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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rootless cones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rootless_cones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مخروط بركاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخروط بركاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan_konusu" title="Vulkan konusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vulkan konusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_volc%C3%A0nic" title="Con volcànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Con volcànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacken-_und_Aschenkegel" title="Schlacken- und Aschenkegel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacken- und Aschenkegel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cono_volc%C3%A1nico" title="Cono volcánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cono volcánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkana_konuso" title="Vulkana konuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vulkana konuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumendi-kono" title="Sumendi-kono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumendi-kono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مخروط آتشفشانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخروط آتشفشانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ne_volcanique" title="Cône volcanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cône volcanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81" title="ज्वालामुखी शंकु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वालामुखी शंकु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkanska_kupa" title="Vulkanska kupa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vulkanska kupa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerucut_piroklastik" title="Kerucut piroklastik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerucut piroklastik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldvarp" title="Eldvarp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldvarp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99" title="חרוט געשי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרוט געשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ვულკანური კონუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვულკანური კონუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Вулканска купа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вулканска купа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkankjegle" title="Vulkankjegle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vulkankjegle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkankjegle" title="Vulkankjegle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vulkankjegle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C5%BCek_wulkaniczny" title="Stożek wulkaniczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stożek wulkaniczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_vulc%C3%A2nico" title="Cone vulcânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cone vulcânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_vulcanic" title="Con vulcanic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Con vulcanic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Вулканска купа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вулканска купа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayon_Volcano_as_of_March_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mayon_Volcano_as_of_March_2020.jpg/220px-Mayon_Volcano_as_of_March_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mayon_Volcano_as_of_March_2020.jpg/330px-Mayon_Volcano_as_of_March_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mayon_Volcano_as_of_March_2020.jpg/440px-Mayon_Volcano_as_of_March_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mayon" title="Mayon">Mayon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> has a symmetrical volcanic cone.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Volcanic cones</b> are among the simplest <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a>. They are built by <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">ejecta</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_vent" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic vent">volcanic vent</a>, piling up around the vent in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a> with a central crater. Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption. Types of volcanic cones include <a href="#Stratocone">stratocones</a>, <a href="#Spatter_cone">spatter cones</a>, <a href="#Tuff_cones">tuff cones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poldervaart1971a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratocone">Stratocone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanic_cone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stratocone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape_osorno_petrohue_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Landscape_osorno_petrohue_2.jpg/220px-Landscape_osorno_petrohue_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Landscape_osorno_petrohue_2.jpg/330px-Landscape_osorno_petrohue_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Landscape_osorno_petrohue_2.jpg/440px-Landscape_osorno_petrohue_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osorno_(volcano)" title="Osorno (volcano)">Osorno volcano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> is an example of a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Stratocone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratocone">stratocone</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stratocone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratocone">Stratocones</a> are large cone-shaped volcanoes made up of <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a>, explosively erupted <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> rocks, and igneous intrusives that are typically centered around a cylindrical vent. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a>, they are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, often alternating, <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive eruptions</a>. Some have collapsed craters called <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a>. The central core of a stratocone is commonly dominated by a central core of intrusive rocks that range from around 500 meters (1,600 ft) to over several kilometers in diameter. This central core is surrounded by multiple generations of lava flows, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">brecciated</a>, and a wide range of pyroclastic rocks and reworked volcanic debris. The typical stratocone is an <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesitic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacitic</a> volcano that is associated with <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a>. They are also known as either <i>stratified volcano,</i> <i>composite cone,</i> <i>bedded volcano,</i> <i>cone of mixed type</i> or <i>Vesuvian-type volcano.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poldervaart1971a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spatter_cone">Spatter cone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanic_cone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spatter cone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/220px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/330px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/440px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a>, a cinder-and-spatter cone on <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A spatter cone is a low, steep-sided hill or mound that consists of welded lava fragments, called <i>spatter,</i> which has formed around a <a href="/wiki/Lava_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava fountain">lava fountain</a> issuing from a central vent. Typically, spatter cones are about 3–5 meters (9.8–16.4 ft) high. In case of a linear fissure, lava fountaining will create broad embankments of spatter, called <i>spatter ramparts,</i> along both sides of the fissure. Spatter cones are more circular and cone shaped, while spatter ramparts are linear wall-like features.<sup id="cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poldervaart1971a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spatterUSGS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spatterUSGS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rampartUSGS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rampartUSGS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spatter cones and spatter ramparts are typically formed by lava fountaining associated with <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a>, highly fluid lavas, such as those erupted in the Hawaiian Islands. As blobs of molten lava, <i>spatter,</i> are erupted into the air by a lava fountain, they can lack the time needed to cool completely before hitting the ground. Consequently, the spatter are not fully solid, like <a href="/wiki/Taffy_(candy)" title="Taffy (candy)">taffy</a>, as they land and they bind to the underlying spatter as both often slowly ooze down the side of the cone. As a result, the spatter builds up a cone that is composed of spatter either agglutinated or welded to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poldervaart1971a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spatterUSGS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spatterUSGS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rampartUSGS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rampartUSGS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuff_cones">Tuff cones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanic_cone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tuff cones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic_eruption" title="Phreatomagmatic eruption">Phreatomagmatic eruption</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koko_Crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koko_Crater.jpg/220px-Koko_Crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koko_Crater.jpg/330px-Koko_Crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koko_Crater.jpg/440px-Koko_Crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koko_Crater" title="Koko Crater">Koko Crater</a> is a tuff cone that is part of the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Volcanic_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu Volcanic Series">Honolulu Volcanic Series</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tuff cone</b>, sometimes called an <b>ash cone</b>, is a small monogenetic volcanic cone produced by <a href="/wiki/Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption">phreatic</a> (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly associated with magma brought to the surface through a conduit from a deep-seated magma reservoir. They are characterized by high rims that have a maximum relief of 100–800 meters (330–2,620 ft) above the crater floor and steep slopes that are greater than 25 degrees. They typically have a rim to rim diameter of 300–5,000 meters (980–16,400 ft). A tuff cone consists typically of thick-bedded pyroclastic flow and surge deposits created by eruption-fed density currents and bomb-scoria beds derived from fallout from its eruption column. The tuffs composing a tuff cone have commonly been altered, <a href="/wiki/Palagonite" title="Palagonite">palagonitized</a>, by either its interaction with groundwater or when it was deposited warm and wet. The pyroclastic deposits of tuff cones differ from the pyroclastic deposits of spatter cones by their lack or paucity of lava spatter, smaller grain-size, and excellent bedding. Typically, but not always, tuff cones lack associated lava flows.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wohletz1983a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohletz1983a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>tuff ring</b> is a related type of small monogenetic volcano that is also produced by phreatic (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly associated with magma brought to the surface through a conduit from a deep-seated magma reservoir. They are characterized by rims that have a low, broad topographic profiles and gentle topographic slopes that are 25 degrees or less. The maximum thickness of the pyroclastic debris comprising the rim of a typical tuff ring is generally thin, less than 50 meters (160 ft) to 100 meters (330 ft) thick. The pyroclastic materials that comprise their rim consist primarily of relatively fresh and unaltered, distinctly and thin-bedded volcanic surge and air fall deposits. Their rims also can contain variable amounts of local <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a> (bedrock) blasted out of their crater. In contrast to tuff cones, the crater of a tuff ring generally has been excavated below the existing ground surface. As a result, water commonly fills a tuff ring's crater to form a lake once eruptions cease.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wohletz1983a_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohletz1983a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both tuff cones and their associated tuff rings were created by explosive eruptions from a vent where the <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> is interacting with either <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> or a shallow body of water as found within a lake or sea. The interaction between the magma, expanding steam, and volcanic gases resulted in the production and ejection of fine-grained pyroclastic debris called <i><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a></i> with the consistency of <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>. The volcanic ash comprising a tuff cone accumulated either as fallout from eruption columns, from low-density volcanic surges and pyroclastic flows, or combination of these. Tuff cones are typically associated with volcanic eruptions within shallow bodies of water and tuff rings are associated with eruptions within either water saturated sediments and bedrock or <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wohletz1983a_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohletz1983a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sohn1996a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohn1996a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next to spatter (scoria) cones, tuff cones and their associated tuff rings are among the most common types of volcanoes on Earth. An example of a tuff cone is <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Head,_Hawaii" title="Diamond Head, Hawaii">Diamond Head</a> at <a href="/wiki/Waikiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Waikiki">Waikīkī</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clusters of pitted cones observed in the <a href="/wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle" title="Amenthes quadrangle">Nephentes/Amenthes</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> at the southern margin of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia impact basin</a> are currently interpreted as being tuff cones and rings.<sup id="cite_ref-Broz2013a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broz2013a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinder_cone">Cinder cone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanic_cone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cinder cone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinder_cone_volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cinder_cone_volcano.jpg/250px-Cinder_cone_volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cinder_cone_volcano.jpg/330px-Cinder_cone_volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Cinder_cone_volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Cinder cone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paricutin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paricutin.jpg/220px-Paricutin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paricutin.jpg/330px-Paricutin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Paricutin.jpg/440px-Paricutin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a> is a large cinder cone in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cinder cones</b>, also known as <b>scoria cones</b> and less commonly <b>scoria mounds</b>, are small, steep-sided volcanic cones built of loose <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poldervaart1971a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cinderUSGS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinderUSGS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consist of loose pyroclastic debris formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either cinders, clinkers, or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is noticeably symmetrical; with slopes between 30 and 40°; and a nearly circular ground plan. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">crater</a> at the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poldervaart1971a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basal diameters of cinder cones average about 800 meters (2,600 ft) and range from 250 to 2,500 meters (820 to 8,200 ft). The diameter of their craters ranges between 50 and 600 meters (160 and 1,970 ft). Cinder cones rarely rise more than 50–350 meters (160–1,150 ft) or so above their surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CasOthers1987a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CasOthers1987a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cinder cones most commonly occur as isolated cones in large basaltic volcanic fields. They also occur in nested clusters in association with complex tuff ring and maar complexes. Finally, they are also common as parasitic and monogenetic cones on complex shield and stratovolcanoes. Globally, cinder cones are the most typical volcanic landform found within continental intraplate volcanic fields and also occur in some subduction zone settings as well. <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> cinder cone which was born in a cornfield on February 20, 1943, and <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Crater" title="Sunset Crater">Sunset Crater</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> in the US Southwest are classic examples of cinder cones, as are ancient volcanic cones found in New Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph_National_Monument" title="Petroglyph National Monument">Petroglyph National Monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CasOthers1987a_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CasOthers1987a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cone-shaped hills observed in satellite imagery of the calderas and volcanic cones of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Patera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses Patera">Ulysses Patera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Colles" title="Ulysses Colles">Ulysses Colles</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hydraotes_Chaos" title="Hydraotes Chaos">Hydraotes Chaos</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are argued to be cinder cones. </p><p>Cinder cones typically only erupt once like Parícutin. As a result, they are considered to be monogenetic volcanoes and most of them form <a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic volcanic fields</a>. Cinder cones are typically active for very brief periods of time before becoming inactive. Their eruptions range in duration from a few days to a few years. Of observed cinder cone eruptions, 50% have lasted for less than 30 days, and 95% stopped within one year. In case of Parícutin, its eruption lasted for nine years from 1943 to 1952. Rarely do they erupt either two, three, or more times. Later eruptions typically produce new cones within a volcanic field at separation distances of a few kilometers and separate by periods of 100 to 1,000 years. Within a volcanic field, eruptions can occur over a period of a million years. Once eruptions cease, being unconsolidated, cinder cones tend to erode rapidly unless further eruptions occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CasOthers1987a_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CasOthers1987a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rootless_cones">Rootless cones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanic_cone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rootless cones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cone</a></div> <p><b>Rootless cones</b>, also called <b>pseudocraters</b>, are volcanic cones that are not directly associated with a conduit that brought magma to the surface from a deep-seated magma reservoir. Generally, three types of rootless cones, <b><a href="/wiki/Littoral_cone" title="Littoral cone">littoral cones</a></b>, <b>explosion craters</b>, and <b>hornitos</b> are recognized. Littoral cones and explosion craters are the result of mild explosions that were generated locally by the interaction of either hot lava or pyroclastic flows with water. Littoral cones typically form on the surface of a basaltic lava flow where it has entered into a body of water, usually a sea or ocean. Explosion craters form where either hot lava or pyroclastic flows have covered either marshy ground or water-saturated ground of some sort. Hornitos are rootless cones that are composed of welded lava fragments and were formed on the surface of basaltic lava flows by the escape of gas and clots of molten lava through cracks or other openings in the crust of a lava flow.<sup id="cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poldervaart1971a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CasOthers1987a_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CasOthers1987a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WentworthOthers1953a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WentworthOthers1953a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volcanic_cone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanic_cones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volcanic cones">Volcanic cones</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Poldervaart1971a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poldervaart1971a_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoldervaart1971" class="citation book cs1">Poldervaart, A (1971). "Volcanicity and forms of extrusive bodies". In Green, J; Short, NM (eds.). <i>Volcanic Landforms and Surface Features: A Photographic Atlas and Glossary</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978364265152-6" title="Special:BookSources/978364265152-6"><bdi>978364265152-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volcanicity+and+forms+of+extrusive+bodies&rft.btitle=Volcanic+Landforms+and+Surface+Features%3A+A+Photographic+Atlas+and+Glossary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978364265152-6&rft.aulast=Poldervaart&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmincke2004a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmincke2004a_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmincke2004" class="citation book cs1">Schmincke, H.-U. (2004). <i>Volcanism</i>. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540436508" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540436508"><bdi>978-3540436508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanism&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3540436508&rft.aulast=Schmincke&rft.aufirst=H.-U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spatterUSGS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spatterUSGS_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spatterUSGS_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/SpatterCone.php">"Spatter cone"</a>. <i>Volcano Hazard Program, Photo Glossary</i>. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+Hazard+Program%2C+Photo+Glossary&rft.atitle=Spatter+cone&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2Fimages%2Fpglossary%2FSpatterCone.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rampartUSGS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rampartUSGS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rampartUSGS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/SpatConeRamp.php">"Spatter rampart"</a>. <i>Volcano Hazard Program, Photo Glossary</i>. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+Hazard+Program%2C+Photo+Glossary&rft.atitle=Spatter+rampart&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2Fimages%2Fpglossary%2FSpatConeRamp.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wohletz1983a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wohletz1983a_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohletz1983a_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohletz1983a_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWohletzSheridan1983" class="citation journal cs1">Wohletz, K. H.; Sheridan, M. F. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.283.5.385">"Hydrovolcanic explosions; II, Evolution of basaltic tuff rings and tuff cones"</a>. <i>American Journal of Science</i>. <b>283</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">385–</span>413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AmJS..283..385W">1983AmJS..283..385W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.283.5.385">10.2475/ajs.283.5.385</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Hydrovolcanic+explosions%3B+II%2C+Evolution+of+basaltic+tuff+rings+and+tuff+cones&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.283.5.385&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983AmJS..283..385W&rft.aulast=Wohletz&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+M.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2475%252Fajs.283.5.385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sohn1996a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sohn1996a_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSohn1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sohn, Y. K. (1996). "Hydrovolcanic processes forming basaltic tuff rings and cones on Cheju Island, Korea". <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>108</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1199–</span>1211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996GSAB..108.1199S">1996GSAB..108.1199S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281996%29108%3C1199%3AHPFBTR%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1199:HPFBTR>2.3.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Hydrovolcanic+processes+forming+basaltic+tuff+rings+and+cones+on+Cheju+Island%2C+Korea&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1199-%3C%2Fspan%3E1211&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281996%29108%3C1199%3AHPFBTR%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996GSAB..108.1199S&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Y.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broz2013a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broz2013a_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrožHauber2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brož, P.; Hauber, E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.dlr.de/83958/1/Broz_Hauber.Tuff_Cones_on_Mars.JGR_2013.pdf">"Hydrovolcanic tuff rings and cones as indicators for phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions on Mars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>118</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1656–</span>1675. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGRE..118.1656B">2013JGRE..118.1656B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjgre.20120">10.1002/jgre.20120</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=Hydrovolcanic+tuff+rings+and+cones+as+indicators+for+phreatomagmatic+explosive+eruptions+on+Mars&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1656-%3C%2Fspan%3E1675&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgre.20120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JGRE..118.1656B&rft.aulast=Bro%C5%BE&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Hauber%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felib.dlr.de%2F83958%2F1%2FBroz_Hauber.Tuff_Cones_on_Mars.JGR_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinderUSGS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cinderUSGS_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/CinderCone.php">"Cinder cone"</a>. <i>Volcano Hazards Program, Photo Glossary</i>. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+Hazards+Program%2C+Photo+Glossary&rft.atitle=Cinder+cone&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2Fimages%2Fpglossary%2FCinderCone.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CasOthers1987a-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CasOthers1987a_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasOthers1987a_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasOthers1987a_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasOthers1987a_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cas, R.A.F., and J.V. Wright (1987) <i>Volcanic Successions: Modern and Ancient,</i> 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, United Kingdom. pp. 528 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0412446405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0412446405">978-0412446405</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlescia1994" class="citation journal cs1">Plescia, J.B. (1994). "Geology of the small Tharsis volcanoes: Jovis Tholus, Ulysses Patera, Biblis Patera, Mars". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>111</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">246–</span>269. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..111..246P">1994Icar..111..246P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1994.1144">10.1006/icar.1994.1144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Geology+of+the+small+Tharsis+volcanoes%3A+Jovis+Tholus%2C+Ulysses+Patera%2C+Biblis+Patera%2C+Mars&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1994.1144&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Icar..111..246P&rft.aulast=Plescia&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrožHauber2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brož, P.; Hauber, E. 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"Formation and evolution of the chaotic terrains by subsidence and magmatism: Hydraotes Chaos, Mars". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>194</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">487–</span>500. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..194..487M">2008Icar..194..487M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.10.023">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Formation+and+evolution+of+the+chaotic+terrains+by+subsidence+and+magmatism%3A+Hydraotes+Chaos%2C+Mars&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E500&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.10.023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Icar..194..487M&rft.aulast=Meresse&rft.aufirst=Sandrine&rft.au=Costard%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Mangold%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Masson%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Neukum%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=the+HRSC+Co-I+Team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcanic+cone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WentworthOthers1953a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WentworthOthers1953a_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wentworth, C., and G. MacDonald (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b994"><i>Structures and Forms of Basaltic Rocks in Hawaii.</i></a> Bulletin no. 994. United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 98 pp.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">Complex volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoexplosion" title="Cryptoexplosion">Cryptovolcanic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">Fissure vent</a></li> <li>Lava cone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">Mud volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">Parasitic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic cone">Pyroclastic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield" title="Pyroclastic shield">Pyroclastic shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somma_volcano" title="Somma volcano">Somma volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tossol" title="Tossol">Tossol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volcanic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_tremor" title="Harmonic tremor">Harmonic tremor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/90px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/135px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/180px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">Agglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">Basaltic andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Cinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">Lapilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucitite" title="Leucitite">Leucitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_fall" title="Pyroclastic fall">Pyroclastic fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_volcanoes" title="Lists of volcanoes">Lists of volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">Eruptions by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">Volcanic belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">Volcanic field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field" title="Polygenetic volcanic field">polygenetic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" 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