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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Единици_за_налягане" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Единици_за_налягане"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Единици за налягане</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Единици_за_налягане-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Степени_на_вакуум" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Степени_на_вакуум"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Степени на вакуум</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Степени_на_вакуум-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Идеален_и_частичен_вакуум" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Идеален_и_частичен_вакуум"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Идеален и частичен вакуум</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Идеален_и_частичен_вакуум-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Стойности_на_вакуума_в_различни_практически_случаи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Стойности_на_вакуума_в_различни_практически_случаи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Стойности на вакуума в различни практически случаи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Стойности_на_вакуума_в_различни_практически_случаи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Създаване_на_вакуум" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Създаване_на_вакуум"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Създаване на вакуум</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Създаване_на_вакуум-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Космическо_пространство" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Космическо_пространство"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Космическо пространство</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Космическо_пространство-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-В_квантовата_механика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#В_квантовата_механика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>В квантовата механика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-В_квантовата_механика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Външни_препратки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Външни_препратки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Външни препратки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Външни_препратки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Вакуум</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 122 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%93" title="ኦና – амхарски" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueito_(fisica)" title="Vueito (fisica) – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vueito (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="فراغ (فيزياء) – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراغ (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7" title="خوا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الفضاء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفضاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADu" title="Vacíu – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vacíu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vakuums" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9E%D0%BC" title="Вакуўм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вакуўм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="শূন্যস্থান – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শূন্যস্থান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buit" title="Buit – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%92%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎦᏒᏂᎩᏍᎩ – черокски" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏒᏂᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="черокски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85" title="ڤاکیووم – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤاکیووم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwactod" title="Gwactod – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwactod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C" title="Κενό – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κενό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuo" title="Vakuo – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vakuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADo" title="Vacío – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaakum" title="Vaakum – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaakum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huts_(fisika)" title="Huts (fisika) – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Huts (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A3" title="خلأ – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلأ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyhji%C3%B6" title="Tyhjiö – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyhjiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala" title="Lala – фиджийски" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide_(physique)" title="Vide (physique) – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vide (physique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesag_r%C3%BCm" title="Leesag rüm – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leesag rüm" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faku%C3%BCm" title="Fakuüm – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fakuüm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fol%C3%BAs" title="Folús – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Folús" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid" title="Vid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleiro" title="Baleiro – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baleiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ריק – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1kuum" title="Vákuum – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vákuum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վակուում – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վակուում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuo" title="Vacuo – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vacuo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuo" title="Vacuo – оксидентал" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vacuo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="оксидентал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaw" title="Kawaw – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kawaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftt%C3%A6mi" title="Lofttæmi – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lofttæmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoto_(fisica)" title="Vuoto (fisica) – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vuoto (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვაკუუმი – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვაკუუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilem_(tasengama)" title="Ilem (tasengama) – кабилски" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilem (tasengama)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F" title="សុញ្ញកាស – кхмерски" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សុញ្ញកាស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4" title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರ್ವಾತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EA%B3%B5" title="진공 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwakter" title="Gwakter – корнуолски" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwakter" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнуолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vacuüm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuumas" title="Vakuumas – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakuumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vakuums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangabangabaka" title="Mangabangabaka – малгашки" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mangabangabaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малгашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="ശൂന്യത – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൂന്യത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="निर्वात – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निर्वात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampagas" title="Hampagas – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hampagas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="လေဟာနယ် – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လေဟာနယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vacuüm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vueit" title="Vueit – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vueit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85" title="ਖ਼ਲਾਅ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਲਾਅ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuide_(fisike)" title="Vuide (fisike) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vuide (fisike)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3%C5%BCnia" title="Próżnia – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Próżnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="خالی تھاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خالی تھاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1cuo" title="Vácuo – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vácuo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27usaq_p%27ulin" title="Ch'usaq p'ulin – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'usaq p'ulin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid" title="Vid – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacanti_(f%C3%ACsica)" title="Vacanti (fìsica) – сицилиански" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vacanti (fìsica)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vacuum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1kuum" title="Vákuum – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vákuum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbraz%C3%ABtia" title="Zbrazëtia – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zbrazëtia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohangan_hapa" title="Rohangan hapa – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rohangan hapa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombwe" title="Ombwe – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ombwe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெற்றிடம் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெற்றிடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="สุญญากาศ – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุญญากาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basyo" title="Basyo – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Basyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakum" title="Vakum – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vakum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – тувински" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%83%DB%87%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%85" title="ۋاكۇئۇم – уйгурски" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋاكۇئۇم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Вакуум – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вакуум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="فراغ – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فراغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vakuum" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Chân không – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chân không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakyum" title="Bakyum – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakyum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Vacuum" title="I-Vacuum – кхоса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Vacuum" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="וואקיום – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואקיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenhoengq" title="Caenhoengq – зуанг" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caenhoengq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="зуанг" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-khong" title="Chin-khong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真空" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11475#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Списък на всички страници, сочещи насам [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Какво сочи насам</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC" rel="nofollow" title="Последните промени на страници, сочени от тази страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Свързани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Uploadtext" title="Качи файлове [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Качване на файл</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Списък на всички специални страници [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Специални страници</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&oldid=12283375" title="Постоянна препратка към тази версия на страницата"><span>Постоянна препратка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=info" title="Повече за тази страница"><span>Информация за страницата</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&page=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&id=12283375&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Информация за начините за цитиране на тази страница"><span>Цитиране на статията</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC"><span>Кратък URL адрес</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2592%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC"><span>Изтегляне на QR код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Отпечатване/изнасяне </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Създаване на книга</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=show-download-screen"><span>Изтегляне като PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&printable=yes" title="Версия за печат на страницата [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Версия за печат</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> В други проекти </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vacuum" hreflang="en"><span>Общомедия</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11475" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><p>Във <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика">физиката</a> и в ежедневната употреба <b>вакуум</b> е отсъствието на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вещество">вещество</a> в определен <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Обем">обем</a> от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пространство">пространството</a>. Думата идва от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Латински">латински</a> – <i>vacuum</i> (pl. <i>vacua</i>) и означава празно пространство. Колкото и да е „празно“ едно пространство обаче, абсолютен вакуум няма, затова се говори за различни степени на вакуум. Понятието <b>вакуум</b> се прилага, когато налягането е значително по-ниско от <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Атмосферно налягане">атмосферното налягане</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chambers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>При равни други условия, по-ниско <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Налягане">налягане</a> на газа означава по-високо качество вакуум. Например, една типична <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прахосмукачка">прахосмукачка</a> произвежда достатъчно засмукване, за да намали налягането на въздуха с около 20%<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ултрависоки вакуумни камери често срещани в химията, физиката и инженерните науки, работят под 1/1000000000000 (10 <sup> -12 </sup>) на атмосферното налягане, и може да достигнат ≈ 100 частици / cm <sup> 3 </sup>. Самият <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Космическо пространство">космос</a> е с още по-високо качество на вакуума, еквивалентно на само няколко атома <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород">водород</a> на кубичен метър средно.<sup id="cite_ref-tadokoro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tadokoro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Въпреки това, дори и ако всеки един атом и частица могат да бъде извадени от даден обем, той все още не е „празен“ поради вакуумни флуктуации, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тъмна енергия">тъмна енергия</a>, както и други явления в квантовата физика. </p><p>Вакуумът е честа тема на философски дебати от страна на древногръцките философи, но не е проучен емпирично до 17 век. <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Еванджелиста Торичели">Еванджелиста Торичели</a> произвежда първата вакуумна лаборатория през 1643 г., както и други експериментални техники в резултат на своите теории за атмосферното налягане.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Вакуумът става ценен инструмент за индустрията през 20 век с въвеждането на лампите с нажежаема жичка и вакуумните тръби, както и широка гама от вакуумни технологии, които възникват впоследствие. Последвалото развитие на пилотирани космически полети предизвика интерес към въздействието на вакуума върху човешкото здраве и на други форми на живот като цяло. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg/300px-Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg/450px-Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg/600px-Vacuum_chamber-being_opened_by_engineer.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Голяма вакуумна камера</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Единици_за_налягане"><span id=".D0.95.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8_.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8F.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Единици за налягане</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Единици за налягане" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Единици за налягане"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Инженерите измерват степента на вакуум с единици за <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Налягане">налягане</a>. В <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> единицата е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Паскал (единица)">паскал</a> (съкратено Pa), но по-често вакуумът се измерва в милиметри живачен стълб (<a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a>) или <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (страницата не съществува)">torr</a>, като 1 <a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a> или 1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (страницата не съществува)">torr</a> е равен на 133,3223684 Ра. Често се използват и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Барометър">барометрични</a> единици или проценти от атмосферното налягане. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Степени_на_вакуум"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.83.D1.83.D0.BC"></span>Степени на вакуум</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Степени на вакуум" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Степени на вакуум"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Определени са следните степени на вакуум според налягането: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Степен на вакуум</th> <th>Налягане (Torr)</th> <th>Налягане (Pa)</th> <th>Молекули на cm³</th> <th>Свободен пробег на молекулите </th></tr> <tr> <td>Нисък вакуум</td> <td>760 до 25 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (страницата не съществува)">Torr</a></td> <td>100 kPa до 3,3 kPa</td> <td>10<sup>19</sup> – 10<sup>16</sup></td> <td>0,1 – 100 μm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Среден вакуум</td> <td>25 до 1×10<sup>-3</sup> Torr</td> <td>3,3 kPa до 130 mPa</td> <td>10<sup>16</sup> – 10<sup>13</sup></td> <td>0,1 – 100 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Висок вакуум</td> <td>1×10<sup>-3</sup> до 1×10<sup>-6</sup> Torr</td> <td>130 mPa до 130 µPa</td> <td>10<sup>13</sup> – 10<sup>9</sup></td> <td>10 cm – 1 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>Много висок вакуум</td> <td>1×10<sup>-6</sup> до 1×10<sup>-9</sup> Torr</td> <td>130 µPa до 130 nPa</td> <td>10<sup>9</sup> – 10<sup>4</sup></td> <td>1 km – 10<sup>5</sup> km </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ултрависок вакуум</td> <td>1×10<sup>-9</sup> Torr и по-малко</td> <td>130 nPa и по-малко</td> <td><10<sup>4</sup></td> <td>>10<sup>5</sup> km </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Идеален_и_частичен_вакуум"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.B8_.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BD_.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.83.D1.83.D0.BC"></span>Идеален и частичен вакуум</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Идеален и частичен вакуум" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Идеален и частичен вакуум"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/220px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/330px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg/440px-Gluehlampe_01_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Електрическите крушки съдържат частичен вакуум и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аргон">аргон</a>, което предпазва <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам">волфрамовата</a> жичка</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Идеален вакуум</i> е понятие, което се използва във физиката, но не може да се постигне в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лаборатория">лаборатория</a>, нито в далечния <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Космическо пространство">Космос</a>, където при налягане от 10<sup>−14</sup> Pa или 10<sup>−16</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (страницата не съществува)">torr</a> има само няколко <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород">водородни</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Атом">атома</a> на кубичен сантиметър. </p><p>В съвременните съоръжения се счита, че в затворено пространство (наричано обикновено вакуумна камера) има вакуум, ако <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Налягане">налягането</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ">газовете</a> в него е по-ниско от <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Атмосферно налягане">атмосферното</a> (760 Torr или 101 kPa), или е силно понижено, така че да протече някакъв технологичен процес. </p><p>Физиците използват и понятието <i>частичен вакуум</i> за описание на неидеален вакуум. Пълното характеризиране на физическото състояние тогава включва и други физични величини като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Температура">температура</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Стойности_на_вакуума_в_различни_практически_случаи"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B9.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.83.D1.83.D0.BC.D0.B0_.D0.B2_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.BB.D1.83.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.B8"></span>Стойности на вакуума в различни практически случаи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Стойности на вакуума в различни практически случаи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Стойности на вакуума в различни практически случаи"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Атмосферно налягане">Атмосферно налягане</a> = варира, но за изчисления се приема 101,325  kPa (760 Torr) или 760 mm живачен стълб</li> <li>Степен на засмукване от обикновена <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прахосмукачка">прахосмукачка</a> = приблизително 80 kPa (600 Torr)</li> <li>Механична <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Вакуумна помпа">вакуумна помпа</a> = приблизително 100 Pa до 100 μPa (1 Torr до 10<sup>−6</sup> Torr)</li> <li>В Космоса в близост до Земята = приблизително 100 μPa (10<sup>−6</sup> Torr)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Криопомпа (страницата не съществува)">Криопомпа</a> – използва се например в камера за <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Молекулярно-лъчева епитаксия (страницата не съществува)">молекулярно-лъчева епитаксия</a> = 100 nPa до 1 nPa (10<sup>−9</sup> Torr до 10<sup>−11</sup> Torr)</li> <li>На <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Луна">Луната</a> = приблизително 1 nPa (10<sup>−11</sup> Torr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Междузвездно пространство">Междузвездно пространство</a> = приблизително 1 fPa (10<sup>−17</sup> Torr) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/ism/what1.html">[1]</a></li></ul> <p>С намаляване на газовото налягане расте <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Среден свободен пробег (страницата не съществува)">средният свободен пробег</a></b> на газовите молекули. Когато той надвиши размера на камерата, помпата, космическия кораб вече не важат предположенията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Механика на флуидите">механиката на флуидите</a>. Това състояние се нарича <b>висок вакуум</b>, и изучаването на потоците флуид в този режим се нарича <b>газова динамика на частици</b>. </p><p>В междупланетното и междузвездното пространство налягането на газа е незначително в сравнение със слънчевото налягане, слънчевия вятър и динамичното налягане, затова <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика">астрофизиците</a> предпочитат да използват единици за плътност – частици на кубичен метър. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Създаване_на_вакуум"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.8A.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.83.D1.83.D0.BC"></span>Създаване на вакуум</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Създаване на вакуум" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Създаване на вакуум"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Според <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Закон на Бойл-Мариот">закона на Бойл-Мариот</a> отношението между <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Обем">обема</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Налягане">налягането</a> в затворен съд е обратнопропорционално. За да се получи вакуум трябва да се намали налягането, което става чрез увеличаване на обема на съда. Този физичен принцип седи в основата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дишане">дишането</a> при сухоземните животни. При вдишване мускули разширяват гръдния кош и създават намалено налягане (частичен вакуум), при което външният <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Въздух">въздух</a> нахлува, за да изравни налягането. Намаленото налягане в гръдния кош може да се използва и за засмукване на течности, например пиене със сламка. </p><p>Намаляване на налягането механично се постига чрез многократното увеличаване на обема и намаляване на налягането. На такъв принцип действат повечето механични <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Вакуумна помпа">вакуумни помпи</a>. Вътре в помпата има изолиран цилиндър, чийто обем се разширява механично от бутало и налягането в него намалява. Поради създадената разлика в наляганията известна част от газа в камерата за изпомпване навлиза в разширения обем на цилиндъра, след което връзката с камерата се затваря от входящия клапан. При следващия ход на буталото то се свива, изходящия клапан се отваря към атмосферата и изхвърля газа. След това процесът се повтаря до достигане на желаното налягане. На практика този метод не се прилага самостоятелно, когато е необходим вакуум за някакъв сложен технологичен процес. В такъв случай се използва и допълнителна дифузионна помпа, която създава дълбок вакуум. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Космическо_пространство"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BC.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.BE_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.BE"></span>Космическо пространство</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Космическо пространство" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Космическо пространство"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Космическо пространство">Космическо пространство</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Космическото пространство">Космическото пространство</a> има много ниски плътност и налягане, поради което неговият най-близък физичен аналог е идеалният вакуум. Въпреки това, никой вакуум не е идеален, дори и този в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Междузвездно пространство">междузвездното пространство</a>, където все още могат да се намерят няколко водородни атома на кубичен метър.<sup id="cite_ref-tadokoro_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tadokoro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Звездите, планетите и спътниците поддържат <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Атмосфера">атмосферите</a> си благодарение на гравитационното си привличане, поради което въпросните атмосфери нямат строго определени граници – плътността на атмосферния газ просто намалява с отдалечаване от обекта. Земното атмосферно налягане спада до около 3,2×10<sup>−2</sup> Pa на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Надморска височина">надморска височина</a> 100 km,<sup id="cite_ref-squire2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-squire2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – т. нар. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Линия на Карман">линия на Карман</a>, която често се приема за граница с космическото пространство. Отвъд тази линия, изотропичното газово налягане бързо става незначително в сравнение с <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Радиационно налягане (страницата не съществува)">радиационното налягане</a> от Слънцето и динамичното налягане на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Слънчев вятър">слънчевия вятър</a>, поради което определянето на налягането там става сложна задача. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Термосфера">Термосферата</a> в тази област има голям <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Градиент">градиент</a> на налягане, температура и състав, а освен това е и много променлива и податлива на космическите условия. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="В_квантовата_механика"><span id=".D0.92_.D0.BA.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.85.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>В квантовата механика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: В квантовата механика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: В квантовата механика"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <i>Основна статия: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вакуумно състояние (страницата не съществува)">Вакуумно състояние</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>В <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантова механика">квантовата механика</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Квантова теория на полето">квантовата теория на полето</a> вакуумът се дефинира като състоянието (т.е. решението на уравненията на теорията) с най-ниска възможна енергия. Това е състояние без материални частици, но също и без <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон">фотони</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гравитон">гравитони</a> и т.н. То не може да бъде получено експериментално – дори ако по някакъв начин всяка материална частица бъде отстранена от даден обем, би било невъзможно да се елиминират всички фотони. </p><p>Това хипотетично вакуумно състояние има интересни и сложни свойства. Например, в него съществуват вакуумни флуктуации – <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Виртуална частица">виртуални частици</a>, които постоянно възникват и изчезват. То има и крайна енергия, наричана <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Енергия на вакуума (страницата не съществува)">енергия на вакуума</a>. Вакуумните флуктуации са съществен елемент от квантовата теория на полета. Сред техните най-видими ефекти са <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Ефект на Казимир">ефектът на Казимир</a> и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Отместване на Ламб (страницата не съществува)">отместването на Ламб</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Квантовата теория допуска съществуването на повече от едно възможно вакуумно състояние. Смята се, че началото и края на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Инфлация (космология)">космологичната инфлация</a> се дължат на преходи между различни вакуумни състояния. В теориите, изведени чрез квантоване на класическа теория, всеки <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Локален екстремум">локален екстремум</a> на енергията на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Конфигурационно пространство (страницата не съществува)">конфигурационното пространство</a> поражда единствено вакуумно състояние. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Теория на струните">Теорията на струните</a> допуска голям брой вакуумни състояния, т.нар. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ландшафт на теорията на струните (страницата не съществува)">ландшафт на теорията на струните</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chambers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chambers_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Chambers, Austin. Modern Vacuum Physics.  Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2004. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0849324386" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8493-2438-6</a>. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/55000526">55000526</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Campbell, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hqegeIz9dyQC&pg=PA97">Speed cleaning</a>.  2005. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/1594862745" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1594862745</a>. с. 97.</cite> Note that 1 inch of water is ≈0.0025 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosphere (unit) (страницата не съществува)">atm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tadokoro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-tadokoro_3-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tadokoro_3-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTadokoro1968" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Tadokoro, M. A Study of the Local Group by Use of the Virial Theorem //  <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan</i> 20.  1968. с. 230.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT3">How to Make an Experimental Geissler Tube</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popular Science (страницата не съществува)">Popular Science</a> monthly, February 1919, Unnumbered page, Scanned by Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-squire2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-squire2000_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSquire27_септември_2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Squire, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015062917/http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-perl/alt.pl">U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976</a> //  <i>Thermal Protection Systems Expert and Material Properties Database</i>.  27 септември 2000.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-perl/alt.pl">оригинала</a> на 15 октомври 2011. Посетен на 23 октомври 2011.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Barrow, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofnothingvac0000barr">The book of nothing: vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe</a>. 1st American.  New York, Pantheon Books, 2000. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0099288451" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-09-928845-1</a>. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/46600561">46600561</a>.<span class="cite-lang"> <small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Външни_препратки"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.BD.D1.88.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Външни препратки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Външни препратки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Външни препратки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avs.org/">American Vacuum Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/jvsta/">Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811101122/http://scitation.aip.org/jvsta/">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2010-08-11 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scitation.aip.org/jvstb/">Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811101353/http://scitation.aip.org/jvstb/">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2010-08-11 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html">Дискусия за ефекта на излагане на човек на висок вакуум <span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На английски език"><b>(</b>(en)<b>)</b></span></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arXiv.org/abs/hep-th/0012062">Енергия на вакуума (Физика на високите енергии)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vacuumscientists.com/">Учени, изследвали вакуума</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051130221602/http://vacuumscientists.com/">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2005-11-30 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html">(Кратка история на вакуумната технология и терминология)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123215547/http://www.mcallister.com/vacuum.html">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2005-11-23 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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