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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Thracians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thracians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jewish tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_martyrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_martyrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Christian martyrs</span> 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Burma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Imperial China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tortures_in_Hell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tortures_in_Hell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tortures in Hell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tortures_in_Hell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segare_la_vecchia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segare_la_vecchia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Segare la vecchia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segare_la_vecchia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Death by sawing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8)" title="منشار (تعذيب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منشار (تعذيب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zers%C3%A4gen" title="Zersägen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zersägen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_(instrumento_de_tortura)" title="Sierra (instrumento de tortura) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sierra (instrumento de tortura)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="مرگ با اره کردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرگ با اره کردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%BD%94%EA%B8%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%ED%82%A4" title="노코기리비키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노코기리비키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuman_mati_dengan_gergaji" title="Hukuman mati dengan gergaji – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukuman mati dengan gergaji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="გახერხვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გახერხვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BD_(%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7)" title="അറുത്തുകൊല്ലൽ (വധശിക്ഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറുത്തുകൊല്ലൽ (വധശിക്ഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klieven_(doodstraf)" title="Klieven (doodstraf) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klieven (doodstraf)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%B8%E6%8C%BD%E3%81%8D" title="鋸挽き – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鋸挽き" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saging" title="Saging – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saging" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Serração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execu%C8%9Bie_prin_t%C4%83iere_cu_fer%C4%83str%C4%83ul_(tortur%C4%83)" title="Execuție prin tăiere cu ferăstrăul (tortură) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Execuție prin tăiere cu ferăstrăul (tortură)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C)" title="Распиливание (казнь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Распиливание (казнь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaaminen_(teloitusmenetelm%C3%A4)" title="Sahaaminen (teloitusmenetelmä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sahaaminen (teloitusmenetelmä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A5gning_(avr%C3%A4ttningsmetod)" title="Sågning (avrättningsmetod) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sågning (avrättningsmetod)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paglagari" title="Paglagari – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paglagari" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E1%BA%BB_%C4%91%C3%B4i_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Xẻ đôi người – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xẻ đôi người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%AF%E5%88%91" title="锯刑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锯刑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q196753#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Act of cutting a living person with a saw</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Saege.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Die_Saege.JPG/220px-Die_Saege.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Die_Saege.JPG/330px-Die_Saege.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Die_Saege.JPG/440px-Die_Saege.JPG 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Sawing of three men, from a 15th-century print<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Death by sawing</b> is the act of sawing or cutting a living person in half, either <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">sagittally</a> (usually midsagittally), or transversely. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different methods of death by sawing have been recorded. In cases related to the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, the sawing is said to be through the middle (<a href="/wiki/Transverse_plane" title="Transverse plane">transversely</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is similar to the ancient Chinese execution method of <a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">waist chopping</a>. In the cases of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, it is stated that the sawing was lengthwise, both from the groin upwards and from the skull downwards (<a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">midsagittally</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Busnot1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnot1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In only one case, the story about <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a>, the person is explicitly described as being hanged upside-down and sawn apart vertically through the middle, starting at the groin, with no mention of fastenings or support boards around the person, in the manner depicted in illustrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases where details about the method beyond the mere sawing act are explicitly supplied, the condemned person was apparently fastened to either one or two boards prior to sawing.<sup id="cite_ref-Busnot1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnot1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_history_and_classical_antiquity">Ancient history and classical antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history and classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Persia">Ancient Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>The legend of Jamshid</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a> was a legendary <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persia</a>, whose story is told in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>. After 300 years of blessed reign, Jamshid forgot the blessings came from God, and began demanding that he be revered as a god himself. The people rebelled, and <a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a> had him sawn asunder.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Parysatis</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Parysatis" title="Parysatis">Parysatis</a>, wife and half-sister of <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> (r. 423–405 BC) was the real power behind the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>; she instigated and became involved in a number of court intrigues, made several enemies, yet had an uncanny knack for dispatching them at an opportune time. At one point, she decided to have the siblings of her daughter-in-law <a href="/wiki/Stateira_(wife_of_Artaxerxes_II)" title="Stateira (wife of Artaxerxes II)">Stateira</a> killed, and only relented from killing Stateira as well due to the desperate pleas of her son, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II</a>. Stateira's sister Roxana was the first of her siblings to be killed, by being sawn in half. When Darius II died, Parysatis moved quickly, and was able to have the new queen Stateira poisoned; Parysatis still remained a power to be reckoned with for years after.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Hormizd IV</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">هرمز چهارم</span>), son of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a>, was the twenty-first <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">King of Persia</a> from AD 579 to 590.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was deeply resented by the nobility due to his cruelties. In 590, a palace coup was staged in which his son, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a>, was declared king. Hormizd was forced to watch his wife and one of his sons sawn in two, and the deposed king was then blinded. After a few days, the new king is said to have killed his father in a fit of rage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thracians">Thracians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thracians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> were regarded as warlike, ferocious, and bloodthirsty by Romans and Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notorious was the king <a href="/wiki/Diegylis" title="Diegylis">Diegylis</a>, possibly only topped by his son <a href="/wiki/Ziselmius" title="Ziselmius">Ziselmius</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, Ziselmius sawed several people to death and commanded their families to eat the flesh of their murdered relatives. The Thracians eventually rebelled, captured him and sought to inflict every conceivable torture upon him prior to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>The Twelve Tables</dt></dl> <p>Promulgated about 451 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a> is the oldest extant law code for the Romans. <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>, whose work "Attic Nights" is partially preserved, states that death by the saw was mentioned for some offenses in the tables, but that the use of which was so infrequent that no one could remember ever having seen it done.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the retained laws in the Twelve Tables, the following concerning how creditors should proceed with debtors is found in Table 3, article 6: "On the third market-day they [the creditors] shall cut pieces. If they shall have cut more or less [than their shares], it shall be with impunity." The translator notes the ambiguity of the original text, but says that later Roman writers understood this to mean that creditors were allowed to cut their shares from the body of the debtor. If true, that would constitute dismemberment, rather than sawing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Caligula</dt></dl> <p>This method of execution was uncommon throughout the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, though common during <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>'s reign,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the condemned, including members of his own family, were sawn across the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a> rather than lengthwise down the body. It is said that Caligula would watch such executions while he ate, stating that witnessing the suffering acted as an appetiser.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>The Kitos War</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a> occurred 115–117 AD, and was a rebellion by the Jews within the Roman Empire. Major revolts happened several places, and the main source by <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> claims that in <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, 220,000 Greeks were massacred by the Jews; in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, 240,000. Dio adds that many of the victims were sawn asunder, and that the Jews licked up the blood of the slain, and "twisted the entrails like a girdle about their bodies".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Valens</dt></dl> <p>In 365 AD, <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a> declared himself emperor, and moved against <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>. He was defeated in battle, and due to the treachery of his two generals Agilonius and <a href="/wiki/Gomoarius" title="Gomoarius">Gomoarius</a> (they had been promised they would be "shown favour" by Valens), he was captured. In 366, he was fastened to two trees bent down with force; when the trees were released, Procopius was ripped apart in the manner of the legendary execution of the bandit <a href="/wiki/Sinis_(mythology)" title="Sinis (mythology)">Sinis</a>. The "favour" Valens showed to Agilonius and Gomoarius was to have them both sawn asunder.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_tradition">Jewish tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jewish tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Death of Isaiah</dt></dl> <p>The prophet <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> was, according to some traditional rabbinic texts, sawn apart on orders of King <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh of Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Warnekros_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warnekros-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One tradition states that he was put within a tree, and then sawn apart; another says he was sawn apart by means of a wooden saw.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_martyrs">Christian martyrs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christian martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Simon the Zealot</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zers%C3%A4gen_des_Heiligen_Simon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zers%C3%A4gen_des_Heiligen_Simon.png/220px-Zers%C3%A4gen_des_Heiligen_Simon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="502" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zers%C3%A4gen_des_Heiligen_Simon.png/330px-Zers%C3%A4gen_des_Heiligen_Simon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Zers%C3%A4gen_des_Heiligen_Simon.png/440px-Zers%C3%A4gen_des_Heiligen_Simon.png 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> of St. Simon sawn in two</figcaption></figure> <p>Several early Christians are credited with being martyred by means of a saw. The earliest, and most famous, is the obscure apostle of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a>. He is said to have been martyred in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, and that the express mode by which he was executed was to be hanged up by the feet, as in the woodcut illustration.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Conus and his son</dt></dl> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum" title="Acta Sanctorum">Acta Sanctorum</a></i>, after his wife's death in the age of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, Conus went with his 7-year-old son into a desert. He destroyed several pagan idols in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Cogni</a>, Asia Minor (<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>). When caught, he and his son were tortured by starvation and fire, and were finally put to the saw, praying while they died.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Symphorosa and her seven sons</dt></dl> <p>According to the 16th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Symphorosa" title="Symphorosa">Symphorosa</a> was a widow with seven sons living in the age of emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117) or <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (117–138). Refusing a command to pray at a heathen temple, Symphorosa was scourged, and then thrown in the river <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Aniene</a> with a large stone fastened to her. The six eldest sons were all killed by stab wounds, and the youngest, Eugenius, was sawn apart.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="no mention of sawing in this source (April 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>The 38 monks and martyrs on Mount Sinai</dt></dl> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Martyrologium Romanum</a></i>, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> "wild barbarians" decided to rob a community of monks living at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>. There was nothing of material wealth there, and in their rage, the Arabs <a href="/wiki/Holy_fathers_slain_at_Sinai_and_Raithu" title="Holy fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu">slaughtered them all</a>, several by <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flaying</a>, others by sawing them with dull saws.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>St. Tarbula</dt></dl> <p>Accused of practising witchcraft and causing the sickness of the wife of the ardently anti-Christian Persian king <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarbula" title="Tarbula">Tarbula</a> was condemned and executed by being sawn in half in the year 345.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>The monk from Montepulciano</dt></dl> <p>In the 1630s, there are several reports from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and Egypt that monks were killed. One of them, Brother Conrad d'Elis Barthelemy, a native of <a href="/wiki/Montepulciano" title="Montepulciano">Montepulciano</a> is said to have been sawn in two, from the head downwards.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>The renegade Coptic governor</dt></dl> <p>Writing in 1843, William Holt Yates speaks of a governor under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> (r.1801–1849), Abd-ur-Rahman Bey, who was said to be particularly cruel and avaricious. He was a renegade <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copt</a>, and abused his position to gain hold of wealth. He is even credited with having sawn people in two. Yates further supplies the detail: "This fellow has since been assassinated-report says, with sanction and approval of the Government"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1705 The sawing of Alcaide Melec</dt></dl> <p>One of the most notorious cases of sawing as execution is that of the <a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">Alcaide</a> (castellan/governor) Melec under <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Moulay Ishmael</a> (r. 1672–1727). The fullest description of this execution is found in Dominique Busnot's<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1714 work <i>Histoire du règne de Mouley Ismael</i>, although a brief notice of the event can be found in the January 1706 edition of <i>Present state of Europe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following, the tale as told by Busnot will be given.<sup id="cite_ref-Busnot1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busnot1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Melec was judged as the chief rebel to be punished in a rebellion instigated by one of the Sultan's sons, Mulay Muhammad. In particular, according to Busnot, the Sultaness was incensed that Melec had personally beheaded one of her cousins, Ali Bouchasra.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September/October 1705,<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulay Ismail sent for his chief carpenter and asked if his saws were capable of sawing a man in two. The carpenter answered "Sure enough". He was then given the grisly task, and before he left, he asked him whether Melec should be sawn across or along the length. The emperor said the sawing should proceed lengthwise, from the head downwards. He told Boachasra's sons they should follow the carpenter and decide for themselves how best to take revenge upon the murderer (i.e., Melec) of their father. Taking with him eight of the public executioner's assistants, the master carpenter went to the prison where Melec was held, two of his brand new saws packed in cloth, in order to keep from Melec information of the intended manner of execution. Melec was now placed on a mule, bound with an iron chain, and led to the public square, where some 4000 of his relatives and members of his tribe were assembled. These made a "terrifying" spectacle through screaming, and clawing their faces in a public display of grief. Melec, on the other hand, seemed unperturbed, calmly smoking from his tobacco pipe. When taken down from the mule, Melec's clothes were removed and damning letters "proving" his treason were cast into the fire. </p><p>Then, he was strapped onto a board, and placed upon a saw-bench, his arms and legs fastened. The executioner's team then sought to start by sawing him from the head downwards, but Boucasra's sons intervened, and demanded that one began between Melec's legs instead, because otherwise, he would die too quickly. Under the terrible screams of Melec and his relatives, thus began his execution. Once they had sawn him up to the <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a>, they pulled out the saw in order to commence from the other side. Melec is said to have been still conscious, asking for some water. His friends, though, thought it best to hasten his demise and shorten his sufferings, and the executioners went on, sawing him from skull to navel so he fell apart. In the process, chunks of flesh were ripped out by the saw's teeth, causing blood to splatter everywhere, thus making the execution quite unbearable to watch. </p><p>Around 300 other conspirators were <a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">impaled</a> alive, and another report states that in addition to these, some other 20 chief conspirators had their arms and legs sawn off, and left to expire in the marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1721 The sawing of Larbe Shott</dt></dl> <p>19 July 1721, a noble descended from the <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, Larbe Shott was put to the saw. He had spent considerable time at <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, and one of the crimes imputed to him was to have spent time in Christian kingdoms without his emperor's leave. Furthermore, he had been found guilty of defiling himself with Christian women, and often drunk alcohol. In short, he was charged as an apostate and unbeliever, in addition to being charged with having invited the "Spaniards" to invade <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary</a> (i.e., treason). They brought him to one of the gates in the city, fastened him between two boards, and sawed him in two, from the skull downwards. After his death, Mulay Ishmael pardoned him, so that his body could be picked up and given a decent burial at least, instead of being eaten by the dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Cat Island mutiny</dt></dl> <p>In 1757, a French officer was executed by his men in a mutiny on <a href="/wiki/Cat_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Cat Island (Mississippi)">Cat Island</a> in current-day <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. Three of the mutineers were eventually captured and brought to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> for trial. After conviction, two of the mutineers died on the <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">breaking wheel</a>. The last, a Swiss from the Karrer regiment, was nailed into a coffin-shaped wooden box which was sawn in two with a cross-cut saw.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim was first made by the French captain and traveller <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bernard_Bossu" title="Jean Bernard Bossu">Jean Bernard Bossu</a> in his 1768 <i>Nouveaux Voyages aux Indes Occidentales</i>, translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Johann Reinhold Forster</a> in 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a footnote to his essay <i>A Map within an Indian Painting?</i>, jurist <a href="/wiki/Morris_S._Arnold" title="Morris S. Arnold">Morris S. Arnold</a> wrote: "Bossu's books contain a lot of tall tales, so one needs to be cautious about relying on him."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bossu claims that being "sawed asunder" was a traditional Swiss military punishment, and alleges that one Swiss mutineer actually committed suicide to avoid that punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the one who was allegedly sawn in half had his punishment as governed by Swiss military law, rather than French. An incident from 1741 (in <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a>, Canada) shows that at that time, when two Frenchmen and a Swiss were executed, Swiss mercenary troops had been placed under French military law, rather than under Swiss.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, detailing the recorded executions in the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Canton of Zürich</a> through the 15th-18th century, Gerold Meyer von Knonau records 1445 executions in total, none of them being through death by sawing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Haitian revolution</dt></dl> <p>In August 1791, a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution#1791_slave_rebellion" title="Haitian Revolution">great slave revolt</a> broke out at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, eventually leading to Haitian independence. In the process, some 4,000 white planters and their family members were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the victims was a carpenter by trade, Robert. The rebels decided he "should die in the way of his occupation" and accordingly fastened him between two boards and sawed him apart.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levant">Levant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>An episode from the Crusades</dt></dl> <p>In 1123, <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_I,_Count_of_Edessa" title="Joscelin I, Count of Edessa">Joscelin de Courtenay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II</a> were separately ambushed and surprised by a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>, Balac, and made prisoners at the castle at Quartapiert. Some 50 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, bound by oath to Joscelin as <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Edessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Edessa">Count of Edessa</a>, decided to free their liege lord as well as Baldwin II. Dressed as monks and pedlars, they gained entry in the town where the two nobles were held captive, and managed, through massacre, to take control of the castle. Joscelin slipped out in order to raise a force, while Baldwin II and his nephew Galeran remained behind to hold the castle. Apprised of the capture of the castle, Balac sent quickly a force to recapture it, and Baldwin II saw no possibility of holding it. Graciously, Balac took Baldwin and his nephew merely prisoners. Not so merciful was he towards the Armenians: Several of them were flayed, others buried up to the neck and used as target practice, the rest were sawn apart.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>The Assassins</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>, a misnomer for the <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> sect, had an independent kingdom in the Levant during the age of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, and were feared and loathed by Muslims and Christians alike. The Jewish traveller <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>, travelling the region around 1157 notes that the Assassins were reputed to saw in two the kings of other peoples, if they managed to capture them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of accounts exist where the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> are said to have sawn persons in two, most of them said to occur in <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a>'s reign (1451–1481). </p> <dl><dt>1453 conquest of Constantinople</dt></dl><p> A number of cruel excesses against the populace of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> is said to have happened in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">taking of the city</a>. according to one rendering of the tale:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They no sooner found themselves masters of it, than they began to exercise On the inhabitants the most unremitting barbarities, destroying them by every method of ingenious cruelty. Some they roasted alive on spits, others they starved, some they flayed alive, and left them in that horrid manner to perish; many were sawn asunder, and others torn to pieces by horses. Three days and nights was the city given to spoil, in which time the soldiers were licensed to commit every enormity</p></blockquote> <dl><dt>1460 Capture of Mystras</dt></dl> <p>After the last <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despot of Morea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a> in 1460 switched allegiance to the Turks and gave them entry to Mystras, a tale grew up that the actual <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellan</a> at the castle of <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a> was ordered sawn in two. This tale was "well known" in later centuries, whatever actual veracity.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1460 Michael Szilágyi</dt></dl> <p>In 1460, the Hungarian general <a href="/wiki/Michael_Szil%C3%A1gyi" title="Michael Szilágyi">Michael Szilágyi</a> was seized by the Turks, and since he was regarded as a traitor and spy, he was sawn in half at Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1460-64 campaigns and slaughter in the Morea</dt></dl> <p>In the following years, inhabitants in Greece under the Venetians fought several battles in the Morea. In 1464, for example, a small city is said to have been subdued, and 500 prisoners sent to Constantinople. There, they were put to the saw, according to one account.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1463 conquest of Mytilene, Lesbos</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitallers</a>, then stationed at <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, sent several knights to aid in the defence of <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a> from the Turks. They eventually surrendered, under promise of having their lives spared. Instead, according to some reports, they were sawn asunder.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Kenneth Meyer Setton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> had actually promised to spare the heads of some 400 knights, and sawed them in half to keep his oath of not harming the heads.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1469/1470 conquest of Negroponte</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Triarchy_of_Negroponte" title="Triarchy of Negroponte">Triarchy of Negroponte</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader state</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a></i> under control of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, was extinguished by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negropont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Negropont">capture of the city</a> in 1469/1470, and the governor Paolo Erizzo, is said to treacherously to have been ordered sawn in two, after have being promised his life would be spared. The sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror, is said to have cut off the head of Erizzo's daughter by his own hands, because she would not yield to his desires.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1473 the arsonist at Gallipoli</dt></dl> <p>In 1473, a Sicilian called Anthony, is said to have managed set fire to the sultan's ships at the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Gelibolu" title="Sanjak of Gelibolu">Sanjak of Gelibolu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>. After being captured at <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Negroponte</a>, he was brought before the sultan who asked him what harm had been done to him that he performed such an evil deed? The young man answered that he simply wanted to harm the enemy of Christianity in some glorious way. The sultan is said to have ordered that Anthony should be sawn in two.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1480 invasion of Otranto</dt></dl> <p>In 1480, the Ottomans, led by <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a>, invaded mainland Italy, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of Otranto">occupying</a> <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">general massacre</a>, of disputed magnitude,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurred. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Pendinelli" title="Stefano Pendinelli">Stefano Pendinelli</a> was, by some reports, ordered to be sawn in half.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1611 revolt of Dionysius the Philosopher</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius the Philosopher">Dionysius the Philosopher</a> led an eventually unsuccessful revolt against the Ottomans, seeking to establish a power base at <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>. Dionysius was flayed alive, and his skin, stuffed with straw, was sent as a present to the sultan, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a>, at Constantinople. The other principal conspirators were said to be punished in various ways, some were burnt alive, others impaled, and yet others sawn asunder.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>The mythologized death of Rhigas, the protomartyr of Greek independence</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a> (1760–1798) was an early Greek patriot, whose struggle for independence of Greece preceded with about 30 years the general uprising known as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>. His actual manner of death has garnered many tales; <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica 1911</a>, for example, states that he was shot in the back.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet others state that he was strangled. Some 19th century stories report that he was sawn in two.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, one source asserts he was beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg/220px-Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg/330px-Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg/440px-Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Ajaibghar" title="Sikh Ajaibghar">Sikh Ajaibghar</a> near the towns of <a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirhind">Sirhind</a> in Punjab, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sikh <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mati_Das" title="Bhai Mati Das">Bhai Mati Das</a>, a follower of the 9th guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> was in 1675 AD ordered to be executed by emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, along with several other prominent Sikhs, including their Guru, because the Guru was resisting the forceful conversion of Kashmiri Pandits into Islam. Bhai Mati Das was sawn in half, the others in different manners.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burma">Burma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Burma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several reports state that even in the 1820s, sawing criminals in two was an occasional punishment in Burma for "certain offences". The criminals were fastened between two planks prior to the sawing.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been conflated by reports of <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">disembowelment</a><i>, for which eyewitness reports exist.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>The Burmese general <a href="/wiki/Maha_Bandula" title="Maha Bandula">Maha Bandula</a> is said to have had one of his high-ranking officers sawn in two, due to some act of disobedience, the person being fastened between two planks for that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Martyrdom of Augustin Huy</dt></dl> <p>On occasion, a confusion of reports may exist where, for example, performed post-mortem indignities are misinterpreted as the actual manner of execution: </p><p>In 1839, the governor of Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Định Province">Nam Định Province</a> summoned five hundred soldiers to a banquet to pressure them into trampling upon a cross in renunciation of Christianity. Most of the guests complied, but three Catholic soldiers refused.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a>, Augustin Huy, is reported by some sources to have been sawn in two.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others report that he was hacked to death,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or cut in two.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, a letter from 1839, just three weeks after the execution 12 June, states that he was beheaded:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have to announce to you the death of two Tonquinese, who here shed their blood for the faith on the 12th of June, 1839. They were beheaded near the port of Cua-thuan-an, the principal port of Hue. Their bodies were first cut into five pieces and then cast into the sea.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_China">Imperial China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Imperial China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Technique</dt></dl> <p>The movement of a saw may cause a body to sway back and forth making the process difficult for the executioners. The Chinese overcame this problem by securing the victim in an upright position between two boards firmly fixed between stakes driven deep into the ground. Two executioners, one at each end of the saw, would saw downwards through the stabilized boards and enclosed victim.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether sawing as an execution method actually existed, or that cases referred to are garbled accounts of the "<a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">slow slicing</a>" method of execution remains an open question. </p> <dl><dt>Tang dynasty</dt></dl> <p>The emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhaozong of Tang">Zhaozong of Tang</a> (r. 888–904) is said to have commanded one of his prisoners sawn asunder.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Qing dynasty</dt></dl> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">last emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> committed suicide in 1644, the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">new emperor</a> had one of the previous regime's strongest supporters, Chen, said to be viceroy of Canton, sawn in two. Growing more popular in his martyrdom, the new regime condemned Chen's execution, declared he was a holy man and erected a Canton pagoda in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Morisco revolt</dt></dl> <p>In the aftermath of the destruction of the last Islamic kingdom in Spain, Granada in 1492, the <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscoes</a>, the descendants of Muslims and those who still were, in secret, adherents of Islam, felt increasingly persecuted. In 1568, the <a href="/wiki/Morisco_rebellions_in_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Morisco rebellions in Granada">Morisco revolt</a> broke out, under leadership of <a href="/wiki/Aben_Humeya" title="Aben Humeya">Aben Humeya</a>. The crushing of the revolt was extremely bloody, and at <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a> in 1569, the historian <a href="/wiki/Luis_del_M%C3%A1rmol_Carvajal" title="Luis del Mármol Carvajal">Luis del Marmol Carvajal</a> states that one Morisco was sawn apart alive.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>La Mancha rebellion</dt></dl> <p>In the Spanish rebellion of 1808 against the occupying French forces, reports exist that some French officers were sawn in two. In one of those reports, it is colonel Rene (or Frene<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) who met this fate.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another report, Rene was merely thrown into a kettle of boiling water, whereas the officers Caynier and Vaugien were the ones sawn in two.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1812 the <i>Grande Armée</i></dt></dl> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">Fire of Moscow</a> in September 1812, the French <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> had not exactly endeared itself to the local population. The peasant population is said to have become embittered, fanaticized, and even developed an effective <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a>. In addition, the "wild <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>" lurked about, and both groups of Russians could be a deadly enemy to solitary French soldiers. Some of those unfortunates are said to have been sawn apart.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1848 Revolution</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a> was a bitter struggle where atrocities were committed against others of different ethnicities and of different religious persuasions. A decidedly partisan pamphlet from 1850, <i>Ungarns gutes recht</i> (<i>The well-founded right of Hungary</i>) from 1850, states that in the struggles around <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, some 4,000 Serbians, spurred on by the preaching of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Karlovci" title="Metropolitanate of Karlovci">Metropolitan of Karlovci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josif_Raja%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Josif Rajačić">Josif Rajačić</a>, committed heinous deeds against the Hungarians. Women, children and old men were mutilated, roasted over slow fires, some sawn apart.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tortures_in_Hell">Tortures in Hell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tortures in Hell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Hindu mythology</dt></dl> <p>In Hindu lore, <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a> is the god of death. He determines the punishments to those who were wicked in life. Those guilty of robbing a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, are to be sawn apart while being in <i><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">Naraka</a></i> (Hell).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Chinese mythology</dt></dl><p> Sawing people asunder is one of the punishments said to occur in <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Buddhist Hell</a>, and the priests knew how to make a visible spectacle of sufferings in the beyond, by commissioning artists to make paintings the populace were meant to see and reflect upon:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At a Buddhist temple in Canton, at certain seasons of the year, the court is set round with pictures, which pourtray in a fearful manner the sufferings of the dead. Some are sawn asunder; some are gored with pitchforks; some are thrown into a cauldron of boiling water; others are burnt. The artists, under the gifted instruction of the priests, succeeded in representing every sight that is terrible to the eye or revolting to the senses. In the recess at Mongha beforementioned, a few of these choice subjects were displayed with an edifying effect. The presumed existence of a place of torment brings a revenue into the coffers of the priest, who is assumed to have the power of appeasing the wrath of the judges.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segare_la_vecchia">Segare la vecchia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Segare la vecchia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy and Spain, a curious tradition of "segare la vecchia" ("sawing the old woman") was upheld on <a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a> (Mid-<a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> Sunday) in hamlets and towns, well into the 19th century. The custom consisted of the boys running about to find the "oldest woman in the village", and then make a wooden effigy in her likeness. Then, the wooden figure was sawn across the middle. The folklorist <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> regards this as an odd spring ritual, in which the "old year"/winter is symbolically defeated. He also notes that a rather similar custom existed in his day among <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Southern Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeld1985" class="citation book cs1">Held, Robert (1985). <i>Inquisition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquisition&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Held&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Scott</i> (1995), p.142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busnot1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Busnot1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busnot1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busnot1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Busnot</i> (1717), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiNSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA167">pp.167–70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geyer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geyer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geyer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Geyer</i> (1738) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2VCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA631">p.631</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Osborne</i> (1744), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afRSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA179">p.179</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Osborne</i> (1747), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9gGAAAAcAAJ">p.266</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dignas; Winter</i> (2007) p.42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Osborne</i> (1742), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfJSAAAAcAAJ">p.535</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Head; Heath</i> (1982), p. 51, <i>Webber; McBride</i> (2001): "Perhaps the prospect of getting to the spoils explains Thucydides VII, 29: 'For the Thracian race, like all the most bloodthirsty barbarians, are always particularly bloodthirsty when everything is going their own way", p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Diodorus Seculus</i> (1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2450">p.2450</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Gellius' statement, see, <i>Rosenmüller</i> (1820), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dk8_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95">p.95</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Coleman-Norton</i> (1948))<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thetwelvetables14783gut/14783.txt">The Twelve Tables</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suet. Calig. 27: multos [...] medios serra dissecuit - , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html">Vita Caligulae</a> "Many..had them sawn asunder" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html">Life of Caligula</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gibbon</i> (1776), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aLcWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR76">Appendix, p.lxxvi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sozomen</i> (1846), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDmxf3_Ju1sC&pg=PA262">p.262</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warnekros-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warnekros_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Warnekros</i> (1832), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4hAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA368">p.368</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Du Pin</i> (1699), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzZWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115">p.115</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Schmauss</i> (1719), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6VMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA69">p.69</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Foxe</i> (1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeLq-CNyOcIC">p.5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14379a.htm">Symphorosa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Deinl</i> (1850), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MhJNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA42">p.42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1909">St. Tarbula</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chateaubriand</i> (1812), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uFBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA143">p.143</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yates</i> (1843), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7WRCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA123">p.123</a> More on this governor and his assassination in 1840 in <i>Gliddon</i> (1841), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWQGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA70">p.70-72, footnote</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Busnot" class="extiw" title="fr:Dominique Busnot">fr:Dominique Busnot</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rhodes</i> (1706), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwALAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA46">p.46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Busnot</i> (1716), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiNSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA167">p.66-67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Windus</i> (1725), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmRCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA156">p.156-57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuevas,_John2011" class="citation book cs1">Cuevas, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTP8fxliBI4C&pg=PA20"><i>The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island</i></a>. McFarland. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786485789" title="Special:BookSources/9780786485789"><bdi>9780786485789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+a+Mississippi+Gulf+Coast+Barrier+Island&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780786485789&rft.au=Cuevas%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTP8fxliBI4C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On French publication date and biographical details of Bossu, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=5922">Jean Bernard Bossu (1720–1792)</a> at the website: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/">Encyclopedia of Arkansas History&Culture</a>". On relevant excerpt, see <i>Forster</i> (1771), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiYVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA324">p.324-325</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lewis, Arnold</i> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2tGe9U39UIC&pg=PA200">footnote 11, p.200</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Forster</i> (1771), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiYVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA324">p.324</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" Whatever the rights and wrongs of a particular case might be, the Swiss were not to be treated as an independent unit and their officers must be subordinate to the French commandant", at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortress.cbu.ca/justice/Karrer.htm">The Administration Of Justice At The Fortress Of Louisbourg (1713-1758)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209094126/http://fortress.cbu.ca/Justice/Karrer.htm">Archived</a> 2012-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, excerpted from Greer (1976), "The Soldiers of Isle Royale, 1720-1745"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Meyer_von_Knonau,_Gerold_%28Archivar%29">Knonau</a></i> (1846) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xRMAAAAYAAJ">p.335</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Censer and Hunt</i> (2001), p.124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards (1819), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TcI-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA79">p.79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collins</i> (1812), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhIwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA220">p.220</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Benjamin of Tudela</i> (1858), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LR09AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA10">p.10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Salisbury</i> (1830), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24BUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225">p.225</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pouqueville</i> (1813), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar9BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA82">p.82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grumeza (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTxu6RxdecUC&pg=PA8">p.8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fallmerayer</i> (1836), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2xKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA420">p.420</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mignot</i> (1787), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2eApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA162">p.162</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Setton</i> (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC&pg=PA238">p.238</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Watkins</i> (1806), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sxs2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PT366">p.366</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>a)</b>For dating and place of capture, <i>Lempriere</i> (1825), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHRkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99">p.99</a>" <b>b)</b> For interview between Anthony and sultan, see: <i>von Kreckwitz</i> (1654), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Py9RAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA240">p.240</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">11.000, by "traditional" count, see for example <i>Smedley</i> (1832), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHI2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA110">p.110</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reider</i> (1841), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ax88bYJY4CcC&pg=PA125">p.125</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hughes</i> (1820), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA22">p.22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhigas, Constantine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rhigas,_Constantine">"Rhigas, Constantine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhigas%2C+Constantine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=239-240&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: <i>Wigand</i> (1844)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQVIAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA307">p.307</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aurach</i> (1859), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKdBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA82">p.82</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Singha</i> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA142">p. 142.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Murray</i> (1829), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAussrqql4AC&pg=PA44">p.44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For eyewitness report disembowelment <i>Judson</i> (1823), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J00RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA84">p.84-86</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Knowles</i> (1830) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167">p.167-68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5837">St. Domingo Nicolas Dat Dinh</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sadler</i> (1858), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvC4swXcfw0C&pg=PA356">p.356</a> <i>Pachtler</i> (1861), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tyM3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA353">p.353</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Inderbitzi</i> (1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJ0AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA548">p.548</a>" <i>Hahn</i> (1860), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKkAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA120">p.120-21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Inst. Prop. Faith</i> (1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z5AAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA559">p.559-60</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Asiat. Journ.</i> (1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vysYAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA120">p.120</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abbott</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bridgman</i> (1841), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA148">p.141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Günther</i> (1856), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sBRKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20">p.20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>de Ferreras</i> (1760), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CCRDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA89">p.89</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Napier</i> (1862), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7m8PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA88">p.88</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Napier</i> (1839), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxBAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA73">p.73</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Foy</i> (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ufbi8fQ8mm4C&pg=PA192">p.192</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Heyne</i> (1840)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otNBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA386">p.386</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anon</i> (1850), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTYsAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA50">p.50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Majer</i> (1804), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R-JAAAAAcAAJ&pg=346">p.346</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lay</i> (1841), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5T8PAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA195">p.195</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Grimm</i> (1835) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OhIWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA453">p.453</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_by_sawing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sawing_(torture)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sawing (torture)">Sawing (torture)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2004" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, G. (2004). <i>Execution: A Guide To The Ultimate Penalty</i>. Summersdale Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84024-433-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84024-433-X"><bdi>1-84024-433-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Execution%3A+A+Guide+To+The+Ultimate+Penalty&rft.pub=Summersdale+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84024-433-X&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1850" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTYsAAAAYAAJ"><i>Ungarns gutes recht:eine historische denkschrift von einem diplomaten</i></a>. London: W.M. Watts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ungarns+gutes+recht%3Aeine+historische+denkschrift+von+einem+diplomaten&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.M.+Watts&rft.date=1850&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTYsAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsiatic_Journal1840" class="citation book cs1">Asiatic Journal (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vysYAAAAYAAJ"><i>Asiatic Journal, volume 32 New series</i></a>. London: Allen&co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asiatic+Journal%2C+volume+32+New+series&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen%26co&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Asiatic+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvysYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_der_Aurachl1859" class="citation book cs1">von der Aurachl, Ph. S. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKdBAAAAcAAJ"><i>Das Heil kommt nicht aus Oesterreich: Eine Stimme aus Bayern</i></a>. Berlin: Ferdinand Riegel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Heil+kommt+nicht+aus+Oesterreich%3A+Eine+Stimme+aus+Bayern&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Ferdinand+Riegel&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=von+der+Aurachl&rft.aufirst=Ph.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKdBAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_of_TudelaMartinet1858" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin of Tudela; Martinet, Adam (tr) (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LR09AAAAcAAJ"><i>Reisetagbuch:Ein Beitr. zur Kenntniß d. Juden in d. Diaspora während d. XII. Jhs</i></a>. Bamberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02088-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02088-1"><bdi>0-271-02088-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Fraternity%3A+Exploring+the+French+Revolution.&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-271-02088-1&rft.aulast=Censer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChateaubriand1812" class="citation book cs1">Chateaubriand, François-Réné (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uFBAAAAIAAJ"><i>Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary during the years 1806 and 1807, Volume 2</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wigands+Vierteljahrsschrift+volume+1&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Otto+Wigand&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Wigand&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQVIAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindus1725" class="citation book cs1">Windus, John (1725). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmRCAAAAcAAJ"><i>A journey to Mequinez, the residence of the present emperor of Fez and Morocco: On the occasion of Commodore Stewart's embassy thither for the redemption of the british captives in the year 1721</i></a>. London: J. Tonson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+journey+to+Mequinez%2C+the+residence+of+the+present+emperor+of+Fez+and+Morocco%3A+On+the+occasion+of+Commodore+Stewart%27s+embassy+thither+for+the+redemption+of+the+british+captives+in+the+year+1721&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Tonson&rft.date=1725&rft.aulast=Windus&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmRCAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1843" class="citation book cs1">Yates, William H. (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7WRCAAAAcAAJ"><i>The Modern History and Condition of Egypt, Its Climate, Diseases, and Capabilities, Volum 2</i></a>. London: Smith, Elder and Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+History+and+Condition+of+Egypt%2C+Its+Climate%2C+Diseases%2C+and+Capabilities%2C+Volum+2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+and+Company&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7WRCAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Web resources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcatholic.org" class="citation web cs1">catholic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1909">"St. Tarbula"</a>. catholic.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Domingo+Nicolas+Dat+Dinh&rft.pub=catholic.org&rft.au=catholic+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fsaints%2Fsaint.php%3Fsaint_id%3D5837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhigas, Constantine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rhigas,_Constantine">"Rhigas, Constantine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhigas%2C+Constantine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=239-240&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+by+sawing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetoniusRolfe1914" class="citation web cs1">Suetonius; Rolfe, J.C. (tr.) 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squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and<br />post-classical<br /> methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">Damnatio ad bestias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_eagle" title="Blood eagle">Blood eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowing_from_a_gun" title="Blowing from a gun">Blowing from a gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazen_bull" title="Brazen bull">Brazen bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">Boiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_burial" title="Premature burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">Burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushing_(execution)" title="Crushing (execution)">Crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimation_(punishment)" title="Decimation (punishment)">Decimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">Disembowelment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_drowning" title="Execution by drowning">Drowning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_marriage" title="Republican marriage">Republican marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_(execution)" title="Falling (execution)">Falling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">Flaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immurement" title="Immurement">Immurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement" title="Impalement">Impalement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikozume" title="Ishikozume">Ishikozume</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazzatello" title="Mazzatello">Mazzatello</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphism" title="Scaphism">Scaphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">Slow slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation_in_ash" title="Suffocation in ash">Suffocation in ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upright_jerker" title="Upright jerker">Upright jerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waist_chop" title="Waist chop">Waist chop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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