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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/330px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/440px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag of Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></b> was a method of punishment that was implemented within Armenia's <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of Armenia">Criminal Code</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a> until its eventual relinquishment in the 2003 modifications made to the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capital punishment's origin in Armenia is unknown, yet it remained present in the Armenia Criminal Code of 1961, which was enforced and applied until 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capital punishment was incorporated into Armenian legislation and effectuated for capital crimes, which were crimes that were classified to be punishable by death, including <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Degree_Murder" class="mw-redirect" title="First Degree Murder">first-degree murder</a>, acts of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and grave military crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last publicly known use of capital punishment in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> was in 1991, when the execution was carried out of through a <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">single bullet shot</a> to the head.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the death penalty was put on a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> and came under heavy criticism from both nations<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and international organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armenia's application of capital punishment in the modern era dated back to their Criminal Code of 1961, of which was implemented while the country was under a republic of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia's Criminal Code of 1961 enforced the death penalty for 16 war-time crimes and 18 peace-time <a href="/wiki/Criminal_offence" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal offence">criminal offences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  After their declaration of <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Armenia suspended the use of capital punishment, yet they continued to use the Criminal Code of 1961, which enabled courts to legally sentence individuals who they believe had violated <a href="/wiki/Capital_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital crime">capital crimes</a> to death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1991, an unknown individual was charged with committing first-degree murder and was executed through a <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">single gun shot to the head</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be the last time Armenia used the 1961 Criminal Code to sentence an individual to death and have that sentence carried out, and it would mark the last time the death penalty was used as a form of punishment. However, Armenia's courts would continue sentencing criminals to death, <a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">pending execution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1990, there had been 13 death sentences that were imposed by courts before capital punishment was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform">Reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1992 saw reform for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf?reldoc=y&docid=52738f4a4">Armenia's Criminal Code of 1961</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> government decided to remove two of the peace-time criminal offences, <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">mass theft</a>, bringing the total amount of criminal offences punishable by death down to 32.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, the revised Armenian Constitution was implemented, however, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> was still implemented within the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Armenia_Constitution_1995_EN.pdf">Chapter 2, Article 17</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118030337/https://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Armenia_Constitution_1995_EN.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the new Constitution, it states “Everyone has the right to life. Until such time as it is abolished, the death penalty may be prescribed by law for particular capital crimes, as an exceptional punishment”.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Armenia's current Criminal Code experienced the removal of another capital crime; <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continued implementation of the death penalty within their constitution, even after revision, brought criticism from <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, a Human Rights-focused organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia's acceptance to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in early 2001 illustrated a push towards the complete eradication of the death penalty with an official suspension of the death penalty being enforced shortly after joining the union.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Europe has made the termination of the death penalty a necessity for membership hence, upon gaining membership status, Armenia had to sign <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Protocol No. 6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Convention on Human Rights which was enforced and used by the Council of Europe stated that, under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/114/signatures">Section I, Article 2</a>, “Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law” and that, under Protocol No. 6, Article 1 “The death penalty shall be abolished”. Nevertheless, Armenia's loyalty was tested when <a href="/wiki/Armenian_parliament_shooting" title="Armenian parliament shooting">five criminals shot up parliament</a>, killing the current prime minister and other governmental officials.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal">Removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2003 came with an overhaul to the outdated Criminal Code and introduced Armenia's new <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/8872/preview">Criminal Code of 2003</a> on 1 August.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change effectively saw the termination of the death penalty as a means of punishment for individuals charged after its incorporation (criminals convicted prior to this were legally able to be sentenced to death).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Article 16(4), The Constitution also prohibited <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> if the individual being extradited will be sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of this, on 29 September, Armenia also ratified (and later put into force on 1 October) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf">Protocol No. 6</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention of Human Rights</a> which banned the <a href="/wiki/Death-penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-penalty">death penalty</a> from being used in peace-times, restricting to only grave war-time criminal offences.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia replaced crimes that had capital punishment as the sentence with <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the current 38 active cases of individuals being sentenced to death row to have their punishment changed to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Armenia Criminal Code of 2003 illustrated the circumstances surrounding individuals who had been sentenced to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/8872/preview">Article 60, (1)</a> of the Criminal Code, it states that life sentence is “isolation of the convict in a form of keeping him imprisoned in a corrective institution without time-limit”.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2003, individuals can only be sentenced to life imprisonment pending that they break one of the following six criminal offences: <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, application of prohibited methods of war, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> against the representative of a foreign country or international organisation, <a href="/wiki/International_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International terrorism">international terrorism</a> and crimes against <a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">human security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2005 was the death penalty's final year in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a>. The updated Constitution illustrated the complete removal of capital punishment, stating, under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.am/en/constitution-2005/">Chapter 2  (Fundamental Human and Citizen's Rights and Freedoms), Article 15</a>, “Everyone shall have the right to life. No one shall be condemned to the death penalty or executed”.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 May 2006, Armenia signed Protocol No. 13 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention of Human Rights</a>. Under Protocol No. 13, no <a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">derogation</a> would be made for the application of the death penalty, even during times of emergency and war. However, as of May 2020, Armenia has yet to ratify or put the Protocol into force.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Article 6 of the Armenian Constitution, international treaties do not enter legal force until they are ratified, illustrating they have yet to implement it.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_crimes">Capital crimes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capital crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Armenia, from 1961 to 2003, capital crimes were considered serious criminal offences that had the possibility of being punishable by the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia's Criminal Code of 1961 divided these crimes into two sections: peacetime and wartime (including military) crimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peacetime_crimes">Peacetime crimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peacetime crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before revision of Armenia's Criminal Code in 1992, there were 18 peacetime crimes that had the ability to be punishable by death. They were: <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, acts of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, acts of terrorism against representatives of foreign states, the creation and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> cash, mass <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a> of state or social property, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, organisational acts towards the commitment of grave crimes against the state, grave crimes against another workers' state, aggravated <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a>, activities causing disruption to the work of corrective labour institutions, <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribe-taking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">aircraft hijacking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a>, the infringement of the life of a police officer or people's guard, <a href="/wiki/Premeditated_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Premeditated murder">premeditated murder</a> under aggravated circumstances, and evasion of <a href="/wiki/Mobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilisation">mobilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, speculation and mass theft were rejected as capital crimes. As of the implementation of the Armenian Criminal Code of 2003, these peacetime crimes no longer have the possibility of carrying a death penalty if committed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_crimes">Wartime crimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wartime crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the amendment of Armenia's Criminal Code in 1992, there were 16 wartime crimes that, if committed, could include the death penalty as a form of punishment. These war-times crimes primarily could only be committed by an individual in the military. They were: <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">insubordination</a>, forcible actions against a superior officer, intentionally destroying or damaging military property, offering resistance to a superior or forcing him to violate official duties, <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse</a> of authority, exceeding authority, and neglectful attitude towards duty, <a href="/wiki/Pillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillage">pillage</a>, voluntary <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a> into captivity, <a href="/wiki/Abandonment_of_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Abandonment of ship">abandonment of ship</a>, unwarranted abandonment of battlefield or refusal to use a weapon, violation of rules for performing combat lookout, violation of service regulations for guard duty, surrendering or abandoning to the enemy as a means of waging war, evasion of military service by <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a> or any other method and the unwarranted abandonment of unit in a combat situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, desertion was abolished as a capital crime. As of the implementation of the Armenian Criminal Code of 2003, these crimes in wartime no longer carry <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion_and_debate">Public opinion and debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public opinion and debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The debate for removal began to take serious form with the election of the first president, <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a>, who was recognisably anti-capital-punishment through his refusal to sign any death warrants, and the amended Armenia Constitution of 1995, which illustrated the move away from its application in the criminal justice system through Article 16.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amnesty_International">Amnesty International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amnesty International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, a humans right focused organisation, wrote an academic article criticising Armenia's continued incorporation of the death penalty in their Constitution and criminal justice system, in 1997. The article, titled, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a98a24.html">Armenia: Time to abolish the death penalty</a>", argued that capital punishment was based on a poorly designed system that resulted in anonymity regarding the circumstances surrounding certain criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the article expressed Amnesty's concerns over the obtainment of confessions through physical and mental duress, the lack of <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a> and the continued use of sentencing individuals to death regardless of the <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> in place.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amnesty International also commented on the mysterious circumstances surrounding Armenia's last execution.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The execution was held in <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>, with only the Armenian Minister of the Interior (at the time) knowing that the prisoner would be transferred, but not about the fate or execution. This raised flags concerning Armenia's control over their enforcement of capital punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>Moreover, Amnesty revealed the nature of Armenia's execution procedures. Upon the prisoner's plea for <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> being denied, they would be taken from their cell and their denied appeal for clemency would be read, right after which they would have immediately been taken to another cell and be <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">executed by a sole executioner with a revolver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Council_of_Europe_and_their_impact">The Council of Europe and their impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Council of Europe and their impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia in the Council of Europe</a></div> <p>The movement towards attaining membership in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> saw standards being set for <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> by the Council. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_parliament_shooting" title="Armenian parliament shooting">five gunmen shot up parliament</a>, murdering the current prime minister, parliament speaker and six government officials. Some Armenians and high-ranking government officials demanded the gunmen be executed under the retained death penalty. However, due to the moratorium set in place post-1991, the execution of the gunmen was turned away, and instead they were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karen_Demirchyan_and_Vazgen_Sargsyan_postal_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A postal card depicting Karen Demirchyan and Vazgen Sargsyan, the defence minister and a politician of Armenia at the time. Both were victims in the Armenia Parliament Shooting."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Karen_Demirchyan_and_Vazgen_Sargsyan_postal_card.jpg/333px-Karen_Demirchyan_and_Vazgen_Sargsyan_postal_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Karen_Demirchyan_and_Vazgen_Sargsyan_postal_card.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karen_Demirchyan_and_Vazgen_Sargsyan_postal_card.jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:Karen Demirchyan and Vazgen Sargsyan postal card.jpg">A postal card depicting Karen Demirchyan and Vazgen Sargsyan, the defence minister and a politician of Armenia at the time. Both were victims in the Armenia Parliament Shooting.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the aftermath, <a href="/wiki/Vardan_Ayvazyan" title="Vardan Ayvazyan">Vardan Ayvazyan</a>, the leader of the Stability parliamentary group at the time stated that "Armenia, as a country, should develop a system of principles based on European values. From this point of view, the abolishment of capital punishments is necessary".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others disagreed with this opinion, Semyon Bagdasaryan, head of Stability Group, stated "In my opinion the verdict on the people involved in the 27 October case should be capital punishment",<sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this argument was supported by the new Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Margaryan" title="Andranik Margaryan">Andranik Margaryan</a>, who called for the execution of the five gunmen.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A representative of the Council of Europe stated that sentencing the gunmen to death "could bring the Parliamentary Assembly to suspend the participation of Armenia",<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the representative continued, stating "Abolition of capital punishment is a hard-core human rights principle and therefore non-negotiable for the Council of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the Armenian courts decided to sentence the five gunmen to life imprisonment, abiding by the wishes of the Council of Europe and retaining their membership status.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_information">Other information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashot Manukyan was an Armenian citizen who experienced the many changes capital punishment went through in Armenia during his imprisonment. In 1996, Ashot Manukyan was sentenced to capital punishment for <a href="/wiki/First-degree_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="First-degree murder">first-degree murder</a> changes of three Armenian servicemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following capital punishment's removal in 2003, all death sentences were abolished, this saw his initial punishment of being sentenced to death be substituted for <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 January 2020, Ashot Manukyan was released from prison and placed on parole after serving 24 years from his life sentence, following a decision made by the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Criminal Court of Appeal of Armenia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was based on a negative conclusion given from the Penitentiary Service of the Ministry of Justice and positive conclusion from the Probation Service.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Europe" title="Capital punishment in Europe">Capital punishment in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues in Armenia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Armenia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/europe/armenia-50000102">"NTC - Bancadati"</a>. <i>www.handsoffcain.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.handsoffcain.info&rft.atitle=NTC+-+Bancadati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handsoffcain.info%2Fbancadati%2Feurope%2Farmenia-50000102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain/opendocpdf.pdf?reldoc=y&docid=52738f4a4">"Republic of Armenia Criminal Code 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Armenia+Criminal+Code+1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frwmain%2Fopendocpdf.pdf%3Freldoc%3Dy%26docid%3D52738f4a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaia_&_Tsira2012" class="citation journal cs1">Maia & Tsira, K. & C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.penalreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/South-Caucasus-Research-Report-Death-Penalty-and-Alternatives-ENGLISH.pdf">"The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+abolition+of+the+death+penalty+and+its+alternative+sanction+in+South+Caucasus%3A+Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan+and+Georgia&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Maia+%26+Tsira&rft.aufirst=K.+%26+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.penalreform.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F05%2FSouth-Caucasus-Research-Report-Death-Penalty-and-Alternatives-ENGLISH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a98a24.html">"Refworld | Armenia: Time to abolish the death penalty"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+Armenia%3A+Time+to+abolish+the+death+penalty&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3ae6a98a24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielyan2008" class="citation news cs1">Danielyan, Emil (9 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1096917.html">"Armenia: Debate Over Death Penalty Threatens Council Of Europe Membership"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Armenia%3A+Debate+Over+Death+Penalty+Threatens+Council+Of+Europe+Membership&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Danielyan&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1096917.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranckNyman2003" class="citation book cs1">Franck, Hans Göran; Nyman, Klas (2003-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKoai1nNseUC&q=Last+execution+in+Armenia&pg=PA83"><i>The Barbaric Punishment: Abolishing the Death Penalty</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2151-6"><bdi>978-90-411-2151-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbaric+Punishment%3A+Abolishing+the+Death+Penalty&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-411-2151-6&rft.aulast=Franck&rft.aufirst=Hans+G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Nyman%2C+Klas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPKoai1nNseUC%26q%3DLast%2Bexecution%2Bin%2BArmenia%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapital+punishment+in+Armenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118030337/https://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Armenia_Constitution_1995_EN.pdf">"Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, 1995"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 5 July 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Armenia_Constitution_1995_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121143327/http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr-death.htm">Second Optional Protocol</a> to <a href="/wiki/ICCPR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCPR">ICCPR</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=114&CM=8&DF=1/28/2008&CL=ENG">Protocol No. 6</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=187&CM=8&DF=1/28/2008&CL=ENG">Protocol No. 13</a> to ECHR - text of the treaties, dates of signature and ratification</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countries">Abolitionist and retentionist countries</a> - report by Amnesty International</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_punishment" title="Template:Capital punishment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_punishment" title="Template talk:Capital punishment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_punishment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital punishment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Current_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Current judicial methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and<br />post-classical<br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Asia">Capital punishment in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Afghanistan" title="Capital punishment in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Capital punishment in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bangladesh" title="Capital punishment in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bhutan" title="Capital punishment in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Brunei" title="Capital punishment in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cambodia" title="Capital punishment in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cyprus" title="Capital punishment in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_East_Timor" title="Capital punishment in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Capital punishment in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_India" title="Capital punishment in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Indonesia" title="Capital punishment in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iraq" title="Capital punishment in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Israel" title="Capital punishment in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Jordan" title="Capital punishment in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kazakhstan" title="Capital punishment in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Korea" title="Capital punishment in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_South_Korea" title="Capital punishment in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kuwait" title="Capital punishment in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Capital punishment in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Laos" title="Capital punishment in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Lebanon" title="Capital punishment in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Malaysia" title="Capital punishment in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Maldives" title="Capital punishment in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Mongolia" title="Capital punishment in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Myanmar" title="Capital punishment in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Oman" title="Capital punishment in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Pakistan" title="Capital punishment in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Philippines" title="Capital punishment in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Qatar" title="Capital punishment in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Syria" title="Capital punishment in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tajikistan" title="Capital punishment in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Thailand" title="Capital punishment in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkmenistan" title="Capital punishment in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Capital punishment in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Uzbekistan" title="Capital punishment in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vietnam" title="Capital punishment in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Yemen" title="Capital punishment in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Abkhazia" title="Capital punishment in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Taiwan" title="Capital punishment in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Capital punishment in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Capital punishment in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Macau" title="Capital punishment in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_punishment_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_punishment_in_Europe" title="Template:Capital punishment in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_punishment_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Capital punishment in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_punishment_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital punishment in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_punishment_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Europe" title="Capital punishment in Europe">Capital punishment in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Andorra" title="Capital punishment in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Austria" title="Capital punishment in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Capital punishment in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Belarus" title="Capital punishment in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Belgium" title="Capital punishment in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Capital punishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Bulgaria" title="Capital punishment in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Croatia" title="Capital punishment in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Cyprus" title="Capital punishment in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Capital punishment in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Denmark" title="Capital punishment in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Estonia" title="Capital punishment in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Finland" title="Capital punishment in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France" title="Capital punishment in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Capital punishment in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Germany" title="Capital punishment in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Hungary" title="Capital punishment in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iceland" title="Capital punishment in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Italy" title="Capital punishment in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Kazakhstan" title="Capital punishment in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Latvia" title="Capital punishment in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Liechtenstein" title="Capital punishment in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Lithuania" title="Capital punishment in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Luxembourg" title="Capital punishment in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Malta" title="Capital punishment in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Moldova" title="Capital punishment in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Monaco" title="Capital punishment in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Montenegro" title="Capital punishment in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Netherlands" title="Capital punishment in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_North_Macedonia" title="Capital punishment in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Norway" title="Capital punishment in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Poland" title="Capital punishment in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Portugal" title="Capital punishment in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Romania" title="Capital punishment in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_San_Marino" title="Capital punishment in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Serbia" title="Capital punishment in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Slovakia" title="Capital punishment in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Slovenia" title="Capital punishment in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Spain" title="Capital punishment in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sweden" title="Capital punishment in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Turkey" title="Capital punishment in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ukraine" title="Capital punishment in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vatican_City" title="Capital punishment in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Abkhazia" title="Capital punishment in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Gibraltar" title="Capital punishment in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Guernsey" title="Capital punishment in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Capital punishment in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Jersey" title="Capital punishment in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital punishment in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" 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