lava can nearly always be made out from the shapes and properties of the little crystals which occur in the decomposed glassy base. Even in the smallest details, these ancient tuffs have a complete resemblance to the modern ash beds of <a href="/wiki/Cotopaxi" title="Cotopaxi">Cotopaxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a>, and Mont Pelé.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mafic_volcanism">Mafic volcanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mafic volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Head_Hawaii_From_Round_Top_Rd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Diamond_Head_Hawaii_From_Round_Top_Rd.JPG/220px-Diamond_Head_Hawaii_From_Round_Top_Rd.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Diamond_Head_Hawaii_From_Round_Top_Rd.JPG/330px-Diamond_Head_Hawaii_From_Round_Top_Rd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Diamond_Head_Hawaii_From_Round_Top_Rd.JPG/440px-Diamond_Head_Hawaii_From_Round_Top_Rd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Diamond Head, a tuff cone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/250px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/330px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/500px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> are carved out of <a href="/wiki/Tholeiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiite">tholeiite</a> basalt tuff.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mafic volcanism typically takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">Hawaiian eruptions</a> that are nonexplosive and produce little ash.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, interaction between basaltic magma and groundwater or sea water results in hydromagmatic explosions that produce abundant ash. These deposit ash cones that subsequently can become cemented into tuff cones. <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Head,_Hawaii" title="Diamond Head, Hawaii">Diamond Head, Hawaii</a>, is an example of a tuff cone, as is the island of <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'ula">Ka'ula</a>. The glassy basaltic ash produced in such eruptions rapidly alters to <a href="/wiki/Palagonite" title="Palagonite">palagonite</a> as part of the process of lithification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald198317–20_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald198317–20-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although conventional mafic volcanism produce little ash, such ash as is formed may accumulate locally as significant deposits. An example is the Pahala ash of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)"> Hawaii</a> island, which locally is as thick as 15 meters (49 ft). These deposits also rapidly alter to palagonite, and eventually weather to <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1983349–353_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald1983349–353-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basaltic tuffs are also found in <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Skye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Mull</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">Antrim</a>, and other places, where <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> volcanic rocks are found; in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, and Ireland among the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> strata, and among the still older rocks of the Lake District, the southern uplands of Scotland, and Wales. They are black, dark green, or red in colour; vary greatly in coarseness, some being full of round spongy bombs a foot or more in diameter; and being often submarine, may contain shale, sandstone, grit, and other sedimentary material, and are occasionally fossiliferous. Recent basaltic tuffs are found in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a>, Sicily, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, etc. When weathered, they are filled with calcite, chlorite, <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a>, and especially where the lavas contain <a href="/wiki/Nepheline" title="Nepheline">nepheline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leucite" title="Leucite">leucite</a>, are often rich in <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Analcite" class="mw-redirect" title="Analcite">analcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehnite" title="Prehnite">prehnite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natrolite" title="Natrolite">natrolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scolecite" title="Scolecite">scolecite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chabazite" title="Chabazite">chabazite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heulandite" title="Heulandite">heulandite</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultramafic_volcanism">Ultramafic volcanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ultramafic volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultramafic tuffs are extremely rare; their characteristic is the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> or serpentine and the scarcity or absence of <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kimberlites">Kimberlites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kimberlites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occurrences of ultramafic tuff include surface deposits of <a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">kimberlite</a> at <a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">maars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>-fields of southern Africa and other regions. The principal variety of kimberlite is a dark bluish-green, serpentine-rich breccia (blue-ground) which, when thoroughly oxidized and weathered, becomes a friable brown or yellow mass (the "yellow-ground").<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These breccias were emplaced as gas–solid mixtures and are typically preserved and mined in <a href="/wiki/Diatreme" title="Diatreme">diatremes</a> that form intrusive pipe-like structures. At depth, some kimberlite breccias grade into root zones of dikes made of unfragmented rock. At the surface, ultramafic tuffs may occur in maar deposits. Because kimberlites are the most common igneous source of diamonds, the transitions from maar to diatreme to root-zone dikes have been studied in detail. Diatreme-<a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a> kimberlite is more properly called an ultramafic breccia rather than a tuff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Komatiites">Komatiites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Komatiites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a> tuffs are found, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belts" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenstone belts">greenstone belts</a> of Canada and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folding_and_metamorphism">Folding and metamorphism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Folding and metamorphism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg/170px-Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg/255px-Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg/340px-Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Servian_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Servian Walls">Servian Walls</a> in Rome, made of tuff blocks</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrie_Bight_Retaining_Wall,_Queen_Street,_Brisbane_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Petrie_Bight_Retaining_Wall%2C_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane_03.jpg/220px-Petrie_Bight_Retaining_Wall%2C_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Petrie_Bight_Retaining_Wall%2C_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane_03.jpg/330px-Petrie_Bight_Retaining_Wall%2C_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Petrie_Bight_Retaining_Wall%2C_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane_03.jpg/440px-Petrie_Bight_Retaining_Wall%2C_Queen_Street%2C_Brisbane_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>19th century embankment wall built of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane_tuff" title="Brisbane tuff">Brisbane tuff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">City of Brisbane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In course of time, changes other than weathering may overtake tuff deposits. Sometimes, they are involved in folding and become <a href="/wiki/Shear_(geology)" title="Shear (geology)">sheared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">cleaved</a>. Many of the green <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slates</a> of the English <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Lake_District" title="Geology of the Lake District">Lake District</a> are finely cleaved ashes. In <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_Forest" title="Charnwood Forest">Charnwood Forest</a> also, the tuffs are slaty and cleaved. The green color is due to the large development of chlorite. Among the crystalline <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schists</a> of many regions, green beds or green schists occur, which consist of quartz, hornblende, chlorite or biotite, <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a>, feldspar, etc., and are probably recrystallized or <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphosed</a> tuffs. They often accompany masses of epidiorite and hornblende – schists which are the corresponding lavas and <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a>. Some chlorite-schists also are probably altered beds of volcanic tuff. The "Schalsteins" of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and Germany include many cleaved and partly recrystallized ash-beds, some of which still retain their fragmental structure, though their lapilli are flattened and drawn out. Their steam cavities are usually filled with calcite, but sometimes with quartz. The more completely altered forms of these rocks are platy, green chloritic schists; in these, however, structures indicating their original volcanic nature only sparingly occur. These are intermediate stages between cleaved tuffs and crystalline schists.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary economic value of tuff is as a building material. In the ancient world, tuff's relative softness meant that it was commonly used for construction where it was available.<sup id="cite_ref-dolan-etal-2019_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolan-etal-2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuff is common in Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used it for many buildings and bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-jackson-etal-2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-etal-2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the whole port of the island of <a href="/wiki/Ventotene" title="Ventotene">Ventotene</a> (still in use), was carved from tuff. The <a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a>, built to defend the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in the fourth century BC, is also built almost entirely from tuff.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans also cut tuff into small, rectangular stones that they used to create walls in a pattern known as <i><a href="/wiki/Opus_reticulatum" title="Opus reticulatum">opus reticulatum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peperino" title="Peperino">Peperino</a> has been used in Rome and Naples as a building stone, is a <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachyte</a> tuff. <a href="/wiki/Pozzolana" title="Pozzolana">Pozzolana</a> also is a decomposed tuff, but of basic character, originally obtained near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and used as a <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, but this name is now applied to a number of substances not always of identical character. In the historical architecture of Naples, Neapolitan yellow tuff is the most used building material.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Piperno" title="Piperno">Piperno</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrite</a> tuff was also used widely in Naples and Campania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> region of Germany, a trachytic, pumiceous tuff called <a href="/wiki/Trass" title="Trass">trass</a> has been extensively worked as a hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuff of the Eifel region of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> has been widely used for construction of railroad stations and other buildings in Frankfurt, Hamburg, and other large cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003280–281_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003280–281-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction using the <i><a href="/wiki/Rochlitz" title="Rochlitz">Rochlitz</a> Porphyr</i>, can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a>-style sculpted portal outside the chapel entrance in <a href="/wiki/Colditz_Castle" title="Colditz Castle">Colditz Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade name <i>Rochlitz Porphyr</i> is the traditional designation for a <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> with an architectural history over 1,000 years in Germany. The quarries are located near Rochlitz.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a>, a U.S. Department of Energy terminal storage facility for spent nuclear reactor and other radioactive waste, is in tuff and ignimbrite in the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Napa Valley">Napa Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Valley" title="Sonoma Valley">Sonoma Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, areas made of tuff are routinely excavated for storage of wine barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapa_Nui">Rapa Nui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rapa Nui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuff from Rano Raraku was used by the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island to make the vast majority of their famous <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a> statues.<sup id="cite_ref-collins-2016-150-151_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-2016-150-151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter-Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahu Tongariki on Easter Island, with 15 moai made of tuff from Rano Raraku crater: The second moai from the right has a Pukao ("topknot") which is made of red scoria."><img alt="Ahu Tongariki on Easter Island, with 15 moai made of tuff from Rano Raraku crater: The second moai from the right has a Pukao ("topknot") which is made of red scoria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Easter-Island.jpg/200px-Easter-Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Easter-Island.jpg/300px-Easter-Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Easter-Island.jpg/400px-Easter-Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ahu_Tongariki" title="Ahu Tongariki">Ahu Tongariki</a> on Easter Island, with 15 <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a> made of tuff from <a href="/wiki/Rano_Raraku" title="Rano Raraku">Rano Raraku</a> crater: The second moai from the right has a <a href="/wiki/Pukao" title="Pukao">Pukao</a> ("topknot") which is made of red <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20090513090DR_Colditz_Schlo%C3%9F_Portal_Kirchenhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at Colditz Castle, Saxony, designed by Andreas Walther II (1584)"><img alt="The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at Colditz Castle, Saxony, designed by Andreas Walther II (1584)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20090513090DR_Colditz_Schlo%C3%9F_Portal_Kirchenhaus.jpg/151px-20090513090DR_Colditz_Schlo%C3%9F_Portal_Kirchenhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20090513090DR_Colditz_Schlo%C3%9F_Portal_Kirchenhaus.jpg/226px-20090513090DR_Colditz_Schlo%C3%9F_Portal_Kirchenhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/20090513090DR_Colditz_Schlo%C3%9F_Portal_Kirchenhaus.jpg/302px-20090513090DR_Colditz_Schlo%C3%9F_Portal_Kirchenhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The rhyolitic tuff portal of the "church house" at <a href="/wiki/Colditz_Castle" title="Colditz Castle">Colditz Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a>, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Walther_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Walther II (page does not exist)">Andreas Walther II</a> (1584)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuff is used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the dominant type of stone used in construction in Armenia's capital <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>, Armenia's second largest city, and <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>, the country's medieval capital, now in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small village in Armenia was renamed <a href="/wiki/Tufashen" title="Tufashen">Tufashen</a> (literally "village of tuff") in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yerevan-Republic_Square-12-Government-2019-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenia's Government House in Yerevan's Republic Square, built of yellow tuff"><img alt="Armenia's Government House in Yerevan's Republic Square, built of yellow tuff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Yerevan-Republic_Square-12-Government-2019-gje.jpg/500px-Yerevan-Republic_Square-12-Government-2019-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Yerevan-Republic_Square-12-Government-2019-gje.jpg/960px-Yerevan-Republic_Square-12-Government-2019-gje.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4685" data-file-height="2203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenia's <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Yerevan" title="Government House, Yerevan">Government House</a> in Yerevan's <a href="/wiki/Republic_Square,_Yerevan" title="Republic Square, Yerevan">Republic Square</a>, built of yellow tuff </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Saviour%27s_Church,_Gyumri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Saviour's Church in Gyumri, built mainly of black tuff"><img alt="Holy Saviour's Church in Gyumri, built mainly of black tuff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Holy_Saviour%27s_Church%2C_Gyumri.jpg/270px-Holy_Saviour%27s_Church%2C_Gyumri.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Holy_Saviour%27s_Church%2C_Gyumri.jpg/405px-Holy_Saviour%27s_Church%2C_Gyumri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Holy_Saviour%27s_Church%2C_Gyumri.jpg/540px-Holy_Saviour%27s_Church%2C_Gyumri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saviour%27s_Church,_Gyumri" title="Holy Saviour's Church, Gyumri">Holy Saviour's Church</a> in Gyumri, built mainly of black tuff </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ani-Cathedral,_Ruine.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of Ani, early 11th century, in the medieval Armenian capital of Ani (modern-day Turkey) was built in tuff[65]"><img alt="Cathedral of Ani, early 11th century, in the medieval Armenian capital of Ani (modern-day Turkey) was built in tuff[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/240px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/360px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/480px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Ani" title="Cathedral of Ani">Cathedral of Ani</a>, early 11th century, in the medieval Armenian capital of <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a> (modern-day Turkey) was built in tuff<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tephrochronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilar_Formation_outcrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pilar_Formation_outcrop.jpg/250px-Pilar_Formation_outcrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pilar_Formation_outcrop.jpg/330px-Pilar_Formation_outcrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pilar_Formation_outcrop.jpg/500px-Pilar_Formation_outcrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Pilar Formation outcrop showing metatuff beds used for radiometric dating</figcaption></figure> <p>Tuffs are deposited geologically instantaneously and often over a large region. This makes them highly useful as time-stratigraphic markers. The use of tuffs and other tephra deposits in this manner is known as tephrochronology and is particularly useful for <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> chronostratigraphy. Individual tuff beds can be "fingerprinted" by their chemical composition and phenocryst assemblages.<sup id="cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-74_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-74-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absolute ages for tuff beds can be determined by <a href="/wiki/K-Ar" class="mw-redirect" title="K-Ar">K-Ar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon%E2%80%93argon_dating" title="Argon–argon dating">Ar-Ar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-14 dating">carbon-14 dating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke1984352–356_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke1984352–356-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a> grains found in many tuffs are highly durable and can survive even metamorphism of the host tuff to schist, allowing absolute ages to be assigned to ancient metamorphic rocks. For example, dating of zircons in a metamorphosed tuff bed in the <a href="/wiki/Pilar_Formation" title="Pilar Formation">Pilar Formation</a> provided some of the first evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Picuris_orogeny" title="Picuris orogeny">Picuris orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>tuff</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>tufo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">Bentonite</a> – Rock type or absorbent swelling clay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_tuff" title="Brisbane tuff">Brisbane tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutaxitic_texture" title="Eutaxitic texture">Eutaxitic texture</a> – Layered or banded texture in some extrusive rock bodies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillar" title="Sillar">Sillar</a> – Variety of rhyolite containing fragments of andesite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuffite" title="Tuffite">Tuffite</a> – Tuff containing both pyroclastic and detrital materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a> – Type of volcanic rock, a type of welded tuff.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFisherSchmincke1984" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984). <i>Pyroclastic rocks</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-12756-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-12756-9"><bdi>3-540-12756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyroclastic+rocks&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-540-12756-9&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Richard+V.&rft.au=Schmincke%2C+H.-U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmincke2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). <i>Volcanism</i>. Berlin: Springer. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43650-8"><bdi>978-3-540-43650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanism&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-540-43650-8&rft.aulast=Schmincke&rft.aufirst=Hans-Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmidt-1981-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt-1981_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt-1981_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schmidt-1981_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1981" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, R. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01822152">"Descriptive nomenclature and classification of pyroclastic deposits and fragments: recommendations of the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks"</a>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01822152">10.1007/BF01822152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128375559">128375559</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/ag/article/view/1257/1648">"Arenig volcanic and sedimentary strata, central New Brunswick and eastern Maine"</a>. <i>Atlantic Geology</i>. <b>38</b> (2/3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4138%2F1257">10.4138/1257</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Geology&rft.atitle=Arenig+volcanic+and+sedimentary+strata%2C+central+New+Brunswick+and+eastern+Maine&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4138%2F1257&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2Fag%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1257%2F1648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dolan-etal-2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dolan-etal-2019_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dolan-etal-2019_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDolanCatesConradCopeland2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dolan, S.G.; Cates, K.M.; Conrad, C.N.; Copeland, S.R. 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D.; Marra, F.; Hay, R. L.; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x">"The Judicious Selection and Preservation of Tuff and Travertine Building Stone in Ancient Rome*"</a>. <i>Archaeometry</i>. <b>47</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">485–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00215.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&rft.atitle=The+Judicious+Selection+and+Preservation+of+Tuff+and+Travertine+Building+Stone+in+Ancient+Rome%2A&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.au=Marra%2C+F.&rft.au=Hay%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Cawood%2C+C.&rft.au=Winkler%2C+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-4754.2005.00215.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collins-2016-150-151-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins-2016-150-151_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins-2016-150-151_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards2016" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Colin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FPQhDAAAQBAJ&dq=Richards,+Colin.+2016.+%22Making+Moai:+Reconsidering+Concepts+of+Risk+in+the+Construction+of+Megalithic+Architecture+in+Rapa+Nui+(Easter+Island)%22.+Rapa+Nui%E2%80%93Easter+Island:+Cultural+and+Historical+Perspectives,+pp.+150-151&pg=PA149">"Making Moai: Reconsidering concepts of riskin the construction of megalithic architecture in Rapa Nui (Easter Island)"</a>. <i>Rapa Nui: Easter Island Cultural and Historical Perspectives</i>. Berlin [Germany]. pp. <span class="nowrap">160–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7329-0265-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7329-0265-1"><bdi>978-3-7329-0265-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Making+Moai%3A+Reconsidering+concepts+of+riskin+the+construction+of+megalithic+architecture+in+Rapa+Nui+%28Easter+Island%29&rft.btitle=Rapa+Nui%3A+Easter+Island+Cultural+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.place=Berlin+%5BGermany%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-7329-0265-1&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFPQhDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRichards%2C%2BColin.%2B2016.%2B%2522Making%2BMoai%3A%2BReconsidering%2BConcepts%2Bof%2BRisk%2Bin%2Bthe%2BConstruction%2Bof%2BMegalithic%2BArchitecture%2Bin%2BRapa%2BNui%2B%28Easter%2BIsland%29%2522.%2BRapa%2BNui%25E2%2580%2593Easter%2BIsland%3A%2BCultural%2Band%2BHistorical%2BPerspectives%2C%2Bpp.%2B150-151%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuff&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198496-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198496_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherSchmincke1984">Fisher & Schmincke 1984</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlattTracy1996" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). <i>Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic</i> (2nd ed.). New York: W. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.053">"The Neapolitan Yellow Tuff: An outstanding example of heterogeneity"</a>. <i>Construction and Building Materials</i>. <b>136</b>: <span class="nowrap">361–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2017.01.053">10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+and+Building+Materials&rft.atitle=The+Neapolitan+Yellow+Tuff%3A+An+outstanding+example+of+heterogeneity&rft.volume=136&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2017.01.053&rft.aulast=Colella&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Di+Benedetto%2C+C.&rft.au=Calcaterra%2C+D.&rft.au=Cappelletti%2C+P.&rft.au=d%27Amore%2C+M.&rft.au=Di+Martire%2C+D.&rft.au=Graziano%2C+S.F.&rft.au=Papa%2C+L.&rft.au=De+Gennaro%2C+M.&rft.au=Langella%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.conbuildmat.2017.01.053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003280–281-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003280–281_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmincke2003">Schmincke 2003</a>, pp. 280–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Dehio" title="Georg Dehio">Georg Dehio</a>: <i>Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Sachsen II.</i> <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Kunstverlag" title="Deutscher Kunstverlag">Deutscher Kunstverlag</a>, München, Berlin 1998, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heiner Siedel: <i>Sächsische „Porphyrtuffe" aus dem Rotliegend als Baugesteine: Vorkommen und Abbau, Anwendung, Eigenschaften und Verwitterung</i>. In: Institut für Steinkonservierung e. V. Bericht Nr. 22, 2006, p. 47-58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611074858/http://www.tu-dresden.de/biw/geotechnik/geologie/publikationen/download/Tuffe_IfS.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tu-dresden.de/biw/geotechnik/geologie/publikationen/download/Tuffe_IfS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tu-dresden.de%2Fbiw%2Fgeotechnik%2Fgeologie%2Fpublikationen%2Fdownload%2FTuffe_IfS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLongEwing2004" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Jane C .S.; Ewing, Rodney C. 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"YUCCA MOUNTAIN: Earth-Science Issues at a Geologic Repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">363–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AREPS..32..363L">2004AREPS..32..363L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.32.092203.122444">10.1146/annurev.earth.32.092203.122444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=YUCCA+MOUNTAIN%3A+Earth-Science+Issues+at+a+Geologic+Repository+for+High-Level+Nuclear+Waste&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=2004-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.32.092203.122444&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004AREPS..32..363L&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jane+C+.S.&rft.au=Ewing%2C+Rodney+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKositskyLewis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kositsky, Andrew; Lewis, Scott (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://condorearth.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Seismic-Performance-of-Tunnels-Rev-20160105.pdf">"Seismic Performance of Wine Caves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The World Tunnel Conference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Tunnel+Conference&rft.atitle=Seismic+Performance+of+Wine+Caves&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Kositsky&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcondorearth.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F02%2FSeismic-Performance-of-Tunnels-Rev-20160105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolding2006" class="citation book cs1">Holding, N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NP8ogKCfrt0C&q=%22volcanic+tuff%22+armenia+building+stone&pg=PA32"><i>Armenia: with Nagorno Karabagh</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bradt_Travel_Guides" title="Bradt Travel Guides">Bradt Travel Guides</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-163-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-163-0"><bdi>978-1-84162-163-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+with+Nagorno+Karabagh&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-163-0&rft.aulast=Holding&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNP8ogKCfrt0C%26q%3D%2522volcanic%2Btuff%2522%2Barmenia%2Bbuilding%2Bstone%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBillock2016" class="citation news cs1">Billock, Jennifer (28 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609113744/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/yerevan-armenias-pink-city-180961506/">"How Ancient Volcanoes Created Armenia's Pink City"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/yerevan-armenias-pink-city-180961506/">the original</a> on 9 June 2020. <q>...pink tuff is rare outside of the region and Yerevan is the only major city built out of this stone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=How+Ancient+Volcanoes+Created+Armenia%27s+Pink+City&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.aulast=Billock&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fyerevan-armenias-pink-city-180961506%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLottman1976" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lottman" title="Herbert Lottman">Lottman, Herbert R.</a> (29 February 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/29/archives/despite-ages-of-captivity-the-armenians-persevere-armenia-a-hint-of.html">"Despite Ages of Captivity, The Armenians Persevere"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <q>The city, whose population is now upwards of 800,000, has been rebuilt in the rosy volcanic stone called tufa...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+Ages+of+Captivity%2C+The+Armenians+Persevere&rft.date=1976-02-29&rft.aulast=Lottman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F02%2F29%2Farchives%2Fdespite-ages-of-captivity-the-armenians-persevere-armenia-a-hint-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHavilandHaraldDanaMcBride2015" class="citation book cs1">Haviland, William A; Harald, E. 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Kh.</a>; <a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84-%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B7%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:Ստեփան Մելիք-Բախշյան">Melik-Bakhshian, St. T.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Armenian]</span>; <a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="hy:Հովհաննես Բարսեղյան">Barseghian, H. Kh.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Armenian]</span> (2001). "Տուֆաշեն [Tufashen]". <i>Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Toponyms of Armenia and Surrounding Regions] Volume V</i> (in Armenian). Yerevan University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&dt=HY_HY&query=%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6">147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B6+%5BTufashen%5D&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D6%87+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%81+%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6+%5BDictionary+of+Toponyms+of+Armenia+and+Surrounding+Regions%5D+Volume+V&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Yerevan+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hakobian&rft.aufirst=T.+Kh.&rft.au=Melik-Bakhshian%2C+St.+T.&rft.au=Barseghian%2C+H.+Kh.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHakobyan1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tadevos_Hakobyan" title="Tadevos Hakobyan">Hakobyan, Tadevos Kh.</a> (1988). <i>Անի մայրաքաղաք [Ani the Capital]</i> (in Armenian). Yerevan: <a href="/wiki/Yerevan_State_University" title="Yerevan State University">Yerevan University Press</a>. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84+%5BAni+the+Capital%5D&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Yerevan+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hakobyan&rft.aufirst=Tadevos+Kh.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philpotts-ague-2009-74-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philpotts-ague-2009-74_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philpotts and Ague 2009, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke1984352–356-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke1984352–356_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherSchmincke1984">Fisher & Schmincke 1984</a>, pp. 352–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanielPfeiferJonesMcFarlane2013" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel, Christopher G.; Pfeifer, Lily S.; Jones, James V III; McFarlane, Christopher M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/125/9-10/1423/125945/Detrital-zircon-evidence-for-non-Laurentian?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Detrital zircon evidence for non-Laurentian provenance, Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1490–1450 Ma) deposition and orogenesis in a reconstructed orogenic belt, northern New Mexico, USA: Defining the Picuris orogeny"</a>. <i>GSA Bulletin</i>. <b>125</b> (<span class="nowrap">9–</span>10): <span class="nowrap">1423–</span>1441. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GSAB..125.1423D">2013GSAB..125.1423D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB30804.1">10.1130/B30804.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GSA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Detrital+zircon+evidence+for+non-Laurentian+provenance%2C+Mesoproterozoic+%28ca.+1490%E2%80%931450+Ma%29+deposition+and+orogenesis+in+a+reconstructed+orogenic+belt%2C+northern+New+Mexico%2C+USA%3A+Defining+the+Picuris+orogeny&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1423-%3C%2Fspan%3E1441&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FB30804.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GSAB..125.1423D&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft.au=Pfeifer%2C+Lily+S.&rft.au=Jones%2C+James+V+III&rft.au=McFarlane%2C+Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fgsa%2Fgsabulletin%2Farticle-abstract%2F125%2F9-10%2F1423%2F125945%2FDetrital-zircon-evidence-for-non-Laurentian%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tuff">"Definition of 'tuff'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%27tuff%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ftuff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" 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aria-labelledby="Volcanoes521" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">Mud volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">Parasitic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic cone">Pyroclastic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield" title="Pyroclastic shield">Pyroclastic shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somma_volcano" title="Somma volcano">Somma volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tossol" title="Tossol">Tossol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">Volcanic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_tremor" title="Harmonic tremor">Harmonic tremor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/90px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/135px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/180px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">Agglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">Basaltic andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Cinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">Lapilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucitite" title="Leucitite">Leucitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_fall" title="Pyroclastic fall">Pyroclastic fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_volcanoes" title="Lists of volcanoes">Lists of volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">Eruptions by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">Volcanic belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">Volcanic field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field" title="Polygenetic volcanic field">polygenetic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" title="Category:Volcanoes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volcanoes">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Volcanoes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Volcanoes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox472" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484924#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4186415-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575829">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Armenian-language_sources_(hy)" title="Category:CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)">CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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