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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monophthongization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monophthongization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Monophthongization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monophthongization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Passive Voice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_Voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Adjectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enclitic_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enclitic_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Enclitic pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enclitic_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hollow_Verbs_vowel_shortening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollow_Verbs_vowel_shortening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Hollow Verbs vowel shortening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollow_Verbs_vowel_shortening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Writing system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Rural dialects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rural_dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rural dialects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rural_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-'Ula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-'Ula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Al-'Ula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-'Ula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Badr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لهجة حجازية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لهجة حجازية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_hiyaz%C3%AD" title="Árabe hiyazí – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Árabe hiyazí" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeg_hijaziek" title="Arabeg hijaziek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabeg hijaziek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%99%DE%A8%DE%96%DE%A7%DE%92%DE%A9_%DE%A2%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8" title="ޙިޖާޒީ ޢަރަބި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޙިޖާޒީ ޢަރަބި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_hiyaz%C3%AD" title="Árabe hiyazí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árabe hiyazí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="عربی حجازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عربی حجازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabe_hijazi" title="Arabe hijazi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabe hijazi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijazi_arapski" title="Hijazi arapski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hijazi arapski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Hijaz" title="Bahasa Arab Hijaz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Arab Hijaz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערבית חג'אזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערבית חג'אזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidjazi_Arabisch" title="Hidjazi Arabisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hidjazi Arabisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хиџаски арапски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиџаски арапски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اللهجة الحجازيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللهجة الحجازيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab_Hijaz" title="Bahasa Arab Hijaz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Arab Hijaz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%92%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="アラビア語ヒジャーズ方言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラビア語ヒジャーズ方言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ar%C3%A0bica_Hijazi" title="Lenga aràbica Hijazi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga aràbica Hijazi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabe_hejazi" title="Árabe hejazi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árabe hejazi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хиджазский диалект арабского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиджазский диалект арабского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabeng_Hejazi" title="Arabeng Hejazi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arabeng Hejazi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B" title="ภาษาอาหรับฮิญาซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาหรับฮิญาซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="حجازی عربی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حجازی عربی" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Variety of Arabic spoken in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Hejazi Arabic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">حجازي (Ḥijāzi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">[ħɪˈ(d)ʒaːzi]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">11 million (2018)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Semitic_languages" title="Central Semitic languages">Central Semitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Hejazi Arabic</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hejazi</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="#Rural_dialects">Rural Hejazi</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/acw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:acw">acw</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hija1235">hija1235</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81rabe_hijaz%C3%AD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%C3%81rabe_hijaz%C3%AD.PNG/320px-%C3%81rabe_hijaz%C3%AD.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/%C3%81rabe_hijaz%C3%AD.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="458" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Extent of Hejazi Arabic</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Hejazi Arabic or Hijazi Arabic (HA) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: اللهجة الحجازية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-lahja al-ḥijāziyya, Hejazi Arabic: حجازي, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">[ħɪˈdʒaːzi]</a>), also known as West Arabian Arabic, is a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">variety of Arabic</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. Strictly speaking, there are two main groups of dialects spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> one by the urban population, originally spoken mainly in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and partially in <a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a> and another dialect by the urbanized rural and <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouin</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> However, the term most often applies to the urban variety which is discussed in this article. In antiquity, the Hejaz was home to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Higazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Higazi">Old Hejazi</a> dialect of Arabic recorded in the consonantal text of the Qur'an. Old Hejazi is distinct from modern Hejazi Arabic, and represents an older linguistic layer wiped out by centuries of migration, but which happens to share the imperative prefix vowel /a-/ with the modern dialect. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Also referred to as the sedentary Hejazi dialect, this is the form most commonly associated with the term "Hejazi Arabic", and is spoken in the urban centers of the region, such as Jeddah, Mecca, and Medina. With respect to the axis of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouin</a> versus sedentary dialects of the Arabic language, this dialect group exhibits features of both. Like other sedentary dialects, the urban Hejazi dialect is less conservative than the bedouin varieties in some aspects and has therefore shed some Classical forms and features that are still present in bedouin dialects, these include gender-number disagreement, and the feminine marker -n (see <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a>). But in contrast to bedouin dialects, the constant use of full vowels and the absence of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a> plus the distinction between the emphatic letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a>⟩ is generally retained. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovative_features">Innovative features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Innovative features">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li>The present progressive tense is marked by the prefix بـ /b/<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> or قاعد /gaːʕid/ or جالس /d͡ʒaːlis/ as in بيدرس /bijidrus/ or قاعد يدرس /gaːʕid jidrus/ or جالس يدرس /d͡ʒaːlis jidrus/ ("he is studying").</li> <li>The future tense is marked by the prefix حـ /ħa/ as in حيدرس /ħajidrus/ ("he will study").<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a></li> <li>the internal passive form, which in Hejazi, is replaced by the pattern (اَنْفَعَل /anfaʕal/, يِنْفَعِل /jinfaʕil/) or (اَتْفَعَل /atfaʕal/, يِتْفَعِل /jitfaʕil/).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Loss of the final /h/ sound in the 3rd person masculine singular pronoun ـه. For example, بيته /beːtu/ ("his house"), أعرفه /aʕrifu/ ("I know him"), قالوه /gaːˈloː/ ("they said it"), عليه /ʕaˈleː/ ("on him") and شفناه /ʃufˈnaː/ ("we saw him") vs. شفنا /ʃufna/ ("we saw") .</li> <li>loss of gender-specificity in numbers except for the number "one" which is واحد m. /waːħid/ and وحدة f. /waħda/.</li> <li>The pronunciation of the interdental letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">ث</a>⟩ ,⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">ذ</a>⟩, and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">ظ</a>⟩. (See <a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology#Dental_Assimilation" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi Arabic Phonology</a>)</li> <li>loss of gender-specificity in plural verb forms, e.g. يركبوا /jirkabu/ instead of masculine يركبون /jarkabuːna/ and feminine يركبن /jarkabna/.</li> <li>loss of gender-specificity in plural adjectives, e.g. طفشانين /tˤafʃaːniːn/ "bored" can be used to describe both feminine and masculine plural nouns.</li> <li>The verb <a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs#Formation_of_derived_stems_("forms")" title="Arabic verbs">forms V, VI and IIQ</a> have an additional initial ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>⟩ /a/, e.g. اتْكَسّر /atkasːar/ "it shattered" (V), اتْعامَلَت /atʕaːmalat/ "she worked" (VI) and اتْفَلْسَفوا /atfalsafu/ "they babbled" (IIQ).</li></ol> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semitic-map-english.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Semitic-map-english.gif/204px-Semitic-map-english.gif" decoding="async" width="204" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Semitic-map-english.gif/306px-Semitic-map-english.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Semitic-map-english.gif 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Approximate distribution of Arabic language around the 1st century in <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_features">Conservative features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conservative features">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li>Hejazi Arabic does not employ <a href="/wiki/Double_negative" title="Double negative">double negation</a>, nor does it append the negation particles -sh to negate verbs: Hejazi ما أَعْرِف /maː aʕrif/ ("I don't know"), as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a> معرفش /maʕrafʃ/ and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a> بعرفش /baʕrafiʃ/.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual</a> present tense is not marked by any prefixes as in يِدْرُس /jidrus/ ("he studies") and أحبك /ʔaħːubːik/ ("I love you"), as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a> بيدرس /bijidrus/ and بحبك /baħːibːik/.</li> <li>The prohibitive mood of Classical Arabic is preserved in the imperative: لا تروح /laː tiruːħ/ ("don't go").</li> <li>The possessive suffixes are generally preserved in their Classical forms. For example, بيتكم /beːtakum/ "your (pl) house".</li> <li>The plural first person pronoun is نِحْنَ /niħna/ or إحنا /iħna/, as opposed to حنّا /ħənna/ or إنّا /ənna/.</li> <li>When indicating a location, the preposition في /fi/ (also written as a prefix فِـ) is preferred to بـ /b/ as in في المدينة or فالمدينة /fil.madiːna/ ("in Medina").</li> <li>The pronunciation of the ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a>⟩ is /dˤ/ as in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> as in الرياض /ar.rijaːdˤ/ ("<a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>").</li> <li>The hamzated verbs like أخذ /ʔaxad/ and أكل /ʔakal/ keep their classical form as opposed to خذا /xaða/ and كلى /kala/.</li> <li>The use of /u/ in form 1 verbs is retained as in قُلْت [gʊlt], شُفْت [ʃʊft] and نُطْق [nʊtˤg] as opposed to [gəlt], [ʃəft] and [nətˤg] in <a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> dialects.</li> <li>The glottal stop can be added to final syllables ending in a vowel as a way of emphasising.</li> <li>the definite article الـ is always pronounced /al/ as opposed to Egyptian or Kuwaiti /il/ and the final ـة is always pronounced /a/.</li> <li>Compared to neighboring dialects, urban Hejazi retains most of the short vowels of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> with no <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghawa_syndrome" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ghawa syndrome">ghawa syndrome</a>, for example:</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd>سَمَكَة /sa.ma.ka/ ("fish"), as opposed to [sməka],</dd> <dd>ضَرَبَتُه /dˤa.ra.ba.tu/ ("she hit him"), as opposed to [ðˤrabətah].</dd> <dd>وَلَدُه /wa.la.du/ ("his son"), as opposed to [wlədah].</dd> <dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89#Inflection" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:على">عَلَيَّ</a> /ʕa.la.jːa/ ("on me"), as opposed to [ʕalaj].</dd> <dd>جيبَنَا /d͡ʒeː.ba.na/ ("our pocket") and عيلَتِي /ʕeː.la.ti/ ("my family"), as opposed to Najdi [d͡ʒeːbna] and [ʕeːlti] and Egyptian [gebna] and [ʕelti].</dd> <dd>عِنْدَكُم /ʕin.da.kum/ ("in your possession" pl.), as opposed to Najdi [ʕəndəkum], Egyptian [ʕandoku], and Levantine [ʕandkon].</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The Arabic of today is derived principally from the old dialects of Central and North Arabia which were divided by the classical Arab grammarians into three groups: <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, and the language of the tribes in adjoining areas. Though the modern Hejazi dialects has developed markedly since the development of Classical Arabic, and Modern Standard Arabic is quite distinct from the modern dialect of Hejaz. Standard Arabic now differs considerably from modern Hejazi Arabic in terms of its phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> such diglossia in Arabic began to emerge at the latest in the sixth century CE when oral poets recited their poetry in a proto-Classical Arabic based on archaic dialects which differed greatly from their own.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Urban Hejazi Arabic belongs to the western <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular Arabic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>, which itself is a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic language</a>. It includes features of both urban and bedouin dialects given its development in the historical cities of Jeddah, Medina and Mecca in proximity to the bedouin tribes that lived on the outskirts of these cities, in addition to a minimal influence in vocabulary from other urban Arabic dialects and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, and more recently the influence of the other dialects of Saudi Arabia, all of which made Urban Hejazi a dialect that is distinctly unique but close to peninsular dialects on one hand and urban Arabic dialects on the other. Historically, it is not well-known in which stage of Arabic the shift from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages#Phonology" title="Semitic languages">Proto-Semitic</a> pair /q/ qāf and /g/ gīm came to be Hejazi /g, d͡ʒ/ gāf and jīm ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a>⟩, although it has been attested as early as the eighth century CE, and it can be explained by a <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a> /q/* → /g/ → /d͡ʒ/<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> that occurred in one of two ways: <ol><li>Drag Chain: Proto-Semitic <a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gīm</a> /g/ <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> to Hejazi jīm /d͡ʒ/ first, opening up a space at the position of [g], which qāf /q/* then moved to fill the empty space resulting in Hejazi gāf /g/, restoring structural symmetrical relationships present in the pre-Arabic system.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>Push Chain: Proto-Semitic <a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qāf</a> /q/* changed to Hejazi gāf /g/ first, which resulted in pushing the original gīm /g/ forward in articulation to become Hejazi jīm /d͡ʒ/, but since most modern qāf dialects as well as standard Arabic also have jīm, then the push-chain of qāf to gāf first can be discredited,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> although there are good grounds for believing that old Arabic qāf had both voiced [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>] and voiceless [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] as allophones; and later on the gīm /g/ was fronted to jīm /d͡ʒ/, possibly as a result of pressure from the allophones.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li></ol> * The original value of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages#Phonology" title="Semitic languages">Proto-Semitic qāf</a> was probably an <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic</a> [<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>] not [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]. The development of /q/ to /g/ have also been observed in languages like <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> [q] is pronounced as a velar [g]; e.g. قال / qal 'to stay, remain' is pronounced /ɡal/, rather than /kal/ as in Turkish or /qal/ in <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi Arabic phonology</a></div>In general, Hejazi native phonemic inventory consists of 26 (with no interdental /θ, ð/) to 28 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> depending on the speaker's preference, in addition to the marginal phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>/. Furthermore, it has an eight-vowel system, consisting of three short and five long <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> /a, u, i, aː, uː, oː, iː, eː/.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant length">Consonant length</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vowel length</a> are both distinctive and being an Arabic dialect the four <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic consonants</a> /sˤ, dˤ, tˤ, zˤ/ are treated as separate phonemes from their plain counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from other <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">peninsular dialects</a> in regards to consonants; is the pronunciation of the letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">ث</a>⟩ ,⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">ذ</a>⟩, and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">ظ</a>⟩ (see <a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology#Dental_Assimilation" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi Phonology</a>) and the pronunciation of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">ض</a>⟩ /dˤ/ as in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a>. Another differential feature is the lack of <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)#Dental_Assimilation" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> for the letters ك /k/, ق /g/ and ج /d͡ʒ/, unlike in other peninsular dialects where they can be <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)#Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> in certain positions<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> e.g. Hejazi جديد 'new' [d͡ʒadiːd] vs. <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a> [jɪdiːd] and Hejazi عندك 'with you' [ʕɪn.dɪk] vs. traditional <a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a> [ʕən.dət͡s]. The marginal <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant#Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">/ɫ/</a> is only used in the word الله 'God' /aɫːaːh/ (except when it follows an /i/ as in بسمِ الله /bismilːaːh/) and in words derived from it, It contrasts with /l/ in والله 'I swear' /waɫːa/ vs. ولَّا 'or' /walːa/. Unlike other neighboring dialects; /l/ is not velarized in certain positions, as in عقل 'brain' pronounced with a light <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Lām">lām</a> [ʕa.ɡɪl] in Hejazi and velarized one [ʕa.ɡəɫ] in other peninsular Arabic dialects. Two additional foreign sounds /p/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/Pe_(Persian_letter)" title="Pe (Persian letter)">پ</a>⟩ and /v/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ve_(Arabic_letter)" title="Ve (Arabic letter)">ڤ</a>⟩ are used by a number of speakers while many substitute them with /b/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a>⟩ and /f/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a>⟩ respectively, in general /v/ is more integrated and used by more speakers than /p/. A conservative feature that Hejazi holds is the constant use of full vowels and the absence of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a>, for example قلنا لهم 'we told them', is pronounced [gʊlnaːlahʊm] in Hejazi with full vowels but pronounced with the reduced vowel [ə] as [gəlnaːləhəm] in <a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a> and Gulf Arabic, in addition to that, the absence of initial consonant cluster (known as the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghawa_syndrome" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ghawa syndrome">ghawa syndrome</a>) as in بَقَرة 'cow', قَهْوة 'coffee', نِعْرِف 'we know' and سِمْعَت 'she heard' which are pronounced [bagara], [gahwa], [nɪʕrɪf] and [sɪmʕat] respectively in Hejazi but [bgara], [ghawa], [nʕarɪf] and [smaʕat] in other peninsular dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Hejazi </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%;"> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a> ⁓ <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">zˤ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Phonetic notes: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> /d͡ʒ/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a>⟩ is realised as a fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] and the trill /r/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a>⟩ is realised a tap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] by a number of speakers or in a number of words.</li> <li>the phonemes /ɣ/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">غ</a>⟩ and /x/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">خ</a>⟩ can be realised as uvular fricatives [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>] respectively in a few instances.</li> <li>the reintroduced phoneme /θ/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">ث</a>⟩ is used as an alternative phoneme, while many speakers merge it with /t/ or /s/ depending on the word.</li> <li>the reintroduced phoneme /ð/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">ذ</a>⟩ is used as an alternative phoneme, while many speakers merge it with /d/ or /z/ depending on the word.</li> <li>/ðˤ/ can be analyzed as an alternative phoneme for ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">ظ</a>⟩, while many speakers pronounce it distinctly as /zˤ/ or merge it with /dˤ/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a>⟩ depending on the word.</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a>⟩ merge into /ðˤ/ for a number of speakers due to the influence of neighboring dialects.</li> <li>/n/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a>⟩ has the velar allophone [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>],[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The only user who made that claim is user:User:عربي-٣١ who is currently blocked. If someone knows at least one source that agrees with that claim, that only Hejazi Arabic among all other Arabic dialects to have these allophones, please enlighten us. (December 2022)">citation needed</a>] which occurs before stop velars ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ك">ك</a>⟩ /k, ɡ/ as in انكب [aŋkab] ('it spilled') and مِنقَل [mɪŋɡal] ('brazier') and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The only user who made that claim is user:User:عربي-٣١ who is currently blocked. If someone knows at least one source that agrees with that claim, that only Hejazi Arabic among all other Arabic dialects to have these allophones, please enlighten us. (December 2022)">citation needed</a>] is an allophone before ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a>⟩ /f/ as in قُرُنْفُل /gurunful/ ('clove') which is pronounced [gʊrʊɱʊl].</li> <li>due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] has been introduced as an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of /ɡ/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a>⟩ in some words and phrases especially in the scientific and religious fields as in اقتصاد ('economy') which is <a href="/wiki/Narrow_versus_broad_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow versus broad transcription">phonemically</a> /iɡtiˈsˤaːd/ but can be pronounced as [ɪgtɪˈsˤaːd] or [ɪqtɪˈsˤaːd] depending on the speaker, although older speakers prefer [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>] in all positions.</li> <li>Word-Initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">clusters</a> like /tʃ/, /ts/ or /dz/ occur only in loanwords and they are not considered to be a single phoneme but a cluster of two sounds, e.g. /t/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a>⟩ and /ʃ/ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a>⟩ as in تْشِيلي /ˈtʃiːli/ ('Chile'), this cluster has merged with /ʃ/ in earlier loanwords that are more integrated e.g. شَيَّك /ʃajːak/ ('he checked’) from English check. Clusters can occur phonetically in native words affected by syncope when connected, e.g. لا تِشِيلِي /ˈlaː tiʃiːli/ ('don't lift') pronounced [ˈlaː.tʃiːli] or [ˈlaː.tɪʃiːli].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hejazi_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hejazi_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg/259px-Hejazi_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="259" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hejazi_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg/389px-Hejazi_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hejazi_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg/518px-Hejazi_Arabic_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Hejazi Arabic vowel chart, from <a href="#CITEREFAbdoh2010">Abdoh (2010</a>:84)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes of Hejazi </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Short </th> <th colspan="2">Long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td rowspan="2">u </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2">a </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Phonetic notes: <ul><li>/a/ and /aː/ are pronounced either as an open front vowel [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] or an open central vowel [<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>] depending on the speaker, even when adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic consonants</a>, except in some words such as ألمانيا [almɑːnja] ('Germany'), يابان [jaːbɑːn] ('Japan') and بابا [bɑːbɑ] ('dad') where they are pronounced with the back vowel [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>].</li> <li>/oː/ and /eː/ are pronounced as true <a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">mid vowels</a> [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞ː</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞ː</a>] respectively.</li> <li>short /u/ (also analyzed as /ʊ/) is pronounced allophonically as [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] or less likely [<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] in word initial or medial syllables e.g. أخت [ʔʊxt] ('sister') and مشط [mʊʃʊtˤ] ('comb') and strictly as [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>] at the end of words e.g. شافوا [ʃaːfu] ('they saw') or before [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] as in هُوَّ [huwːa] ('he') or when isolate.</li> <li>short /i/ (also analyzed as /ɪ/) is pronounced allophonically as [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] or less likely [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>] in word initial or medial syllables e.g. إسلام [ʔɪslaːm] ('Islam') and قسم [gɪsɪm] ('section') and strictly as [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>] at the end of words e.g. عندي [ʕɪndi] ('I have') or before [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] as in هِيَّ [hijːa] ('he') or when isolate.</li> <li>the close vowels can be distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tenseness</a> with /uː/ and /iː/ being more tense in articulation than their short counterparts [ʊ ~ o̞] and [ɪ ~ e̞], except at the end of words where they are all tense even in loanwords, e.g. شِكاقو [ʃɪˈkaːɡu] ('Chicago') which is less likely to be pronounced [ʃɪˈkaːɡo̞].</li> <li>The diphthongs: /aw/, /aj/, /iw/ e.g. يِوْقَف [jɪwgaf] ('he stops') and /ij/ e.g. بيقول [bɪjguːl] ('he's saying') (also pronounced [bɪjɪguːl] for emphasis) are not considered as separate phonemes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monophthongization">Monophthongization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monophthongization">edit</a>]</div> Most of the occurrences of the two diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/ in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> period underwent <a href="/wiki/Monophthongization" title="Monophthongization">monophthongization</a> in Hejazi, and are realized as the long vowels /eː/ and /oː/ respectively, but they are still preserved as diphthongs in a number of words which created a contrast with the long vowels /uː/, /oː/, /iː/ and /eː/. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Example (without <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">diacritics</a>) </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Hejazi Arabic </th> <th>Modern Standard Arabic </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">دوري </td> <td>league </td> <td>/dawri/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/dawri/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>my turn </td> <td>/doːri/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>turn around! </td> <td>/duːri/ </td> <td>/duːri/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>search! </td> <td>/dawːiri/ </td> <td>/dawːiri/ </td></tr></tbody></table> Not all instances of mid vowels are a result of monophthongization, some are from grammatical processes قالوا /gaːlu/ 'they said' → قالوا لها /gaːloːlaha/ 'they said to her' (opposed to Classical Arabic قالوا لها /qaːluː lahaː/), and some occur in modern <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">Portmanteau words</a> e.g. ليش /leːʃ/ 'why?' (from Classical Arabic لأي /liʔaj/ 'for what' and شيء /ʃajʔ/ 'thing'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Hejazi vocabulary derives primarily from Arabic Semitic roots. The urban Hejazi vocabulary differs in some respect from that of other dialects in the Arabian Peninsula. For example, there are fewer specialized terms related to desert life, and more terms related to seafaring and fishing. Loanwords are uncommon and they are mainly of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and most recently of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> origins, and due to the diverse origins of the inhabitants of Hejazi cities, some loanwords are used by only some families. Some old loanwords are fading or became obsolete due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> and their association with lower social class and education,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> e.g. كنديشن /kunˈdeːʃan/ "<a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioner</a>" (from English Condition) was replaced by Standard Arabic مكيّف /mukajːif/. Words that are distinctly of Hejazi origin include دحين /daħiːn/ or /daħeːn/ "now", إيوه /(ʔ)iːwa/ "yes", إيش /ʔeːʃ/ "what?", أبغى /ʔabɣa/ "I want", ديس /deːs/ "breast" (used with the more formal صدر /sˤadir/), فهيقة /fuheːga/ "hiccup", and قد /ɡid/ or قيد /ɡiːd/ "already",<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Other general vocabulary includes ندر /nadar/ "to leave" with its synonyms خرج /xarad͡ʒ/ and طلع /tˤiliʕ/, زهم /zaham/ "to call over" with its synonym نادى /naːda/ and بالتوفيق /bitːawfiːg/ "good luck". (see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Hijazi_Arabic_terms_with_IPA_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Hijazi Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation">vocabulary list</a>) Most of the loanwords tend to be nouns e.g. ‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A9#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:بسكليتة">بسكليتة</a>‎ /buskuleːta/ "bicycle", ‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:بنزهير">بنزهير</a>‎ /banzaheːr/ "lime", ‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:قمبري">قمبري</a>‎ /gambari/ "shrimp" and ‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:جزمة">جَزْمَة</a>‎ /d͡ʒazma/ "shoe", and sometimes with a change of meaning as in: ‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:كبري">كبري</a>‎ /kubri/ "<a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">overpass</a>" from Turkish "köprü" originally meaning "<a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a>" and وَايْت /waːjt/ "water <a href="/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">tanker truck</a>" from English "white", loaned verbs are rare and they follow the same grammatical rules, e.g. ‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B1#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:هكر">هَكَّر</a>‎ /hakːar/ "to hack" from English "hack" and ‏<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B2#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:نرفز">نَرْفَز</a>‎ /narfaz/ "to agitate" from French "nerveux" or English "nervous". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portmanteau">Portmanteau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portmanteau">edit</a>]</div> A common feature in Hejazi vocabulary is <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau words</a> (also called a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend</a> in linguistics); in which parts of multiple <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a> or their <a href="/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" title="Phone (phonetics)">phones</a> (sounds) are combined into a new word, it is especially innovative in making <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogative words">Interrogative words</a>, examples include: <ul><li>إيوه (/ʔiːwa/, "yes"): from إي (/ʔiː/, "yes") and و (/wa/, "and") and الله (/aɫːaːh/, "god").</li> <li>معليش (/maʕleːʃ/, is it ok?/sorry): from ما (/maː/, nothing) and عليه (/ʕalajh/, on him) and شيء (/ʃajʔ/, thing).</li> <li>إيش (/ʔeːʃ/, "what?"): from أي (/aj/, "which") and شيء (/ʃajʔ/, "thing").</li> <li>ليش (/leːʃ/, "why?"): from لأي (/liʔaj/, for what) and شيء (/ʃajʔ/, "thing").</li> <li>فين (/feːn/, where?): from في (/fiː/, in) and أين (/ʔajn/, where).</li> <li>إلين (/ʔileːn/, "until"): from إلى (/ʔilaː/, "to") and أن (/an/, "that").</li> <li>دحين (/daħiːn/ or /daħeːn/, "now"): from ذا (/ðaː/, "this") and الحين (/alħiːn/, part of time).</li> <li>بعدين (/baʕdeːn/, later): from بعد (baʕd, after) and أَيْن (ʔayn, part of time).</li> <li>علشان or عشان (/ʕalaʃaːn/ or /ʕaʃaːn/, "in order to"): from على (/ʕalaː/, "on") and شأن (/ʃaʔn/, "matter").</li> <li>كمان (/kamaːn/, "also"): from كما (/kamaː/, "like") and أن (/ʔan/, "that").</li> <li>يلّا (/jaɫːa/, come on): from يا (/jaː/, "o!") and الله (/aɫːaːh/, "god").</li> <li>لسّة or لسّا or لِسَّع (/lisːa/ or /li.sːaʕ/, not yet, still): from للساعة (/lisːaːʕa/, "to the hour") also used as in لِسّاعه صغير /lisːaːʕu sˤaɣiːr/ ("he is still young")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> The Cardinal number system in Hejazi is much more simplified than the Classical Arabic<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>numbers 1-10 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>11-20 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>10s </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>100s </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 واحد </td> <td>/waːħid/ </td> <td>11 احدعش </td> <td>/iħdaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>10 عشرة </td> <td>/ʕaʃara/ </td> <td>100 مية </td> <td>/mijːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 اتنين </td> <td>/itneːn/ or /iθneːn/ </td> <td>12 اتطنعش </td> <td>/itˤnaʕaʃ/ or /iθnaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>20 عشرين </td> <td>/ʕiʃriːn/ </td> <td>200 ميتين </td> <td>/mijteːn/ or /mijːateːn/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 تلاتة </td> <td>/talaːta/ or /θalaːθa/ </td> <td>13 تلتطعش </td> <td>/talat.tˤaʕaʃ/ or /θalaθ.tˤaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>30 تلاتين </td> <td>/talaːtiːn/ or /θalaːθiːn/ </td> <td>300 تلتميَّة </td> <td>/tultumijːa/ or /θulθumijːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 أربعة </td> <td>/arbaʕa/ </td> <td>14 أربعطعش </td> <td>/arbaʕ.tˤaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>40 أربعين </td> <td>/arbiʕiːn/ </td> <td>400 أربعميَّة </td> <td>/urbuʕmijːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 خمسة </td> <td>/xamsa/ </td> <td>15 خمسطعش </td> <td>/xamis.tˤaʕaʃ/ or /xamas.tˤaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>50 خمسين </td> <td>/xamsiːn/ </td> <td>500 خمسميَّة </td> <td>/xumsumijːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 ستة </td> <td>/sitːa/ </td> <td>16 ستطعش </td> <td>/sit.tˤaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>60 ستين </td> <td>/sitːiːn/ </td> <td>600 ستميَّة </td> <td>/sutːumijːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 سبعة </td> <td>/sabʕa/ </td> <td>17 سبعطعش </td> <td>/sabaʕ.tˤaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>70 سبعين </td> <td>/sabʕiːn/ </td> <td>700 سبعميَّة </td> <td>/subʕumijːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 تمنية </td> <td>/tamanja/ or /θamanja/ </td> <td>18 تمنطعش </td> <td>/taman.tˤaʕaʃ/ or /θaman.tˤaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>80 تمانين </td> <td>/tamaːniːn/ or /θamaːniːn/ </td> <td>800 تمنميَّة </td> <td>/tumnumijːa/ or /θumnumijːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 تسعة </td> <td>/tisʕa/ </td> <td>19 تسعطعش </td> <td>/tisaʕ.tˤaʕaʃ/ </td> <td>90 تسعين </td> <td>/tisʕiːn/ </td> <td>900 تسعميَّة </td> <td>/tusʕumijːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 عشرة </td> <td>/ʕaʃara/ </td> <td>20 عشرين </td> <td>/ʕiʃriːn/ </td> <td>100 ميَّة </td> <td>/mijːa/ </td> <td>1000 ألف </td> <td>/alf/ </td></tr></tbody></table> A system similar to the German numbers system is used for other numbers between 20 and above: 21 is واحد و عشرين /waːħid u ʕiʃriːn/ which literally mean ('one and twenty') and 485 is أربعمية و خمسة و ثمانين /urbuʕmijːa u xamsa u tamaːniːn/ which literally mean ('four hundred and five and eighty'). Unlike Classical Arabic, the only number that is gender specific in Hejazi is "one" which has two forms واحد m. and وحدة f. as in كتاب واحد /kitaːb waːħid/ ('one book') or سيارة وحدة /sajːaːra waħda/ ('one car'), with كتاب being a masculine noun and سيّارة a feminine noun. <ul><li>for 2 as in 'two cars' 'two years' 'two houses' etc. the dual form<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> is used instead of the number with the suffix ēn /eːn/ or tēn /teːn/ (if the noun ends with a feminine /a/) as in كتابين /kitaːbeːn/ ('two books') or سيّارتين /sajːarateːn/ ('two cars'), for emphasis they can be said as كتابين اثنين or سيّارتين اثنين.</li> <li>for numbers 3 to 10 the noun following the number is in plural form as in أربعة كتب /arbaʕa kutub/ ('4 books') or عشرة سيّارات /ʕaʃara sajːaːraːt/ ('10 cars').</li> <li>for numbers 11 and above the noun following the number is in singular form as in:- <ul><li>from 11 to 19 an ـر [ar] is added to the end of the numbers as in أربعطعشر كتاب /arbaʕtˤaʕʃar kitaːb/ ('14 books') or احدعشر سيّارة /iħdaʕʃar sajːaːra/ ('11 cars').</li> <li>for 100s a [t] is added to the end of the numbers before the counted nouns as in ثلثميّة سيّارة /tultumijːat sajːaːra/ ('300 cars').</li> <li>other numbers are simply added to the singular form of the noun واحد و عشرين كتاب /waːħid u ʕiʃriːn kitaːb/ ('21 books').</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject_pronouns">Subject pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subject pronouns">edit</a>]</div> In Hejazi Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> have eight forms. In singular, the 2nd and 3rd persons differentiate gender, while the 1st person and plural do not. The negative articles include لا /laː/ as in لا تكتب /laː tiktub/ ('do not write!'), ما /maː/ as in ما بيتكلم /maː bijitkalːam/ ('he is not talking') and مو /muː/ as in مو كذا /muː kida/ ('not like this') <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subject pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>ana انا </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">iħna / niħna نحنَ / احنا </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>inta َانت </td> <td rowspan="2">intu انتو </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>inti ِانتي/انت </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>huwwa َّهُو </td> <td rowspan="2">humma هُمَّ </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>hiyya َّهِي </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Negative subject pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>mani ماني/مني </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">maħna محنا </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>manta َمنت </td> <td rowspan="2">mantu منتو </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>manti منتي </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>mahu مهو </td> <td rowspan="2">mahum ماهم/مهم </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>mahi مهي </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Hejazi Arabic verbs, as with the verbs in other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, and the entire vocabulary in those languages, are based on a set of three, four, or even five consonants (but mainly three consonants) called a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">root</a> (triliteral or quadriliteral according to the number of consonants). The root communicates the basic meaning of the verb, e.g. k-t-b 'to write', ʼ-k-l 'to eat'. Changes to the vowels in between the consonants, along with prefixes or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as : <ul><li>Two tenses (past, present; present progressive is indicated by the prefix (bi-), future is indicated by the prefix (ħa-))</li> <li>Two voices (active, passive)</li> <li>Two genders (masculine, feminine)</li> <li>Three persons (first, second, third)</li> <li>Two numbers (singular, plural)</li></ul> Hejazi has two grammatical number in verbs (Singular and Plural) instead of the Classical (Singular, Dual and Plural), in addition to a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">present progressive</a> tense which was not part of the Classical Arabic grammar. In contrast to other urban dialects the prefix (b-) is used only for present continuous as in بِيِكْتُب /bijiktub/ "he is writing" while the <a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual</a> tense is without a prefix as in أَحُبِّك /ʔaħubbik/ "I love you" f. unlike بحبِّك in Egyptian and Levantine dialects and the future tense is indicated by the prefix (ħa-) as in حَنِجْري /ħanid͡ʒri/ "we will run". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regular_verbs">Regular verbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regular verbs">edit</a>]</div> The most common verbs in Hejazi have a given vowel pattern for past (a and i) to present (a or u or i). Combinations of each exist:<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Vowel patterns </th> <th rowspan="2">Example </th></tr> <tr> <th>Past </th> <th>Present </th></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>raħam رحم he forgave – yirħam يرحم he forgives </td></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>u </td> <td>ḍarab ضرب he hit – yiḍrub يضرب he hits </td></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>i </td> <td>ġasal غسل he washed – yiġsil يغسل he washes </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>a </td> <td>fihim فهم he understood – yifham يفهم he understands </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>ʕirif عرف he knew – yiʕrif يعرف he knows </td></tr></tbody></table> According to Arab grammarians, verbs are divided into three categories; Past ماضي, Present مضارع and Imperative أمر. An example from the root k-t-b the verb katabt/<big>ʼ</big>aktub 'i wrote/i write' (which is a regular sound verb): <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verb Example (ك ت ب) (k t b) "to write" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past "wrote" </th> <th colspan="2">Present (Indicative) "write" </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative "write!" </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>كتبت (katab)-t </td> <td>كتبنا (katab)-na </td> <td>أكتب <big>ʼ</big>a-(ktub) </td> <td>نكتب ni-(ktub) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>كتبت (katab)-t </td> <td rowspan="2">كتبتوا (katab)-tu </td> <td>تكتب ti-(ktub) </td> <td rowspan="2">تكتبوا ti-(ktub)-u </td> <td>أكتب [a]-(ktub) </td> <td rowspan="2">أكتبوا [a]-(ktub)-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>كتبتي (katab)-ti </td> <td>تكتبي ti-(ktub)-i </td> <td>أكتبي [a]-(ktub)-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td style="background:silver">كتب (katab) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:silver">كتبوا (katab)-u </td> <td>يكتب yi-(ktub) </td> <td rowspan="2">يكتبوا yi-(ktub)-u </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td style="background:silver">كتبت (katab)-at </td> <td>تكتب ti-(ktub) </td></tr></tbody></table> While present progressive and future are indicated by adding the prefix (b-) and (ħa-) respectively to the present (indicative) : <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Present Progressive "writing" </th> <th colspan="2">Future "will write" </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>بكتب or بأكتب ba-a-(ktub) </td> <td>بنكتب bi-ni-(ktub) </td> <td>حكتب or حأكتب ħa-a-(ktub) </td> <td>حنكتب ħa-ni-(ktub) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>بتكتب bi-ti-(ktub) </td> <td rowspan="2">بتكتبوا bi-ti-(ktub)-u </td> <td>حتكتب ħa-ti-(ktub) </td> <td rowspan="2">حتكتبوا ħa-ti-(ktub)-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>بتكتبي bi-ti-(ktub)-i </td> <td>حتكتبي ħa-ti-(ktub)-i </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>بيكتب bi-yi-(ktub) </td> <td rowspan="2">بيكتبوا bi-yi-(ktub)-u </td> <td>حيكتب ħa-yi-(ktub) </td> <td rowspan="2">حيكتبوا ħa-yi-(ktub)-u </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>بتكتب bi-ti-(ktub) </td> <td>حتكتب ħa-ti-(ktub) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><ul><li>The verbs highlighted in silver sometimes come in irregular forms e.g. حبيت (ħabbē)-t "i loved", حبينا (ħabbē)-na "we loved" but ّحب (ħabb) "he loved" and حبُّوا (ħabb)-u "they loved".</li> <li>additional final ا to ـوا /-u/ in all plural verbs is silent.</li></ul></li> <li>The Active Participles قاعد /gaːʕid/, قاعدة /gaːʕda/ and قاعدين /gaːʕdiːn/ can be used instead of the prefix بـ [b-] as in قاعد اكتب /gaːʕid aktub/ ('i'm writing') instead of بأكتب /baʔaktub/ or بكتب /baktub/ ('i'm writing') without any change in the meaning. The active participles جالس /d͡ʒaːlis/, جالسة /d͡ʒaːlsa/ and جالسين /d͡ʒaːlsiːn/ are used in the same way.</li> <li>The past tenses of the verbs قعد /gaʕad/ ('he sat/remained') or جلس /d͡ʒalas/ ('he sat') can be used before present verbs to express a past continuous tense which is similar to the English usage of "kept" as in قعد يكتب عنه /gaʕad jiktub ʕanːu/ ('he kept writing about him').</li> <li>A way of emphasizing the past tense is by adding the verbs قام /gaːm/ ('he stood') or راح /raːħ/ ('went') and its derivatives before the past verbs which is similar to the English usage of "went", as in قام جري له /gaːm d͡ʒiriːlu/ ('he went and ran to him') and راح كتب عنه /raːħ katab ʕanːu/ ('he went and wrote about him').</li> <li>the 3rd person past plural suffix -/u/ turns into -/oː/ (long o) instead of -/uː/ before pronouns, as in راحوا /raːħu/ ('they went') → راحوا له /raːħoːlu/ ('they went to him'), or it can be originally an -/oː/ as in جوا /d͡ʒoː/ ('they came') and in its <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> جوه /d͡ʒoː/ ('they came to him') since the word-final 3rd person masculine singular pronoun ـه is silent.</li> <li>word-final hollow verbs have a unique conjugation of either /iːt/ or /eːt/, if a verb ends in ـي /i/ in its past simple form as in نسي nisi 'he forgot' (present ينسى yinsa 'he forgets') it becomes نسيت nisīt 'I forgot' and نسيت nisyat 'she forgot' and نِسْيوا nisyu 'they forgot'. While if the verb ends in ـى or ـا /a/ in its past simple form as in شوى šawa 'he grilled' (present يشوي yišwi 'he grills') it becomes شَويت šawēt 'I grilled' and شَوَت šawat 'she grilled and شَووا šawu 'they grilled'. Most of these verbs correspond to their Classical Arabic forms like رضي, دعا, صحي, لقي, and سقى but some exceptions include بكي biki 'he cried', جري jiri 'he ran', مشي miši 'he walked' and دري diri 'he knew' as opposed to the Classical بكى baka, جرى jara, مشى maša, درى dara.</li></ul> Example: katabt/aktub "write": non-finite forms <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number/Gender </th> <th>اسم الفاعل Active Participle </th> <th>اسم المفعول Passive Participle </th> <th>مصدر Verbal Noun </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masc. Sg. </th> <td>kātib كاتب </td> <td>maktūb مكتوب </td> <td rowspan="3">kitāba كتابة </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fem. Sg. </th> <td>kātb-a كاتبة </td> <td>maktūb-a مكتوبة </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pl. </th> <td>kātb-īn كاتبين </td> <td>maktūb-īn مكتوبين </td></tr></tbody></table> Active participles act as adjectives, and so they must agree with their subject. An active participle can be used in several ways: <ol><li>to describe a state of being (understanding; knowing).</li> <li>to describe what someone is doing right now (going, leaving) as in some verbs like رحت ("i went") the active participle رايح ("i'm going") is used instead of present continuous form to give the same meaning of an ongoing action.</li> <li>to indicate that someone/something is in a state of having done something (having put something somewhere, having lived somewhere for a period of time).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passive_Voice">Passive Voice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Passive Voice">edit</a>]</div> The passive voice is expressed through two patterns; (اَنْفَعَل /anfaʕal/, يِنْفَعِل /jinfaʕil/) or (اَتْفَعَل /atfaʕal/, يِتْفَعِل /jitfaʕil/), while most verbs can take either pattern as in أتكتب /atkatab/ or أنكتب /ankatab/ "it was written" and يتكتب /jitkatib/ or ينكتب /jinkatib/ "it is being written", other verbs can only have one of the two patterns as in اتوقف /atwagːaf/ "he was stopped" and يتوقف /jitwagːaf/ "he is being stopped". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Adjectives">edit</a>]</div> In Hejazi, adjectives, demonstratives and verbs fully agree in gender and number,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> e.g. ولد كبير /walad kabiːr/ "big boy" and بنت كبيرة /bint kabiːra/ "big girl". But there are two exceptions;<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> First, there is no agreement in dual number; e.g. بنتين /binteːn/ "two girls" takes the plural adjective as in بنتين كبار /binteːn kubaːr/ "two big girls". Second, and more importantly, gender agreement is syncretic in the plural, in which inanimate plural nouns take a feminine singular adjective e.g. سيارات كبيرة /sajːaːraːt kabiːra/ "big cars" instead of the plural adjective, while animate plural nouns take the plural adjective as in بنات كبار /banaːt kubaːr/ "big girls". The plural feminine adjective كبيرات /kabiːraːt/ can be used as well but it is rather archaic. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Adjective Example "big" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number/Gender </th> <th>Adjective </th> <th>Usage notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masc. Sg. </th> <td>kabīr كبير </td> <td>with singular masculine nouns </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fem. Sg. </th> <td>kabīra كبيرة </td> <td>with singular feminine and inanimate plural nouns </td></tr> <tr> <th>Common Pl. </th> <td>kubār كبار or kabīrīn كبيرين </td> <td>with dual (masculine or feminine) and animate plural (masculine or feminine) nouns </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enclitic_pronouns">Enclitic pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Enclitic pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">Enclitic</a> forms of personal pronouns are suffixes that are affixed to various parts of speech, with varying meanings: <ul><li>To the <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a> of nouns, where they have the meaning of possessive demonstratives, e.g. "my, your, his".</li> <li>To verbs, where they have the meaning of direct object pronouns, e.g. "me, you, him".</li> <li>To verbs, where they have the meaning of indirect object pronouns, e.g. "(to/for) me,(to/for) you, (to/for) him".</li> <li>To prepositions.</li></ul> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>, in Hejazi no more than one pronoun can be suffixed to a word. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Possessive Pronouns (nominal)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">1st </th> <th>consonant+ </th> <th>vowel+ </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver">-i ـي </td> <td style="background:silver">-yya or -ya ـيّ<a href="#endnote_12">1</a> </td> <td>-na ـنا </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine m. </th> <td>-ak ـَك </td> <td>-k ـك </td> <td rowspan="2">-kum ـكم </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine f. </th> <td>-ik ـِك </td> <td>-ki ـكي </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine m. </th> <td>-u ـُه </td> <td>-[ː] ـه<a href="#endnote_11">2</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">-hum ـهم </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine f. </th> <td colspan="2">-ha ـها </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Direct Object Pronouns (verbal) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">1st </th> <th>consonant+ </th> <th>vowel+ </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:silver">-ni ـني </td> <td>-na ـنا </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine m. </th> <td>-ak ـَك </td> <td>-k ـك </td> <td rowspan="2">-kum ـكم </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine f. </th> <td>-ik ـِك </td> <td>-ki ـكي </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine m. </th> <td>-u ـُه </td> <td>-[ː] ـه<a href="#endnote_11">2</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">-hum ـهم </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine f. </th> <td colspan="2">-ha ـها </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Indirect Object Pronouns (verbal) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>-li لي </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">-lana لنا </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine m. </th> <td>-lak لَك </td> <td rowspan="2">-lakum لكم </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine f. </th> <td>-lik لِك </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine m. </th> <td>-lu له </td> <td rowspan="2">-lahum لهم </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine f. </th> <td>-laha لها </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_12">^1</a> if a noun ends with a vowel (other than the /-a/ of the feminine nouns) that is /u/ or /a/ then the suffix (-ya) is used as in أبو /abu/ ('father') becomes أبويَ /abuːja/ ('my father') but if it ends with an /i/ then the suffix (-yya) is added as in كُرْسِيَّ /kursijːa/ ('my chair') from كُرْسِي /kursi/ ('chair').</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_11">^2</a> the colon between the parentheses -[ː] indicates that the final vowel of a word is lengthened as in كرسي /kursi/ ('chair') → كرسيه /kursiː/ ('his chair'), since the word-final ـه [h] is silent in this position. although in general it is uncommon for Hejazi nouns to end in a vowel other than the /-a/ of the feminine nouns.</li> <li>The indirect object pronouns are written separately from the verbs as per Classical Arabic convention, but they are pronounced as if they are fused with the verbs. They are still written separately by many writers as in كتبت له /katabtalːu/ ('i wrote to him') but they can be written intact كتبتله since Hejazi does not have a written standard.</li></ul> General Modifications:- <ul><li>When a noun ends in a feminine /a/ vowel as in مدرسة /madrasa/ ('school') : a /t/ is added before the suffixes as in → مدرستي /madrasati/ ('my school'), مدرسته /madrasatu/ ('his school'), مدرستها /madrasatha/ ('her school') and so on.</li> <li>After a word ends in a vowel (other than the /-a/ of the feminine nouns), the vowel is lengthened, and the pronouns in (vowel+) are used instead of their original counterparts :- <ul><li>as in the noun كرسي /kursi/ ('chair') → كرسيه /kursiː/ ('his chair'), كرسينا /kursiːna/ ('our chair'), كرسيكي /kursiːki/ ('your chair' f.) and the verb لاحقنا /laːħagna/ ('we followed') → لاحقناه /laːħagnaː/ ('we followed him'), لاحقناكي /laːħagnaːki/ ('we followed you' feminine).</li> <li>the indirect object pronouns رحنا /ruħna/ ('we went') → رحنا له /ruħnaːlu/ ('we went to him').</li></ul></li> <li>After a word that ends in two consonants, or which has a long vowel in the last syllable, /-a-/ is inserted before the 5 suffixes which begin with a consonant /-ni/, /-na/, /-ha/, /-hom/, /-kom/. <ul><li>as in the noun كتاب /kitaːb/ ('book') → كتابها /kitaːbaha/ ('her book'), كتابهم /kitaːbahum/ ('their book'), كتابكم /kitaːbakum/ ('your book' plural), كتابنا /kitaːbana/ ('our book') or the verb عرفت /ʕirift/ ('you knew') → عرفتني /ʕiriftani/ ('you knew me'), عرفتنا /ʕiriftana/ ('you knew us'), عرفتها /ʕiriftaha/ ('you knew her'), عرفتهم /ʕiriftahum/ ('you knew them').</li> <li>When a verb ends in two consonants as in رحت /ruħt/ ('i went' or 'you went') : an /-al-/ is added before the Indirect object pronoun suffixes → رحت له /ruħtalːu/ ('i went to him') or in كتبت /katabt/ ('I wrote' or 'you wrote') becomes كتبت له /katabtalːu/ ('i wrote to him'), كتبت لهم /katabtalːahum/ ('i wrote to them').</li></ul></li> <li>the 3rd person past plural suffix -/u/ turns into -/oː/ (long o) before pronouns, as in عرفوا /ʕirfu/ ('they knew') → عرفوني /ʕirfoːni/ ('they knew me'), راحوا /raːħu/ ('they went') → راحوا له /raːħoːlu/ ('they went to him') or كتبوا /katabu/ ('they wrote') → كتبوا لي /kataboːli/ ('they wrote to me')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hollow_Verbs_vowel_shortening">Hollow Verbs vowel shortening</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hollow Verbs vowel shortening">edit</a>]</div> Medial vowel shortening occurs in Hollow verbs (verbs with medial vowels ā, ū, ō, ē, ī) when added to Indirect object pronouns:<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Hollow Verb (ر و ح) (r w ḥ) "to go" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past "went" (ruḥ) </th> <th colspan="2">Present (Indicative) "goes" (rūḥ) </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative "go!" (rūḥ) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>رحت ruḥt </td> <td>رحنا ruḥna </td> <td style="background:silver">أروح <big>ʼ</big>arūḥ </td> <td style="background:silver">نروح nirūḥ </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>رحت ruḥt </td> <td rowspan="2">رحتوا ruḥtu </td> <td style="background:silver">تروح tirūḥ </td> <td rowspan="2">تروحوا tirūḥu </td> <td style="background:silver">روح rūḥ </td> <td rowspan="2">روحوا rūḥu </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>رحتي ruḥti </td> <td>تروحي tirūḥi </td> <td>روحي rūḥi </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td style="background:silver">راح rāḥ </td> <td rowspan="2">راحوا rāḥu </td> <td style="background:silver">يروح yirūḥ </td> <td rowspan="2">يروحوا yirūḥu </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>راحت rāḥat </td> <td style="background:silver">تروح tirūḥ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>when a verb has a long vowel in the last syllable (shown in silver in the main example) as in أروح /aruːħ/ ('I go'), يروح /jiruːħ/ (he goes) or نروح /niruːħ/ (''we go'); the vowel is shortened before the suffixes as in أرُح له /aruħlu/ (I go to him), يرح له /jiruħlu/ (he goes to him) and نرُح له /niruħlu/ (we go to him) with the verbs resembling the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs#Hollow_(second-weak)_roots" title="Arabic verbs">Jussive (مجزوم majzūm) mood conjugation</a> in Classical Arabic (shown in gold in the example), original forms as in أرُوح له or يروح له can be used depending on the writer but the vowels are still shortened in pronunciation.</li> <li>This does effect past verbs as well but the form of the word does not change, as in راح /raːħ/ rāḥ ('he went') which is pronounced راح له /raħlu/ ('he went to him!') after adding a pronoun.</li> <li>Other hollow verbs include أعيد /ʔaʕiːd/ ('I repeat') or قول /guːl/ ('say!') which become أعِيد لك / أعِد لك /ʔaʕidlak/ ('I repeat for you') and قُول لها / قُل لها /gulːaha/ ('tell her!')</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hollow Verb + Indirect Object Pronoun (-lu) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tense/Mood </th> <th colspan="2">Past "went" </th> <th colspan="2">Present (Indicative) "goes" </th> <th colspan="2">Imperative "go!" </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st </th> <td>رحت له ruḥt-allu </td> <td>رحنا له ruḥnā-lu </td> <td style="background:gold">أرح له or أروح له ʼaruḥ-lu </td> <td style="background:gold">نرح له or نروح له niruḥ-lu </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td>رحت له ruḥt-allu </td> <td rowspan="2">رحتوا له ruḥtū-lu </td> <td style="background:gold">ترح له or تروح له tiruḥ-lu </td> <td rowspan="2">تروحوا له tirūḥū-lu </td> <td style="background:gold">رح له or روح له ruḥ-lu </td> <td rowspan="2">روحوا له rūḥū-lu </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>رحتي له ruḥtī-lu </td> <td>تروحي له tirūḥī-lu </td> <td>روحي له rūḥī-lu </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd </th> <th>masculine </th> <td style="background:gold">راح له raḥ-lu </td> <td rowspan="2">راحوا له rāḥō-lu </td> <td style="background:gold">يرح له or يروح له yiruḥ-lu </td> <td rowspan="2">يروحوا له yirūḥū-lu </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td>راحت له rāḥat-lu </td> <td style="background:gold">ترح له or تروح له tiruḥ-lu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> Hejazi does not have a standardized form of writing and mostly follows <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> rules of writing.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The main difference between classical Arabic and Hejazi are the alternations of the <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a>, some verb forms and the final long vowels, this alternation happened since most word-final short vowels from the classical period have been omitted and most word-final unstressed long vowel have been shortened in Hejazi. Another alternation is writing the words according to the phoneme used while pronouncing them, rather than their etymology which mainly has an effect on the three letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">ث</a>⟩ ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">ذ</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">ظ</a>⟩, for example writing تخين /taxiːn/ "thick, fat" instead of ثخين or ديل /deːl/ "tail" instead of ذيل although this alternation in writing is not considered acceptable by many or most Hejazi speakers. The alphabet still uses the same set of letters as Classical Arabic in addition to two option letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/Pe_(Persian_letter)" title="Pe (Persian letter)">پ</a>⟩ /p/ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ve_(Arabic_letter)" title="Ve (Arabic letter)">ڤ</a>⟩ /v/ which are only used in writing loanwords and they can be substituted by ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a>⟩ /b/ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a>⟩ /f/ respectively depending on the writer, in addition to that the vowels /oː/ and /eː/ which were not part of the CA phonemic inventory are represented by the letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a>⟩ respectively. Differences Between Classical and Hejazi writing <ul><li>Hamza ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/: <ul><li>Initial hamza holds little phonemic value in Hejazi but it can be used as per Classical Arabic convention, e.g. أزرق /ʔazrag/ "blue" or أخذ /ʔaxad/ "he took" can be written as ازرق or اخذ but long initial /aː/ is more important to indicate, e.g. آسف /ʔaːsif/ "sorry" to differentiate it from اَسَف / أَسَف /ʔasaf/ "regret".</li> <li>Medial hamza is merged with the semi-vowels ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a>⟩ as in رايِح /raːjiħ/ "going" from رائِح /raːʔiħ/ and لولو /luːlu/ "pearl" from لؤلؤ /luʔluʔ/, or it can be completely elided as in جات /d͡ʒaːt/ "she came" from جاءت /d͡ʒaːʔat/ or جوا /d͡ʒoː/ "they came" from جاؤوا /d͡ʒaːʔuː/, but other words keep the medial hamza as in مسؤول /masʔuːl/ "responsible" and مسائل /masaːʔil/ "issues".</li> <li>Final hamza is omitted in most Hejazi words as in غدا /ɣada/ "lunch" from غداء /ɣadaːʔ/, خضرا /xadˤra/ "green" from خضراء /xadˤraːʔ/, but some words keep the final hamza as in مُبْتَدئ /mubtadiʔ/ "beginner" and بطء /butʔ/ "slowness".</li></ul></li> <li>Added medial long vowels /aː, uː, oː, iː, eː/: <ul><li>some words have elongated medial vowels in Hejazi as in معاك /maʕaːk/ "with you" from مَعَكَ /maʕaka/, ليك /liːk/ "to you, for you" which could be from the classical َلَك /laka/ or إِلَيْك /ʔilajka/, and مين /miːn/ "who" from مَن /man/.</li> <li>2nd person masculine singular imperative in hollow verbs keep their long vowels as روح /ruːħ/ "go!" as opposed to classical رُح /ruħ/ and شوف /ʃuːf/ "see!" as opposed to classical شُف /ʃuf/.</li></ul></li> <li>Final added ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ appears in: <ul><li>Masculine singular imperative in final-weak verbs, as in امشي /amʃi/ "go!, walk!" as opposed to classical امشِ /imʃi/. The classical pair امشي /imʃiː/ (feminine) and امش /imʃi/ (masculine) merged into امشي /amʃi/ used as a masculine and feminine singular imperative verb in Hejazi.</li> <li>2nd person feminine singular past verbs, as in نسيتي /nisiːti/ "you forgot" as opposed to classical نَسِيتِ /nasiːti/. The classical pair نَسِيتِ /nasiːti/ (feminine) and نَسِيتَ /nasiːta/ (masculine) became نسيتي /nisiːti/ (feminine) and نسيت /nisiːt/ (masculine).</li> <li>Feminine possessive and object pronoun ـكي which occurs after a long vowel, as in يعطيكي /jiʕtˤiːki/ "he gives you" as opposed to classical يُعْطِيكِ /juʕtˤiːki/. The classical pair يُعْطِيكِ /juʕtˤiːki/ (feminine) and يُعْطِيكَ /juʕtˤiːka/ (masculine) became يعطيكي /jiʕtˤiːki/ (feminine) and يِعْطيك /jiʕtˤiːk/ (masculine).</li> <li>Feminine pronouns, as in إنتي /inti/ "you", as opposed to classical أَنْتِ /anti/. The classical pair أنْتِ /anti/ (feminine) and أنْتَ /anta/ (masculine) became إنتي /inti/ (feminine) and إنت /inti/ (masculine), but the classical form can still be used in Hejazi.</li></ul></li> <li>Innovative forms: <ul><li>Some verb forms are innovative and differ from their classical equivalents as in the common plural verb شفتوا /ʃuftu/ "you saw" pl. as opposed to classical شُفْتُم /ʃuftum/ (masculine) and شُفْتُنَّ /ʃuftunna/ (feminine), or the final-weak verbs as in جِرْيوا /d͡ʒirju/ "they ran" as opposed to classical جَرَوْا /d͡ʒaraw/ and the doubled verbs حبّيت /ħabːeːt/ "I loved" opposed to classical حَبَبْتُ /ħababtu/.</li> <li>The verb <a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs#Formation_of_derived_stems_("forms")" title="Arabic verbs">forms V, VI and IIQ</a> have an additional initial ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>⟩ before ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a>⟩ /t/, so that Hejazi forms اتْفَعَّل /atfaʕːal/, اتْفَاعَل /atfaːʕal/ and اتْفَعْلَق /atfaʕlag/ correspond to classical forms تَفَعَّل /tafaʕːal/, تَفَاعَل /tafaːʕal/ and تَفَعْلَق /tafaʕlaq/, e.g. اَتْكَلَّم /atkalːam/ "he spoke" (form V), اتْعامَلَت /atʕaːmalat/ "she worked" (form VI) and اتْفَلْسَفوا /atfalsafu/ "they babbled" (form IIQ).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">Portmanteau words</a> have the most alternatives in their spelling since they did not occur in Classical Arabic, so the word for "still" /lisːa/ can be written لِسَّا لِسَّة or لِسَّه depending on the writer, all of these forms stemming from the classical للساعة (/lisːaːʕa/, "to the hour").</li> <li>Loanwords can have multiple spellings as well, which is the case for the word "also" /bardˤu/ which can be written as بَرْضُه or بَرْضو.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_2_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_2_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/193px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_2_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_2_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/290px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_2_-_Hijazi_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_2_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/386px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_2_-_Hijazi_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>An Early Qur'anic manuscript written in <a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hejazi script</a> (8th century AD)</figcaption></figure> Mistakes in Hejazi spelling <ul><li>Final silent ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a>⟩: <ul><li>Writing ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a>⟩ instead of final pronoun ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a>⟩ as in كتابه /kitaːbu/ "his book" which is mistakenly written كتابو.</li> <li>Mixing final ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ة">ة</a>⟩ as in فتحة /fatħa/ "opening" (/fatħat/ in <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a>) and فتحه /fataħu/ "he opened it".</li> <li>Missing the final ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a>⟩ masculine pronoun which often indicates a final long vowel as عَوَّرتي /ʕawːarti/ "you hurt" vs. عَوَّرتيه /ʕawːartiː/ "you hurt him", this can cause an ambiguity for the reader as in the homophones جا /d͡ʒaː/ "he came" and جاه /d͡ʒaː/ "he came to him" if both were written mistakenly as جا.</li></ul></li> <li>Final /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/: <ul><li>Mixing final ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ى">ى</a>⟩ as in the word ترى /tara/ "by the way" which is mistakenly written ترا.</li> <li>Mixing final ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ة">ة</a>⟩ as in the word مَرَّة /marːa/ "time, once" which is mistakenly written مرا.</li> <li>Adding a final ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>⟩ to final 1st person singular possessive pronoun as in عَلَيَّ /ʕalajːa/ "on me" written mistakenly written as عَلَيَّا even though Classical Arabic have the same form and pronunciation as in عَلَيَّ /ʕalajːa/, other examples include مَعَايَ /maʕaːja/ "with me", لِيَّ /lijːa/ "to me", أبويَ /ʔabuːja/ "my father" and فِيَّ /fijːa/ "in me".</li> <li>Missing final silent ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>⟩ in plural verbs as in رَميتوا /ramiːtu/ "you threw" or عَلَّقوا /ʕalːagu/ "they hanged" even though this practice is no longer needed but it follows the Classical Arabic form.</li></ul></li></ul> The table below shows the Arabic alphabet letters and their corresponding phonemes in Hejazi: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th colspan="2">Phonemes / Allophones (IPA)</th> <th>Example</th> <th colspan="2">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ (see ⟨ء⟩ <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a>).</td> <td>سَأَل "he asked"</td> <td colspan="2">/saʔal/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/</td> <td>باب "door", جا "he came"</td> <td colspan="2">/baːb/, /ˈd͡ʒaː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ </td> <td>when word-final and unstressed </td> <td>شُفْنا "we saw" </td> <td colspan="2">/ˈʃufna/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي, لها, له and some words </td> <td>قال لي "he told me", راح لَها "he went to her" </td> <td colspan="2">/galːi/, /raħlaha/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">additional ∅ silent word-final only in plural verbs and after <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">nunation</a> </td> <td>دِرْيُوا "they knew", شُكْرًا "thanks" </td> <td colspan="2">/dirju/, /ʃukran/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:بسة">بِسَّة</a> "cat"</td> <td colspan="2">/bisːa/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</td> <td>توت "berry"</td> <td colspan="2">/tuːt/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2">or always / in some words as /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ثلج">ثَلْج</a> "snow"</td> <td>/tald͡ʒ/ </td> <td>/θald͡ʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</td> <td>ثابِت "stable"</td> <td>/saːbit/ </td> <td>/θaːbit/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:جوال">جَوَّال</a> "mobile phone"</td> <td colspan="2">/d͡ʒawːaːl/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B4#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:حوش">حوش</a> "courtyard"</td> <td colspan="2">/ħoːʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:خرقة">خِرْقة</a> "rag"</td> <td colspan="2">/xirga/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</td> <td>دولاب "closet"</td> <td colspan="2">/doːˈlaːb/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2">or always / in some words as /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</td> <td>ذيل "tail"</td> <td>/deːl/ </td> <td>/ðeːl/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</td> <td>ذوق "taste"</td> <td>/zoːg/ </td> <td>/ðoːg/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</td> <td>رَمِل "sand"</td> <td colspan="2">/ramil/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:زحليقة">زُحْليقة</a> "slide"</td> <td colspan="2">/zuħleːga/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</td> <td>سَقْف "roof"</td> <td colspan="2">/sagf/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:شيول">شيوَل</a> "loader"</td> <td colspan="2">/ʃeːwal/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>/</td> <td>صُفِّيرة "whistle"</td> <td colspan="2">/sˤuˈfːeːra/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a>/</td> <td>ضِرْس "molar"</td> <td colspan="2">/dˤirs/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:طرقة">طُرْقة</a> "corridor"</td> <td colspan="2">/tˤurga/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2">or always / in some words as /<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a>/</td> <td>ظِل "shade"</td> <td>/dˤilː/ </td> <td>/ðˤilː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">zˤ</a>/</td> <td>ظَرْف "envelope, case"</td> <td>/zˤarf/ </td> <td>/ðˤarf/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</td> <td>عين "eye"</td> <td colspan="2">/ʕeːn/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</td> <td>غُراب "crow"</td> <td colspan="2">/ɣuraːb/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</td> <td>فَم "mouth"</td> <td colspan="2">/famː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:قلب">قَلْب</a> "heart" </td> <td colspan="2">/galb/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td>Allophone in a number of words </td> <td>اِسْتِقْلال "independence" </td> <td>[ɪstɪglaːl] </td> <td>[ɪstɪqlaːl] </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D9%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ك">ك</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</td> <td>كَلْب "dog"</td> <td colspan="2">/kalb/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ليش">ليش</a>؟ "why?"</td> <td colspan="2">/leːʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>/ </td> <td>Marginal phoneme only in the word الله and words derived from it </td> <td>الله "god" </td> <td colspan="2">/aɫːaːh/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:موية">مويَة</a> "water"</td> <td colspan="2">/moːja/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%A9#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:نجفة">نَجَفة</a> "chandelier"</td> <td colspan="2">/nad͡ʒafa/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="هـ">هـ</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7#Hijazi_Arabic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:هوا">هوا</a> "air" </td> <td colspan="2">/hawa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">silent when word-final in 3rd person masculine singular pronouns and some words </td> <td>كِتابُه "his book", شافوه "they saw him" </td> <td colspan="2">/kitaːbu/, /ʃaːˈfoː/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</td> <td>وَرْدة "rose"</td> <td colspan="2">/warda/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>/</td> <td>فوق "wake up!", مو "is not"</td> <td colspan="2">/fuːg/, /ˈmuː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</td> <td>فوق "above, up", جوا "they came"</td> <td colspan="2">/foːg/, /ˈd͡ʒoː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ </td> <td>when word-final and unstressed </td> <td>رَبو "asthma" </td> <td colspan="2">/ˈrabu/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي, لها, له </td> <td>روح لها "go to her" also written as رُح لها </td> <td colspan="2">/ruħlaha/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</td> <td>يَد "hand"</td> <td colspan="2">/jadː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/</td> <td>بيض "whites pl.", ذي f. "this"</td> <td colspan="2">/biːdˤ/, /ˈdiː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</td> <td>بيض "eggs", عليه "on him"</td> <td colspan="2">/beːdˤ/, /ʕaˈleː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td>when word-final and unstressed </td> <td>سُعُودي "saudi" </td> <td colspan="2">/suˈʕuːdi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>only when word-medial before indirect object pronouns e.g. لي, لها, له </td> <td>تجيب لي "you bring me" also written as تِجِب لي </td> <td colspan="2">/tid͡ʒibli/ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Optional additional non-native letters </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Persian_letter)" title="Pe (Persian letter)">پ</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ can be written and pronounced as ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/, its usage depends on the writer </td> <td>بيتزا or پيتزا "pizza" </td> <td>/biːtza/ </td> <td>/piːtza/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Arabic_letter)" title="Ve (Arabic letter)">ڤ</a> </th> <td colspan="2">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ can be written and pronounced as ⟨<a href="/wiki/Fa%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'">ف</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/, its usage depends on the writer </td> <td>فَيْروس or ڤَيْروس "virus" </td> <td>/fajruːs/ </td> <td>/vajruːs/ </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>The interdental consonants: <ul><li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">ث</a>⟩ represents /t/ as in ثوب /toːb/ & ثواب /tawaːb/ or /s/ as in ثابت /saːbit/, but the phoneme /θ/ is still used depending on the speaker's preference.</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a>⟩ represents /d/ as in ذيل /deːl/ & ذكر /dakar/ or /z/ as in ذكي /zaki/, but the phoneme /ð/ is still used depending on the speaker's preference.</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a>⟩ represents /dˤ/ as in ظفر /dˤifir/ & ظل /dˤilː/ or /zˤ/ as in ظرف /zˤarf/, but the phoneme /ðˤ/ is still used depending on the speaker's preference.</li></ul></li> <li>words with word-medial long vowels that are pronounced short include words before the indirect object pronouns e.g. لي, لها, له etc. as in عاد /ʕaːd/ "he repeated" becomes عاد لهم /ʕadlahum/ "he repeated to them" and رايحين له "going to him" becomes /raːjħinlu/ with a shortened /i/ or rarely /raːjħiːnlu/, outside of this rule only few words have vowel-shortening, e.g. جاي "I'm coming" pronounced /d͡ʒaj/ or less likely /d͡ʒaːj/ which stems from classical جاءٍ /d͡ʒaːʔin/.</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="هـ">هـ</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ is silent in word-final in 3rd person masculine singular pronouns and some words, as in شفناه /ʃufˈnaː/ "we saw him" and عِنْدُه /ʕindu/ "he has" or the <a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)" title="Heteronym (linguistics)">heteronym</a> ليه pronounced /leː/ 'why?' or /liː/ 'for him', but it is still maintained in most other nouns as in فَواكِه /fawaːkih/ "fruits", كُرْه /kurh/ "hate" and أَبْلَه /ʔablah/ "idiot" where it is differentiated from أبلة /ʔabla/ "f. teacher". In writing the final silent ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="هـ">هـ</a>⟩ indicates a word-final long vowel when preceeded by a <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">mater lectionis</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a>⟩ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a>⟩. It helps in distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> as in تبغي /tibɣi/ 'you want f.' vs. تبغيه /tibɣiː/ 'you want him f.' (both sentences speaking to a female) or سيبوا /siːbu/ 'leave! pl.' vs. سيبوه /siːbuː/ 'leave him! pl.' (speaking to a plural), سيبوا is also a homophone of سيبه /siːbu/ 'leave him! m.' (speaking to a male).</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ة">ة</a>⟩ is only used at the end of words and mainly to mark <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine gender</a> for <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> with few exceptions (e.g. أسامة; a male noun). phonemically it is silent indicating final /-a/, except when in <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a> it is a /t/, which leads to the word-final /-at/. e.g. رسالة /risaːla/ 'message' → رسالة أحمد /risaːlat ʔaħmad/ 'Ahmad's message'.</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/ and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/ are sometimes used to transcribe /g/ in foreign words. ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a>⟩ is especially used in city/state names as in بلغراد "Belgrade" pronounced /bilgraːd/ or /bilɣraːd/, this ambiguity arose due to Standard Arabic not having a letter that transcribes /g/ distinctively, which created <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublets</a> like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:كتلوق">كتلوق</a> /kataˈloːg/ vs. كتلوج /kataˈloːd͡ʒ/ "catalog" and قالون /gaːˈloːn/ vs. جالون /d͡ʒaːˈloːn/ "gallon". newer terms are more likely to be transcribed using the native ⟨<a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a>⟩ as in إنستقرام /instagraːm/ "Instagram" and قروب /g(u)ruːb, -uːp/ "group chat".</li> <li>⟨<a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">ض</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a>/ is pronounced /zˤ/ only in few words from the two <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">trilateral roots</a> ⟨ض ب ط⟩ and ⟨ض ر ط⟩, as in ضبط ("it worked") pronounced /zˤabatˤ/ and not /dˤabatˤ/.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rural_dialects">Rural dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rural dialects">edit</a>]</div> The varieties of Arabic spoken in the smaller towns and by the bedouin tribes in the Hejaz region are relatively under-studied. However, the speech of some tribes shows much closer affinity to other bedouin dialects, particularly those of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>, than to those of the urban Hejazi cities. The dialects of northern Hejazi tribes <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">merge</a> into those of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>, while the dialects in the south <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">merge</a> with those of <a href="/wiki/%27Asir" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir">'Asir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. Also, not all speakers of these bedouin dialects are figuratively <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> bedouins; some are simply sedentary sections that live in rural areas, and thus speak dialects similar to those of their bedouin neighbors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-'Ula">Al-'Ula</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Al-'Ula">edit</a>]</div> The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Al-'Ula</a> governorate in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Madinah Region">Madinah region</a>. Although understudied, it is considered to be unique among the Hejazi dialects, it is known for its pronunciation of Classical Arabic ⟨<a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">ك</a>⟩ /k/ as a ⟨<a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">ش</a>⟩ /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant">ʃ</a>/ (e.g. تكذب /takðib/ becomes تشذب /taʃðib/), the dialect also shows a tendency to pronounce long /aː/ as [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>] (e.g. Classical ماء /maːʔ/ becomes ميء [meːʔ]), in some instances the Classical /q/ becomes a /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/ as in قايلة /qaːjla/ becomes جايلة /d͡ʒaːjla/, also the second person singular feminine pronoun /ik/ tends to be pronounced as /i<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant">ʃ</a>/, e.g. رجلك /rid͡ʒlik/ ('your foot') becomes رجلش /rid͡ʒliʃ/.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Badr">Badr</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Badr">edit</a>]</div> The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a> governorate in the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Al_Madinah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Madinah Region">Madinah region</a> is mainly noted for its lengthening of word-final syllables and its alternative pronunciation of some phonemes as in سؤال /suʔaːl/ which is pronounced as سعال /suʕaːl/, it also shares some features with the general urban dialect in which modern standard Arabic ثلاجة /θalːaːd͡ʒa/ is pronounced تلاجة /talːaːd͡ʒa/, another unique feature of the dialect is its similarity to the Arabic dialects of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular Arabic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/acw">Hejazi Arabic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlzaidi2014">Alzaidi (2014</a>:73) Information Structure and Intonation in Hijazi Arabic. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIl-Hazmy1975">Il-Hazmy (1975</a>:234) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEifan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Eifan, Emtenan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(in Arabic)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spoken+Al-%27Ula+dialect+between+privacy+and+fears+of+extinction.+%28in+Arabic%29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aljuhani&rft.aufirst=Sultan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-jazirah.com%2F2008%2F20080629%2Fwo5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHejazi+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdoh2010" class="citation thesis cs1">Abdoh, Eman Mohammed (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101190952/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/10221/1/2011abdohemaphd.pdf">A Study of the Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/10221/1/2011abdohemaphd.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2015-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Study+of+the+Phonological+Structure+and+Representation+of+First+Words+in+Arabic&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Abdoh&rft.aufirst=Eman+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flra.le.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2381%2F10221%2F1%2F2011abdohemaphd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHejazi+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlzaidi2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Alzaidi, Muhammad Swaileh A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/external/clmt/papers/theses/Alzaidi14InforStruc.pdf">Information Structure and Intonation in Hijazi Arabic</a> (PDF) (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Information+Structure+and+Intonation+in+Hijazi+Arabic&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Alzaidi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Swaileh+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essex.ac.uk%2Flinguistics%2Fexternal%2Fclmt%2Fpapers%2Ftheses%2FAlzaidi14InforStruc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHejazi+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIl-Hazmy1975" class="citation book cs1">Il-Hazmy, Alayan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43362.pdf">A critical and comparative study of the spoken dialect of the Harb tribe in Saudi Arabia</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+and+comparative+study+of+the+spoken+dialect+of+the+Harb+tribe+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Il-Hazmy&rft.aufirst=Alayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F43362.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHejazi+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngham1971" class="citation journal cs1">Ingham, Bruce (1971). "Some Characteristics of Meccan Speech". <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London">Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</a>. 34 (2). <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>: 273–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00129544">10.1017/S0041977X00129544</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0699">1474-0699</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/612692">612692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130531981">130531981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Some+Characteristics+of+Meccan+Speech&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-97&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=1474-0699&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130531981%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F612692%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00129544&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHejazi+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKheshaifaty1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kheshaifaty, Hamza M.J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407134849/http://repository.ksu.edu.sa/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1211/1/Numerals%3a%20A%20comparative%20study%20between%20classical%20and%20hijazi%20arabic.pdf">"Numerals: a comparative study between classical and hijazi arabic"</a> (PDF). Journal of King Saud University, Arts. 9 (1): 19–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.ksu.edu.sa/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1211/1/Numerals%3a%20A%20comparative%20study%20between%20classical%20and%20hijazi%20arabic.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2015-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+King+Saud+University%2C+Arts&rft.atitle=Numerals%3A+a+comparative+study+between+classical+and+hijazi+arabic&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-36&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kheshaifaty&rft.aufirst=Hamza+M.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.ksu.edu.sa%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F1211%2F1%2FNumerals%253a%2520A%2520comparative%2520study%2520between%2520classical%2520and%2520hijazi%2520arabic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHejazi+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar1975" class="citation journal cs1">Omar, Margaret k. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsi-language-courses.net/languages/Arabic/Saudi%20Arabic%20Basic%20(Urban%20Hijazi%20Dialect)/Fsi-SaudiArabicBasicCourseurbanHijaziDialect-StudentText.pdf">"Saudi Arabic, Urban Hijazi Dialect"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabic%2C+Urban+Hijazi+Dialect&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Margaret+k.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsi-language-courses.net%2Flanguages%2FArabic%2FSaudi%2520Arabic%2520Basic%2520%28Urban%2520Hijazi%2520Dialect%29%2FFsi-SaudiArabicBasicCourseurbanHijaziDialect-StudentText.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHejazi+Arabic" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_Versteegh" title="Kees Versteegh">Kees Versteegh</a>, The Arabic Language, NITLE Arab World Project, by the permission of Edinburgh University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927155023/http://arabworld.nitle.org/texts.php?module_id=1&reading_id=113&sequence=1">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2002" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Janet C. E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301132237/http://www.kamal-osman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf">The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamal-osman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2016-02-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Arabic&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Janet+C.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamal-osman.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FThe-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHejazi+Arabic" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hejazi_Arabic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livelingua.com/arabic/courses/fsi/Saudi_Arabian_Arabic_Course_(Hijazi_Dialect)/">Hijazi Arabic course with audio files</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/acw" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/acw">Hejazi Arabic test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Languages of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template talk:Languages of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saudi Arabia">Languages of Saudi Arabia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vernacular Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Baharna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedawi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedawi Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faifi_language" title="Faifi language">Faifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Main foreign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_language" title="Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_language" title="Template talk:Arabic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph">ʾAlif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)">Bāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw">Tāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Ǧīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth">Ḥāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet">Dāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh">Rāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zāy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)">Šīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade">Ṣād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth">Ṭāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin">ʿAyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">Ġayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Fāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_qāf" title="Qoph">Qāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph">Kāf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh">Lām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem">Mīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)">Nūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)">Hāʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)">Wāw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh">Yāʾ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">ʾIʿrāb (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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