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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== History == The Arabic of today is derived principally from the old dialects of Central and North Arabia which were divided by the classical Arab grammarians into three groups: [[Hejaz]], [[Najd]], and the language of the tribes in adjoining areas. Though the modern Hejazi dialects has developed markedly since the development of Classical Arabic, and Modern Standard Arabic is quite distinct from the modern dialect of Hejaz. Standard Arabic now differs considerably from modern Hejazi Arabic in terms of its phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic|last=Watson|first=Janet|publisher=Oxford university press|year=2002|pages=8, 9}}</ref> such diglossia in Arabic began to emerge at the latest in the sixth century CE when oral poets recited their poetry in a proto-Classical Arabic based on archaic dialects which differed greatly from their own.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar|last=Lipinski|year=1997|pages=75}}</ref> Urban Hejazi Arabic belongs to the western [[Peninsular Arabic]] branch of the [[Arabic language]], which itself is a [[Semitic language]]. It includes features of both urban and bedouin dialects given its development in the historical cities of Jeddah, Medina and Mecca in proximity to the bedouin tribes that lived on the outskirts of these cities, in addition to a minimal influence in vocabulary from other urban Arabic dialects and [[Modern Standard Arabic]], and more recently the influence of the other dialects of Saudi Arabia, all of which made Urban Hejazi a dialect that is distinctly unique but close to peninsular dialects on one hand and urban Arabic dialects on the other. Historically, it is not well-known in which stage of Arabic the shift from the [[Semitic languages#Phonology|Proto-Semitic]] pair {{IPA|/q/}} qāf and {{IPA|/g/}} gīm came to be Hejazi {{IPA|/g, d͡ʒ/}} gāf and jīm {{angbr|[[ج]], [[ق]]}}, although it has been attested as early as the eighth century CE, and it can be explained by a [[chain shift]] {{IPA|/q/}}* → {{IPA|/g/}} → {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cours de phonétique arabe|last=Cantineau|first=Jean|publisher=Libraire C. Klincksieck|year=1960|location=Paris, France|pages=67|language=fr}}</ref> that occurred in one of two ways: # Drag Chain: Proto-Semitic [[Gimel|gīm]] {{IPA|/g/}} [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]] to Hejazi jīm {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} first, opening up a space at the position of {{IPA|[g]}}, which qāf {{IPA|/q/}}* then moved to fill the empty space resulting in Hejazi gāf {{IPA|/g/}}, restoring structural symmetrical relationships present in the pre-Arabic system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freeman|first=Aaron|date=2015|title=The Linguistic Geography of Dorsal Consonants in Syria|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~aaronfr/L568-final-Freeman.pdf|journal=The Linguistic Geography of Dorsal Consonants in Syria|location=University of Pennsylvania}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Öhrnberg|first=Kaj|date=2013|title=Travelling Through Time|journal=Studia Orientalia 114|pages=524}}</ref> # Push Chain: Proto-Semitic [[Qoph|qāf]] {{IPA|/q/}}* changed to Hejazi gāf {{IPA|/g/}} first, which resulted in pushing the original gīm {{IPA|/g/}} forward in articulation to become Hejazi jīm {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, but since most modern qāf dialects as well as standard Arabic also have jīm, then the push-chain of qāf to gāf first can be discredited,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heinrichs|first=Wolfhart|title=Ibn Khaldūn as a Historical Linguist with an Excursus on the Question of Ancient gāf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8F_PW9P6dqlcWc1OUpBcFpLZTA/view|journal=Harvard University}}</ref> although there are good grounds for believing that old Arabic qāf had both voiced {{IPAblink|g}} and voiceless {{IPAblink|q}} as allophones; and later on the gīm {{IPA|/g/}} was fronted to jīm {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, possibly as a result of pressure from the allophones.<ref>Blanc 1969: 11, Travelling Through Time, Essays in honour of Kaj Öhrnberg</ref> <small>* The original value of [[Semitic languages#Phonology|Proto-Semitic qāf]] was probably an [[Emphatic consonant|emphatic]] {{IPAblink|kʼ}} not {{IPAblink|q}}.</small> The development of {{IPA|/q/}} to {{IPA|/g/}} have also been observed in languages like [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] in which the [[Old Turkic]] {{IPA|[q]}} is pronounced as a velar {{IPA|[g]}}; e.g. ''قال'' / ''qal'' 'to stay, remain' is pronounced {{IPA|/ɡal/}}, rather than {{IPA|/kal/}} as in Turkish or {{IPA|/qal/}} in [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], etc.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oztopchu|first=Kurtulush|date=1993|title=A Comparison of Modern Azeri With Modern Turkish|url=https://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/13_folder/13_articles/kurtulush_azeri_turkish_13.pdf|journal=A Comparison of Modern Azeri with Modern Turkish}}</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi Arabic</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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