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<span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-X-ray_Telescope_(XRT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray_Telescope_(XRT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>X-ray Telescope (XRT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray_Telescope_(XRT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_Sensitive_Proportional_Counters_(two)_(PSPC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_Sensitive_Proportional_Counters_(two)_(PSPC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Position Sensitive Proportional 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highlights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Highlights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Highlights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Highlights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Highlights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catalogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Catalogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>End of operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle End of operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_cyber-attacks_causing_the_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_cyber-attacks_causing_the_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Allegations of cyber-attacks causing the failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_cyber-attacks_causing_the_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-entry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-entry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Re-entry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-entry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Successor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="روسات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روسات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="روسات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C_ROSAT" title="טלסקופ החלל ROSAT – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלסקופ החלל ROSAT" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ROSAT" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%B4%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="伦琴卫星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦琴卫星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q54284#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Satellite X-ray telescope</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the X-ray telecope ROSAT. For the Roman Catholic bishop, see <a href="/wiki/Adalberto_Arturo_Rosat" title="Adalberto Arturo Rosat">Adalberto Arturo Rosat</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Röntgensatellit</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_6920-10_launch_with_ROSAT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Delta_6920-10_launch_with_ROSAT.jpg/260px-Delta_6920-10_launch_with_ROSAT.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Delta_6920-10_launch_with_ROSAT.jpg/390px-Delta_6920-10_launch_with_ROSAT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Delta_6920-10_launch_with_ROSAT.jpg/520px-Delta_6920-10_launch_with_ROSAT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Launch of the ROSAT in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">ROSAT</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Space Telescope</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a> / <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-049A">1990-049A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54284#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">20638</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlr.de/en/rosat">www<wbr />.dlr<wbr />.de<wbr />/en<wbr />/rosat</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">8 years and 8 months</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,421 kilograms (5,337 lb)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">21:48:00, 1 June 1990 (UTC)<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990-06-01T21:48:00Z</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 6920-10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17">LC-17A</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deactivated</th><td class="infobox-data">12 February 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decay date</th><td class="infobox-data">23:00:00, 23 October 2011 (UTC)<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2011-10-23T23:00:00Z</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">580 km (360 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_catalog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc_catalog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">580 km (360 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">53°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96 min</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1990-06-01</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Main</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wolter_telescope" title="Wolter telescope">Wolter I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">84 centimetres (33 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focal length</th><td class="infobox-data">240 centimetres (94 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wavelengths</th><td class="infobox-data">30-0.06 nm, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Ultraviolet">Extreme Ultraviolet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resolution</th><td class="infobox-data">5 <a href="/wiki/Arc_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc second">arc-s</a> at half energy width<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc_catalog_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc_catalog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Instruments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Position Sensitive Proportional Counter<br />Wide Field Camera<br />High Resolution Imager</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ROSAT</b> (short for <b>Röntgensatellit</b>; in German X-rays are called Röntgenstrahlen, in honour of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">German Aerospace Center</a>-led satellite <a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a>, with instruments built by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was launched on 1 June 1990, on a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>, on what was initially designed as an 18-month mission, with provision for up to five years of operation. ROSAT operated for over eight years, finally shutting down on 12 February 1999. </p><p>In February 2011, it was reported that the 2,400 kg (5,291 lb) satellite was unlikely to burn up entirely while re-entering the Earth's atmosphere due to the large amount of ceramics and glass used in construction. Parts as heavy as 400 kg (882 lb) could impact the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Earth_reentry_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earth_reentry-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ROSAT eventually <a href="/wiki/Re-entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-entry">re-entered</a> the Earth's atmosphere on 23 October 2011 over the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roentgensatellit (ROSAT) was a joint German, U.S. and British X-ray astrophysics project.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA,_ROSAT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA,_ROSAT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ROSAT carried a German-built imaging X-ray Telescope (XRT) with three focal plane instruments: two German Position Sensitive <a href="/wiki/Proportional_counter" title="Proportional counter">Proportional Counters</a> (PSPC) and the US-supplied High Resolution Imager (HRI). The X-ray mirror assembly was a <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)" title="Angle of incidence (optics)">grazing incidence</a> four-fold nested <a href="/wiki/Wolter_telescope" title="Wolter telescope">Wolter I telescope</a> with an 84-cm diameter aperture and 240-cm focal length. The angular resolution was less than 5 <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of arc">arcsecond</a> at half energy width (the "angle within which half of the electromagnetic radiation"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is focused). The XRT assembly was sensitive to X-rays between 0.1 and 2 keV (one thousand <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">Electronvolt</a>). </p><p>In addition, a British-supplied extreme ultraviolet (XUV) telescope, the Wide Field Camera (WFC), was coaligned with the XRT and covered the energy band from 0.042 to 0.21 keV (30 to 6 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>). </p><p>ROSAT's unique strengths were high spatial resolution, low-background, soft X-ray imaging for the study of the structure of low surface brightness features, and for low-resolution spectroscopy. </p><p>The ROSAT spacecraft was a <a href="/wiki/Three-axis_stabilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-axis stabilisation">three-axis stabilized</a> satellite which can be used for pointed observations, for <a href="/wiki/Slew_(spacecraft)" title="Slew (spacecraft)">slewing</a> between targets, and for performing scanning observations on great circles perpendicular to the plane of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>. ROSAT was capable of fast slews (180 deg. in ~15 min.) which makes it possible to observe two targets on opposite hemispheres during each orbit. The pointing accuracy was 1 arcminute with stability less than 5 arcsec per sec and jitter radius of ~10 arcsec. Two CCD star sensors were used for optical position sensing of guide stars and attitude determination of the spacecraft. The post facto attitude determination accuracy was 6 arcsec. </p><p>The ROSAT mission was divided into two phases: </p> <ol><li>After a two-month on-orbit calibration and verification period, an all-sky survey was performed for six months using the PSPC in the focus of XRT, and in two XUV bands using the WFC. The survey was carried out in the scan mode.</li> <li>The second phase consists of the remainder of the mission and was devoted to pointed observations of selected astrophysical sources. In ROSAT's pointed phase, observing time was allocated to Guest Investigators from all three participating countries through peer review of submitted proposals. ROSAT had a design life of 18 months, but was expected to operate beyond its nominal lifetime.</li></ol> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray astronomy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-ray_Telescope_(XRT)"><span id="X-ray_Telescope_.28XRT.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="XRT"></span> X-ray Telescope (XRT)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: X-ray Telescope (XRT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main assembly was a German-built imaging X-ray Telescope (XRT) with three focal plane instruments: two German Position Sensitive Proportional Counters (PSPC) and the US-supplied High Resolution Imager (HRI). The X-ray mirror assembly was a grazing incidence four-fold nested <a href="/wiki/Wolter_telescope" title="Wolter telescope">Wolter I telescope</a> with an 84 cm (33 in) diameter aperture and 240 cm (94 in) focal length. The angular resolution was less than 5 arcsec at half energy width. The XRT assembly was sensitive to X-rays between 0.1 and 2 keV.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA,_ROSAT_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA,_ROSAT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_Sensitive_Proportional_Counters_(two)_(PSPC)"><span id="Position_Sensitive_Proportional_Counters_.28two.29_.28PSPC.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="PSPC"></span> Position Sensitive Proportional Counters <i>(two)</i> (PSPC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Position Sensitive Proportional Counters (two) (PSPC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two Position Sensitive Proportional Counters (PSPC), PSPC-B and PSPC-C, mounted on a carousel within the focal plane turret of ROSAT. PSPC-C was intended to be the primary detector for the mission and was used for the bulk of the All-Sky Survey until it was destroyed during the AMCS glitch on 1991, January 25th. After the glitch, PSPC-B was used for all further observations. Two more PSPCs(PSPC-A and PSPC-D) were mounted on ROSAT for ground calibration.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each PSPC is a thin-window gas counter. Each incoming X-ray photon produces an electron cloud whose position and charge are detected using two wire grids. The photon position is determined with an accuracy of about 120 micrometers. The electron cloud's charge corresponds to the photon energy,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a nominal spectral bandpass 0.1-2.4 keV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Resolution_Imager_(HRI)"><span id="High_Resolution_Imager_.28HRI.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="HRI"></span> High Resolution Imager (HRI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High Resolution Imager (HRI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The US-supplied High Resolution Imager used a crossed grid detector with a position accuracy to 25 micrometers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument was damaged by solar exposure on 20 September 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wide_Field_Camera_(WFC)"><span id="Wide_Field_Camera_.28WFC.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="WFC"></span> Wide Field Camera (WFC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wide Field Camera (WFC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Wide Field Camera (WFC) was a UK-supplied extreme ultraviolet (XUV) telescope co-aligned with the XRT and covered the wave band between 300 and 60 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstroms</a> (0.042 to 0.21 keV).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA,_ROSAT_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA,_ROSAT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highlights">Highlights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Highlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_in_x-rays.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Moon_in_x-rays.gif/220px-Moon_in_x-rays.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/Moon_in_x-rays.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Earth's Moon on 29 June 1990 by ROSAT</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vela_SNR_-_RASS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vela_SNR_-_RASS.jpg/220px-Vela_SNR_-_RASS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vela_SNR_-_RASS.jpg/330px-Vela_SNR_-_RASS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vela_SNR_-_RASS.jpg/440px-Vela_SNR_-_RASS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vela_Supernova_Remnant" title="Vela Supernova Remnant">Vela Supernova Remnant</a>, imaged by ROSAT</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> all-sky survey catalog, more than 150,000 objects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">XUV</a> all-sky survey catalog (479 objects)</li> <li>Source catalogs from the pointed phase (PSPC and HRI) containing ~ 100,000 serendipitous sources</li> <li>Detailed morphology of <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> remnants and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">clusters of galaxies</a>.</li> <li>Detection of shadowing of diffuse X-ray emission by <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a>.</li> <li>Detection of pulsations from <a href="/wiki/Geminga" title="Geminga">Geminga</a>.</li> <li>Detection of isolated <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>.</li> <li>Discovery of X-ray emission from <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>.</li> <li>Observation of X-ray emission from the collision of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Shoemaker-Levy">Comet Shoemaker-Levy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalogues">Catalogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catalogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1RXS" title="1RXS">1RXS</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> which is the prefix used for the First ROSAT X-ray Survey (1st ROSAT X-ray Survey), a catalogue of astronomical objects visible for ROSAT in the X-ray spectrum.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ROSAT_objects" title="Category:ROSAT objects">Category:ROSAT objects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch">Launch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ROSAT was originally planned to be launched on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Challenger disaster</a> caused it to be moved to the <a href="/wiki/Delta_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta rocket">Delta</a> platform. This move made it impossible to recapture ROSAT with a Shuttle and bring it back to Earth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_operations">End of operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally designed for a five-year mission, ROSAT continued in its extended mission for a further four years before equipment failure forced an end to the mission. For some months after this, ROSAT completed its very last observations before being finally switched off on 12 February 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-GOC,_End_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOC,_End-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 April 1998, failure of the primary <a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">star tracker</a> on the <a href="#XRT">X-ray Telescope</a> led to pointing errors that in turn had caused solar overheating.<sup id="cite_ref-ROSAT_news_60,_star_tracker_failure_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROSAT_news_60,_star_tracker_failure-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contingency plan and the necessary software had already been developed to utilise an alternative star tracker attached to the <a href="#WFC">Wide Field Camera</a>. </p><p>ROSAT was soon operational again, but with some restrictions to the effectiveness of its tracking and thus its control.<sup id="cite_ref-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was severely damaged on 20 September 1998 when a <a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">reaction wheel</a> in the spacecraft's Attitude Measuring and Control System reached its maximum rotational speed,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> losing control of a slew, damaging the High Resolution Imager by exposure to the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This failure was initially attributed to the difficulties of controlling the satellite under these difficult circumstances outside its initial design parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_cyber-attacks_causing_the_failure">Allegations of cyber-attacks causing the failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Allegations of cyber-attacks causing the failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 2008, NASA investigators were reported to have found that the ROSAT failure was linked to a cyber-intrusion at <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root of this allegation is a 1999 advisory report by Thomas Talleur, senior investigator for cyber-security at NASA.<sup id="cite_ref-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This advisory<sup id="cite_ref-NASA,_2007,_Talleur_report_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA,_2007,_Talleur_report-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is reported to describe a series of attacks from Russia that reached computers in the X-ray Astrophysics Section (i.e. ROSAT's) at <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard</a>, and took control of computers used for the control of satellites, not just a passive "snooping" attack. The advisory stated: </p><blockquote><p>"Hostile activities compromised [NASA] computer systems that directly and indirectly deal with the design, testing, and transferring of satellite package command-and-control codes."<sup id="cite_ref-NASA,_2007,_Talleur_report_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA,_2007,_Talleur_report-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The advisory is further reported as claiming that the ROSAT incident was "coincident with the intrusion"<sup id="cite_ref-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that, "Operational characteristics and commanding of the ROSAT were sufficiently similar to other space assets to provide intruders with valuable information about how such platforms are commanded,".<sup id="cite_ref-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without public access to the advisory, it is obviously impossible to comment in detail. Even if it did describe a real intrusion, there is a plausible "no attack" explanation for ROSAT's failure, and the report is claimed to link the two incidents as no more than "coincident."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> However, NASA officials in charge of the day-to-day operations of the ROSAT mission at Goddard, including GSFC Rosat Project Scientist Rob Petre, say definitively that no such incident occurred. Talleur's information appears to have come from one of his interns who exaggerated a hacking incident on an office computer not related to flight operations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IT security remains a significant issue for NASA. Other systems including the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a> have also been attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA,_2007,_Challenges_report_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA,_2007,_Challenges_report-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Re-entry">Re-entry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Re-entry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROSAT_one_of_the_last_images_before_reentry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ROSAT_one_of_the_last_images_before_reentry.jpg/220px-ROSAT_one_of_the_last_images_before_reentry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ROSAT_one_of_the_last_images_before_reentry.jpg/330px-ROSAT_one_of_the_last_images_before_reentry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/ROSAT_one_of_the_last_images_before_reentry.jpg/440px-ROSAT_one_of_the_last_images_before_reentry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>ROSAT: one of the last images of ROSAT before reentry</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, the satellite was put in an orbit at an altitude of 580 km (360 mi) and inclination of 53°.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to atmospheric drag, the satellite slowly lost height until, in September 2011, the satellite was orbiting approximately 270 km (168 mi) above the Earth. On 23 October 2011 ROSAT re-entered the Earth's atmosphere sometime between 1:45 UTC and 2:15 UTC over the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, east of India. There was no confirmation if pieces of debris had reached the Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-reentry_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reentry-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heavens_above_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heavens_above-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successor">Successor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Successor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/EROSITA" title="EROSITA">eROSITA</a> launched on board the Russian-German <a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> space observatory in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Spektr-RG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spektr-RG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will provide an updated all-sky survey of the X-ray sky, extending the energy range to 10keV, increase the sensitivity by a factor of 25 and improve the spatial and spectral resolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">reaction wheel</a> operates by changing its rotational velocity, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">conservation of angular momentum</a> then causing the more massive satellite to rotate in opposition. Their maximum speed is limited by design, which in turn means they are limited in the rotational velocity they can impart to a satellite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "Reaching maximum speed" means merely that it cannot impart any more velocity change, not that it's approaching mechanical damage to itself.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nssdc_catalog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_catalog_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_catalog_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-049A">"ROSAT space craft details"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=ROSAT+space+craft+details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1990-049A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earth_reentry-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earth_reentry_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidler2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seidler, Christoph (26 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,747899,00.html">"Drohender Absturz: Problem-Satellit beunruhigt Bundesregierung"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Drohender+Absturz%3A+Problem-Satellit+beunruhigt+Bundesregierung&rft.date=2011-02-26&rft.aulast=Seidler&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fwissenschaft%2Fweltall%2F0%2C1518%2C747899%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDLR" class="citation news cs1">DLR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10081/151_read-1779/#/gallery/3578">"ROSAT re-entered atmosphere over Bay of Bengal"</a>. <i>DLR Portal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DLR+Portal&rft.atitle=ROSAT+re-entered+atmosphere+over+Bay+of+Bengal&rft.au=DLR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2Fdlr%2Fen%2Fdesktopdefault.aspx%2Ftabid-10081%2F151_read-1779%2F%23%2Fgallery%2F3578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA,_ROSAT-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA,_ROSAT_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA,_ROSAT_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA,_ROSAT_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-049A">"Overview of ROSAT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+ROSAT&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1990-049A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci2.esa.int/glossary/glossary_h.html">ESA Science Glossary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/rosat/pspc.html">"The ROSAT PSPC"</a>. 22 June 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ROSAT+PSPC&rft.date=2001-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Frosat%2Fpspc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1990-049A-02">"Position Sensitive Proportional Counter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Position+Sensitive+Proportional+Counter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fexperiment%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1990-049A-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1990-049A-01">"High Resolution Imager (HRI)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Resolution+Imager+%28HRI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fexperiment%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1990-049A-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOC,_End-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GOC,_End_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ledas.ac.uk/rosat-goc/rosat_pr.html">"ROSAT completes almost a decade of discovery"</a>. <a href="#ROSAT_UK_GOC">UK ROSAT Guest Observer Centre</a>. 18 February 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROSAT+completes+almost+a+decade+of+discovery&rft.pub=UK+ROSAT+Guest+Observer+Centre&rft.date=1999-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledas.ac.uk%2Frosat-goc%2Frosat_pr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROSAT_news_60,_star_tracker_failure-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ROSAT_news_60,_star_tracker_failure_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228232103/http://ledas-www.star.le.ac.uk/rosat-goc/rosnews12">"ROSAT/LEDAS electronic newsletter"</a>. <i>ROSAT News</i> (12). <a href="#ROSAT_UK_GOC">UK ROSAT Guest Observer Centre</a>. 5 June 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ledas-www.star.le.ac.uk/rosat-goc/rosnews12">the original</a> on 28 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ROSAT+News&rft.atitle=ROSAT%2FLEDAS+electronic+newsletter&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1998-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fledas-www.star.le.ac.uk%2Frosat-goc%2Frosnews12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROSAT_news_66,_Damage_to_HRI_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001210175800/http://ledas-www.star.le.ac.uk/rosat-goc/mpenews66">"Severe Damage to ROSAT High Resolution Imager"</a>. <i>star.le.ac.uk</i>. 15 October 1998. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=star.le.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Severe+Damage+to+ROSAT+High+Resolution+Imager&rft.date=1998-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fledas-www.star.le.ac.uk%2Frosat-goc%2Fmpenews66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Businessweek,_Cyber_attacks_on_NASA_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120414223803/http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/08_48/b4110072404167.htm">"Network Security Breaches Plague NASA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Week">Business Week</a>. 20 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/08_48/b4110072404167.htm">the original</a> on 14 April 2012. <q>Without warning one day, the ROSAT satellite turned, seemingly inexplicably, toward the sun. The move damaged a critical optical sensor, rendering the satellite useless in its mission of making X-ray and ultraviolet images of deep space.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Network+Security+Breaches+Plague+NASA&rft.pub=Business+Week&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fprint%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F08_48%2Fb4110072404167.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA,_2007,_Talleur_report-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA,_2007,_Talleur_report_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA,_2007,_Talleur_report_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalleur1999" class="citation book cs1">Talleur, Thomas J. (18 January 1999). <i>Russian Domain Attacks Against NASA Network Systems</i>. Not publicly published. Classified as "For Official Use Only—No Foreign Dissemination": Inspector General's office, NASA. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Domain+Attacks+Against+NASA+Network+Systems&rft.place=Not+publicly+published.+Classified+as+%22For+Official+Use+Only%E2%80%94No+Foreign+Dissemination%22&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Inspector+General%27s+office%2C+NASA&rft.date=1999-01-18&rft.aulast=Talleur&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetre2011" class="citation interview cs1">Petre, Rob (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planet4589.org/space/jsr/back/news.649.txt">"ROSAT hacking claim"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Jonathan McDowell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROSAT+hacking+claim&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Petre&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanet4589.org%2Fspace%2Fjsr%2Fback%2Fnews.649.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA,_2007,_Challenges_report-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA,_2007,_Challenges_report_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oig.nasa.gov/NASA2007ManagementChallenges.pdf">"NASA's Most Serious Management and Performance Challenges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Most+Serious+Management+and+Performance+Challenges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foig.nasa.gov%2FNASA2007ManagementChallenges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(73 KB)</span> 13 November 2007, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006030341/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/xray/wave/rosat/mission/rosat/launch.php">"ROSAT - Launch and Operations"</a>. Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpe.mpg.de/xray/wave/rosat/mission/rosat/launch.php">the original</a> on 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROSAT+-+Launch+and+Operations&rft.pub=Max-Planck-Institut+f%C3%BCr+extraterrestrische+Physik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2Fxray%2Fwave%2Frosat%2Fmission%2Frosat%2Flaunch.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reentry-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reentry_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10424">"ROSAT – latest news"</a>. <i>DLR Portal</i>. 25 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DLR+Portal&rft.atitle=ROSAT+%E2%80%93+latest+news&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2Fdlr%2Fen%2Fdesktopdefault.aspx%2Ftabid-10424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heavens_above-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heavens_above_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?SatID=20638">"ROSAT Information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heavens-Above" title="Heavens-Above">Heavens-Above</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROSAT+Information&rft.pub=Heavens-Above&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heavens-above.com%2Fsatinfo.aspx%3FSatID%3D20638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20955-second-big-satellite-set-to-resist-reentry-burnup.html">"Second big satellite set to resist re-entry burn-up – space – 23 September 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+big+satellite+set+to+resist+re-entry+burn-up+%E2%80%93+space+%E2%80%93+23+September+2011&rft.pub=New+Scientist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn20955-second-big-satellite-set-to-resist-reentry-burnup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spektr-RG-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spektr-RG_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.roscosmos.ru/20814/">"Spektr-RG observatory has been put into orbit"</a>. <i>ROSCOSMOS</i>. 13 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROSCOSMOS&rft.atitle=Spektr-RG+observatory+has+been+put+into+orbit&rft.date=2019-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.roscosmos.ru%2F20814%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_2">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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German Aerospace Center DLR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROSAT&rft.pub=German+Aerospace+Center+DLR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dlr.de%2Fen%2Frosat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpe.mpg.de/ROSAT">"The ROSAT Mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Extraterrestrial_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics">Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ROSAT+Mission&rft.pub=Max-Planck-Institut+f%C3%BCr+extraterrestrische+Physik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpe.mpg.de%2FROSAT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ROSAT_UK_GOC" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817172142/http://ledas-www.star.le.ac.uk/rosat-goc/">"UK ROSAT Guest Observer Centre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>, Department of Physics & Astronomy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ledas-www.star.le.ac.uk/rosat-goc/">the original</a> on 17 August 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+ROSAT+Guest+Observer+Centre&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester%2C+Department+of+Physics+%26+Astronomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fledas-www.star.le.ac.uk%2Frosat-goc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/ROSAT_Reentry">"ROSAT reentry Twitter feed"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROSAT+reentry+Twitter+feed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FROSAT_Reentry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROSAT" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/rosat/survey/rass-bsc/">1RXS Catalog site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113095354/http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/rosat/survey/rass-bsc/">Archived</a> 13 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.mpe.mpg.de/heg/rosat/mission/rosat/development.html">MPE – ROSAT Development</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_telescopes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_observatories" title="Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_observatories" title="Template talk:Space observatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_observatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_telescopes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescopes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio and Microwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Science_payloads" title="Chang'e 4">NCLE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1994)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stars-AO" title="Stars-AO">Aoi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRITE" title="BRITE">BRITE</a> constellation <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibari_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibari (satellite)">Hibari</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra (AXAF)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT (Insight)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXPE" title="IXPE">IXPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Valier_(satellite)" title="Max Valier (satellite)">Max Valier Sat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy" title="Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy">LEIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission">XRISM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (particle<br />or unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment#ISS-CREAM" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">Mini-EUSO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PETREL" title="PETREL">PETREL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">K-EUSO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager">COSI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26#Scientific_payload" title="Luna 26">LORD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASMINE_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="JASMINE (satellite)">JASMINE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-C_EUVST" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-C EUVST">Solar-C EUVST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVEX" title="UVEX">UVEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030+)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2032)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiji_Program_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiji Program in Space">Taiji</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2033)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2035)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2035)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed space observatories">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_(satellite)" title="Arcus (satellite)">Arcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astro-1_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astro-1 Telescope (page does not exist)">Astro-1 Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel Imager">Fresnel Imager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(spacecraft)" title="FOCAL (spacecraft)">FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST-PMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanets_Observatory" title="Habitable Exoplanets Observatory">HabEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory">HWO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertelescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertelescope">Hypertelescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_experiment)#iWF-MAXI" title="MAXI (ISS experiment)">iWF-MAXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">JEM-EUSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ultraviolet_Cosmic_Imager" title="Lunar Ultraviolet Cosmic Imager">LUCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-JASMINE" title="Nano-JASMINE">Nano-JASMINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_National_Reconnaissance_Office_space_telescope_donation_to_NASA" title="2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA">NRO donation to NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Binary_Black_Hole_Investigation_Satellite" title="Orbiting Binary Black Hole Investigation Satellite">ORBIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXSI_Sounding_Rocket" title="FOXSI Sounding Rocket">PhoENiX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar-D (page does not exist)">Solar-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope_for_Habitable_Exoplanets_and_Interstellar/Intergalactic_Astronomy" title="Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy">THEIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari (Astro-F)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_of_Low_Energy_X-ray_Imaging_Sensors" title="Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors">ALEXIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alouette_1" title="Alouette 1">Alouette 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_1" title="Ariel 1">Ariel 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962, 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_2" title="Ariel 2">Ariel 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_3" title="Ariel 3">Ariel 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_4" title="Ariel 4">Ariel 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_5" title="Ariel 5">Ariel 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel 6">Ariel 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">ATM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1974)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">ASCA (Astro-D)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">Astro-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Band_X-ray_Telescope" title="Broad Band X-ray Telescope">BBXRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">Astro-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Netherlands_Satellite" title="Astronomical Netherlands Satellite">ANS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CHIPSat">CHIPSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton (CGRO)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN-2" title="CXBN-2">CXBN-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-54#Mission_highlights" title="STS-54">DXS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI#EPOCh" title="EPOXI">EPOCh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">Explorer 11</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">EUVE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">FUSE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–2007)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1992)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga (Astro-C)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho (CORSA-b)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA (MUSES-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_1" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1">HEAO-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki (SPRINT-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_3" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3">HEAO-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-X</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">IRTS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IXAE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEGRI" title="LEGRI">LEGRI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment">MSX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2019?)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2">OAO-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-3_(Copernicus)" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-3 (Copernicus)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicSat" title="PicSat">PicSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1984)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">R/HESSI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–2018)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ROSAT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">RXTE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">SAMPEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">SAS-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">SAS-C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku (Astro-EII)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005–2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma (Astro-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">Uhuru</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_3" title="Vanguard 3">Vanguard 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001–2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yokoh (Solar-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2001)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hibernating <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Mission completed)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">SWAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost/Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-1" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-B" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite" title="Cosmic Radiation Satellite">CORSA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN" title="CXBN">CXBN</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">WIRE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)#ASTRO-E" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Astro-E</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSUBAME_(satellite)" title="TSUBAME (satellite)">Tsubame</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi (Astro-H)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelita_(spacecraft)" title="Aelita (spacecraft)">Aelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro-G" title="Astro-G">Astro-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation-X_Observatory" title="Constellation-X Observatory">Constellation-X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Energy Space Telescope">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-sky_Astrometric_Mapping_Explorer" title="Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer">FAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism">GEMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Origins_Probe" title="Hubble Origins Probe">HOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_X-ray_Observatory" title="International X-ray Observatory">IXO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Dark_Energy_Mission" title="Joint Dark Energy Mission">JDEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_J" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO J">OSO J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_K" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO K">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">SIM & SIMlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">SNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Polarization_Observatory" title="Sky Polarization Observatory">SPOrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAUVEX" title="TAUVEX">TAUVEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">TPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XEUS" title="XEUS">XEUS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIPE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XIPE (page does not exist)">XIPE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_telescopes" title="List of proposed space telescopes">List of proposed space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetariums" title="List of planetariums">List of planetariums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_telescopes" title="Category:Space telescopes">Category:Space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1989Orbital_launches_in_19901991_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1990" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1990"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1990" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1990"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1990" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1990"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1989Orbital_launches_in_19901991_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1989_in_spaceflight" title="1989 in spaceflight">← 1989</a></div><a href="/wiki/1990_in_spaceflight" title="1990 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1990</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight" title="1991 in spaceflight">1991 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_4A" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynet 4A">Skynet 4A</a>, <a href="/wiki/JCSAT-2" title="JCSAT-2">JCSAT-2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leasat_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leasat 5 (page does not exist)">Leasat 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2055&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2055 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2056 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2056</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPOT-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPOT-2 (page does not exist)">SPOT-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/UoSAT-3" title="UoSAT-3">UoSAT-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/UoSAT-4" title="UoSAT-4">UoSAT-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMSAT-OSCAR_16" title="AMSAT-OSCAR 16">Pacsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dove-OSCAR_17" title="Dove-OSCAR 17">DOVE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webersat" class="mw-redirect" title="Webersat">Webersat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LUSat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUSat (page does not exist)">LUSat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.53L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.53L (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.53L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagoromo_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hagoromo (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Hagoromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-50" title="USA-50">USA-50</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2057&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2057 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2057</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2058&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2058 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2058</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongxing_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongxing 3 (page does not exist)">Zhongxing 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2059&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2059 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2059</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momo_1b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momo 1b (page does not exist)">Momo 1b</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orizuru_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orizuru (satellite) (page does not exist)">Orizuru</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuju_1b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuju 1b (page does not exist)">Fuju 1b</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-9" title="Soyuz TM-9">Soyuz TM-9</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-51" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-51">USA-51</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-52 (page does not exist)">USA-52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.35L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.35L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.35L</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superbird_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superbird B (page does not exist)">Superbird B</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BS_2x&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BS 2x (page does not exist)">BS 2x</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadezhda_No.405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadezhda No.405 (page does not exist)">Nadezhda No.405</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okean-O1_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okean-O1 No.5 (page does not exist)">Okean-O1 No.5</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-36" title="STS-36">STS-36</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/USA-53" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-53">USA-53</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-3" title="Progress M-3">Progress M-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_603" title="Intelsat 603">Intelsat 603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2060&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2060 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2060</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2061&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2061 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2061</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2062 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-54" title="USA-54">USA-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2063" title="Kosmos 2063">Kosmos 2063</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ofek-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofek-2">Ofek-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_1990_Soyuz-U_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="April 1990 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegsat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegsat (page does not exist)">Pegsat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-55 (page does not exist)">USA-55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2064&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2064 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2064</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2065&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2065 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2065</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2066&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2066 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2066</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2067&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2067 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2067</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2068 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2068</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2069&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2069 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2069</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2070 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2070</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2071&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2071 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsiaSat_1" title="AsiaSat 1">AsiaSat 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-56 (page does not exist)">USA-56</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-57&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-57 (page does not exist)">USA-57</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-58&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-58 (page does not exist)">USA-58</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton_No.6L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton No.6L (page does not exist)">Foton No.6L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2072&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2072 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palapa_B2R" class="mw-redirect" title="Palapa B2R">Palapa B2R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2073&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2073 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2073</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2074&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2074 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2074</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2075&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2075 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2075</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.71 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2076" title="Kosmos 2076">Kosmos 2076</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_42" title="Progress 42">Progress 42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2077&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2077 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2077</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MacSat_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacSat 1 (page does not exist)">MacSat 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacSat_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacSat 2 (page does not exist)">MacSat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2078&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2078 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2078</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2079&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2079 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2079</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2080&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2080 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2080</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2081&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2081 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2081</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2082&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2082 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2082</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.50 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ROSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-59 (page does not exist)">USA-59</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-60 (page does not exist)">USA-60</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-61 (page does not exist)">USA-61</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-62&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-62 (page does not exist)">USA-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1D" title="INSAT-1D">INSAT-1D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_3_No.47L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 3 No.47L (page does not exist)">Molniya 3 No.47L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2083 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2083</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.30L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.30L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.30L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2084" title="Kosmos 2084">Kosmos 2084</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_604" title="Intelsat 604">Intelsat 604</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.23 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=July_1990_Soyuz-U_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="July 1990 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr-1" title="Badr-1">Badr-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optus-MFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optus-MFS (page does not exist)">Optus-MFS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F2_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F2 No.5 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F2 No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2085&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2085 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2085</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2086&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2086 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDF_2" title="TDF 2">TDF 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DFS_Kopernikus_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DFS Kopernikus 2 (page does not exist)">DFS Kopernikus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2087" title="Kosmos 2087">Kosmos 2087</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRRES" title="CRRES">CRRES</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2088 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2088</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-10" title="Soyuz TM-10">Soyuz TM-10</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-63" title="USA-63">USA-63</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2089&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2089 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2089</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2090&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2090 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2090</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2091&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2091 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2091</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2092&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2092 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2092</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2093&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2093 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2093</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2094&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2094 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2094</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2095&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2095 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2095</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran-M_No.14L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran-M No.14L (page does not exist)">Ekran-M No.14L</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1T_No.68&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1T No.68 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1T No.68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-4" title="Progress M-4">Progress M-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.49 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(satellite)" title="Thor (satellite)">Marco Polo 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2096&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2096 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2097" title="Kosmos 2097">Kosmos 2097</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_3a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri 3a (page does not exist)">Yuri 3a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2098 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_4C" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynet 4C">Skynet 4C</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat_II_F-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat II F-1 (page does not exist)">Eutelsat II F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2099&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2099 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2099</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fengyun_I-02&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fengyun I-02 (page does not exist)">Fengyun I-02</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiqiuweixing_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiqiuweixing 1 (page does not exist)">Qiqiuweixing 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiqiuweixing_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiqiuweixing 2 (page does not exist)">Qiqiuweixing 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.51 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2100 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.54L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.54L (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.54L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-5" title="Progress M-5">Progress M-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.25 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2101 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-64" title="USA-64">USA-64</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_1990_Zenit-2_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="October 1990 Zenit-2 launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FSW-1_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FSW-1 No.3 (page does not exist)">FSW-1 No.3</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_6_(satellite)" title="SBS 6 (satellite)">SBS 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy 6">Westar 6S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2102 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmarsat-2F1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmarsat-2F1 (page does not exist)">Inmarsat-2F1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.32L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.32L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.32L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-65 (page does not exist)">USA-65</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2103 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2103</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-38" title="STS-38">STS-38</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-67&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-67 (page does not exist)">USA-67</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prowler_(satellite)" title="Prowler (satellite)">Prowler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2104&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2104 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2105" title="Kosmos 2105">Kosmos 2105</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcom_C1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcom C1 (page does not exist)">Satcom C1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GStar_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GStar 4 (page does not exist)">GStar 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_1T_No.70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 1T No.70 (page does not exist)">Molniya 1T No.70</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.33L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.33L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.33L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-66" title="USA-66">USA-66</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2106&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2106 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2106</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-68&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-68 (page does not exist)">USA-68</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">Soyuz TM-11</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2107&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2107 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2107</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2108&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2108 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2108</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2109&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2109 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2109</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2110 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2110</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2111&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2111 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2112&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2112 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2112</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.37L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.37L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.37L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2113&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2113 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2114 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2114</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2115&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2115 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2115</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2116 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2116</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2117&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2117 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2117</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2118&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2118 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2118</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2119 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2119</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2120 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globus_No.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globus No.12 (page does not exist)">Globus No.12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&oldid=1250319673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ROSAT&oldid=1250319673</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_which_reentered_in_2011" title="Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2011">Spacecraft which reentered in 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_telescopes" title="Category:Space telescopes">Space telescopes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:X-ray_telescopes" title="Category:X-ray telescopes">X-ray telescopes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satellites_of_Germany" title="Category:Satellites of Germany">Satellites of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ROSAT_objects" title="Category:ROSAT objects">ROSAT objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1990" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1990">Spacecraft launched in 1990</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2019">Use dmy dates from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2011">Articles to be expanded from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from April 2024">Articles that may contain original research from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 October 2024, at 18:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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