CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Serene Highness - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6aed7429-08f5-4680-8733-8f8ad3d3fd93","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Serene_Highness","wgTitle":"Serene Highness","wgCurRevisionId":1252856422,"wgRevisionId":1252856422,"wgArticleId":1106074,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text", "Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Royal styles"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Serene_Highness","wgRelevantArticleId":1106074,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1267102","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES= ["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/1200px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1683"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/800px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1122"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/640px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="898"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Serene Highness - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serene_Highness"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serene_Highness"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Serene_Highness rootpage-Serene_Highness skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Serene+Highness" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Serene+Highness" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Serene+Highness" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Serene+Highness" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francophone_dominions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francophone_dominions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Francophone dominions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francophone_dominions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-speaking_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-speaking_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>German-speaking lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-speaking_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Liechtenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monaco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monaco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Monaco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monaco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Persian culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Marino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Marino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>San Marino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Marino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Serene Highness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="السمو الأميري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السمو الأميري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasnost_(predik%C3%A1t)" title="Jasnost (predikát) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jasnost (predikát)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jvelb%C3%A5renhed" title="Højvelbårenhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højvelbårenhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durchlaucht" title="Durchlaucht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Durchlaucht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alteza_Seren%C3%ADsima" title="Alteza Serenísima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alteza Serenísima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Altesse_S%C3%A9r%C3%A9nissime" title="Son Altesse Sérénissime – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Son Altesse Sérénissime" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Гегән – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Гегән" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altezza_serenissima" title="Altezza serenissima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Altezza serenissima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0viesyb%C4%97" title="Šviesybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šviesybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altezza_serenissima" title="Altezza serenissima – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Altezza serenissima" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_(%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA)" title="တည်ငြိမ်မြင့်မြတ်သော (ဘွဲ့တော်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တည်ငြိမ်မြင့်မြတ်သော (ဘွဲ့တော်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorluchtige_Hoogheid" title="Doorluchtige Hoogheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doorluchtige Hoogheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yvelb%C3%A5renhet" title="Høyvelbårenhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyvelbårenhet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sua_Alteza_Seren%C3%ADssima" title="Sua Alteza Sereníssima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sua Alteza Sereníssima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Светлость (титул) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Светлость (титул)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Serene Highness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durchlaucht" title="Durchlaucht – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Durchlaucht" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA" title="เซอรีนไฮเนส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซอรีนไฮเนส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ясновельможність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ясновельможність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1267102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Serene_Highness" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Serene_Highness" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Serene_Highness" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&oldid=1252856422" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Serene_Highness&id=1252856422&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSerene_Highness"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSerene_Highness"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Serene_Highness&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1267102" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of address</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Bellini,_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/220px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/330px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg/440px-Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4278" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Doge <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Loredan" title="Leonardo Loredan">Leonardo Loredan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan" title="Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan">portrait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>, 1501, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>His/Her Serene Highness</b> (<a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a>: <b>HSH</b>, second person address: <b>Your Serene Highness</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> used today by the <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reigning</a> families of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Over the past 400 years, it has also been used as a style for senior members of the family of <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Ishaan" title="Hazrat Ishaan">Hazrat Ishaan</a>, who are believed to succeed <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Prophet Muhammad</a> based on the 1400 year old Sunni <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya_wa_Naqshbandiyya" title="Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya">Sayyid ul Sadatiyya line of Emarat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahlul Bayt</a>. Until 1918, it was also associated with the princely titles of members of some German ruling and <a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">mediatised</a> dynasties and with a few <a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">princely but non-ruling</a> families. It was also the form of address used for <a href="/wiki/Cadet_(genealogy)" title="Cadet (genealogy)">cadet</a> members of the dynasties of France, Italy, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine Saxony</a>, under their <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a>. Additionally, the treatment was granted for some, but not all, princely yet non-reigning families of Bohemia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Russia by emperors or popes. In a handful of rare cases, it was employed by non-royal rulers in <a href="/wiki/Viceregal" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceregal">viceregal</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> contexts. </p><p>In a number of older <a href="/wiki/Dictionary#English_Dictionaries" title="Dictionary">English dictionaries</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>serene</i> as used in this context means <i>supreme</i>; <i>royal</i>; <i>august</i>; <i>marked by majestic dignity or grandeur</i>; or <i>high or supremely dignified</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgium">Belgium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Belgian_nobility" title="Belgian nobility">titleholders</a> or families are authorised by the Crown to use the style <i>Serene Highness</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Altesse Sérénissime</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Doorluchtige Hoogheid</i>) </p> <ul><li>Dukes and princes of <a href="/wiki/Arenberg" title="Arenberg">Arenberg</a></li> <li>Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Beaufort-Spontin" title="Beaufort-Spontin">Beaufort-Spontin</a></li> <li>Dukes and princes of <a href="/wiki/Cro%C3%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Croÿ">Croÿ</a></li> <li>Princes of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">archducal</a> cadets resident in Belgium)</li> <li>Princes of <a href="/wiki/Lobkowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobkowicz">Lobkowicz</a> (resident in Belgium)</li> <li>Dukes and princes of <a href="/wiki/Looz-Corswarem" class="mw-redirect" title="Looz-Corswarem">Looz-Corswarem</a></li> <li>Princes of <a href="/wiki/Stolberg-Stolberg" title="Stolberg-Stolberg">Stolberg-Stolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Waterloo" title="Prince of Waterloo">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Belgium" title="Waterloo, Belgium">Waterloo</a></li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">lodges</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Belgium" title="Grand Orient of Belgium">Grand Orient of Belgium</a>, the latter's Grandmaster is styled <small>(fr)</small> <i>Sérénissime Grand Maître</i>, <small>(nl)</small> <i>Doorluchtige Grootmeester</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Francophone_dominions">Francophone dominions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Francophone dominions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some evidence that in pre-Revolutionary France, unlike Germany, one entitled to be addressed as <i>Serene Highness</i> was considered to outrank someone who was addressed as merely <i>Highness</i>. Those members of the royal family who were not children or grandchildren of a king, i.e., the <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_du_sang" title="Prince du sang">princes du sang</a></i>, were entitled to be addressed as "Most Serene Highness" (<i>Son Altesse Sérénissime</i>, abbreviated <i>S.A.S.</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-velde1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velde1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simple style of "Highness" (<i>altesse</i>) was claimed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Prince">princes étrangers</a></i> and the <i>princes légitimés</i>. In fact, these formal styles were seldom employed in conversation, since the <i>princes du sang</i> used unique styles (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_du_sang" title="Prince du sang">Mademoiselle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_du_sang" title="Prince du sang">Monsieur le Prince</a></i>), while the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_France" title="Peerage of France">ducal peers</a>, led by the proud <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon" title="Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon">Duc de Saint-Simon</a>, avoided conceding the <i>altesse</i> to the <i>princes étrangers</i> and <i>bâtards royaux</i>, prompting nobles of lesser rank to do likewise.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German-speaking_lands">German-speaking lands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: German-speaking lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current, legal usage of the style in the German-speaking countries is confined to the <a href="/wiki/Princely_Family_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely Family of Liechtenstein">Princely Family of Liechtenstein</a>, the entirety of which bears the treatment. </p><p>The German term is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Durchlaucht</i></span>, a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">(su)perillustris</i></span>. This is usually translated into English as <i>Serene Highness</i>, however, it would be more literal to translate it as <i>superior to, above, beyond or greater than illustrious</i>, as it is an augmentation of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erlaucht</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a>"), which was accorded to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">immediate</a> counts (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial count">Reichsgrafen</a></i></span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and by <a href="/wiki/German_Mediatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Mediatisation">mediatised</a> counts of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. The 1911 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> wryly observes that a perfectly logical English version might be "Your Transparency". </p><p>In 1375, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> bestowed the nobiliary style <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Durchlauchtig</i></span> upon the seven <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-electors</a> designated by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull of 1356</a>. As from 1664, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> vested all <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Princes</a> with the title, it became so common that the Electors like the <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archdukes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a> began to use the superlative address <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Durchlauchtigst</i></span>. In the German Empire, the style of <i>Serene Highness</i> was usually held by princes of lower rank than those who were entitled to <i><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a></i> (exceptions were the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a> cadets of the <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a></i>. Therefore, if a woman entitled to the treatment of <i>Royal Highness</i> married a man who was addressed only as <i>Serene Highness</i>, the woman usually retained her pre-marital style. </p><p>In 1905, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> granted the style of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Durchlaucht</i></span> to members of virtually every family which had held the title of prince in the former Holy Roman Empire, even if the family had never exercised <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> empires of the 19th and 20th centuries, the style <i>Serene Highness</i> was also officially borne by: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">Cadet branches</a> of the sovereign <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine dukes</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Saxe-Altenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Saxe-Meiningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-gotha_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotha-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reigning <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürsten</a></i></span> of the small German <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">realms</a> which survived the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern</a> (yielded sovereignty to Hohenzollern kinsman, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">King of Prussia</a>, in 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss (state)">Reuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaumburg-Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mediatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Mediatisation">Mediatised princes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/House_of_F%C3%BCrstenberg_(Swabia)" title="House of Fürstenberg (Swabia)">Fürstenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe" title="Hohenlohe">Hohenlohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiningen_family" title="Leiningen family">Leiningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Thurn und Taxis">Thurn und Taxis</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">dukes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst#Succession_to_family_titles_and_estates" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Ratibor</a>), and perhaps their family members;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">Morganatic</a> princes, descended from reigning dynasties;</li> <li>Other non-reigning princes of the <a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">German nobility</a>, but not (always) their cadets (e.g., <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst_von_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Fürst von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenaich-Carolath" class="extiw" title="de:Schoenaich-Carolath">Carolath-Beuthen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pszczyna" title="Pszczyna">Pless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrede" title="Wrede">Wrede</a>).</li></ul> <p>By tradition, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Durchlaucht</i></span> is still attributed to the princely dynasties which were sovereign until 1917 or had been mediatised under the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> in 1815, although the usage has been unofficial since 1918. </p><p>N.B. The highest form of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">durchlauchtig</i></span> (adjective) was <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">allerdurchlauchtigst</i></span></b> (absolutely most serene), which was reserved only to the Emperor in his style of address: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allerdurchlauchtigster Großmächtigster Allergnädigster Kaiser und Herr</i></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungary">Hungary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before 1947, the style "His/Her Serene Highness"' (<i>Őfőméltósága</i>, literally: "His/Her High Dignity") was in use in Hungary. Peers with the title of prince were entitled to it, and between 1920 and 1944, the regent, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, was styled as <b>His Serene Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary</b> (<i>Őfőméltósága, a Magyar Királyság kormányzója</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> (697–1797), also called "the Most Serene Republic" , "la Serenìsima Repùblega" in Venetian ("la Serenissima Repubblica" in Italian), the <a href="/wiki/Doges_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doges of Venice">Doge</a> was known as <i>Serenissimus</i> ("Most Serene") as was the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Mantua">Duke of Mantua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-velde1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velde1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a> kings and <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown princes</a> of Italy were entitled to the treatment of <i>Royal Highness</i>, but more remote <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">male-line</a> descendants were <i>Serene Highnesses</i> by right (although often the style of <i>Royal Highness</i> was granted to them <i>ad personam</i>, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aosta" title="Duke of Aosta">Dukes of Aosta</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Genoa" title="Duke of Genoa">Dukes of Genoa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mediatised House of <a href="/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Thurn und Taxis">Thurn and Taxis</a>, entitled to the <i>Serene Highness</i> treatment in the German Empire, has a non-dynastic <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Castel_Duino" title="Duke of Castel Duino">Dukes di Castel Duino</a>, which obtained <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> in Italy in 1923. When incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Italian nobility</a>, their use of the <i>Serene Highness</i> style was authorised by the Crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="#German-speaking_lands">#German-speaking lands</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexico">Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1853 to 1855, the president of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna">Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna</a>, enjoyed the official style of <i>Most Serene Highness</i>, a treatment unique in that country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agustin_de_Iturbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Agustin de Iturbide">Agustin I de Mexico</a> gave that title to several members of his family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monaco">Monaco</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monaco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reigning <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Monaco">Prince of Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Prince_of_Monaco" title="Albert II, Prince of Monaco">Albert II</a>, is addressed as <i>His Serene Highness</i>. His wife, children and younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Princess_St%C3%A9phanie_of_Monaco" title="Princess Stéphanie of Monaco">Princess Stéphanie</a>, are also referred to as <i>Serene Highness</i>. His elder sister, <a href="/wiki/Caroline,_Princess_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline, Princess of Hanover">Princess Caroline</a>, was also styled <i>Her Serene Highness</i> prior to her 1999 marriage, but is styled <i>Royal Highness</i> since then, even during the period when she was officially "The Hereditary Princess of Monaco" as <a href="/wiki/Heiress_presumptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiress presumptive">heiress presumptive</a> to the throne. A particularly well known holder of this style of address was <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>, who was titled, <i>HSH The Princess of Monaco</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, both male and female versions are <i>Son Altesse Sérénissime</i> (<i>S.A.S.</i>), which translates, literally, as "His/Her <i>Most</i> Serene Highness". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persian_culture">Persian culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Persian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Address in Afghanistan, see <a href="/wiki/Highness#Royal_Afghanistan" title="Highness">Highness § Royal_Afghanistan</a>.</div> <p>The specialized translation of His Serene Highness would be the hereditary title "Hazrat Ishaan" (حضرت ايشان) which is a title exclusively granted to <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Ishaan" title="Hazrat Ishaan">Sayyid Khwaja Khawand Mahmud</a> and passed on to the seniors of his family. <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Ishaan" title="Hazrat Ishaan">Sayyid Khwaja Khawand Mahmud's</a> family is known for intermarrying with various royal families since 700 years, like the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai Royal Dynasty</a>. Claiming descent from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> through their patriarch <a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Ishaan" title="Hazrat Ishaan">Hazrat Ishaan</a> they act as successors of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> based on the 1400 year old Sunni <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya_wa_Naqshbandiyya" title="Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya">Sayyid ul Sadatiyya line of Emarat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahlul Bayt</a> and act as supreme leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi Sufi Order</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islamic">Sunni Islamic</a> scholar Yaseen Qasvari said that the essence of this particular title is in light of a religious blessing derived from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziyarat_Naqshband_Sahab_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ziyarat_Naqshband_Sahab_Shrine.jpg/220px-Ziyarat_Naqshband_Sahab_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ziyarat_Naqshband_Sahab_Shrine.jpg/330px-Ziyarat_Naqshband_Sahab_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ziyarat_Naqshband_Sahab_Shrine.jpg/440px-Ziyarat_Naqshband_Sahab_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Hadi_Naqshband" title="Moinuddin Hadi Naqshband">Shrine of His Serene Highness (Hazrat Ishaan) Prince Sayyid (Amir Sayyid) Moinuddin Hadi Naqshband in Kashmir</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poland">Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">First Republic of Poland</a> (1569–1795), also called "the Most Serene Republic of Poland" (<i>Najjaśniejsza Rzeczpospolita Polska</i>), His/Her <i>Serene Reigning Majesty</i> (SRM) was a style used by the reigning <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">monarchs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portugal">Portugal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the most powerful noble family in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Braganza">Dukes of Braganza</a> had the official treatment of <i>Serene Highness</i> until 1640, when they mounted the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> throne, thereby becoming entitled to the style of <i>Royal Highness</i>, however the infantes not in direct line for the throne of Portugal were titled as "His/Her Highness, the Serene Infante(a)". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia">Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1886, great-grandchildren of Russian emperors in the male line were <i>Prince[ss] of Russia</i>, and were to be granted the treatment of <i>Highness</i>, and <i>Prince[ss] of Russia</i> with the style of <i>Serene Highness</i> if more distantly descended from an emperor, and born from an equal marriage (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a>). An exception was for each eldest son of senior imperial great-grandsons (in the patrilineal descent of each son of the emperor), who retained the higher style of <i>Highness</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Russian Empire, noble principalities of <a href="/wiki/Khimshiashvili" title="Khimshiashvili">Khimshiashvili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palavandishvili" title="Palavandishvili">Palavandishvili</a>, whose titles was recognized by the Romanov family (whose origins are Georgian, Armenian, Ancient Roman), also used the title "Serene Highness" </p><p>The Khimshiashvili family is descended from a lord titled <i>Magister Equitum</i> (Master of the Horse) who settled in Georgia during the Caucasus campaign of the great Roman commander <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a> in 65 BC. </p><p>Strictly, the Russian term, <i>Svetlost</i>, was an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectival</a> form (<i>Светлейший</i>: <i>Svetleyshiy</i>, Most Serene) to refer to members of a select few of Russia's princely families (e.g. "The Serene" <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lieven" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoly Lieven">Prince Anatoly Pavlovich Lieven</a> or "The Serene" Prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Vladimirovich_Golitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Vladimirovich Golitsyn">Dmitri Vladimirovich Golitsyn</a>). However, when translated into non-Slavic languages and used in reference to a member of the imperial <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov</a> family, it was usually rendered as <i>Serene Highness</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="San_Marino">San Marino</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: San Marino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> is styled as the <a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1807, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy">Manuel de Godoy</a>, Prince de la Paz, was accorded the style of <i>Most Serene Highness</i>, a treatment unique in that country at the time. Previous to this grant the style was sometimes used by the Catholic Monarch Isabella and Ferdinand as well as by other houses known anciently as illustrious or serene. A majority of these ancient houses lost the style through prescription.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The honorific (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">El Serenísimo Señor</i>) is one of the styles of the <i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infantes</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thailand">Thailand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Thailand, the title of Serene Highness is the westernized style of the Thai title of <b><a href="/wiki/Mom_Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom Chao">Mom Chao</a></b> (<i>His/Her Serene Highness Prince/Princess</i> | Thai: หม่อมเจ้า), denoting the grandchild of a king through one of his princely sons. In present-day Thailand, there are very few Mom Chao left after the royal family discontinued the traditional practice of polygamous marriages, and in Thailand all royal titles and styles decrease one level every generation for those not of the immediate royal family. Therefore, the child of a Mom Chao would only have the aristocratic title of Mom Rajawongse, which would then decrease in the next generation to Mom Luang, which would then decrease further, similar to a British <a href="/wiki/Life_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Life peerage">life peerage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a> elevated each of the princes who married her daughters to <i>Royal Highness</i> (except for <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Crown Prince Friedrich of Prussia</a>, husband of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal</a>, who already possessed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">HRH</a>). This included, on 30 January 1884, HSH <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Henry of Battenberg">Prince Henry of Battenberg</a>, husband of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Princess Beatrice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burke_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That couple's children were granted the style of <i>Highness</i> by their British grandmother by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> 4 December 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-burke_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several morganatic branches of reigning German dynasties took up residence in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in the 19th century, where their German princely titles and style of <i>Serene Highness</i> were recognized by the sovereign. Included in this group were <a href="/wiki/Princess_Edward_of_Saxe-Weimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar">Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victor_of_Hohenlohe-Langenburg" title="Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg">Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Teck" title="Duke of Teck">dukes and princes of Teck</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battenberg_family" title="Battenberg family">princes of Battenberg</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> revoked recognition of the style <i>Serene Highness</i>, hitherto used by some relatives of the <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Family">British Royal Family</a> who used German princely titles but lived in Britain. George V's <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a> was born "<i>Her Serene Highness</i> Princess <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a>'s mother had been born "<i>Her Serene Highness</i> <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_Battenberg" title="Princess Alice of Battenberg">Princess Alice of Battenberg</a>". The Tecks (descended from the royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="House of Württemberg">House of Württemberg</a>) and the Battenbergs (descended from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Dukes of Hesse and by Rhine</a>) were compensated with multiple <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">peerages</a>, <i>viz.</i> <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Cambridge" title="Marquess of Cambridge">Marquess of Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Athlone" title="Earl of Athlone">Earl of Athlone</a> for the former, and <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Milford_Haven" title="Marquess of Milford Haven">Marquess of Milford Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Carisbrooke" title="Marquess of Carisbrooke">Marquess of Carisbrooke</a> for the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-burke_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Style (manner of address)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(novel_series)" title="SAS (novel series)"><i>SAS</i> (novel series)</a>, named after <i>Son Altesse Sérénissime</i>, French version of the honorific.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a></i> (Gotha: <a href="/wiki/Justus_Perthes" title="Justus Perthes">Justus Perthes</a>, 1944), pages 170,190,248,372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-velde1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-velde1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-velde1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVelde" class="citation web cs1">Velde, François. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/highness.htm">"Royal Styles and the uses of "Highness"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Heraldica.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica.org&rft.atitle=Royal+Styles+and+the+uses+of+%22Highness%22&rft.aulast=Velde&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Froyalty%2Fhighness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerene+Highness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpanheim1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel,_Freiherr_von_Spanheim" title="Ezekiel, Freiherr von Spanheim">Spanheim, Ézéchiel</a> (1973). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bourgeois" title="Émile Bourgeois">Émile Bourgeois</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relationdelacou00spangoog"><i>Relation de la Cour de France</i></a>. le Temps retrouvé (in French). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Mercure de France. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relationdelacou00spangoog/page/n127">107</a>–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relation+de+la+Cour+de+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=le+Temps+retrouv%C3%A9&rft.pages=107-108&rft.pub=Mercure+de+France&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Spanheim&rft.aufirst=%C3%89z%C3%A9chiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frelationdelacou00spangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerene+Highness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gotha-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gotha_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a></i> (Gotha: <a href="/wiki/Justus_Perthes" title="Justus Perthes">Justus Perthes</a>, 1944), pages 111-113, 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a></i> (Gotha: <a href="/wiki/Justus_Perthes" title="Justus Perthes">Justus Perthes</a>, 1944), pages 73, 94, 97, 98, 121, 124, 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_Franke1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christoph Franke, ed. (1997). <i>Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser Band XV</i> (in German). Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke. pp. 33–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogisches+Handbuch+des+Adels+F%C3%BCrstliche+H%C3%A4user+Band+XV&rft.place=Limburg+an+der+Lahn&rft.pages=33-41&rft.pub=C.+A.+Starke&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerene+Highness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator:Muhammad Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a></i> (Gotha: <a href="/wiki/Justus_Perthes" title="Justus Perthes">Justus Perthes</a>, 1944), page 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monitorio áulico By Pascual Maria Massa Martinez (baron del Pujol de Planes.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Almanach_de_Gotha" title="Almanach de Gotha">Almanach de Gotha</a></i> (Gotha: <a href="/wiki/Justus_Perthes" title="Justus Perthes">Justus Perthes</a>, 1944), pages 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burke-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burke_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burke_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burke_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage" title="Burke's Peerage">Burke's Guide to the Royal Family</a></i>. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. 1973. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burkesguidetoroy00lond/page/293">293, 303-305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-220-66222-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-220-66222-3"><bdi>0-220-66222-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Guide+to+the+Royal+Family&rft.place=London&rft.pages=293%2C+303-305&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage+Ltd&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-220-66222-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerene+Highness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/highness.htm">Article on the use of <i>Highness</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" title="Template:Imperial, royal, and noble styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" title="Template talk:Imperial, royal, and noble styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial, royal, and noble styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal,_and_noble_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial, royal, and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble styles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Forms of address</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royalty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Nəgusä Nägäst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosi" title="Nkosi">Nkosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Majesty" title="Imperial and Royal Majesty">Imperial and Royal Majesty</a> (HI&RM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty">Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Majesty" title="Imperial Majesty">Imperial Majesty</a> (HIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Majesty" title="Apostolic Majesty">Apostolic Majesty</a> (HAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Catholicissimus" title="Rex Catholicissimus">Catholic Majesty</a> (HCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign#Most_Christian_King" title="Style of the French sovereign">Most Christian Majesty</a> (HMCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a> (HFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Majesty" title="Orthodox Majesty">Orthodox Majesty</a> (HOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannic_Majesty" title="Britannic Majesty">Britannic Majesty</a> (HBM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Majesty" title="Most Excellent Majesty">Most Excellent Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Gracious_Majesty" title="Most Gracious Majesty">Most Gracious Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Royal Majesty</a> (HRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">Majesty</a> (HM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monseigneur" title="Monseigneur">Monseigneur</a> (Msgr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">Most Eminent Highness</a> (HMEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exalted_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Exalted Highness">Exalted Highness</a> (HEH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent" title="The Most Excellent">Most Excellent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Illustrious" title="The Most Illustrious">Most Illustrious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochgeboren" title="Hochgeboren">Hochgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochwohlgeboren" title="Hochwohlgeboren">Hochwohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohlgeboren" title="Wohlgeboren">Wohlgeboren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Much_Honoured" title="The Much Honoured">Much Honoured</a> (The Much Hon.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milord" title="Milord">Milord</a> (Millourt)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">Sebastos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Dominus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepe" title="Mepe">Mepe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal_Highness" title="Imperial and Royal Highness">Imperial and Royal Highness</a> (HI&RH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Highness" title="Imperial Highness">Imperial Highness</a> (HIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a> (HRH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Highness" title="Grand Ducal Highness">Grand Ducal Highness</a> (HGDH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highness" title="Highness">Highness</a> (HH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Serene_Highness" title="Ducal Serene Highness">Ducal Serene Highness</a> (HDSH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serene Highness</a> (HSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(style)" title="Serenity (style)">Serenity</a> (HS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Highness" title="Illustrious Highness">Illustrious Highness</a> (HIll.H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_(style)" title="Grace (style)">Grace</a> (HG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Excellency</a> (HE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senhor" title="Senhor">Senhor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Most_Serene_Republic" title="Most Serene Republic">Most Serene Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duli_Yang_Maha_Mulia" title="Duli Yang Maha Mulia">Duli Yang Maha Mulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Mikado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Heaven" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanic_Highness" title="Sultanic Highness">Sultanic Highness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Georgian_sovereign" title="Style of the Georgian sovereign">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Dutch_sovereign" title="Style of the Dutch sovereign">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Portuguese_sovereign" title="Style of the Portuguese sovereign">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Serbian_sovereign" title="Style of the Serbian sovereign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Swedish_sovereign" title="Style of the Swedish sovereign">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_and_title_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" title="Style and title of the Canadian sovereign">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Scottish_sovereign" title="Style of the Scottish sovereign">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">By the Grace of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a> (<i>Fidei defensor</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Defender of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Roman_Emperor" title="Last Roman Emperor">Great Catholic Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_sovereign_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current sovereign monarchs">List of current sovereign monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent monarchs">List of current constituent monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">Sacred king</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">Translatio imperii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">Victory title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Royalty_and_Nobility" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility">Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&oldid=1252856422">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&oldid=1252856422</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_styles" title="Category:Royal styles">Royal styles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 06:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sscwj","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.519","walltime":"0.633","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1580,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":46729,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2209,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":26453,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 537.138 1 -total"," 24.34% 130.756 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.49% 126.184 3 Template:Langx"," 17.70% 95.060 7 Template:Navbox"," 16.89% 90.723 1 Template:Cite_web"," 16.81% 90.272 1 Template:Royal_styles"," 15.05% 80.825 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.10% 48.894 3 Template:Fix"," 8.50% 45.647 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.66% 41.146 1 Template:Which"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.334","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22564539,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g5pcr","timestamp":"20241122140934","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Serene Highness","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serene_Highness","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1267102","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1267102","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-26T20:50:24Z","dateModified":"2024-10-23T06:36:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Giovanni_Bellini%2C_portrait_of_Doge_Leonardo_Loredan.jpg","headline":"style of address"}</script> </body> </html>