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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Saudi_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Saudi_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First Saudi State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Saudi_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_development_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_development_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Urban development history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_development_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Up_to_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Up_to_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Up to 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Up_to_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s–1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s–1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>1940s–1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s–1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>1960s–1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s–1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s–1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>1980s–1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s–1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>2000s–2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.6</span> <span>2020–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>City districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landmarks and architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landmarks_and_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landmarks and architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landmarks_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vernacular_architecture_of_Old_Riyadh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernacular_architecture_of_Old_Riyadh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vernacular architecture of Old Riyadh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernacular_architecture_of_Old_Riyadh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Archeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turaif_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turaif_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Turaif district</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turaif_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masmak_Fortress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masmak_Fortress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Masmak Fortress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masmak_Fortress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Contemporary architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Kingdom Centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burj_Rafal_Hotel_Kempinski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burj_Rafal_Hotel_Kempinski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Burj Rafal Hotel Kempinski</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burj_Rafal_Hotel_Kempinski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burj_Al_Faisaliyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burj_Al_Faisaliyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Burj Al Faisaliyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burj_Al_Faisaliyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riyadh_TV_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riyadh_TV_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Riyadh TV Tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riyadh_TV_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Museums and collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Development projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Literacy rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Events and festivals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events_and_festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events and festivals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jenadriyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenadriyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Jenadriyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenadriyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riyadh_International_Book_Fair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riyadh_International_Book_Fair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Riyadh International Book Fair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riyadh_International_Book_Fair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riyadh_Season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riyadh_Season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Riyadh Season</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riyadh_Season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Riyadh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 161 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">161 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Рияд – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Рияд" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaad" title="Riaad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Riaad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%B5" title="ሪያድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሪያድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigadh" title="Rigadh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rigadh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="الرياض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرياض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Ռիատ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռիատ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7" title="ৰিয়াধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰিয়াধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="रियाद – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रियाद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Ар-Рияд – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ар-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr-Riyad" title="Ər-Riyad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ər-Riyad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="ریاض – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریاض" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="রিয়াদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিয়াদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Әр-Рияд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рыяд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эр-Рыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Рыяд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Рияд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рияд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%82" title="རིས་ཡག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རིས་ཡག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijad" title="Rijad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rijad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рияд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Saudinhong_Arabiya)" title="Riyadh (ulohang dakbayan sa Saudinhong Arabiya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Riyadh (ulohang dakbayan sa Saudinhong Arabiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rij%C3%A1d" title="Rijád – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rijád" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADtah_T%C3%B3" title="Séítah Tó – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séítah Tó" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="रियाद – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रियाद" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Riy%C4%81%E1%B8%91" title="Ar-Riyāḑ – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ar-Riyāḑ" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Ριάντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ριάντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riado" title="Riado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Riado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="ریاض – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریاض" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Riaad" title="Ar-Riaad – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ar-Riaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%BC%EB%93%9C" title="리야드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리야드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC-%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Ալ-Ռիադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալ-Ռիադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="रियाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रियाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijad" title="Rijad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rijad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рияд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADad" title="Ríad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93" title="ריאד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריאד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಿಯಾಧ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಿಯಾಧ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ერ-რიადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერ-რიადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="ریاض – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ریاض" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рияд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рияд – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riadum" title="Riadum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Riadum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rij%C4%81da" title="Rijāda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rijāda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijadas" title="Rijadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rijadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er-Rijad" title="Er-Rijad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Er-Rijad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rij%C3%A1d" title="Rijád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rijád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ријад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ријад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="റിയാദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിയാദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7" title="रियाध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रियाध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ერ-რიადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერ-რიადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="الرياض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الرياض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="ریاض – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ریاض" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рияд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ရီယာ့ဒ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရီယာ့ဒ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad_(stad)" title="Riyad (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riyad (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="रियाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रियाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A4%E3%83%89" title="リヤド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヤド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Рияд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рияд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рияд – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Riyod" title="Ar-Riyod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ar-Riyod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A7" title="ਰਿਆਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਆਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="ریاض – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاض" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="ریاض – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ریاض" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijad" title="Rijad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rijad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riade" title="Riade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Riade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er-riyad" title="Er-riyad – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Er-riyad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рияд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riadi" title="Riadi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Riadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihad" title="Rihad – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rihad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="رياض – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياض" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rij%C3%A1d" title="Rijád – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rijád" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijad" title="Rijad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rijad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijad" title="Rijad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rijad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ڕیاز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیاز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ријад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ријад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijad" title="Rijad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rijad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="ரியாத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரியாத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riya%E1%B8%8D" title="Riyaḍ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Riyaḍ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="รียาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รียาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B7" title="Риёз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Риёз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Эр-Рияд – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Эр-Рияд" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80-%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Ер-Ріяд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ер-Ріяд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="ریاض – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاض" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="رىياد – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىياد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijad" title="Rijad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riad" title="Riad – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%85%E5%BE%97" title="利雅得 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利雅得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%93" title="ריאד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%85%E5%BE%97" title="利雅得 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利雅得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad" title="Riyad – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Riyad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%85%E5%BE%B7" title="利雅德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利雅德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Riyadh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr-Rijad" title="Ər-Rijad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ər-Rijad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3692#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Riyadh&params=24_38_N_46_43_E_region:SA_type:city(7009100)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°38′N</span> <span class="longitude">46°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.633°N 46.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.633; 46.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with Arabic name <a href="/wiki/Riad_(name)" title="Riad (name)">Riyad</a> or traditional Moroccan house, <a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">riad</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Riyadh (disambiguation)">Riyadh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Saudi Arabia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Riyadh</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرياض</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/288px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/432px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/576px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Al_Olaya_(Riyadh)" title="Al Olaya (Riyadh)">Al-Olaya District</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heroes_Gate_Riyadh,_Dec_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Heroes_Gate_Riyadh%2C_Dec_2023.jpg/117px-Heroes_Gate_Riyadh%2C_Dec_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Heroes_Gate_Riyadh%2C_Dec_2023.jpg/176px-Heroes_Gate_Riyadh%2C_Dec_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Heroes_Gate_Riyadh%2C_Dec_2023.jpg/234px-Heroes_Gate_Riyadh%2C_Dec_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="2342" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Al_Abtal_Gate" title="Al Abtal Gate">Al Abtal Gate</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masmak_Fort_(12753717253).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/167px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/251px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/334px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Al_Masmak_Palace" title="Al Masmak Palace">Al-Masmak Palace</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg/189px-KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg/284px-KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg/378px-KAFD_seen_from_North_east_side_of_Riyadh_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Financial_District" title="King Abdullah Financial District">King Abdullah Financial District</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Boulevard_Riyadh_181307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Boulevard_Riyadh_181307.jpg/95px-The_Boulevard_Riyadh_181307.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Boulevard_Riyadh_181307.jpg/143px-The_Boulevard_Riyadh_181307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Boulevard_Riyadh_181307.jpg/190px-The_Boulevard_Riyadh_181307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_City" title="Boulevard City">Boulevard City</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Riyadh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Riyadh"><img alt="Official seal of Riyadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emblem_of_Riyadh.png/100px-Emblem_of_Riyadh.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emblem_of_Riyadh.png/150px-Emblem_of_Riyadh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Emblem_of_Riyadh.png/200px-Emblem_of_Riyadh.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riyadh is located in Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Riyadh is located in Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1668" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.679%;left:57.417%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Riyadh"><img alt="Riyadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Riyadh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Riyadh within Saudi Arabia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Saudi Arabia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riyadh is located in Asia"><img alt="Riyadh is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.178%;left:11.165%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Riyadh"><img alt="Riyadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Riyadh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Riyadh (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riyadh is located in Earth"><img alt="Riyadh is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.315%;left:62.977%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Riyadh"><img alt="Riyadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Riyadh</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Riyadh (Earth)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Earth</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Riyadh&params=24_38_N_46_43_E_region:SA_type:city(7009100)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°38′N</span> <span class="longitude">46°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.633°N 46.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.633; 46.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Province" title="Riyadh Province">Riyadh Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Governorate" title="Riyadh Governorate">Riyadh Governorate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1746<span class="noprint">; 279 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1746</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dahham_ibn_Dawwas" title="Dahham ibn Dawwas">Dahham ibn Dawwas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Municipality" title="Riyadh Municipality">Riyadh Municipality</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governor of Riyadh</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Bandar_Al_Saud_(born_1945)" title="Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud (born 1945)">Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor of Riyadh</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdul_Aziz_bin_Ayyaf" title="Faisal bin Abdul Aziz bin Ayyaf">Faisal bin Abdul Aziz bin Ayyaf</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,973 km<sup>2</sup> (762 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">612 m (2,008 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,009,100</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,600/km<sup>2</sup> (9,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,820,551</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">$428.7 billion<sup id="cite_ref-TelluBase_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelluBase-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$55,800</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00#Arabia_Standard_Time" title="UTC+03:00">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal Code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">(5 digits)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+966 011</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.900<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/en/">alriyadh.gov.sa</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Riyadh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">REE</span>-yad</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ree-<span style="font-size:90%">YAHD</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرِّيَاض</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ar-Riyāḍ</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">standard</a> pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ar.riˈjaːdˤ]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a> pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ars-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[er.rɪˈjɑːðˤ]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Meadows</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the capital and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Province" title="Riyadh Province">Riyadh Province</a> and the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Governorate" title="Riyadh Governorate">Riyadh Governorate</a>. Located on the eastern bank of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hanifa" title="Wadi Hanifa">Wadi Hanifa</a>, the current form of the metropolis largely emerged in the 1950s as an offshoot of the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Walled_town_of_Riyadh" title="Walled town of Riyadh">walled town</a> following the dismantling of its <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_fortifications" title="Riyadh city fortifications">defensive fortifications</a>. </p><p>It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabian_cities_by_population" title="List of Arabian cities by population">largest city</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, and is situated in the center of the <a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">an-Nafud</a> desert, on the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a>. The city sits at an average of 600 meters (2,000 ft) above sea level,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and receives around 5 million <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">tourists</a> each year, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">forty-ninth</a> most visited city in the world and the 6th in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. Riyadh had a population of 7.0 million people in 2022, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Saudi Arabia">most-populous city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of largest metropolitan areas in the Middle East">3rd most populous</a> in the Middle East, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Asia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Asia">38th most populous</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maaal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maaal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mention of the city by the name <i>Riyadh</i> was in 1590, by an Arab chronicler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECybriwsky2013258_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECybriwsky2013258-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, <a href="/wiki/Dahham_ibn_Dawwas" title="Dahham ibn Dawwas">Dahham ibn Dawwas</a>, who was from the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Manfuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfuha">Manfuha</a>, seized control of <a href="/wiki/Walled_town_of_Riyadh" title="Walled town of Riyadh">the town</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dahham_ibn_Dawwas" title="Dahham ibn Dawwas">Dahham</a> built a <a href="/wiki/Al_Hukm_Palace" title="Al Hukm Palace">mudbrick palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_fortifications" title="Riyadh city fortifications">a wall</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Walled_town_of_Riyadh" title="Walled town of Riyadh">town</a>, and the best-known source of the name <i>Riyadh</i> is from this period, thought to be referring to the earlier oasis towns that predated the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_fortifications" title="Riyadh city fortifications">wall</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Dahham_ibn_Dawwas" title="Dahham ibn Dawwas">Ibn Dawwas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Oteibi1993163_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Oteibi1993163-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1744, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Saud">Muhammad bin Saud</a>, and they took Riyadh from Deham. However their state, now known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">First Saudi State</a></i>, collapsed in 1818. Turki ibn Abdullah founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Second Saudi State</a></i> in the early 19th century and made Riyadh his capital in 1825. However, his reign over the <a href="/wiki/Walled_town_of_Riyadh" title="Walled town of Riyadh">city</a> was disrupted by a joint <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman–</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Rashidi</a> alliance. Finally, in the early 20th century, '<a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Abdulaziz ibn Saud</a>, known in the west simply as Ibn Saud, retrieved his ancestral <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">kingdom of Najd</a> in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926 with the final <a href="/wiki/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz" title="Saudi conquest of Hejaz">Saudi conquest of Hejaz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequently naming his kingdom 'Saudi Arabia' in September 1932<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Riyadh as the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFacey1992271_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFacey1992271-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Walled_town_of_Riyadh" title="Walled town of Riyadh">town</a> was the administrative center of the government until 1938, when Ibn Saud moved to the <a href="/wiki/Murabba_Palace" title="Murabba Palace">Murabba Palace</a>. In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_fortifications" title="Riyadh city fortifications">walls</a> were dismantled and Riyadh metropolis outgrew as an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Walled_town_of_Riyadh" title="Walled town of Riyadh">walled town</a>. </p><p>Riyadh is the political and administrative center of Saudi Arabia. The <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a> (also known as the <i>Shura Council</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia">Council of Ministers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Saudi Arabia">Supreme Judicial Council</a> are all situated in the city. Alongside these four bodies that form the core of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">legal system of Saudi Arabia</a>, the headquarters of other major and minor governmental bodies are also located in Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city hosts 114 <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Saudi Arabia">foreign embassies</a>, most of which are located in the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Quarter_(Riyadh)" title="Diplomatic Quarter (Riyadh)">Diplomatic Quarter</a> in the western reaches of the city. </p><p>Riyadh also holds <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">economic significance</a>, as it contains the headquarters of many banks and major companies, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Commercial_Bank_(Saudi_Arabia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commercial Bank (Saudi Arabia)">Saudi National Bank</a> (SNB), <a href="/wiki/Al-Rajhi_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rajhi Bank">Al-Rajhi Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/SABIC" title="SABIC">SABIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almarai" title="Almarai">Almarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Telecom_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Telecom Company">STC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samba_(bank)" title="Samba (bank)">Samba Financial Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/Highway_65_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Highway 65 (Saudi Arabia)">Highway 65</a>, known locally as the King Fahd Road, runs through some of these important centers in the city, including the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Financial_District" title="King Abdullah Financial District">King Abdullah Financial District</a>, one of the world's largest financial districts, the <a href="/wiki/Al_Faisaliyah_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Faisaliyah Center">Faisaliyah Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Centre" title="Kingdom Centre">Kingdom Center</a>. Riyadh is one of the world's fastest-growing cities in population and is home to many <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a>. </p><p>The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, which are overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Municipality" title="Riyadh Municipality">Municipality of Riyadh</a> headed by the mayor; and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_Riyadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission for Riyadh">Royal Commission for Riyadh</a>, which is chaired by the Governor of the Province, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Bandar_Al_Saud_(born_1945)" title="Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud (born 1945)">Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud</a>. As of July 2020, the mayor is Faisal bin Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf Al-Muqrin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riyadh will host <a href="/wiki/Expo_2030" title="Expo 2030">Expo 2030</a>, becoming the second Arab city to host after <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">2020</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Riyadh" title="Timeline of Riyadh">Timeline of Riyadh</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahiliyya">Pre-Islamic era</a>, the city at the site of modern Riyadh was called <a href="/wiki/Hajr" title="Hajr">Hajr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حجر</span>), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hanifa" title="Banu Hanifa">Banu Hanifa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonbol201299_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonbol201299-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hajr" title="Hajr">Hajr</a> served as the capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yamamah">Al-Yamamah</a>, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Empire">Abbasid Empire</a> in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ukhaydhirites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukhaydhirites">Ukhaydhirites</a>, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby <a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">Al-Kharj</a>. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yamamah">Al-Yamamah</a>, and its name is <a href="/wiki/Hajr" title="Hajr">Hajr</a>". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Hanifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Hanifa">Bani Hanifa</a>, and reports that he continued on with their leader to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to perform the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>. </p><p>Later on, <a href="/wiki/Hajr" title="Hajr">Hajr</a> broke up into several separate settlements and estates. The most notable of these were <a href="/wiki/Migrin" title="Migrin">Migrin</a> (or Muqrin) and <a href="/wiki/Mikal,_Riyadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikal, Riyadh">Mi'kal</a>, though the name <i><a href="/wiki/Hajr" title="Hajr">Hajr</a></i> continued to appear in local folk poetry. The earliest known reference to the area by the name <i>Riyadh</i> comes from a 17th-century chronicler reporting on an event from the year 1590. In 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, a refugee from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Manfuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfuha">Manfuha</a>, took control of Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECybriwsky2013258_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECybriwsky2013258-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Dawwas built a <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyadh city wall">single wall</a> to encircle the various oasis towns in the area, making them effectively a <a href="/wiki/Walled_town_of_Riyadh" title="Walled town of Riyadh">single fortress city</a>. The name "Riyadh", meaning "gardens" refers to these earlier oasis towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAl-Oteibi1993163_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl-Oteibi1993163-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, was initially known for its availability of water and fertile land which made it ideal for farming dates and other crops. Wheat was also widely grown until the crops were infested with insects and mites. After Riyadh was designated as the capital in the mid-1900s, Riyadh became a manufacturing hub. Almost one-third of Saudi Arabia's factories are located in Riyadh, producing a range of products including machinery, equipment, metallurgical goods, chemicals, construction materials, food, textiles, furniture, and numerous publications.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2025)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Saudi_State">First Saudi State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Saudi State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_map_Riyadh_by_Philby.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1922_map_Riyadh_by_Philby.png/220px-1922_map_Riyadh_by_Philby.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1922_map_Riyadh_by_Philby.png/330px-1922_map_Riyadh_by_Philby.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1922_map_Riyadh_by_Philby.png/440px-1922_map_Riyadh_by_Philby.png 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>1922 map of the <a href="/wiki/Walled_town_of_Riyadh" title="Walled town of Riyadh">walled town of Riyadh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1750, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Saud">Muhammad ibn Saud</a>, the ruler of the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>. Ibn Saud then set out to conquer the surrounding region with the goal of bringing it under the rule of a single Islamic state. Ibn Dawwas of Riyadh led the most determined resistance, allied with forces from <a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">Al Kharj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al Ahsa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Yam" title="Banu Yam">Banu Yam</a> clan of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudis in 1774, ending long years of wars, and leading to the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/First_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Saudi State">First Saudi State</a>, with Diriyah as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECybriwsky2013258_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECybriwsky2013258-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First Saudi State was destroyed by forces sent by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, acting on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Ottoman forces razed the Saudi capital Diriyah in 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECybriwsky2013258_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECybriwsky2013258-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had maintained a garrison at <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a>. This marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turki_bin_Abdullah_bin_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad">Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad</a> became the first Amir of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Saudi State">Second Saudi State</a>; the cousin of Saud bin Saud, he ruled for 19 years till 1834, leading to the consolidation of the area though they were notionally under the control of Muhammad Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin, took control of the capital, and refused to be controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Egypt">Viceroy of Egypt</a>. Najd was then invaded, and Faisal was taken captive and held in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. However, as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd, and resumed his reign, ruling until 1865 and consolidating the reign of the House of Saud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199014_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Muhammad bin Rashid</a> who took most of Najd, signed a treaty with the Ottomans, and also captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Hasa</a> in 1871. In 1889, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal">Abdul Rahman bin Faisal</a>, the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199014_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Al Rashid</a> clan, which ruled from the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Ha%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'il">Ha'il</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Al-Masmak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masmak">al-Masmak</a> fort dates from that period.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Abdul Aziz</a> retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named his kingdom as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in September 1932<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Riyadh as the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFacey1992271_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFacey1992271-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workers_breaking_old_city_walls_of_Riyadh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Workers_breaking_old_city_walls_of_Riyadh.jpg/220px-Workers_breaking_old_city_walls_of_Riyadh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Workers_breaking_old_city_walls_of_Riyadh.jpg/330px-Workers_breaking_old_city_walls_of_Riyadh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Workers_breaking_old_city_walls_of_Riyadh.jpg/440px-Workers_breaking_old_city_walls_of_Riyadh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>The demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyadh city wall">city walls</a> in 1950 was a prelude to the expansion and modernization of the city.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1940s, Riyadh mushroomed from a relatively narrow, spatially isolated town into a spacious metropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsheshtawy2008124_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsheshtawy2008124-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">King Saud</a> came to power, he made it his objective to modernize Riyadh, and began developing Annasriyyah, the royal residential district, in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsheshtawy2008124_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsheshtawy2008124-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the example of American cities, new settlements and entire neighborhoods were created on <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plans</a>, and connected by high-capacity main roads to the inner areas. The grid pattern in the city was introduced in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsheshtawy2008124_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsheshtawy2008124-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population growth of the town from 1974 to 1992 averaged 8.2 percent per year. </p><p>On 16 November 1983, <a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport" title="King Khalid International Airport">King Khalid International Airport</a> was officially opened by <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd of Saudi Arabia">King Fahd</a>, in memory to the late <a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="King Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a>. It remains the biggest airport in the world at nearly 300 sq miles to date. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> under <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_compound_bombings" title="Riyadh compound bombings">coordinated attacks</a> on compounds in Riyadh on 12 May 2003, resulting in the deaths of 39 people. The bombings were considered to be a terrorism campaign against Western influence in Saudi Arabia. </p><p>In 2010, the first Saudi capital <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, on the northwestern outskirts of Riyadh was inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. </p><p>The mayor is Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz al-Muqrin. Al-Muqrin was appointed in 2019 by royal decree<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and succeeds Tariq bin Abdul Aziz Al-Faris. Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the Saudi Real Estate Companion, most large companies in the country established either sole headquarters or a large office in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, there has been significant growth in high-rise developments in all areas of the city. Most notable among these is <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Financial_District" title="King Abdullah Financial District">King Abdullah Financial District</a> which is fast becoming the key business hub in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riyadh also has the largest all-female university in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Nora_bint_Abdul_Rahman_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University">Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>, Riyadh ranked at 77 in 2016–2017. Though the rank moved up to 69 in 2018, diversification in the economy of the capital is required in order to avoid what the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> called a "looming poverty crisis" brought on by lingering low oil prices and rich state benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2017, Riyadh has been the target of missiles from Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2018, one person died as a result of a missile attack.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of missiles which targeted Riyadh are a small portion of the dozens of missiles fired from Yemen at Saudi Arabia due to the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2018, heavy gunfire was heard in Khozama;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this led to rumors of a coup attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A restoration of heritage buildings of historical significance was launched in Riyadh by Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman" title="Mohammed bin Salman">Mohammed bin Salman</a> on 13 September 2020. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_(5218227168).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake at the 120 km long Wadi Hanifa valley that cuts through Riyadh"><img alt="Lake at the 120 km long Wadi Hanifa valley that cuts through Riyadh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg/240px-Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg/360px-Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg/480px-Lake_at_Wadi_Hanifah_%285218227168%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lake at the 120 km long <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hanifa" title="Wadi Hanifa">Wadi Hanifa</a> valley that cuts through Riyadh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Abdullah_Financial_District_184701.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Abdullah Financial District"><img alt="King Abdullah Financial District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/King_Abdullah_Financial_District_184701.jpg/240px-King_Abdullah_Financial_District_184701.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/King_Abdullah_Financial_District_184701.jpg/360px-King_Abdullah_Financial_District_184701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/King_Abdullah_Financial_District_184701.jpg/480px-King_Abdullah_Financial_District_184701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King Abdullah Financial District</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi-desert.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The An Nafud desert on the outskirts of Riyadh with the Jabal Tuwaiq in the background"><img alt="The An Nafud desert on the outskirts of Riyadh with the Jabal Tuwaiq in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/261px-Saudi-desert.gif" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/392px-Saudi-desert.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saudi-desert.gif/523px-Saudi-desert.gif 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">An Nafud</a> desert on the outskirts of Riyadh with the Jabal <a href="/wiki/Tuwaiq" title="Tuwaiq">Tuwaiq</a> in the background</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_development_history">Urban development history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Urban development history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Up_to_1930s">Up to 1930s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Up to 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical Riyadh was enclosed by walls. At its center was a town square and a market (<a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souq</a>), surrounded by residential quarters of mosques and adobe homes, each with an interior courtyard. Outside its walls were orchards of <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date trees</a>, hence the name 'Riyadh' or 'gardens'. During the 1930s, there was an initial outward expansion because new administrative buildings were needed for the country and because the population was growing. According to Dr. Saleh Al Hathloul, former deputy minister of town planning, this era coincided with the period of sedentarization as nomads settled in and around towns and cities such as Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1940s–1950s"><span id="1940s.E2.80.931950s"></span>1940s–1950s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1940s–1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When commercial oil production began, there was a rapid rise in the rate of urbanization and the city transitioned from traditional to newer houses and buildings. This included the railway station and the (now-defunct) <a href="/wiki/King_Salman_Air_Base" title="King Salman Air Base">first airport</a> of Riyadh. Government departments were relocated from <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> to Riyadh and new ministry buildings were built. To accommodate the government employees who had moved in from Jeddah, the government developed the Malaz housing block. This block's layout was influenced by the layouts of <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khobar" title="Khobar">Khobar</a>, which in turn were influenced by the Aramco-built <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaz, with its street grid and detached house type, was instrumental in shaping the master plans for Riyadh that followed, as per Dr. Saleh Al Hathloul.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960s–1970s"><span id="1960s.E2.80.931970s"></span>1960s–1970s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960s–1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of Municipal Affairs (later <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Municipalities_and_Housing" title="Ministry of Municipalities and Housing">Ministry of Municipalities and Housing</a>) selected Doxiadis Associates (DA) in 1968 to prepare a masterplan for Riyadh. After preliminary studies, they submitted a plan that was approved in 1972. They proposed that Riyadh will expand in the north-south axis along a commercial spine with and most importantly, that it will be divided into neighborhoods of 2 × 2 km blocks, thus solidifying the grid pattern to be the defining feature of Riyadh's layout. It also maintains the style of housing that was prominent in Malaz, detached houses with setbacks, designed in what Dr. Saleh Al Hathloul identifies as an 'international Mediterranean' style i.e. crimson colors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, DA's shortcomings lay in their inability to accurately predict the extent of Riyadh's future growth. </p><p>At the start of the 70s, Riyadh did not go much beyond what is today the Khurais road. But nearing the 80s, Riyadh's expansion had already reached the Northern Ring Road in the north and had made considerable progress in the eastern part of the city. </p><p>In 1974, the government founded the High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh (later <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_Riyadh_City" title="Royal Commission for Riyadh City">Royal Commission for Riyadh City</a>) which was headed by the then governor of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Province" title="Riyadh Province">Riyadh Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">King Salman Bin Abdulaziz</a>, who oversaw Riyadh's development.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the economic growth and national development plans of the 70s, the national infrastructure consisting of electricity grids, telecommunications networks, water pipelines, and highways was laid down that made further urban growth possible. The old and new industrial cities of Riyadh were both founded in this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s–1990s"><span id="1980s.E2.80.931990s"></span>1980s–1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980s–1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city grew at a much faster rate than Doxiadis Associates had projected and very soon, their plan became obsolete. DA predicted that Riyadh's urban area would be 304 km<sup>2</sup> in 30 years when it reached 400 km<sup>2</sup> just four years after the plan was authorized.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, SCET International was assigned to revise and update the original plan to reflect the drastic growth and offer adaptive measures, which were approved in 1982. While keeping the 2km x 2km block, they expanded it in all directions unlike DA's linear expansion. They also added the radial ring roads and altered the DA conception of how commercial and other zones should be distributed. </p><p>It was in the 80s and 90s that most of the buildings that defined Riyadh's urban identity were constructed. Built in styles contemporary of that time, marble with a hint of desert beige, these included the <a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport" title="King Khalid International Airport">King Khalid International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd Stadium">King Fahd Stadium</a>, Television tower, <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a> new campus, the King Faisal Foundation, the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MOMRA, and <a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud university</a>. And the historical district was rebuilt with the National Museum, <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Al_Hukm_District" title="Qasr Al Hukm District">Qasr AlHukm district</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Turki_bin_Abdullah_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque">Imam Turki bin Abdullah mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous health facilities were founded as well. Other developments in this period included the opening of the first shopping centers and supermarkets. </p><p>Approaching the 2000s, Riyadh had expanded well beyond the Northern Ring Road in the north and had reached the Second Ring Road in the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000s–2010s"><span id="2000s.E2.80.932010s"></span>2000s–2010s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2000s–2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MEDSTAR (metropolitan development strategy for Arriyadh) was the strategy that directed urban development in this era. Since the SCET plan also turned out to underestimate the rate of growth, a continuous approach instead of a one-off plan was adopted. The MEDSTAR was not a long term plan but an ongoing strategy on managing urban growth and economic development in the city. It was initiated after comprehensive studies by the Arriyadh Development Authority (the high commission's research wing) on demographics, land use, transportation, security, environment, and traffic safety. In 2007, MEDSTAR won second place in the international award for liveable communities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the MEDSTAR strategies was balanced development by turning Riyadh into a polycentric city rather than having one single downtown. [Riyadh: The Metamorphosis of a City From Centerless to Polycentric Fernando Perez,] This has resulted in there being multiple hubs scattered around the city such as Olaya, <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Financial_District" title="King Abdullah Financial District">KAFD</a>, Sahafa, Granada, Business Gate, Digital City, and Hittin. </p><p>Riyadh's skyline arose along the King Fahd Road starting in the 2000s. Significant construction projects like the Riyadh metro and the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Nourah_Bint_Abdul_Rahman_University" title="Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University">Princess Noura University</a>, the world's largest women's university, were undertaken. Most malls and hypermarkets opened in this era and became a feature of city life. The municipality added wide sidewalks to a number of streets which became popular spots for walking, and parks were built in many neighborhoods. Major roads were redesigned, such as the King Fahd road, King Abdullah Road, Abu Bakr Al Siddiq road, and Oruba road, transforming the look of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Royal Commission rehabilitated the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hanifa" title="Wadi Hanifa">Wadi Hanifa</a> wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the onset of the 2020s, Riyadh's expansion had gone further ahead of the King Salman Road in the north and had reached the Janadriyah road in the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020–present"><span id="2020.E2.80.93present"></span>2020–present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2020–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vision 2030 has stated its objective for Saudi cities to reach the list of top 100 cities of the world in quality of life<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city is working towards this goal through new development investments.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year, the number of tourists visiting Saudi Arabia and Riyadh increases.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the large empty area where the old airport once was, the world's largest urban park, <a href="/wiki/King_Salman_Park" title="King Salman Park">King Salman Park</a> is being constructed, with leisure, residential, office, hospitality, and retail spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical city of <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, now encompassed by Riyadh, has been restored and developed into a cultural and tourist destination. Many roads and streets, such as the Olaya street and the Imam Saud road, are being refurbished. </p><p>Fewer malls are opening and <a href="/wiki/Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">squares</a> (or plazas) are taking over in popularity, the most popular having been the Riyadh Boulevard on the Prince Turki Al Awwal Road. A new downtown called 'New Murabba' at the intersection of the King Salman and King Khaled roads is planned. </p><p>New fully residential suburbs, unlike regular neighborhoods that have storefront-lined main streets, are under construction in the far north and far east of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riyadh has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a> <i>BWh</i>), with long, extremely hot summers and short, very mild winters. The average high temperature in July is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F). If not for its elevation Riyadh would experience an even hotter climate. The city experiences very little precipitation, especially during the summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April. It is also known to have <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under 10 m (33 ft). On 1 and 2 April 2015, a massive dust storm hit Riyadh, causing the suspension of classes in many schools in the area and the cancellation of hundreds of flights, both domestic and international. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Riyadh Old (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #CD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.1<br />(113.2) </td> <td style="background: #B00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.2<br />(117.0) </td> <td style="background: #A40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.1<br />(118.6) </td> <td style="background: #A80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.8<br />(118.0) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(113.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #A40000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.1<br />(118.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #EE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7<br />(108.9) </td> <td style="background: #E40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.4<br />(110.1) </td> <td style="background: #E20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.6<br />(110.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3<br />(31.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(0.61) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(0.24) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(0.83) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(0.96) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(0.21) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(0.45) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(0.58) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99.9<br />(3.93) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(34) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(32) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212.4 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.8 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242.3 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">287.7 </td> <td style="background: #F7F720; color:#000000;" class="notheme">328.2 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">332.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">309.2 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">271.6 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">311.4 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.2 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">214.3 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,224.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF8C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<sup id="cite_ref-JRCC_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRCC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Riyadh New (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3<br />(100.9) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(114.8) </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5<br />(117.5) </td> <td style="background: #9F0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.4<br />(119.1) </td> <td style="background: #9A0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.8<br />(119.8) </td> <td style="background: #B50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.8<br />(116.2) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(108.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #9A0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.8<br />(119.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7<br />(69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8<br />(109.0) </td> <td style="background: #DD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.9<br />(111.0) </td> <td style="background: #DF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.8<br />(110.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(105.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(0.58) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(0.33) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(0.78) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(0.93) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(0.22) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(0.06) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(0.79) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(0.53) </td> <td style="background: #F1FFF1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">107.6<br />(4.24) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Pogodaiklimat.ru (extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-Pogoda_i_Klimat_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogoda_i_Klimat-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_districts">City districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: City districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/220px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/330px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Riyadh_Skyline.jpg/440px-Riyadh_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>Riyadh's skyline in 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dira_Square.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/220px-Dira_Square.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/330px-Dira_Square.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dira_Square.JPG/440px-Dira_Square.JPG 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Turki_bin_Abdullah_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque">Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Riyadh is divided into fourteen branch municipalities,<sup id="cite_ref-a_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter. Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amounting to over 130 in total, though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality. The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, <a href="/wiki/Irqah" title="Irqah">Irqah</a>, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, and Al-Shimal ("the North"). <a href="/wiki/Olaya_(Riyadh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaya (Riyadh)">Olaya District</a> is the commercial heart of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with accommodation, entertainment, dining and shopping options. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Centre" title="Kingdom Centre">Kingdom Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Faisaliyah_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Faisaliyah Center">Al Faisalyah</a>, and Al-Tahlya Street are the area's most prominent landmarks. The center of the city, <a href="/wiki/Al-Bathaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bathaa">Al-Bathaa</a> and Al-Deerah, is also its oldest part. </p><p>Some of the main districts of Riyadh are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Batha,_Riyadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Batha, Riyadh">Al-Bat'ha</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-alriyadh.gov.sa_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alriyadh.gov.sa-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Deerah (old Riyadh)</li> <li>Mi'kal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfuha" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfuha">Manfuha</a></li> <li>Manfuha Al-Jadidah (منفوحة الجديدة – "new Manfuha")</li> <li>Al-'Oud</li> <li>Al-Mansorah</li> <li>Al-Margab</li> <li>Salam</li> <li>Jabrah</li> <li>Al-Yamamah</li> <li>'Otayyigah</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Ulaya_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Ulaya Sub-Municipality">Al-'Olayya</a> & Sulaymaniyyah</b><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Olaya_(Riyadh)" title="Al Olaya (Riyadh)">Al-'Olayya</a></li> <li>Al-Sulaymaniyyah</li> <li>Al Izdihar</li> <li>King Fahd District</li> <li>Al-Masif</li> <li>Al-Murooj</li> <li>Al-Mugharrazat</li> <li>Al-Wurood</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Namar_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Namar Sub-Municipality">Nemar</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-alriyadh.gov.sa_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alriyadh.gov.sa-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Nemar</li> <li>Dharat Nemar</li> <li>Tuwaiq</li> <li>Hazm</li> <li>Deerab</li></ul></li> <li><b>Irqah</b><sup id="cite_ref-a_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irqah" title="Irqah">Irqah</a></li> <li>Al-Khozama</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Quarter_(Riyadh)" title="Diplomatic Quarter (Riyadh)">Diplomatic Quarter</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Shumaisi_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Shumaisi Sub-Municipality">Al-Shemaysi</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Shemaysi</li> <li>Eleyshah</li> <li>Al-Badi'ah</li> <li>Syah</li> <li>Al-Nasriyyah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Salim">Umm Sleym</a></li> <li>Al-Ma'athar</li> <li>Umm Al-Hamam (East)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Ma%27dher_Sub-Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ma'dher Sub-Municipality">Al-Ma'athar</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Olayya</li> <li>Al-Nakheel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a> main campus</li> <li>Umm Al-Hamam (East)</li> <li>Umm Al-Hamam (West)</li> <li>Al-Ma'athar Al-Shimali ("North Ma'athar")</li> <li>Al-Rahmaniyya</li> <li>Al-Muhammadiyya</li> <li>Al-Ra'id</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Hayir_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Hayir Sub-Municipality">Al-Ha'ir</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-a_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-H%CC%A8%C4%81yir" title="Al-H̨āyir">Al-Ha'ir</a></li> <li>Al-Ghannamiyyah</li> <li>Uraydh</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Aziziya_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Aziziya Sub-Municipality">Al-'Aziziyyah</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Aziziyah_(Riyadh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Aziziyah (Riyadh)">Al Aziziyah (Riyadh)</a></li> <li>Ad Dar Al Baida</li> <li>Taybah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mansurah_(Riyadh)" title="Al Mansurah (Riyadh)">Al Mansouriyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Malaz_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Malaz Sub-Municipality">Al-Malaz</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Malazz_(Riyadh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Malazz (Riyadh)">Al-Malaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Rabwah_(Riyadh)" title="Al Rabwah (Riyadh)">Al-Rabwah</a></li> <li>Al-Rayyan</li> <li>Jarir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Murabba" title="Al Murabba">Al-Murabba'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaiyah_Qadeem_(Riyadh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaiyah Qadeem (Riyadh)">Sinaiyah Qadeem</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Shifa_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Shifa Sub-Municipality">Al-Shifa</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Masani'</li> <li>Al-Shifa</li> <li>Al-Mansuriyya</li> <li>Al-Marwah</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Urayja_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Urayja Sub-Municipality">Al-Urayja</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Urayja</li> <li>Al-Urayja Al-Wusta ("Mid-Urayja")</li> <li>Al-Urayja (West)</li> <li>Shubra</li> <li>Dharat Laban</li> <li>Hijrat Laban</li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwaidi_(Riyadh)" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Suwaidi (Riyadh)">As-Suwaidi</a></li> <li>As-Suwaidi (West)</li> <li>Dahrat Al-Badi'ah</li> <li>Sultanah</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Shemal_Sub-Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Shemal Sub-Municipality">Al-Shemal</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Malga</li> <li>Al-Sahafa</li> <li>Hittin</li> <li>Al-Wadi</li> <li>Al-Ghadir</li> <li>Al-Nafil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Saud_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Saud University">Imam Muhammad ibn Saud University</a> main campus</li> <li>Al-Qayrawan</li> <li>Al-Aqiq</li> <li>Al-Arid</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Naseem_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Naseem Sub-Municipality">Al-Naseem</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Naseem (East)</li> <li>Al-Naseem (West)</li> <li>As-Salam</li> <li>Al-Manar</li> <li>Al-Rimayah</li> <li>Al-Nadheem</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Rawdah_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Rawdah Sub-Municipality">Al-Rawdhah</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-a_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Rawdhah</li> <li>Al-Qadisiyah</li> <li>Al-M'aizliyyah</li> <li>Al-Nahdhah</li> <li>Gharnatah (Granada)</li> <li>Qortubah (Cordoba)</li> <li>Al-Andalus (Andalusia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hamra_(Riyadh)" title="Al Hamra (Riyadh)">Al-Hamra</a></li> <li>Al-Qouds</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Al_Sulay_Sub-Municipality" title="Al Sulay Sub-Municipality">Al-Selayy</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Al-Selayy</li> <li>Ad Difa'</li> <li>Al Iskan</li> <li>Khashm Al-'Aan</li> <li>Al-Sa'adah</li> <li>Al-Fayha</li> <li>Al-Manakh</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Financial_District" title="King Abdullah Financial District">King Abdullah Financial District</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a></b> (suburb of Riyadh)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyadh_population_pyramid_in_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Riyadh_population_pyramid_in_2010.svg/220px-Riyadh_population_pyramid_in_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Riyadh_population_pyramid_in_2010.svg/330px-Riyadh_population_pyramid_in_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Riyadh_population_pyramid_in_2010.svg/440px-Riyadh_population_pyramid_in_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2693" data-file-height="2057" /></a><figcaption>Riyadh population pyramid in 2010</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1918 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1924 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.89%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1944 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1952 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">80,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.05%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">150,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+8.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1972 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.55%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1978 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">760,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1987 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,389,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.93%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1992 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,834,986</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1997 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2004 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,138,329</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.21%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2009 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,873,723</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.33%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,792,776</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.38%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2013 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,899,528</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2016 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,506,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.32%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,676,654</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.98%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data,<sup id="cite_ref-GASTAT_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GASTAT-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="further citation needed for other years (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, the city had over 7 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had a population of 40,000 inhabitants in 1935 and 83,000 in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsheshtawy2008122_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsheshtawy2008122-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has experienced very high rates of population growth, from 150,000 inhabitants in the 1960s to over seven million, according to the most recent sources. As of 2017, the population of Riyadh is composed of 64.19% Saudis, while non-Saudis account for 35.81% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in Saudi Arabia">Indians</a> are the largest minority population at 13.7%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia">Pakistanis</a> at 12.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population is so high due to the doubled birth rates and the high economic growth. There was also an influx of immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks_and_architecture">Landmarks and architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Landmarks and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vernacular_architecture_of_Old_Riyadh">Vernacular architecture of Old Riyadh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vernacular architecture of Old Riyadh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The old town of Riyadh within the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyadh city wall">city walls</a> did not exceed an area of 1 km<sup>2</sup>, and therefore very few significant architectural remnants of the original walled oasis town of Riyadh exist today. The most prominent is the <a href="/wiki/Masmak_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Masmak fort">Masmak fort</a> and some parts of the original wall structure with its gate which have been restored and reconstructed. There are also a number of traditional mud-brick houses within these old limits, but they are for the most part dilapidated. </p><p>Expansion outside the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyadh city wall">city walls</a> was slow to begin with, although there were some smaller oases and settlements surrounding Riyadh. The first major construction beyond the walls was King Abdulaziz's <a href="/wiki/Murabba_Palace" title="Murabba Palace">Murabba Palace</a>. It was constructed in 1936, completed in 1938, and a household of 800 people moved into it in 1938. The palace is now part of a bigger complex called <a href="/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_Historical_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdul Aziz Historical Centre">The King Abdulaziz Historical Centre</a>. </p><p>There are other traditional villages and towns in the area around traditional Riyadh which the <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> reached and encompasses. These include <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, Manfuha and Wadi Laban. Unlike in the early days of development in Riyadh during which vernacular structures were razed to the ground without consideration, there is a new-found appreciation for traditional architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Commission_for_Tourism_and_National_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage">Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage</a> is making efforts to revitalize the historic architecture in Riyadh and other parts of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Ain Heet Cave</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Ein_Heet_Cave" title="Ein Heet Cave">Ain Heet cave</a> has an underground lake (150 meters deep) situated at the face of Mount Al Jubayl in Wadi As Sulay in a small village called Heet in Riyadh. Between Riyadh and Al Kharj road, it is one of the easily accessible caves in the area of Riyadh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archeological_sites">Archeological sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Archeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murabba_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Murabba_Palace.jpg/267px-Murabba_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Murabba_Palace.jpg/401px-Murabba_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Murabba_Palace.jpg/534px-Murabba_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A courtyard in the Murabba Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>The archeological sites at Riyadh which are of historical importance, in which the Municipality of Riyadh is involved, are the five old gates on the old walls of Riyadh. These are the eastern gate of Thumaira, the northern gate of Al-Suwailen, the southern gate of Dukhna, the western gate of Al-Madhbah, and the south-western gate of Shumaisi. There are also four historic palaces: <a href="/wiki/Masmak_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Masmak Castle">Musmak Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murabba_Palace" title="Murabba Palace">Murabba Palace</a> (palace of King Abdul Aziz), Atiqah Palace (belongs to Prince <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdul-Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Abdul-Rahman">Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman</a>) and Al Shamsiah Palace (belongs to <a href="/wiki/Saud_Al_Kabeer_bin_Abdulaziz_bin_Saud_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Saud Al Kabeer bin Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Faisal Al Saud">Saud Al Kabeer</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarsy199022_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarsy199022-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turaif_district">Turaif district</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Turaif district"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Turaif_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Turaif District">Al-Turaif District</a></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Turaif_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Turaif district">Turaif district</a>, is another important archeological site inscribed in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage List">UNESCO World Heritage List</a> on 31 July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded in the 15th century bearing an architectural style of Najdi.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some Historic palaces and monuments in Al-Turaif district include: Salwa Palace, Saad bin Saud Palace, The Guest House and At-Turaif Bath House, and Imam Mohammad bin Saud Mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masmak_Fort_(12753717253).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/267px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/401px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg/534px-Masmak_Fort_%2812753717253%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Masmak Fortress in 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masmak_Fortress">Masmak Fortress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Masmak Fortress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masmak_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Masmak fort">Masmak fort</a></div> <p>This fortress was built around 1865 under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abdullah_ibn_Rasheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed ibn Abdullah ibn Rasheed">Mohammed ibn Abdullah ibn Rasheed</a> (1289-1315 AH), the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ha%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'il">Ha'il</a> to the north, who had wrested control of the city from the rival clan of <a href="/wiki/Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Saud">Al Saud</a>. In January 1902 <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>, who was at the time living in exile in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, succeeded in capturing the Masmak fortress from its Rashid garrison. The event, which restored Saudi control over Riyadh, has acquired an almost mythical status in the history of Saudi Arabia. The story of the event is often retold and has as its central theme the heroism and bravery of King Abdulaziz al-Saud. The Masmak Fortress is now a museum and is in close proximity to the Clock Tower Square, also known to English-speaking residents as <a href="/wiki/Chop_Chop_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Chop Chop Square">Chop Chop Square</a>, referring to the capital punishment that takes place there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_architecture">Contemporary architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contemporary architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_Centre">Kingdom Centre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kingdom Centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Centre" title="Kingdom Centre">Kingdom Centre</a></div> <p>Designed by the team of <a href="/wiki/Ellerbe_Becket" title="Ellerbe Becket">Ellerbe Becket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omrania_and_Associates" title="Omrania and Associates">Omrania</a>, the tower is built on 94,230 square meters of land. The Kingdom Centre is owned by a group of companies including <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Holding_Company" title="Kingdom Holding Company">Kingdom Holding Company</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Waleed_bin_Talal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Waleed bin Talal">Al-Waleed bin Talal</a>, a prince of the Saudi royal family, and is the headquarters of the holding company. The project cost 2 billion Saudi Arabian Riyals and the contract was undertaken by El-Seif. The Kingdom Centre is the winner of the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Emporis_Skyscraper_Award" title="Emporis Skyscraper Award">Emporis Skyscraper Award</a>, selected as the "best new skyscraper of the year for design and functionality". A three-level shopping center, which also won a major design award, fills the east wing. The large opening is illuminated at night in continuously changing colors. The shopping center has a separate floor for women only to shop where men are not allowed to enter. </p><p>The Kingdom Tower has 99 stories and is the fifth tallest structure in the country, rising to 300 m. A special aspect of the tower is that it is divided into two parts in the last one-third of its height and is linked by a sky-bridge walkway, which provides extensive views of Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan201198_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan201198-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burj_Rafal_Hotel_Kempinski">Burj Rafal Hotel Kempinski</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Burj Rafal Hotel Kempinski"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burj_Rafal" title="Burj Rafal">Burj Rafal</a></div> <p>Burj Rafal, located on King Fahd Road, is the tallest skyscraper in Riyadh at 307.9 meters (1,010 feet) tall. The tower was designed and engineered by P & T Group. Construction began in 2010 and was completed in 2014. The project was considered a success, with 70% of the residential units already sold by the time the skyscraper was topped out. The tower contains 474 residential condominium units and a 349-room 5-star Kempinski hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burj_Al_Faisaliyah">Burj Al Faisaliyah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Burj Al Faisaliyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al_Faisaliyah_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Faisaliyah Center">Al Faisaliyah Center</a></div> <p>Al Faisaliyah Centre (Arabic: برج الفيصلية) is the first skyscraper constructed in Saudi Arabia and is the third tallest building in Riyadh after the Burj Rafal and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Centre" title="Kingdom Centre">Kingdom Centre</a>. The golden ball that lies atop the tower is said to be inspired by a ballpoint pen, and contains a restaurant; immediately below this is an outside viewing deck. There is a shopping center with major world brands at ground level. Al Faisaliyah Centre also has a hotel on both sides of the tower while the main building is occupied by office. The Al Faisaliyah Tower has 44 stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan201198_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan201198-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Foster_and_Partners" title="Foster and Partners">Foster and Partners</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riyadh_TV_Tower">Riyadh TV Tower</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Riyadh TV Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_TV_Tower" title="Riyadh TV Tower">Riyadh TV Tower</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg/190px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg/285px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg/380px-Pergamon-Museum_-_Anthropomorphe_Stele_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Anthropomorphic stela from the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National Museum of Saudi Arabia">National Museum of Saudi Arabia</a>, Riyadh</figcaption></figure> <p>The Riyadh TV Tower is a 170 meter high television tower located inside the premises of the Saudi Ministry of Information. It is a vertical cantilever structure which was built between 1978 and 1981. The first movie made in 1983 by the TV tower group and named "1,000 Nights and Night" had Mohammed Abdu and Talal Mmdah as the main characters. At that time, there were no women on TV because of religious restrictions. Three years later, Abdul Khaliq Al-Ghanim produced a TV series called "Tash Ma Tash," which earned a good reaction from audiences in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>. This series created a media revolution back in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_collections">Museums and collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Museums and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Riyadh" title="Museums in Riyadh">Museums in Riyadh</a></div> <p>In 1999, a new central museum was built in Riyadh, at the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_Historical_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdul Aziz Historical Centre">King Abdul Aziz Historical Centre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National Museum of Saudi Arabia">National Museum of Saudi Arabia</a> combined several collections and pieces that had up until then been scattered over several institutions and other places in Riyadh and the Kingdom. For example, the meteorite fragment is known as the "Camel's Hump", recovered in 1966 from the <a href="/wiki/Wabar_craters" title="Wabar craters">Wabar site</a>, that was on display at the <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a> in Riyadh became the new entry piece of the National Museum of Saudi Arabia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force_Museum" title="Royal Saudi Air Force Museum">Royal Saudi Air Force Museum</a>, or Saqr Al-Jazira, is located on the East Ring Road of Riyadh between exits 10 and 11. It contains a collection of aircraft and aviation-related items used by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia">Saudia</a> (Saudi Arabian Airlines). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_King_Fahd_International_Stadium_(66723825).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_King_Fahd_International_Stadium_%2866723825%29.jpeg/220px-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_King_Fahd_International_Stadium_%2866723825%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_King_Fahd_International_Stadium_%2866723825%29.jpeg/330px-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_King_Fahd_International_Stadium_%2866723825%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_King_Fahd_International_Stadium_%2866723825%29.jpeg/440px-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_King_Fahd_International_Stadium_%2866723825%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Sports_City" title="King Fahd Sports City">King Fahd Sports City</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Saudi Arabia. The city hosts four major football clubs, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hilal_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hilal FC">Al-Hilal</a> was established in 1957 and has won 19 championships in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Pro_League" title="Saudi Pro League">Saudi Pro League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nassr" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nassr">Al-Nassr</a> club is another team in the top league that has many supporters around the kingdom. It was established in 1955, and has been named champion of the Saudi professional League 9<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> times.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another well-known club, <a href="/wiki/Al_Shabab_FC_(Riyadh)" title="Al Shabab FC (Riyadh)">Al-Shabab</a>, was established in 1947 and holds 6 championships. There is also <a href="/wiki/Al-Riyadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Riyadh">Al-Riyadh</a> Club, which was established in 1954, as well as many other minor clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ri_sports_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ri_sports-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city also has several large stadiums such as <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Sports_City" title="King Fahd Sports City">King Fahd Sports City Stadium</a> with a seating capacity of 70,200.<sup id="cite_ref-Ri_sports_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ri_sports-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stadium hosted the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="FIFA Confederations Cup">FIFA Confederations Cup</a> three times, in the years <a href="/wiki/1992_King_Fahd_Cup" title="1992 King Fahd Cup">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1995_King_Fahd_Cup" title="1995 King Fahd Cup">1995</a> and <a href="/wiki/1997_FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="1997 FIFA Confederations Cup">1997</a>. It also hosted the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_U-20_World_Cup" title="FIFA U-20 World Cup">FIFA U-20 World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1989_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship" title="1989 FIFA World Youth Championship">1989</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ri_sports_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ri_sports-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Faisal_bin_Fahd_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium">Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium</a> (Al-Malaz Stadium) that is used mostly for <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">football</a> matches. The stadium has a capacity of 22,500 people. </p><p>The city's <a href="/wiki/GPYW_Indoor_Stadium" title="GPYW Indoor Stadium">GPYW Indoor Stadium</a> served as host arena for the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Asian Basketball Championship">1997 Asian Basketball Championship</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%27s_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabia's national basketball team">Saudi Arabia's national basketball team</a> reached the <i>Final Four</i>. </p><p>On 29 February 2020, the world's richest thoroughbred horse race took place at the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_Racetrack" title="King Abdulaziz Racetrack">King Abdulaziz Racetrack</a> in Riyadh. The Saudi Cup is a new race for thoroughbreds aged four and up, to be run at weight-for-age terms over 1800m (9f). The prize money is US$20m with a prize of US$10m to the winner and prize money down to tenth place. The Saudi Cup is perfectly positioned between the Pegasus World Cup and the Dubai World Cup to attract the best horses from around the world to compete for horse racing's richest prize. Putting the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the international horseracing map, the Saudi Cup will also hold an undercard of international races on both dirt and the new turf course. </p><p>On 26 April 2020, Saudi Arabia entered the bidding process for the 2030 Asian Games; their main rival for this event was <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. On 16 December 2020, it was announced that Riyadh will host the <a href="/wiki/2034_Asian_Games" title="2034 Asian Games">2034 Asian Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">Esports</a> in Riyadh began its journey with the city's first major tournament, the GSA E-Sports Cup, in 2018. The Saudi Esports Federation further boosted this growth by organizing the Gamers8 festival in 2022 and 2023. The 2023 edition of the festival offered the largest prize pool in the history of global competitive esports at the time, totaling $45 million. As part of the Gamers8 festival, the Riyadh Masters, a <a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a> tournament, boasted a significant prize pool of $15 million, surpassed only by the Fortnite World Cup Finals and <a href="/wiki/The_International_(esports)" title="The International (esports)">The International</a> in the history of esports tournaments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gamers8 would be replaced by the Esports World Cup in <a href="/wiki/2024_Esports_World_Cup" title="2024 Esports World Cup">2024</a>, which boasts a total prize pool of over $60 million, which will be the largest prize pool in the history of global competitive esports, split among at least 20 different tournaments and a Club Championship for esports organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-EWC1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWC1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EWC2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWC2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SV_ERJ-170_at_RUH_(3004177752).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/SV_ERJ-170_at_RUH_%283004177752%29.jpg/220px-SV_ERJ-170_at_RUH_%283004177752%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/SV_ERJ-170_at_RUH_%283004177752%29.jpg/330px-SV_ERJ-170_at_RUH_%283004177752%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/SV_ERJ-170_at_RUH_%283004177752%29.jpg/440px-SV_ERJ-170_at_RUH_%283004177752%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport" title="King Khalid International Airport">King Khalid International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Riyadh's <a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport" title="King Khalid International Airport">King Khalid International Airport</a> (KKIA) is located 35 kilometers north of the city center. It is the city's main airport, and served over 20 million passengers in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-AN_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport will be <a href="/wiki/King_Salman_International_Airport" title="King Salman International Airport">expanded into a huge airport</a>, with six parallel runways and three or four large passenger terminals by 2030. It will be able to serve 120 million passengers per year after 2030, and 185 million passengers per year by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alarabiya_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alarabiya-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The metro system will be integrated with an 85 kilometers (53 mi), three-line bus rapid transit (BRT) network.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main charter bus company in the kingdom, known as the Saudi Public Transport Company (SAPTCO), offers trips both within the kingdom and to its neighboring countries, including Egypt (via ferries from <a href="/wiki/Safaga" title="Safaga">Safaga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuweiba" title="Nuweiba">Nuweiba</a>) and Arab states of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Metro" title="Riyadh Metro">Riyadh Metro</a>, part of the King Abdulaziz Public Transport Project, is the world's longest driverless <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rgi20120803_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgi20120803-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_Railways" title="Saudi Arabia Railways">Saudi Arabia Railways</a> operates two separate passenger and cargo lines between Riyadh and <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a>, passing through <a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haradh" title="Haradh">Haradh</a>. Two future railway projects, connecting Riyadh with <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in the western region, and connecting Riyadh with <a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ha%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'il">Ha'il</a> and Northern Saudi Arabia are underway.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riyadh_aerial_highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Riyadh_aerial_highway.jpg/220px-Riyadh_aerial_highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Riyadh_aerial_highway.jpg/330px-Riyadh_aerial_highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Riyadh_aerial_highway.jpg/440px-Riyadh_aerial_highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Highways intersecting in Riyadh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAFD_20230411_114620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/KAFD_20230411_114620.jpg/220px-KAFD_20230411_114620.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/KAFD_20230411_114620.jpg/330px-KAFD_20230411_114620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/KAFD_20230411_114620.jpg/440px-KAFD_20230411_114620.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>King Fahd Road is one of the main transport axes in Riyadh and a key link between south and north of the city</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is served by a major highway system. The main Eastern Ring Road connects the city's south and north, while the Northern Ring Road connects the city's east and west. King Fahd Road runs through the center of the city from north to south,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam200481_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam200481-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in parallel with the East Ring Road. Makkah Road, which runs east–west across the city's center, connects eastern parts of the city with the city's main business district and the diplomatic quarters. </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-65.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-65.svg/20px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-65.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-65.svg/30px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-65.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-65.svg/40px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-65.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="677" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Highway_65_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Highway 65 (Saudi Arabia)">Highway 65</a> runs north-south along <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil" title="Ḥaʼil">Ha'il</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a>, through Riyadh, to <a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">Al-Kharj</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-40.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-40.svg/20px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-40.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-40.svg/30px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-40.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-40.svg/40px-Saudi_Arabia_-_Highway-40.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="677" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Highway_40_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Highway 40 (Saudi Arabia)">Highway 40</a> runs east-west from <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a> through Riyadh.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 170 m (560 ft) <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_TV_Tower" title="Riyadh TV Tower">Riyadh TV Tower</a>, operated by the Ministry of Information, was built between 1978 and 1981. National Saudi television channels Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_TV_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi TV Sports">Saudi TV Sports</a>, Al-Ekhbariya, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Radio_and_Television_Network" title="Arab Radio and Television Network">ART channels network</a> operate from here.<sup id="cite_ref-Ri_media_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ri_media-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Television broadcasts are mainly in Arabic, although some radio broadcasts are in English or French. Arabic is the main language used in television and radio but radio broadcasts are also made in different languages such as Urdu, French, or English. Riyadh has four Arabic newspapers; <i><a href="/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat" title="Asharq Al-Awsat">Asharq Al-Awsat</a></i> (which is owned by the city governor), <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Riyadh_(newspaper)" title="Al Riyadh (newspaper)">Al Riyadh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazirah_(newspaper)" title="Al Jazirah (newspaper)">Al Jazirah</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Watan_(Saudi_Arabia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Watan (Saudi Arabia)">Al-Watan</a></i>, two English language newspapers; <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Gazette" title="Saudi Gazette">Saudi Gazette</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a></i>, and one Malayalam language newspaper, <i>Gulf Madhyamam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ri_media_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ri_media-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saudi government monitors and filters internet content. Political dissent is not tolerated in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has had strict regulations on cinema and the arts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_projects">Development projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Development projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Sea_Global_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Red_Sea_Global_HQ.jpg/220px-Red_Sea_Global_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Red_Sea_Global_HQ.jpg/330px-Red_Sea_Global_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Red_Sea_Global_HQ.jpg/440px-Red_Sea_Global_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digital_City_(Riyadh)" title="Digital City (Riyadh)">Digital City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, King Salman launched a plan to implement 1281<sup id="cite_ref-english.alarabiya.net_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> development projects in Riyadh. The project is planned to cost around US$22 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-arabnews.com_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabnews.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main goal of the plan is to improve the infrastructure, transportation, environment and other facilities in Riyadh and the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-arabnews.com_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabnews.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the framework of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030" title="Saudi Vision 2030">Saudi Vision 2030</a>, the plan will take care of constructing 15 housing projects, building a huge museum, establishing an environmental project, sports areas, medical cities, educational facilities, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-arabnews.com_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabnews.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the establishment of 14 electricity projects,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 sewage projects, 10 housing areas, 66 trading and industrial areas, a number of lakes covering 315,000 square meters, and advanced sports cities.<sup id="cite_ref-english.alarabiya.net_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.alarabiya.net-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the announcement of the Vision, Riyadh has implemented various reforms to lay the foundation for the next steps of the Vision.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the states goals of Vision 2030 are that it will promote tourism, and help push Saudi Arabia to the <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">global front</a>. </p><p>Alongside the development project and with the aim of enhancing the artistic landscape of the city, 1000 pieces of art are planned to be publicly displayed in the city by the end of 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the framework of Riyadh's development projects, an amount of SR 604 million has been awarded to develop and construct roads of Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 July 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a></i> reported that Saudi Arabia has allocated $20 billion on the mega-project of tourism and culture in Riyadh, branded as <a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a>, while facing a double economic crisis after rise in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">coronavirus</a> cases.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Investment and the Royal Commission for Riyadh City (RCRC) announced on 13 July 2021 that they have partnered with <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituci%C3%B3n_Educativa_SEK" class="extiw" title="es:Institución Educativa SEK">SEK Education Group</a> to open SEK International School Riyadh, its first campus in Saudi Arabia. The new international school will welcome students from Pre-K (age 3 years) to Grade 12 (age 17/18 years), and will become one of the few schools in Riyadh accredited to offer the International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP), Middle Years Programme (MYP), and Diploma Programme (DP). </p><p>In July 2024 the plan to create the Sports Boulevard which will include the world's tallest sports tower was approved. This is part of a $23 billion project meant to enlarge green spaces within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arts can create a big change in societies and Riyadh is no different. There are many Muslim Scholars who have made great improvements to the arts and literature that were from Saudi Arabia. The development of agriculture is said to have pushed the wave of the arts into Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One art form that is focused on is Calligraphy as it is associated with the Quran. There is also a history of folk music and folk dancing rituals that are performed in festivals. Poem readings are also very prominent in the culture as there is a poem for almost every event (weddings, funerals, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literacy_rate">Literacy rate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Literacy rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literacy rate in 2020 was 99.36% and in 2021 it was 99.38%. The literacy rate in Saudi Arabia has improved from 2010 when it was 98.10%. <sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_and_festivals">Events and festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Events and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jenadriyah">Jenadriyah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Jenadriyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jenadriyah" title="Jenadriyah">Jenadriyah</a> is an annual festival that has been held in Riyadh. It includes a number of cultural and traditional events, such as camel race, poetry reading and others.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riyadh_International_Book_Fair">Riyadh International Book Fair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Riyadh International Book Fair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_International_Book_Fair" title="Riyadh International Book Fair">Riyadh International Book Fair</a> is one of the largest book fairs in the middle east. It is usually held between March and April and it hosts a wide range of Saudi, Arab and international publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riyadh_Season">Riyadh Season</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Riyadh Season"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Season" title="Riyadh Season">Riyadh Season</a> was held as part of an initiative to promote tourism. The season took place from October to December 2019. It included a wide range of sports, musical, theatrical, fashion shows, circus, and various other entertainment activities.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm">"Elevation Finder"</a>. <i>www.freemaptools.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+%26+Weather+Averages+in+Riyadh%2C+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Time+and+Date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fweather%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Friyadh%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/RiyadhNew_40437.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Riyadh Old"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NCEI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEI">National centers for Environmental Information</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020%3A+Riyadh+Old&rft.pub=National+centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F4.4%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSaudiArabia%2FCSV%2FRiyadhNew_40437.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pogoda_i_Klimat-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pogoda_i_Klimat_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4/40437.htm">"Climate Riyadh"</a>. <i>Pogoda.ru.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828041104/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4/47058.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pogoda.ru.net&rft.atitle=Climate+Riyadh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate4%2F40437.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/en/riyadh/riyadhmunic/Pages/home.aspx">"Interactive Map of Riyadh's branch municipalities"</a> (in Arabic). Riyadh Municipal Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Map+of+Riyadh%27s+branch+municipalities&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Fen%2Friyadh%2Friyadhmunic%2FPages%2Fhome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-NHAAAAYAAJ"><i>MEED</i></a>. Economic East Economic Digest, Limited. 2004. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MEED&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Economic+East+Economic+Digest%2C+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-NHAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alriyadh.gov.sa-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alriyadh.gov.sa_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alriyadh.gov.sa_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219015542/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1093">"Al-Bat'ha"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1093">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Bat%27ha&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D1093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317194741/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=303">"Nemar"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=303">the original</a> on 17 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nemar&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/page.aspx?Type=8&PageObjectId=275">"Al-Shemaysi"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Shemaysi&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2Fpage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26PageObjectId%3D275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219015720/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=305">"Al-Ma'athar"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=305">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Ma%27athar&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219015740/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=766">"Al-Aziziyya"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=766">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Aziziyya&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219015714/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=304">"Al-Malaz"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=304">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Malaz&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219015529/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1088">"Al-Shifa"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1088">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Shifa&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D1088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1314">"Al-'Urayja"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-%27Urayja&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D1314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219015557/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1099">"Al-Shemal"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1099">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Shemal&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D1099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517013323/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1080">"Al-Naseem"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=1080">the original</a> on 17 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Naseem&rft.pub=Riyadh+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alriyadh.gov.sa%2Famanat%2Fweb%2Fpages%2FPage.aspx%3FType%3D8%26pageobjectid%3D1080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219015656/http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=265">"Al-Selayy"</a>. Riyadh Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/amanat/web/pages/Page.aspx?Type=8&pageobjectid=265">the original</a> on 19 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Fiscal+Crisis+Won%27t+Slow+%2420+Billion+Project&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-07-03%2Fsaudi-arabia-s-fiscal-crisis-won-t-slow-20-billion-megaproject&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/riyadh-to-design-tallest-sports-tower-1.1720698282566">"Riyadh to design tallest sports tower"</a>. <i>gulfnews.com</i>. 11 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Riyadh+to+design+tallest+sports+tower&rft.date=2024-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmarkets%2Friyadh-to-design-tallest-sports-tower-1.1720698282566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/history">"History | the Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%26%23124%3B+the+Embassy+of+the+Kingdom+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiembassy.net%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/macroeconomic/literacy-rate-in-saudi-arabia/#:~:text=Literacy%20Rate%20in%20Saudi%20Arabia%20Overview&text=The%20literacy%20rate%20reached%2099.38,decreased%20by%200.02%25%20in%202021.">https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/macroeconomic/literacy-rate-in-saudi-arabia/#:~:text=Literacy%20Rate%20in%20Saudi%20Arabia%20Overview&text=The%20literacy%20rate%20reached%2099.38,decreased%20by%200.02%25%20in%202021.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaldata.com%2Fdata-insights%2Fmacroeconomic%2Fliteracy-rate-in-saudi-arabia%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DLiteracy%2520Rate%2520in%2520Saudi%2520Arabia%2520Overview%26text%3DThe%2520literacy%2520rate%2520reached%252099.38%2Cdecreased%2520by%25200.02%2525%2520in%25202021.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2017/02/10/Jenadriyah-festival-showcases-best-of-Arab-heritage-culture.html">"Jenadriyah festival showcases best of Arab heritage, culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a></i>. 10 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=Jenadriyah+festival+showcases+best+of+Arab+heritage%2C+culture&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fviews%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2017%2F02%2F10%2FJenadriyah-festival-showcases-best-of-Arab-heritage-culture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717152915/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1628856/riyadh-international-book-fair-2019-feature-over-900-publishing-houses">"Riyadh International Book Fair 2019 to Feature over 900 Publishing Houses"</a>. <i>Asharq AL-awsat</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1628856/riyadh-international-book-fair-2019-feature-over-900-publishing-houses">the original</a> on 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asharq+AL-awsat&rft.atitle=Riyadh+International+Book+Fair+2019+to+Feature+over+900+Publishing+Houses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faawsat.com%2Fenglish%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F1628856%2Friyadh-international-book-fair-2019-feature-over-900-publishing-houses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/571736/SAUDI-ARABIA/Riyadh-Season-kicks-off-on-Oct-11">"Riyadh Season kicks off on Oct. 11"</a>. <i>Saudigazette</i>. 13 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudigazette&rft.atitle=Riyadh+Season+kicks+off+on+Oct.+11&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaudigazette.com.sa%2Farticle%2F571736%2FSAUDI-ARABIA%2FRiyadh-Season-kicks-off-on-Oct-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112194248/https://saudiseasons.com/riyadh-season">"Riyadh Season"</a>. <i>Saudi Seasons</i>. 11 July 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saudiseasons.com/riyadh-season">the original</a> on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Seasons&rft.atitle=Riyadh+Season&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaudiseasons.com%2Friyadh-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Riyadh#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Riyadh">Bibliography of the history of Riyadh</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraze2009" class="citation book cs1">Craze, Joshua (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkqzb-k7qGYC&pg=PA41"><i>The Kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the Challenge of the 21st Century</i></a>. Hurst Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-897-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-897-9"><bdi>978-1-85065-897-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom%3A+Saudi+Arabia+and+the+Challenge+of+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-897-9&rft.aulast=Craze&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtkqzb-k7qGYC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybriwsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Cybriwsky, Roman A. (23 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258"><i>Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-248-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-248-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+Cities+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-248-9&rft.aulast=Cybriwsky&rft.aufirst=Roman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb6NAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsheshtawy2008" class="citation book cs1">Elsheshtawy, Yasser (27 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8Zz-2AtuIwC&pg=PA124"><i>The Evolving Arab City: Tradition, Modernity and Urban Development</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12821-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12821-1"><bdi>978-1-134-12821-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolving+Arab+City%3A+Tradition%2C+Modernity+and+Urban+Development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-05-27&rft.isbn=978-1-134-12821-1&rft.aulast=Elsheshtawy&rft.aufirst=Yasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8Zz-2AtuIwC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFacey1992" class="citation book cs1">Facey, William (1 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dITBAAAAIAAJ"><i>Riyadh, the Old City: From Its Origins Until the 1950s</i></a>. Immel Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907151-32-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907151-32-6"><bdi>978-0-907151-32-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riyadh%2C+the+Old+City%3A+From+Its+Origins+Until+the+1950s&rft.pub=Immel+Publishing&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-907151-32-6&rft.aulast=Facey&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdITBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarsy1990" class="citation book cs1">Farsy, Fouad (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernitytraditi0000fars"><i>Modernity and Tradition: The Saudi Equation</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernitytraditi0000fars/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0395-0"><bdi>978-0-7103-0395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Tradition%3A+The+Saudi+Equation&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0395-0&rft.aulast=Farsy&rft.aufirst=Fouad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernitytraditi0000fars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHam2004" class="citation book cs1">Ham, Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA81"><i>Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-667-1"><bdi>978-1-74059-667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-667-1&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPddTr1X7hEgC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Oteibi1993" class="citation journal cs1">Saud Al-Oteibi; Allen G. Noble; Frank J. Costa (February 1993). "The Impact of Planning on Growth and Development in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1970-1990". <i>GeoJournal</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 163. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993GeoJo..29..163A">1993GeoJo..29..163A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00812813">10.1007/BF00812813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Planning+on+Growth+and+Development+in+Riyadh%2C+Saudi+Arabia%2C+1970-1990&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163&rft.date=1993-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00812813&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993GeoJo..29..163A&rft.au=Saud+Al-Oteibi&rft.au=Allen+G.+Noble&rft.au=Frank+J.+Costa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenoret2014" class="citation book cs1">Menoret, Pascal (2014). <i>Joyriding in Riyadh: Oil, Urbanism and Road Revolt</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyriding+in+Riyadh%3A+Oil%2C+Urbanism+and+Road+Revolt&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Menoret&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2011" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Craig (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6loHxdxxqBEC&pg=PA88"><i>The Travelling Triathlete: A Middle – Aged Man's Journey to Fitness</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-0081-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-0081-9"><bdi>978-1-4670-0081-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travelling+Triathlete%3A+A+Middle+%E2%80%93+Aged+Man%27s+Journey+to+Fitness&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4670-0081-9&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6loHxdxxqBEC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloanAnderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Sloan, Stephen; Anderson, Sean K. (3 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC&pg=PA605"><i>Historical Dictionary of Terrorism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6311-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6311-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6311-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6311-8&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Sean+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaVcG7EkuPgAC%26pg%3DPA605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonbol2012" class="citation book cs1">Sonbol, Amira (29 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2BtIjMscqcC&pg=PT99"><i>Gulf Women</i></a> (English ed.). Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99921-94-84-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99921-94-84-3"><bdi>978-99921-94-84-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulf+Women&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Qatar+Foundation+Publishing&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.isbn=978-99921-94-84-3&rft.aulast=Sonbol&rft.aufirst=Amira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da2BtIjMscqcC%26pg%3DPT99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiyadh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riyadh&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riyadh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riyadh188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riyadh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Riyadh" title="Timeline of Riyadh">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Faisaliyah_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Faisaliyah Center">Al Faisaliyah Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Majdoul_Tower" title="Al Majdoul Tower">Al Majdoul Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burj_Rafal" title="Burj Rafal">Burj Rafal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deera_Square" title="Deera Square">Deera Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_Center" title="Granada Center">Granada Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_International_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd International Stadium">King Fahd International Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Centre" title="Kingdom Centre">Kingdom Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masmak_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Masmak fort">Masmak fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabba_Palace" title="Murabba Palace">Murabba Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National Museum of Saudi Arabia">National Museum of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sand_(Riyadh)" title="Red Sand (Riyadh)">Red Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_TV_Tower" title="Riyadh TV Tower">Riyadh TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAFD_World_Trade_Center" title="KAFD World Trade Center">KAFD World Trade Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfaisal_University" title="Alfaisal University">Alfaisal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Open_University" title="Arab Open University">Arab Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sultan_University" title="Prince Sultan University">Prince Sultan University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Football clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabab_(Saudi_Arabia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shabab (Saudi Arabia)">Al Shabab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nasr">Al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hilal_Riyadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hilal Riyadh">Al-Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Riyadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Riyadh">Al-Riyadh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Metro" title="Riyadh Metro">Riyadh Metro</a> (<span style="background-color:#0354A6; color:white; border:0.1em solid #0354A6;"> <a href="/wiki/Line_1_(Riyadh_Metro)" title="Line 1 (Riyadh Metro)"><span style="color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">1</span></a> </span> <span style="background-color:#DC241F; color:white; border:0.1em solid #DC241F;"> <a href="/wiki/Line_2_(Riyadh_Metro)" title="Line 2 (Riyadh Metro)"><span style="color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">2</span></a> </span> <span style="background-color:#FF9A00; color:white; border:0.1em solid #FF9A00;"> <a href="/wiki/Line_3_(Riyadh_Metro)" title="Line 3 (Riyadh Metro)"><span style="color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">3</span></a> </span> <span style="background-color:#FFD700; color:white; border:0.1em solid #FFD700;"> <a href="/wiki/Line_4_(Riyadh_Metro)" title="Line 4 (Riyadh Metro)"><span style="color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">4</span></a> </span> <span style="background-color:#009530; color:white; border:0.1em solid #009530;"> <a href="/wiki/Line_5_(Riyadh_Metro)" title="Line 5 (Riyadh Metro)"><span style="color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">5</span></a> </span> <span style="background-color:#9016B2; color:white; border:0.1em solid #9016B2;"> <a href="/wiki/Line_6_(Riyadh_Metro)" title="Line 6 (Riyadh Metro)"><span style="color:white; font-weight:bold; font-size:inherit; white-space:nowrap;">6</span></a> </span> • <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Metro#Stations" title="Riyadh Metro">List of stations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport" title="King Khalid International Airport">King Khalid International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_Bus" title="Riyadh Bus">Riyadh Bus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Riyadh" title="Category:Riyadh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Main_Saudi_Arabian_cities_by_population293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_cities" title="Template:Saudi cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_cities" title="Template talk:Saudi cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_Main_Saudi_Arabian_cities_by_population293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Main Saudi Arabian cities</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abha" title="Abha">Abha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dammam" title="Dammam">Dammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofuf" title="Hofuf">Hofuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Mushait" title="Khamis Mushait">Khamis Mushait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Taif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">300,000-999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharj" title="Al-Kharj">Al-Kharj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraidah" title="Buraidah">Buraidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil" title="Ḥaʼil">Ḥaʼil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafar_al-Batin" title="Hafar al-Batin">Hafar al-Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar" title="Khobar">Khobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><300,000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bahah" title="Al Bahah">Al Bahah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Lith" title="Al Lith">Al Lith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Majma%27ah" title="Al Majma'ah">Al Majma'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qunfudhah" title="Al Qunfudhah">Al Qunfudhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Arar, Saudi Arabia">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq" title="Abqaiq">Abqaiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareq" title="Bareq">Bareq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisha" title="Bisha">Bisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duba,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Duba, Saudi Arabia">Duba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakakah" title="Sakakah">Sakakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafji" title="Khafji">Khafji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Tanura" title="Ras Tanura">Ras Tanura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaizah" title="Unaizah">Unaizah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu' al Bahr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/">cdsi.gov.sa</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a><br /></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b> <small>(de facto)</small><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 1998 (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riyadh</a> 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaʽa</a> 2004 (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Arab Capital of Culture">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Arab Capital of Culture">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2009 Arab Capital of Culture">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2010 Arab Capital of Culture">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> 2018 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> 2020 (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template talk:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Host cities of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1951_Asian_Games" title="1951 Asian Games">1951</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1954_Asian_Games" title="1954 Asian Games">1954</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1958_Asian_Games" title="1958 Asian Games">1958</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1966_Asian_Games" title="1966 Asian Games">1966</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_Asian_Games" title="1970 Asian Games">1970</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_Asian_Games" title="1974 Asian Games">1974</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_Asian_Games" title="1978 Asian Games">1978</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1982_Asian_Games" title="1982 Asian Games">1982</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Games" title="1986 Asian Games">1986</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Games" title="1990 Asian Games">1990</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_Asian_Games" title="1994 Asian Games">1994</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2002_Asian_Games" title="2002 Asian Games">2002</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_Asian_Games" title="2006 Asian Games">2006</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_Asian_Games" title="2010 Asian Games">2010</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_Asian_Games" title="2014 Asian Games">2014</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_Asian_Games" title="2018 Asian Games">2018</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Asian_Games" title="2022 Asian Games">2022</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2026_Asian_Games" title="2026 Asian Games">2026</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2030_Asian_Games" title="2030 Asian Games">2030</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2034_Asian_Games" title="2034 Asian Games">2034</a>:</b> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riyadh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Games_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asian Games logo"><img alt="Asian Games logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/70px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/105px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/140px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1986 Asian Winter Games">1986</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1990 Asian Winter Games">1990</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1996 Asian Winter Games">1996</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1999_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1999 Asian Winter Games">1999</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Kangwon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2003_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2003 Asian Winter Games">2003</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture" title="Aomori Prefecture">Aomori</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2007_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2007 Asian Winter Games">2007</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2011_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2011 Asian Winter Games">2011</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2017_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2017 Asian Winter Games">2017</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2025_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2025 Asian Winter Games">2025</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2029_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2029 Asian Winter Games">2029</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Trojena" title="Trojena">Trojena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3692#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1877" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015384-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79151236">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rijád (Saúdská Arábie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge632068&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6073345">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000338793&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx0zzx42x4hmhn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557248505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/fb5b7e24-27c2-4b57-a95b-563eb90c4006">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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