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aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Structural problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Tito_and_the_weakening_of_Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Tito_and_the_weakening_of_Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Death of Tito and the weakening of Communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Tito_and_the_weakening_of_Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_collapse_and_the_international_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_collapse_and_the_international_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Economic collapse and the international climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_collapse_and_the_international_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_nationalism_in_Serbia_(1987–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_nationalism_in_Serbia_(1987–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rise of nationalism in Serbia (1987–1989)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_of_nationalism_in_Serbia_(1987–1989)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rise of nationalism in Serbia (1987–1989) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_nationalism_in_Serbia_(1987–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slobodan_Milošević" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slobodan_Milošević"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Slobodan Milošević</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slobodan_Milošević-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-bureaucratic_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anti-bureaucratic revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-bureaucratic_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Repercussions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_political_crisis_(1990–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_political_crisis_(1990–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Final political crisis (1990–1992)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Final_political_crisis_(1990–1992)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Final political crisis (1990–1992) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Final_political_crisis_(1990–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Party crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-party_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-party_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Multi-party elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-party_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_tensions_in_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_tensions_in_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ethnic tensions in Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_tensions_in_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_Slovenia_and_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_Slovenia_and_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Independence of Slovenia and Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_Slovenia_and_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_beginning_of_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_beginning_of_the_Yugoslav_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The beginning of the Yugoslav Wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_beginning_of_the_Yugoslav_Wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The beginning of the Yugoslav Wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_beginning_of_the_Yugoslav_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_in_Slovenia_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Slovenia_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>War in Slovenia (1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Slovenia_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Croatia_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Croatia_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>War in Croatia (1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Croatia_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_and_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_and_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Independence of the Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_and_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independence of the Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_and_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_recognition_of_the_breakup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_recognition_of_the_breakup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International recognition of the breakup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_recognition_of_the_breakup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Aftermath in Serbia and Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Breakup of Yugoslavia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%83_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تفكك يوغوسلافيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفكك يوغوسلافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_de_Yugoslavia" title="Disolución de Yugoslavia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disolución de Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuqoslaviyan%C4%B1n_da%C4%9F%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Yuqoslaviyanın dağılması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yuqoslaviyanın dağılması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%96" title="Распад Югаславіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Распад Югаславіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Разпадане на Югославия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разпадане на Югославия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspad_Jugoslavije" title="Raspad Jugoslavije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Raspad Jugoslavije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissoluci%C3%B3_de_Iugosl%C3%A0via" title="Dissolució de Iugoslàvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dissolució de Iugoslàvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpad_Jugosl%C3%A1vie" title="Rozpad Jugoslávie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozpad Jugoslávie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaviens_opl%C3%B8sning" title="Jugoslaviens opløsning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jugoslaviens opløsning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διάλυση της Γιουγκοσλαβίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάλυση της Γιουγκοσλαβίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desintegraci%C3%B3n_de_Yugoslavia" title="Desintegración de Yugoslavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desintegración de Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfalo_de_Jugoslavio" title="Disfalo de Jugoslavio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Disfalo de Jugoslavio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaviaren_desegitea" title="Jugoslaviaren desegitea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jugoslaviaren desegitea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="فروپاشی یوگسلاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فروپاشی یوگسلاوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dislocation_de_la_Yougoslavie" title="Dislocation de la Yougoslavie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dislocation de la Yougoslavie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_de_Iugoslavia" title="Disolución de Iugoslavia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disolución de Iugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="유고슬라비아의 붕괴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유고슬라비아의 붕괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հարավսլավիայի կազմալուծում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավսլավիայի կազմալուծում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspad_SFRJ" title="Raspad SFRJ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Raspad SFRJ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembubaran_Yugoslavia" title="Pembubaran Yugoslavia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembubaran Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upplausn_J%C3%BAg%C3%B3slav%C3%ADu" title="Upplausn Júgóslavíu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upplausn Júgóslavíu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissoluzione_della_Jugoslavia" title="Dissoluzione della Jugoslavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dissoluzione della Jugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="התפרקות יוגוסלביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפרקות יוגוסלביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="იუგოსლავიის დაშლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუგოსლავიის დაშლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslavijos_i%C5%A1irimas" title="Jugoslavijos iširimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jugoslavijos iširimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A0%D0%88" title="Распад на СФРЈ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Распад на СФРЈ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpecahan_Yugoslavia" title="Perpecahan Yugoslavia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perpecahan Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslaviyaning_parchalanishi" title="Yugoslaviyaning parchalanishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yugoslaviyaning parchalanishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97-%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A9%9C" title="ਯੂਗੋਸਲਾਵੀਆ ਦਾ ਅੰਗ-ਨਿਖੇੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਗੋਸਲਾਵੀਆ ਦਾ ਅੰਗ-ਨਿਖੇੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="یوگوسلاویہ دی تحلیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوگوسلاویہ دی تحلیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpad_Jugos%C5%82awii" title="Rozpad Jugosławii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozpad Jugosławii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Iugosl%C3%A1via" title="Dissolução da Iugoslávia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dissolução da Iugoslávia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugaslaviyan%C4%B1%C5%84_b%C3%B3lshekleniwi" title="Yugaslaviyanıń bólshekleniwi – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Yugaslaviyanıń bólshekleniwi" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destr%C4%83marea_Iugoslaviei" title="Destrămarea Iugoslaviei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Destrămarea Iugoslaviei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Роспад Югославии – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Роспад Югославии" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Распад Югославии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Распад Югославии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shp%C3%ABrb%C3%ABrja_e_Jugosllavis%C3%AB" title="Shpërbërja e Jugosllavisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpërbërja e Jugosllavisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Breakup of Yugoslavia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razpad_SFR_Jugoslavije" title="Razpad SFR Jugoslavije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Razpad SFR Jugoslavije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Распад Југославије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Распад Југославије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspad_Jugoslavije" title="Raspad Jugoslavije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raspad Jugoslavije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoslaviens_uppl%C3%B6sning" title="Jugoslaviens upplösning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jugoslaviens upplösning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การล่มสลายของยูโกสลาเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การล่มสลายของยูโกสลาเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavya%27n%C4%B1n_da%C4%9F%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Yugoslavya'nın dağılması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yugoslavya'nın dağılması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%97" title="Розпад Югославії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розпад Югославії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="یوگوسلاویہ کی تحلیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوگوسلاویہ کی تحلیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_T%C6%B0_tan_r%C3%A3" title="Nam Tư tan rã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Tư tan rã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disrashonnaedje_del_Yougoslaveye" title="Disrashonnaedje del Yougoslaveye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Disrashonnaedje del Yougoslaveye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%A7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="南斯拉夫解體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南斯拉夫解體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4390259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the events entailing the 1991 and 1992 dissolution of the Yugoslav state. For key dates of the dissolution, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a>. For the partition of Yugoslavia by Axis occupiers in World War II, see <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Breakup of Yugoslavia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of <br /> 1989</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.gif/300px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.gif/450px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.gif/600px-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.gif 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Animated series of maps showing the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> and subsequent developments, from 1989 through 2008. The colors represent the different areas of control.</span></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#b62c2c; color:#b62c2c;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1943–92)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#a1c893; color:#a1c893;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (25 June 1991–)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#ef6363; color:#ef6363;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (25 June 1991–)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#9e9fcd; color:#9e9fcd;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (1991–95; became a part of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#e1995b; color:#e1995b;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a> (1991–; named "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a>" until 2019)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#d3d3d3; color:#d3d3d3;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992–95; became a part of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#d89d9d; color:#d89d9d;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a> (1991–94; became a part of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#696cae; color:#696cae;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a> (1992–95; became part of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#474a80; color:#474a80;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2003; reconstructed into the "<a href="/wiki/State_Union_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="State Union of Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a>" in 2003–06)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#797878; color:#797878;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia</a> (1991–94; became a part of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#a4a4a4; color:#a4a4a4;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1995–)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#dcedff; color:#dcedff;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UN Transitional Administration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)">Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a> (1996–1998; became a part of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#f0eabb; color:#f0eabb;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (3 June 2006–)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#63809f; color:#63809f;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (5 June 2006–)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#9eb3cb; color:#9eb3cb;">    </span> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (17 February 2008–; only <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">partially recognised</a>, claimed by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)</span> </li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">25 June 1991 – 27 April 1992<br />(10 months and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span>→<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span>→<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span>→<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281992%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span>→<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Macedonia_%281992%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="FR Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span>→<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Serbia_%281992%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281992%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Serbia_%281992%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281992%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Serbia_%281992%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281992%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Serbia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span>→<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281993%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Montenegro</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Unrecognized breakaway states<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/State_Flag_of_Serbian_Krajina_%281991%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Serbian_Krajina_%281991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/State_Flag_of_Serbian_Krajina_%281991%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Serbian_Krajina_%281991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/State_Flag_of_Serbian_Krajina_%281991%29.svg/46px-State_Flag_of_Serbian_Krajina_%281991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Serbian Krajina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Republic_(1991)" title="Dubrovnik Republic (1991)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dubrovnik_Republic_%281991-1992%29.svg/23px-Dubrovnik_Republic_%281991-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dubrovnik_Republic_%281991-1992%29.svg/35px-Dubrovnik_Republic_%281991-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dubrovnik_Republic_%281991-1992%29.svg/46px-Dubrovnik_Republic_%281991-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Republic_(1991)" title="Dubrovnik Republic (1991)">Dubrovnik Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia_%281993%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">Western Bosnia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kosova_%281991%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(politics)" title="Dissolution (politics)">Dissolution</a> of Yugoslavia and formation of independent <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia#New_states" title="Yugoslavia">successor states</a></li> <li>Continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> until 2001.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Yugoslav_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Yugoslav_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Yugoslav Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslav_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Bosnia" title="1992 Yugoslav campaign in Bosnia">JNA campaign in Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat-Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Bosniak_conflict_in_Bosanska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina">Inter-Bosniak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Preševo, Bujanovac and Medveđa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, the constituent republics of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> split apart, but the unresolved issues caused a series of inter-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>. The wars primarily <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">affected Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, neighbouring parts of <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatia</a> and, some years later, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> victory in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Yugoslavia was set up as a federation of six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. In addition, two autonomous provinces were established within Serbia: <a href="/wiki/SAP_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAP_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. Each of the republics had its own branch of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> party and a ruling elite, and any tensions were solved on the federal level. The Yugoslav model of state organisation, as well as a "middle way" between <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal economy</a>, had been a relative success, and the country experienced a period of strong economic growth and relative political stability up to the 1980s, under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death in 1980, the weakened system of federal government was left unable to cope with rising economic and political challenges. </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo Albanians</a> started to demand that their autonomous province be granted the status of a full constituent republic, starting with the <a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests</a>. Ethnic tensions between Albanians and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a> remained high over the whole decade, which resulted in the growth of Serb opposition to the high autonomy of provinces and ineffective system of consensus at the federal level across Yugoslavia, which were seen as an obstacle for Serb interests. In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> came to power in Serbia, and through a series of populist moves acquired <i>de facto</i> control over Kosovo, Vojvodina, and Montenegro, garnering a high level of support among Serbs for his <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralist</a> policies. Milošević was met with opposition by party leaders of the western constituent republics of Slovenia and Croatia, who also advocated greater democratisation of the country in line with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia dissolved in January 1990 along federal lines. Republican communist organisations became the separate socialist parties. </p><p>During 1990, the socialists (former communists) lost power to <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">ethnic separatist</a> parties in the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">first multi-party elections</a> held across the country, except in <a href="/wiki/1990_Montenegrin_general_election" title="1990 Montenegrin general election">Montenegro</a> and in <a href="/wiki/1990_Serbian_general_election" title="1990 Serbian general election">Serbia</a>, where Milošević and his allies won. Nationalist rhetoric on all sides became increasingly heated. Between June 1991 and April 1992, four constituent republics declared independence while Montenegro and Serbia remained federated. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> took the initiative and recognized the independence of Croatia and Slovenia, but the status of ethnic Serbs outside Serbia and Montenegro, and that of ethnic Croats outside Croatia, remained unsolved. After a string of inter-ethnic incidents, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> ensued, first <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">in Croatia</a> and then, most severely, in multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. The wars left economic and political damage in the region that is still felt decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 27, 1992, the Federal Council of the Assembly of the SFRY, based on the decision of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">Assembly</a> of the Republic of Serbia and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Assembly</a> of Montenegro, adopted the <a href="/wiki/1992_Constitution_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="1992 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Constitution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, which formally ended the breakup. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yugoslavia occupied a significant portion of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a>, including a strip of land on the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, stretching southward from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Trieste" title="Gulf of Trieste">Bay of Trieste</a> in Central Europe to the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Buna_(Adriatic_Sea)" title="Buna (Adriatic Sea)">Bojana</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Lake Prespa</a> inland, and eastward as far as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mid%C5%BEor" title="Midžor">Midžor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, thus including a large part of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, a region with a history of ethnic conflict. </p><p>The important elements that fostered the discord involved contemporary and historical factors, including the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, the first breakup and subsequent inter-ethnic and political wars and genocide during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, ideas of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a> and conflicting views about <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>, and the unilateral recognition by a newly reunited Germany of the breakaway republics. </p><p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a>, major tensions arose from the first, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">monarchist Yugoslavia</a>'s multi-ethnic make-up and relative political and demographic domination of the Serbs. Fundamental to the tensions were the different concepts of the new state. The <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> envisaged a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> model where they would enjoy greater autonomy than they had as a separate <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">crown land</a> under <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. Under Austria-Hungary, both Slovenes and Croats enjoyed autonomy with free hands only in education, law, religion, and 45% of taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Serbs tended to view the territories as a just reward for their support of the allies in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the new state as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tensions between the Croats and Serbs often erupted into open conflict, with the Serb-dominated security structure exercising oppression during elections and the assassination in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">National Assembly</a> of Croat political leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Radić">Stjepan Radić</a>, who opposed the Serbian monarch's <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination and human rights abuses were subject of concern for the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_League_(France)" title="Human Rights League (France)">Human Rights League</a> and precipitated voices of protest from intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in this environment of oppression that the radical insurgent group (later fascist dictatorship) the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> were formed. </p><p>During World War II, the country's tensions were exploited by the occupying <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a> which established a Croat <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> spanning much of present-day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. The Axis powers installed the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> as the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>. </p><p>The Ustaše resolved that the Serbian minority were a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a> of Serbian expansionism and pursued a policy of persecution against the Serbs. The policy dictated that one-third of the Serbian minority were to be killed, one-third expelled, and one-third converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Catholicism</a> and assimilated as Croats. Conversely, Serbian Royalist <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> pursued their own campaign of persecution against non-Serbs in parts of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">Sandžak</a> per the <a href="/wiki/Stevan_Moljevi%C4%87" title="Stevan Moljević">Moljević plan</a> ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87#Bosnia" title="Draža Mihailović">orders</a> issues by <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a> which included "[t]he cleansing of all nation understandings and fighting". </p><p>Both Croats and Muslims were recruited as soldiers by the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></i> (primarily in the <a href="/wiki/13th_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Handschar_(1st_Croatian)" title="13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)">13th <i>Waffen</i> Mountain Division</a>). At the same time, former royalist, General <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a>, was installed by the Axis as head of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">puppet government</a> in the German-occupied area of Serbia, and local Serbs were recruited into the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a>, which was linked to the German <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">quislings</a> were confronted and eventually defeated by the communist-led, anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/Partisans_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisans (Yugoslavia)">Partisan</a> movement composed of members of all ethnic groups in the area, leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>. </p><p>The official Yugoslav post-war estimate of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">victims</a> in Yugoslavia during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was 1,704,000. Subsequent data gathering in the 1980s by historians <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C5%BDerjavi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Žerjavić">Vladimir Žerjavić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogoljub_Ko%C4%8Dovi%C4%87" title="Bogoljub Kočović">Bogoljub Kočović</a> showed that the actual number of dead was about 1 million. Of that number, 330,000 to 390,000 ethnic Serbs perished from all causes in Croatia and Bosnia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These same historians also established the deaths of 192,000 to 207,000 ethnic Croats and 86,000 to 103,000 Muslims from all affiliations and causes throughout Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1996109_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽerjavić1993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽerjavić1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to its collapse, Yugoslavia was a regional industrial power and an economic success. From 1960 to 1980, annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged 6.1 percent, medical care was free, literacy was 91 percent, and life expectancy was 72 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1991, Yugoslavia's armed forces were amongst the best-equipped in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yugoslavia was a unique state, straddling both the East and West. Moreover, its president, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, was one of the fundamental founders of the "<a href="/wiki/Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">third world</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">group of 77</a>" which acted as an alternative to the superpowers. More importantly, Yugoslavia acted as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> between the West and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and also prevented the Soviets from getting a toehold on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. </p><p>The central government's control began to be loosened due to increasing nationalist grievances and the Communist's Party's wish to support "national <a href="/wiki/Self_determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Self determination">self determination</a>". This resulted in Kosovo being turned into an autonomous region of Serbia, legislated by the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 constitution</a>. This constitution broke down powers between the capital and the autonomous regions in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (an area of Yugoslavia with a large number of ethnic minorities) and Kosovo (with a large ethnic-<a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> population). </p><p>Despite the federal structure of the new <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, there was still tension between the federalists, primarily Croats and Slovenes who argued for greater autonomy, and <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">unitarists</a>, primarily Serbs. The struggle would occur in cycles of protests for greater individual and national rights (such as the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a>) and subsequent repression. The 1974 constitution was an attempt to short-circuit this pattern by entrenching the federal model and formalising national rights. </p><p>The loosened control basically turned Yugoslavia into a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</a>, which also placed pressure on the legitimacy of the regime within the federation. Since the late 1970s a widening gap of economic resources between the developed and underdeveloped regions of Yugoslavia severely deteriorated the federation's unity.<sup id="cite_ref-Dejan_Jović_2009._p._15_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dejan_Jović_2009._p._15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most developed republics, Croatia and Slovenia, rejected attempts to limit their autonomy as provided in the 1974 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Dejan_Jović_2009._p._15_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dejan_Jović_2009._p._15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public opinion in Slovenia in 1987 saw better economic opportunity in independence from Yugoslavia than within it.<sup id="cite_ref-Dejan_Jović_2009._p._15_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dejan_Jović_2009._p._15-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also places that saw no economic benefit from being in Yugoslavia; for example, the autonomous province of Kosovo was poorly developed, and per capita GDP fell from 47 percent of the Yugoslav average in the immediate post-war period to 27 percent by the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It highlighted the vast differences in the quality of life in the different republics. </p><p>Economic growth was curbed due to Western trade barriers combined with the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. Yugoslavia subsequently fell into heavy IMF debt due to the large number of <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) loans taken out by the regime. As a condition of receiving loans, the IMF demanded the "<a href="/wiki/Market_liberalism" title="Market liberalism">market liberalisation</a>" of Yugoslavia. By 1981, Yugoslavia had incurred $19.9 billion in foreign debt. Another concern was the level of unemployment, at 1 million by 1980. This problem was compounded by the general "unproductiveness of the South", which not only added to Yugoslavia's economic woes, but also irritated Slovenia and Croatia further.<sup id="cite_ref-Asch-Reichmann_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asch-Reichmann-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Massey-Taylor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massey-Taylor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_problems">Structural problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structural problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> was a conglomeration of eight federated entities, roughly divided along ethnic lines, including six republics: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281947%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul> <p>Two autonomous provinces within Serbia: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281946%E2%80%931993%29%2C_Flag_of_Serbia_%281947%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Constitution</a>, the office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President of Yugoslavia</a> was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Presidency">Yugoslav Presidency</a>, an eight-member <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective head-of-state</a> composed of representatives from six republics and, controversially, two autonomous provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAP_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Kosovo">SAP Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAP_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Vojvodina">SAP Vojvodina</a>. </p><p>Since the SFR Yugoslav federation was formed in 1945, the constituent Socialist Republic of Serbia (SR Serbia) included the two autonomous provinces of SAP Kosovo and SAP Vojvodina. With the 1974 constitution, the influence of the central government of SR Serbia over the provinces was greatly reduced, which gave them long-sought autonomy. The government of SR Serbia was restricted in making and carrying out decisions that would apply to the provinces. The provinces had a vote in the Yugoslav Presidency, which was not always cast in favor of SR Serbia. In Serbia, there was great resentment towards these developments, which the nationalist elements of the public saw as the "division of Serbia". The 1974 constitution not only exacerbated Serbian fears of a "weak Serbia, for a strong Yugoslavia" but also hit at the heart of Serbian national sentiment. A majority of Serbs saw – and still see – Kosovo as the "cradle of the nation", and would not accept the possibility of losing it to the majority Albanian population. </p><p>In an effort to ensure his legacy, Tito's 1974 constitution established a system of year-long presidencies, on a rotation basis out of the eight leaders of the republics and autonomous provinces. Tito's death would show that such short terms were highly ineffective. Essentially it left a power vacuum which was left open for most of the 1980s. In their book <i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a> foretold: "Once the aged Marshal Tito dies, Yugoslavia will experience political instability that may produce a reaction toward greater <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> or, far less likely, a collapse of existing collectivist arrangements". (Tito died soon after the book was published.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Tito_and_the_weakening_of_Communism">Death of Tito and the weakening of Communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death of Tito and the weakening of Communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito">Death and state funeral of Josip Broz Tito</a></div> <p>On 4 May 1980, Tito's death was announced through state broadcasts across Yugoslavia. His death removed what many international political observers saw as Yugoslavia's main unifying force, and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_tension" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic tension">ethnic tension</a> started to grow in Yugoslavia. The crisis that emerged in Yugoslavia was connected with the weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Communist states in Eastern Europe</a> towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, leading to the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1989. In Yugoslavia, the national communist party, officially called the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a>, had lost its ideological base.<sup id="cite_ref-Pešić-USIP-LCY-potency_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pešić-USIP-LCY-potency-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> (SANU) contributed significantly to the rise of nationalist sentiments, as it drafted the controversial <a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> protesting against the weakening of the Serbian central government. </p><p>The problems in the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">ethnic Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Albanians</a> grew exponentially. This, coupled with economic problems in Kosovo and Serbia as a whole, led to even greater Serbian resentment of the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Constitution</a>. Kosovo Albanians started to demand that Kosovo be granted the status of a constituent republic beginning in the early 1980s, particularly with the <a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a>. This was seen by the Serbian public as a devastating blow to Serb pride because of the historic links that Serbians held with Kosovo. It was viewed that that secession would be devastating to Kosovar Serbs. This eventually led to the repression of the Albanian majority in Kosovo.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Kosovo-Repression_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Kosovo-Repression-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (August 2013)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the more prosperous republics of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">SR Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">SR Croatia</a> wanted to move towards decentralization and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Croatia-Prosperity-1985_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Croatia-Prosperity-1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Basil Davidson</a> contends that the "recourse to 'ethnicity' as an explanation [of the conflict] is pseudo-scientific nonsense". Even the degree of linguistic and religious differences "have been less substantial than instant commentators routinely tell us".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Davidson agrees with <a href="/wiki/Susan_Woodward" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Woodward">Susan Woodward</a>, who found the "motivating causes of the disintegration in economic circumstance and its ferocious pressures".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Sabine Rutar states that, “while antagonistic representations of the ethnic-national past indeed were heavily (mis-)used during the conflict, one must be careful not to turn these forceful categories of practice into categories of historical analysis”.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_collapse_and_the_international_climate">Economic collapse and the international climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic collapse and the international climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>As President, Tito's policy was to push for rapid <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, and growth was indeed high in the 1970s. However, the over-expansion of the economy caused <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and pushed Yugoslavia into <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">economic recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major problem for Yugoslavia was the heavy debt incurred in the 1970s, which proved to be difficult to repay in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslavia's debt load, initially estimated at a sum equal to $6 billion U.S. dollars, instead turned out to be equivalent to $21 billion U.S. dollars, which was a colossal sum for a poor country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_the_United_States" title="Classified information in the United States">classified</a> document, <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Decision_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Decision Directive">National Security Decision Directive</a> 133, expressing concern that Yugoslavia's debt load might cause the country to align with the Soviet bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1980s were a time of <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">economic austerity</a> as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) imposed stringent conditions on Yugoslavia, which caused much resentment toward the Communist elites who had so mismanaged the economy by recklessly borrowing money abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386–387_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386–387-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The policies of austerity also led to uncovering much corruption on the part of the elites, most notably with the "Agrokomerc affair" of 1987, when the <a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc" title="Agrokomerc">Agrokomerc</a> enterprise of Bosnia turned out to be the centre of a vast nexus of corruption running all across Yugoslavia, and that the managers of Agrokomerc had issued promissory notes equivalent to almost US$1 billion<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without collateral, forcing the state to assume responsibility for their debts when Agrokomerc finally collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386–387_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386–387-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The rampant corruption in Yugoslavia, of which the "Agrokomerc affair" was merely the most dramatic example, did much to discredit the Communist system, as it was revealed that the elites were living luxurious lifestyles, well beyond the means of ordinary people, with money stolen from the public purse during a time of austerity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386–387_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386–387-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The problems imposed by heavy indebtedness and corruption had by the mid-1980s increasingly started to corrode the legitimacy of the Communist system, as ordinary people started to lose faith in the competence and honesty of the elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386–387_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997386–387-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A wave of major strikes developed in 1987–88 as workers demanded higher wages to compensate for inflation, as the IMF mandated the end of various <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>, and they were accompanied by denunciations of the entire system as corrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Finally, the politics of austerity brought to the fore tensions between the well off "have" republics like Slovenia and Croatia versus the poorer "have not" republics like Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Both Croatia and Slovenia felt that they were paying too much money into the federal budget to support the "have not" republics, while Serbia wanted Croatia and Slovenia to pay more money into the federal budget to support them at a time of austerity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997387-388-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Increasingly, demands were voiced in Serbia for more centralisation in order to force Croatia and Slovenia to pay more into the federal budget, demands that were completely rejected in the "have" republics.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">relaxation of tensions</a> with the Soviet Union after <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> became <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, the top position in 1985, meant that western nations were no longer willing to be generous with restructuring Yugoslavia's debts, as the example of a communist country outside of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> was no longer needed by the West as a way of destabilising the Soviet bloc. The external status quo, which the Communist Party had depended upon to remain viable, was thus beginning to disappear. Furthermore, the failure of communism all over <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> once again brought to the surface Yugoslavia's inner contradictions, <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economic inefficiencies</a> (such as chronic lack of productivity, fuelled by the country's leaderships' decision to enforce a policy of <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a>), and ethno-religious tensions. Yugoslavia's <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned status</a> resulted in access to loans from both superpower blocs. This contact with the United States and the West opened up Yugoslavia's markets sooner than the rest of Central and Eastern Europe. The 1980s were a decade of Western economic ministrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A decade of frugality resulted in growing frustration and resentment against both the Serbian "ruling class", and the minorities who were seen to benefit from government legislation. Real earnings in Yugoslavia fell by 25% from 1979 to 1985. By 1988, emigrant remittances to Yugoslavia totalled over $4.5 billion (USD), and by 1989 remittances were $6.2 billion (USD), making up over 19% of the world's total.<sup id="cite_ref-Asch-Reichmann_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asch-Reichmann-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Massey-Taylor_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massey-Taylor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, US policy insisted on the <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a> austerity programme that was meted out to the ex-<a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> countries. Such a programme had been advocated by the IMF and other organisations "as a condition for fresh injections of capital."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_nationalism_in_Serbia_(1987–1989)"><span id="Rise_of_nationalism_in_Serbia_.281987.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Rise of nationalism in Serbia (1987–1989)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rise of nationalism in Serbia (1987–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slobodan_Milošević"><span id="Slobodan_Milo.C5.A1evi.C4.87"></span>Slobodan Milošević</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Slobodan Milošević"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stevan_Kragujevic,_Slobodan_Milosevic,_portret_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Stevan_Kragujevic%2C_Slobodan_Milosevic%2C_portret_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="3215" /></a><figcaption>Serbian President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>'s unequivocal desire to uphold the unity of Serbs, a status which was threatened by each republic breaking away from the federation, in addition to his opposition to the Albanian authorities in Kosovo, further inflamed ethnic tensions.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, Serbian official <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> was sent to bring calm to an ethnically driven protest by Serbs against the Albanian administration of SAP Kosovo. Milošević had been, up to this point, a hard-line communist who had decried all forms of nationalism as treachery, such as condemning the <a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> as "nothing else but the darkest nationalism".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kosovo's autonomy had always been an unpopular policy in Serbia, and he took advantage of the situation and made a departure from traditional communist neutrality on the issue of Kosovo. </p><p>Milošević assured Serbs that their mistreatment by ethnic Albanians would be stopped. He then began a campaign against the ruling communist elite of SR Serbia, demanding reductions in the autonomy of Kosovo and Vojvodina. These actions made him popular amongst Serbs and aided his rise to power in Serbia. Milošević and his allies took on an aggressive nationalist agenda of reviving SR Serbia within Yugoslavia, promising reforms and protection of all Serbs. </p><p>The ruling party of SFR Yugoslavia was the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (SKJ), a composite political party made-up of eight Leagues of Communists from the six republics and two autonomous provinces. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="League of Communists of Serbia">League of Communists of Serbia</a> (SKS) governed SR Serbia. Riding the wave of nationalist sentiment and his new popularity gained in Kosovo, Slobodan Milošević (Chairman of the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS) since May 1986) became the most powerful politician in Serbia by defeating his former mentor President of Serbia <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Stambolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Stambolic">Ivan Stambolic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> on 23–24 September 1987. At a 1988 rally in Belgrade, Milošević made clear his perception of the situation facing SR Serbia in Yugoslavia, saying: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At home and abroad, Serbia's enemies are massing against us. We say to them "We are not afraid. We will not flinch from battle".</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Slobodan Milošević, 19 November 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Yugoslavia._British_Broadcasting_Corporation_1995_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia._British_Broadcasting_Corporation_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>On another occasion, he privately stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We Serbs will act in the interest of Serbia whether we do it in compliance with the constitution or not, whether we do it in compliance in the law or not, whether we do it in compliance with party statutes or not.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Slobodan Milošević<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-bureaucratic_revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-bureaucratic revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> was a series of protests in Serbia and Montenegro orchestrated by Milošević to put his supporters in SAP Vojvodina, SAP Kosovo, and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic of Montenegro</a> (SR Montenegro) to power as he sought to oust his rivals. The government of Montenegro survived a coup d'état in October 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not a second one in January 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Serbia itself, Milošević could now install representatives of the two provinces and SR Montenegro in the Yugoslav Presidency Council. The very instrument that reduced Serbian influence before was now used to increase it: in the eight member Presidency, Milošević could count on a minimum of four votes – SR Montenegro (following local events), his own through SR Serbia, and now SAP Vojvodina and SAP Kosovo as well. In a series of rallies, called "Rallies of Truth", Milošević's supporters succeeded in overthrowing local governments and replacing them with his allies. </p><p>As a result of these events, in February 1989 <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">ethnic Albanian</a> miners in Kosovo <a href="/wiki/1989_Kosovo_miners%27_strike" title="1989 Kosovo miners' strike">organized a strike</a>, demanding the preservation of the now-endangered autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramet2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contributed to ethnic conflict between the Albanian and Serb populations of the province. At <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo#1968-1989:_Autonomy" title="Demographics of Kosovo">77% of the population</a> of Kosovo in the 1980s, ethnic-Albanians were the majority. </p><p>In June 1989, the 600th anniversary of Serbia's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">historic defeat</a> at the field of Kosovo, Slobodan Milošević gave the <a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> to 200,000 Serbs, with a Serb nationalist theme which deliberately evoked <a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">medieval Serbian history</a>. Milošević's answer to the incompetence of the federal system was to centralise the government. Considering Slovenia and Croatia were looking farther ahead to independence, this was considered unacceptable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repercussions">Repercussions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Repercussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a> (SR Croatia) and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> (SR Slovenia), supported the Albanian miners and their struggle for recognition. Media in SR Slovenia published articles comparing Milošević to <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian fascist</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. Milošević contended that such criticism was unfounded and amounted to "spreading fear of Serbia".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milošević's state-run media claimed in response that <a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia" title="League of Communists of Slovenia">League of Communists of Slovenia</a>, was endorsing Kosovo and Slovene separatism. Initial strikes in Kosovo turned into widespread demonstrations calling for Kosovo to be made the seventh republic. This angered Serbia's leadership which proceeded to use police force, and later the federal army (the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> JNA) by order of the Serbian-controlled Presidency. </p><p>In February 1989 ethnic Albanian <a href="/wiki/Azem_Vllasi" title="Azem Vllasi">Azem Vllasi</a>, SAP Kosovo's representative on the Presidency, was forced to resign and was replaced by an ally of Milošević. Albanian protesters demanded that Vllasi be returned to office, and Vllasi's support for the demonstrations caused Milošević and his allies to respond stating this was a "counter-revolution against Serbia and Yugoslavia", and demanded that the federal Yugoslav government put down the striking Albanians by force. Milošević's aim was aided when a huge protest was formed outside of the Yugoslav parliament in Belgrade by Serb supporters of Milošević who demanded that the Yugoslav military forces make their presence stronger in Kosovo to protect the Serbs there and put down the strike. </p><p>On 27 February, SR Slovene representative in the collective presidency of Yugoslavia, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a>, opposed the demands of the Serbs and left Belgrade for SR Slovenia where he attended a meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Cankar_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cankar Hall">Cankar Hall</a> in Ljubljana, co-organized with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Opposition of Slovenia">democratic opposition forces</a>, publicly endorsing the efforts of Albanian protesters who demanded that Vllasi be released. In the 1995 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC2</a> documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Yugoslavia" title="The Death of Yugoslavia">The Death of Yugoslavia</a></i>, Kučan claimed that in 1989, he was concerned that with the successes of Milošević's anti-bureaucratic revolution in Serbia's provinces as well as Montenegro, that his small republic would be the next target for a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">political coup</a> by Milošević's supporters if the coup in Kosovo went unimpeded. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia" title="Radio Television of Serbia">Serbian state-run television</a> denounced Kučan as a separatist, a traitor, and an endorser of Albanian separatism. </p><p>Serb protests continued in Belgrade demanding action in Kosovo. Milošević instructed communist representative <a href="/wiki/Petar_Gra%C4%8Danin" title="Petar Gračanin">Petar Gračanin</a> to make sure the protest continued while he discussed matters at the council of the League of Communists, as a means to induce the other members to realize that enormous support was on his side in putting down the Albanian strike in Kosovo. Serbian parliament speaker <a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Borisav Jović</a>, a strong ally of Milošević, met with the current President of the Yugoslav Presidency, Bosnian representative <a href="/wiki/Raif_Dizdarevi%C4%87" title="Raif Dizdarević">Raif Dizdarević</a>, and demanded that the federal government concede to Serbian demands. Dizdarević argued with Jović saying that "You [Serbian politicians] organized the demonstrations, you control it", Jović refused to take responsibility for the actions of the protesters. Dizdarević then decided to attempt to bring calm to the situation himself by talking with the protesters, by making an impassioned speech for unity of Yugoslavia saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our fathers died to create Yugoslavia. We will not go down the road to national conflict. We will take the path of <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Brotherhood and Unity">Brotherhood and Unity</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Raif Dizdarević, 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Yugoslavia._British_Broadcasting_Corporation_1995_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia._British_Broadcasting_Corporation_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This statement received polite applause, but the protest continued. Later Jović spoke to the crowds with enthusiasm and told them that Milošević was going to arrive to support their protest. When Milošević arrived, he spoke to the protesters and jubilantly told them that the people of Serbia were winning their fight against the old party bureaucrats. A shout came from the crowd to "arrest Vllasi". Milošević pretended not to hear the demand correctly but declared to the crowd that anyone conspiring against the unity of Yugoslavia would be arrested and punished. The next day, with the party council pushed into submission to Serbia, Yugoslav army forces poured into Kosovo and Vllasi was arrested. </p><p>In March 1989, the crisis in Yugoslavia deepened after the adoption of amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Serbian constitution</a> that allowed the Serbian republic's government to re-assert effective power over the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina. Up until that time, a number of political decisions were legislated from within these provinces, and they had a vote on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav federal presidency</a> level (six members from the republics and two members from the autonomous provinces).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of Kosovo Serb supporters of Milošević who helped bring down Vllasi declared that they were going to Slovenia to hold "the <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally of Truth">Rally of Truth</a>" which would decry Milan Kučan as a traitor to Yugoslavia and demand his ousting. However, the attempt to replay the anti-bureaucratic revolution in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> in December 1989 failed: the Serb protesters who were to go by train to Slovenia were stopped when the police of SR Croatia blocked all transit through its territory in coordination with the Slovene police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency of Yugoslavia</a>, Serbia's <a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Borisav Jović</a> (at the time the President of the Presidency), Montenegro's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nenad_Bu%C4%87in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nenad Bućin (page does not exist)">Nenad Bućin</a>, Vojvodina's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jugoslav_Kosti%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jugoslav Kostić (page does not exist)">Jugoslav Kostić</a> and Kosovo's <a href="/wiki/Riza_Sapunxhiu" title="Riza Sapunxhiu">Riza Sapunxhiu</a>, started to form a voting bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-bhdani-2001_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhdani-2001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_political_crisis_(1990–1992)"><span id="Final_political_crisis_.281990.E2.80.931992.29"></span>Final political crisis (1990–1992)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final political crisis (1990–1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_crisis">Party crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Party crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>In January 1990, the extraordinary <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> was convened. The combined Yugoslav ruling party, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (SKJ), was in crisis. Most of the Congress was spent with the Serbian and Slovene delegations arguing over the future of the League of Communists and Yugoslavia. SR Croatia prevented Serb protesters from reaching Slovenia. The Serbian delegation, led by Milošević, insisted on a policy of "one person, one vote" in the party membership, which would empower the largest party ethnic group, the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>. </p><p>In turn, the Croats and Slovenes sought to reform Yugoslavia by delegating even more power to six republics, but were voted down continuously in every motion and attempt to force the party to adopt the new voting system. As a result, the Croatian delegation, led by Chairman <a href="/wiki/Ivica_Ra%C4%8Dan" title="Ivica Račan">Ivica Račan</a>, and Slovene delegation left the Congress on 23 January 1990, effectively dissolving the all-Yugoslav party. Along with external pressure, this caused the adoption of multi-party systems in all the republics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-party_elections">Multi-party elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Multi-party elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Slovenian parliamentary election">1990 Slovenian parliamentary election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Croatian parliamentary election">1990 Croatian parliamentary election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_Macedonian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Macedonian parliamentary election">1990 Macedonian parliamentary election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_Bosnian_general_election" title="1990 Bosnian general election">1990 Bosnian general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_Montenegrin_general_election" title="1990 Montenegrin general election">1990 Montenegrin general election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1990_Serbian_general_election" title="1990 Serbian general election">1990 Serbian general election</a></div> <p>The individual republics organized multi-party elections in 1990, and the former communists mostly failed to win re-election, while most of the elected governments took on nationalist platforms, promising to protect their separate nationalist interests. In multi-party parliamentary elections nationalists defeated re-branded former Communist parties in Slovenia on <a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Slovenian parliamentary election">8 April 1990</a>, in Croatia on <a href="/wiki/1990_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Croatian parliamentary election">22 April and 2 May 1990</a>, in Macedonia <a href="/wiki/1990_Macedonian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Macedonian parliamentary election">11 and 25 November and 9 December 1990</a>, and in Bosnia and Herzegovina on <a href="/wiki/1990_Bosnian_general_election" title="1990 Bosnian general election">18 and 25 November 1990</a>. </p><p>In multi-party parliamentary elections, re-branded former communist parties were victorious in Montenegro on <a href="/wiki/1990_Montenegrin_general_election" title="1990 Montenegrin general election">9 and 16 December 1990</a>, and in Serbia on <a href="/wiki/1990_Serbian_general_election" title="1990 Serbian general election">9 and 23 December 1990</a>. In addition Serbia re-elected Slobodan Milošević as president. Serbia and Montenegro now increasingly favored a Serb-dominated Yugoslavia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_tensions_in_Croatia">Ethnic tensions in Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnic tensions in Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Light; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 196.26105055051px; border-left-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 143.24005810711px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19.72799294353px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Еthnicities in Croatia 1991<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> (78.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> (12.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Pink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> (2.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Light; color:;"> </span> Others (9.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>In Croatia, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a> (HDZ) was elected to power, led by controversial nationalist <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, under the promise of "protecting Croatia from Milošević", publicly advocating Croatian sovereignty. <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a> were wary of Tuđman's nationalist government, and in 1990 <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serb nationalists</a> in the southern Croatian town of <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a> organized and formed a separatist entity known as the <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a>, which demanded to remain in union with the rest of the Serb population if Croatia decided to secede. The government of Serbia endorsed the rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a>, claiming that for Serbs, rule under Tuđman's government would be equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (NDH), which committed <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">genocide against Serbs</a>. Milošević used this to rally Serbs against the Croatian government and Serbian newspapers joined in the warmongering.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia had by now printed $1.8 billion worth of new money without any backing of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav National Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franjo_Tudjman_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Franjo_Tudjman_1995.jpg/170px-Franjo_Tudjman_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Franjo_Tudjman_1995.jpg/255px-Franjo_Tudjman_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Franjo_Tudjman_1995.jpg/340px-Franjo_Tudjman_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Croatian President <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Croatian Serbs in <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a>, under the leadership of local police inspector <a href="/wiki/Milan_Marti%C4%87" title="Milan Martić">Milan Martić</a>, began to try to gain access to weapons so that the Croatian Serbs could mount a successful revolt against the Croatian government. Croatian Serb politicians including the Mayor of Knin met with <a href="/wiki/Borisav_Jovi%C4%87" title="Borisav Jović">Borisav Jović</a>, the head of the Yugoslav Presidency in August 1990, and urged him to push the council to take action to prevent Croatia from separating from Yugoslavia, because they claimed that the Serb population would be in danger in Croatia which was ruled by Tuđman and his nationalist government. </p><p>At the meeting, army official <a href="/wiki/Petar_Gra%C4%8Danin" title="Petar Gračanin">Petar Gračanin</a> told the Croatian Serb politicians how to organize their rebellion, telling them to put up barricades, as well as assemble weapons of any sort, saying "If you can't get anything else, use hunting rifles". Initially the revolt became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a>", as Serbs blockaded roadways to Knin with cut-down trees and prevented Croats from entering Knin or the Croatian coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. The BBC documentary <i>The Death of Yugoslavia</i> revealed that at the time, Croatian TV dismissed the "Log Revolution" as the work of drunken Serbs, trying to diminish the serious dispute. However, the blockade was damaging to Croatian tourism. The Croatian government refused to negotiate with the Serb separatists and decided to stop the rebellion by force, sending in armed special forces by helicopters to put down the rebellion. </p><p>The pilots claimed they were bringing "equipment" to Knin, but the federal <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a> intervened and sent <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter jets</a> to intercept them and demanded that the <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> return to their base or they would be fired upon, in which the Croatian forces obliged and returned to their base in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>. To the Croatian government, this action by the Yugoslav air force revealed to them that the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> was increasingly under Serbian control. SAO Krajina was officially declared a separate entity on 21 December 1990 by the <a href="/wiki/Serb_National_Council" title="Serb National Council">Serbian National Council</a> which was headed by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Babi%C4%87" title="Milan Babić">Milan Babić</a>. </p><p>In August 1990 the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> replaced its representative <a href="/wiki/Stipe_%C5%A0uvar" title="Stipe Šuvar">Stipe Šuvar</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a> in the wake of the Log Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesić was only seated in October 1990 because of protests from the Serbian side, and then joined Macedonia's <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Tupurkovski" title="Vasil Tupurkovski">Vasil Tupurkovski</a>, Slovenia's <a href="/wiki/Janez_Drnov%C5%A1ek" title="Janez Drnovšek">Janez Drnovšek</a> and Bosnia and Herzegovina's <a href="/wiki/Bogi%C4%87_Bogi%C4%87evi%C4%87" title="Bogić Bogićević">Bogić Bogićević</a> in opposing the demands to proclaim a general <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, which would have allowed the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> to impose <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhdani-2001_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhdani-2001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the first multi-party election results, the republics of Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia proposed transforming Yugoslavia into a loose federation of six republics in the autumn of 1990, however Milošević rejected all such proposals, arguing that like Slovenes and Croats, the Serbs also had a right to self-determination. Serbian politicians were alarmed by a change of phrasing in the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Constitution">Christmas Constitution</a> of Croatia that changed the status of ethnic Serbs of Croatia from an explicitly mentioned nation (<i>narod</i>) to a nation listed together with minorities (<i>narodi i manjine</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="per Talk (January 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_Slovenia_and_Croatia">Independence of Slovenia and Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Independence of Slovenia and Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">1990 Slovenian independence referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">1991 Croatian independence referendum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Referendum_Yugoslavia_A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Referendum_Yugoslavia_A.png/220px-Referendum_Yugoslavia_A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Referendum_Yugoslavia_A.png/330px-Referendum_Yugoslavia_A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Referendum_Yugoslavia_A.png/440px-Referendum_Yugoslavia_A.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>Independence referendums results in Yugoslavia between 1990-1992 and the percentage of votes in favor.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">1990 Slovenian independence referendum</a>, held on 23 December 1990, a vast majority of residents voted for independence:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 88.5% of all electors (94.8% of those participating) voted for independence, which was declared on 25 June 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Juberias_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juberias-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-STAT11_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STAT11-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1991, the Yugoslav counter-intelligence service, <a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">KOS</a> (<i>Kontraobaveštajna služba</i>), displayed a video of a secret meeting (the "<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0pegelj_Tapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Špegelj Tapes">Špegelj Tapes</a>") that they purported had happened some time in 1990 between the Croatian Defence Minister, <a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0pegelj" title="Martin Špegelj">Martin Špegelj</a>, and two other men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Špegelj announced during the meeting that Croatia was at war with the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> (JNA, <i>Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija</i>) and gave instructions about arms smuggling as well as methods of dealing with the Army's officers stationed in Croatian cities. The Army subsequently wanted to indict Špegelj for treason and illegal importation of arms, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The discovery of Croatian arms smuggling combined with the crisis in Knin, the election of independence-leaning governments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia, and Slovenes demanding independence in the referendum on the issue suggested that Yugoslavia faced the imminent threat of disintegration. </p><p>On 1 March 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a> ensued, and the JNA was deployed to the scene. On 9 March 1991, <a href="/wiki/March_1991_protests_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1991 protests in Belgrade">protests in Belgrade</a> were suppressed with the help of the Army. </p><p>On 12 March 1991, the leadership of the Army met with the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of the SFRY">Presidency</a> in an attempt to convince them to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> which would allow for the pan-Yugoslav army to take control of the country. Yugoslav army chief <a href="/wiki/Veljko_Kadijevi%C4%87" title="Veljko Kadijević">Veljko Kadijević</a> declared that there was a conspiracy to destroy the country, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An insidious plan has been drawn up to destroy Yugoslavia. Stage one is civil war. Stage two is foreign intervention. Then puppet regimes will be set up throughout Yugoslavia.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Veljko Kadijević, 12 March 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Yugoslavia._British_Broadcasting_Corporation_1995_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yugoslavia._British_Broadcasting_Corporation_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turnout_Yugoslav_Referendums.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turnout_Yugoslav_Referendums.png/220px-Turnout_Yugoslav_Referendums.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turnout_Yugoslav_Referendums.png/330px-Turnout_Yugoslav_Referendums.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Turnout_Yugoslav_Referendums.png/440px-Turnout_Yugoslav_Referendums.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of turnouts during the 1990-1992 referendums in Yugoslavia</figcaption></figure> <p>This statement effectively implied that the new independence-advocating governments of the republics were seen by Serbs as tools of the West. Croatian delegate <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a> responded angrily to the proposal, accusing Jović and Kadijević of attempting to use the army to create a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a> and declared "That means war!". Jović and Kadijević then called upon the delegates of each republic to vote on whether to allow martial law, and warned them that Yugoslavia would likely fall apart if martial law was not introduced. </p><p>In the meeting, a vote was taken on a proposal to enact <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> to allow for military action to end the crisis in Croatia by providing protection for the Serbs. The proposal was rejected as the Bosnian delegate <a href="/wiki/Bogi%C4%87_Bogi%C4%87evi%C4%87" title="Bogić Bogićević">Bogić Bogićević</a> voted against it, believing that there was still the possibility of diplomacy being able to solve the crisis. </p><p>The Yugoslav presidential crisis reached an impasse when Kosovo's <a href="/wiki/Riza_Sapunxhiu" title="Riza Sapunxhiu">Riza Sapunxhiu</a> 'defected' his faction in the second vote on martial law in March 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-bhdani-2001_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhdani-2001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jović briefly resigned from the presidency in protest, but soon returned.<sup id="cite_ref-bhdani-2001_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhdani-2001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 May 1991, the Serbian parliament replaced Sapunxhiu with <a href="/wiki/Sejdo_Bajramovi%C4%87" title="Sejdo Bajramović">Sejdo Bajramović</a>, and Vojvodina's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nenad_Bu%C4%87in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nenad Bućin (page does not exist)">Nenad Bućin</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jugoslav_Kosti%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jugoslav Kostić (page does not exist)">Jugoslav Kostić</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesić33_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesić33-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effectively deadlocked the Presidency, because Milošević's Serbian faction had secured four out of eight federal presidency votes, and it was able to block any unfavorable decisions at the federal level, in turn causing objections from other republics and calls for reform of the Yugoslav Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-bhdani-2001_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhdani-2001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown116_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown116-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frucht433_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frucht433-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Jović's term as head of the collective presidency expired, he blocked his successor, Mesić, from taking the position, giving the position instead to <a href="/wiki/Branko_Kosti%C4%87" title="Branko Kostić">Branko Kostić</a>, a member of the pro-Milošević government in Montenegro. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatian independence referendum held on 2 May 1991</a>, 93.24% voted for independence. On 19 May 1991, the second round of the referendum on the structure of the Yugoslav federation was held in Croatia. The phrasing of the question did not explicitly inquire as to whether one was in favor of secession or not. Voters were asked if they supported Croatia being "able to enter into an alliance of sovereign states with other republics (in accordance with the proposal of the republics of Croatia and Slovenia for solving the state crisis in the SFRY)?". 83.56% of the voters turned out, with Croatian Serbs largely boycotting the referendum. Of these, 94.17% (78.69% of the total voting population) voted "in favor" of the proposal, while 1.2% of those who voted were "opposed". Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">independence of Croatia</a> was declared on 25 June 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_beginning_of_the_Yugoslav_Wars">The beginning of the Yugoslav Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The beginning of the Yugoslav Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Slovenia_(1991)"><span id="War_in_Slovenia_.281991.29"></span>War in Slovenia (1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: War in Slovenia (1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></div> <p>Both Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence on 25 June 1991. This was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Yugoslavia, as the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a> required unanimity of all republics for the secession of any of the republics (Articles 5, 203, 237, 240, 244 and 281). </p><p>On the morning of 26 June, units of the Yugoslav People's Army's 13th Corps left their barracks in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, to move towards <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>'s borders with <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The move immediately led to a strong reaction from local Slovenians, who organized spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Barricades" class="mw-redirect" title="Barricades">barricades</a> and demonstrations against the YPA's actions. There was no fighting, as yet, and both sides appeared to have an unofficial policy of not being the first to open fire. </p><p>By this time, the Slovenian government had already put into action its plan to seize control of both the international <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Airport" title="Ljubljana Airport">Ljubljana Airport</a> and Slovenia's border posts on borders with Italy, Austria and Hungary. The personnel manning the border posts were, in most cases, already Slovenians, so the Slovenian take-over mostly simply amounted to changing of uniforms and insignia, without any fighting. By taking control of the borders, the Slovenians were able to establish defensive positions against an expected YPA attack. This meant that the YPA would have to fire the first shot, which was fired on 26 June at 14:30 in <a href="/wiki/Diva%C4%8Da" title="Divača">Divača</a> by an officer of the YPA.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst supportive of their respective rights to national self-determination, the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a> pressured <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> to place a three-month moratorium on their independence, and reached the <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> on 7 July 1991 (recognized by representatives of all republics).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these three months, the Yugoslav Army completed its pull-out from Slovenia. Negotiations to restore the Yugoslav federation with diplomat <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Community</a> were all but ended. Carrington's plan realized that Yugoslavia was in a state of dissolution and decided that each republic must accept the inevitable independence of the others, along with a promise to Serbian President Milošević that the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a> would ensure that <a href="/wiki/Serbian_diaspora" title="Serbian diaspora">Serbs outside of Serbia</a> would be protected. </p><p>Milošević refused to agree to the plan, as he claimed that the European Community had no right to dissolve Yugoslavia and that the plan was not in the interests of Serbs as it would divide the Serb people into four republics (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia). Carrington responded by putting the issue to a vote in which all the other republics, including Montenegro under <a href="/wiki/Momir_Bulatovi%C4%87" title="Momir Bulatović">Momir Bulatović</a>, initially agreed to the plan that would dissolve Yugoslavia. However, after intense pressure from Serbia on Montenegro's president, Montenegro changed its position to oppose the dissolution of Yugoslavia. </p><p>Lord Carrington's opinions were rendered moot following <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">newly reunited</a> Germany's Christmas Eve 1991 recognition of Slovenia and Croatia. Except for secret negotiations between foreign ministers <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a> (Germany) and <a href="/wiki/Alois_Mock" title="Alois Mock">Alois Mock</a> (Austria), the unilateral recognition came as an unwelcome surprise to most EC governments and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with whom there was no prior consultation. International organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, were nonplussed. While Yugoslavia was already in a shambles, it is likely that German recognition of the breakaway republics—and Austrian partial mobilization on the border—made things a good deal worse for the decomposing multinational state. US President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> was the only major power representative to voice an objection. The extent of <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> and Federal Intelligence Agency of Germany (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">BND</a>) intervention in this episode has been explored by scholars familiar with the details, but the historical record remains disputed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Croatia_(1991)"><span id="War_in_Croatia_.281991.29"></span>War in Croatia (1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: War in Croatia (1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Yugoslavia">Politics of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_(1963%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Yugoslavia_%281963%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="738" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Constitution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1953 Yugoslav Constitution">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Executive</li><li>Legislative</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Head of State</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of deputy heads of state of Yugoslavia">Deputy Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of Yugoslavia">President <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953–80)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Yugoslavia" title="Vice President of Yugoslavia">Vice President <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–67)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–91)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">President of the Presidency <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980–91)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Vice President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">Vice President of the Presidency <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–91)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of members of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">Members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of cabinets of Yugoslavia">Government <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–53)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia#SFR_Yugoslavia_period_(1945–1992)" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Yugoslavia" title="Assembly of Yugoslavia">Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" title="Legislative assemblies of SFR Yugoslavia">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Assembly_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of the Assembly of Yugoslavia">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia)">Federal Executive Council <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953–92)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federal_Executive_Council_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia">President <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–92)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_for_Protection_of_the_Constitutional_Order_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Council for Protection of the Constitutional Order (Yugoslavia)">Federal Council for Protection of the Constitutional Order <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–92)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Constituent <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1920_Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1920 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Constitutional Assembly election">1920</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Parliamentary <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1923_Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes_parliamentary_election" title="1923 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election">1923</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1925_Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes_parliamentary_election" title="1925 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election">1925</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1927_Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes_parliamentary_election" title="1927 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes parliamentary election">1927</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1931 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1931</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1935 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1935</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1938_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1938 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1938</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1945_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1945 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1945</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1950_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1950 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1950</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1953 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1953</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1958_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1958 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1958</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1963 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1963</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1969 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1969</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1974 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1974</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1978</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1982_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1982 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1982</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election" title="1986 Yugoslavian parliamentary election">1986</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_Yugoslavian_parliamentary_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 Yugoslavian parliamentary election (page does not exist)">1989</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of political parties in Yugoslavia">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina of Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Subdivisions</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">SR Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">SR Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">SR Macedonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">SR Montenegro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">SR Serbia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">SAP Kosovo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">SAP Vojvodina</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">SR Slovenia</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakup</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_accession_to_the_Tripartite_Pact" title="Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Allies" title="Yugoslavia and the Allies">Allies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">European Communities</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Politics of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Politics of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a> of late March/early April 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> broke out between the Croatian government and the rebel ethnic Serbs of the <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">Serbian Autonomous Province of Krajina</a> (heavily backed by the by-now Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army). On 1 April 1991, the <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a> declared that it would secede from Croatia. Immediately after Croatia's declaration of independence, Croatian Serbs also formed the <a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SAO_of_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Srijem" class="mw-redirect" title="SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srijem">SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srijem</a>. These three regions would combine into the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">proto-state</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (RSK) on 19 December 1991. </p><p>The other significant Serb-dominated entities in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Croatia">eastern Croatia</a> announced that they too would join SAO Krajina. Zagreb had by this time discontinued submitting tax money to Belgrade, and the Croatian Serb entities in turn halted paying taxes to Zagreb. In some places, the Yugoslav Army acted as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2013)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> in others it aided Serbs in their confrontation with the new <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatian army</a> and police forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How does creating a buffer zone protecting territorial gains by one side differ from aiding? Or is this meant to say actively aiding, i.e. fighting? (January 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The influence of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and ethnic hatred in the collapse of Yugoslavia became clear during the war in Croatia. Propaganda by Croatian and Serbian sides spread fear, claiming that the other side would engage in oppression against them and would exaggerate death tolls to increase support from their populations.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning months of the war, the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army and navy deliberately shelled civilian areas of <a href="/wiki/Split_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split (city)">Split</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>, as well as nearby Croat villages.<sup id="cite_ref-yorku.ca_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslav media claimed that the actions were done due to what they claimed was a presence of fascist Ustaše forces and international terrorists in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-yorku.ca_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UN investigations found that no such forces were in Dubrovnik at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-yorku.ca_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia" title="Armed Forces of Croatia">Croatian Armed Forces</a> presence increased later on. Montenegrin Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a>, at the time an ally of Milošević, appealed to <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a>, promising that the capture of Dubrovnik would allow the expansion of Montenegro into the city which he claimed was historically part of Montenegro, and denounced the present borders of Montenegro as being "drawn by the old and poorly educated <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> cartographers".<sup id="cite_ref-yorku.ca_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the Serbian government contradicted its Montenegrin allies with claims by the Serbian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dragutin_Zelenovi%C4%87" title="Dragutin Zelenović">Dragutin Zelenović</a> that Dubrovnik was historically Serbian, not Montenegrin.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international media gave immense attention to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">bombardment of Dubrovnik</a> and claimed this was evidence of Milosevic pursuing the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a> as Yugoslavia collapsed, presumably with the aid of the subordinate Montenegrin leadership of Bulatović and Serb nationalists in Montenegro to foster Montenegrin support for the retaking of Dubrovnik.<sup id="cite_ref-yorku.ca_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yorku.ca-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a>, ethnic tensions between Croats and Serbs exploded into violence when the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Yugoslav army entered the town</a>. The Yugoslav army and <a href="/wiki/Serb_Volunteer_Guard" title="Serb Volunteer Guard">Serbian paramilitaries</a> devastated the town in <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> and the destruction of Croatian property. Serb paramilitaries committed atrocities against Croats, killing over 200, and displacing others to add to those who fled the town in the <a href="/wiki/Vukovar_massacre" title="Vukovar massacre">Vukovar massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_and_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Independence of the Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Independence of the Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">1992 Bosnian independence referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izetbegovic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Izetbegovic.jpg/170px-Izetbegovic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Izetbegovic.jpg/255px-Izetbegovic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Izetbegovic.jpg/340px-Izetbegovic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Bosnian Muslim leader <a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-Radovan_Karadzic_3MAR94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Evstafiev-Radovan_Karadzic_3MAR94.jpg/170px-Evstafiev-Radovan_Karadzic_3MAR94.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Evstafiev-Radovan_Karadzic_3MAR94.jpg/255px-Evstafiev-Radovan_Karadzic_3MAR94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Evstafiev-Radovan_Karadzic_3MAR94.jpg/340px-Evstafiev-Radovan_Karadzic_3MAR94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Bosnian Serb leader <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With Bosnia's demographic structure comprising a mixed population of a plurality of <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, and minorities of Serbs and Croats, the ownership of large areas of Bosnia was in dispute. </p><p>From 1991 to 1992, the situation in the multiethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina grew tense. Its parliament was fragmented on ethnic lines into a plurality Bosniak faction and minority Serb and Croat factions. In October 1991, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>, the leader of the largest Serb faction in the parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Democratic_Party_(Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)">Serb Democratic Party</a>, gave a grave and direct warning to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="People's Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina">People's Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> should it decide to separate, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This, what you are doing, is not good. This is the path that you want to take Bosnia and Herzegovina on, the same highway of hell and death that Slovenia and Croatia went on. Don't think that you won't take Bosnia and Herzegovina into hell, and the Muslim people maybe into extinction. Because the Muslim people cannot defend themselves if there is war here.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Radovan Karadžić, 14 October 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the meantime, behind the scenes, negotiations began between Milošević and Tuđman to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina into Serb and Croat administered territories to attempt to avert war between <a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Serbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996209_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996209-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bosnian Serbs held a <a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">referendum in November 1991</a> resulting in an overwhelming vote in favor of staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro. </p><p>In public, pro-state media in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Serbia</a> claimed to Bosnians that Bosnia and Herzegovina could be included a new voluntary union within a new Yugoslavia based on democratic government, but this was not taken seriously by Bosnia and Herzegovina's government.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 January 1992, the Bosnian Serb assembly proclaimed a separate Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the soon-to-be <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska_(1992%E2%80%931995)" title="Republika Srpska (1992–1995)">Republika Srpska</a>), and proceeded to form <a href="/wiki/Serb_Autonomous_Regions" title="Serb Autonomous Regions">Serbian autonomous regions</a> (SARs) throughout the state. The Serbian referendum on remaining in Yugoslavia and the creation of SARs were proclaimed unconstitutional by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum">referendum on independence</a> sponsored by the Bosnian government was held on 29 February and 1 March 1992. The referendum was declared contrary to the Bosnian and federal constitution by the federal Constitution Court and the newly established Bosnian Serb government, and it was largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. According to the official results, the turnout was 63.4%, and 99.7% of the voters voted for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was unclear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/170px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/255px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/340px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Friendship_Building" title="Greece–Bosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building">executive council building</a> in Sarajevo in flames after being hit by Serbian artillery in 1992.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence on 3 March 1992 and received international recognition the following month on 6 April 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same date, the Serbs responded by declaring the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">laying siege to Sarajevo</a>, which marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> was subsequently admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 22 May 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">NATO airstrikes against Bosnian Serb targets</a> contributed to the signing of the 14 December 1995 <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> and the resolution of the conflict. Around 100,000 people were killed over the course of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogos2019265,_412_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogos2019265,_412-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macedonia">Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">1991 Macedonian independence referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency in Macedonia</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonian independence referendum</a> held on 8 September 1991, 95.26% voted for independence, which was declared on 25 September 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five hundred US soldiers were then deployed under the UN banner to monitor Macedonia's northern border with Serbia. However, Belgrade's authorities neither intervened to prevent Macedonia's departure, nor protested nor acted against the arrival of the UN troops, indicating that once Belgrade was to form its new country (the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> in April 1992), it would recognise the Republic of Macedonia and develop diplomatic relations with it. As a result, Macedonia became the only former republic to gain sovereignty without resistance from the Yugoslav authorities and Army. </p><p>In addition, Macedonia's first president, <a href="/wiki/Kiro_Gligorov" title="Kiro Gligorov">Kiro Gligorov</a>, did indeed maintain good relations with Belgrade as well as the other former republics. There have been no problems between Macedonian and Serbian border police, even though small pockets of Kosovo and the <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo" title="Preševo">Preševo</a> valley complete the northern reaches of the historical region known as Macedonia, which would otherwise have created a border dispute (see also <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMORO</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia</a>, the last major conflict being between <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalists</a> and the government of Republic of Macedonia, reduced in violence after 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_recognition_of_the_breakup">International recognition of the breakup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International recognition of the breakup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/220px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/330px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/440px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>State entities on the former territory of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a>, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>While France, Britain and most other <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> member nations were still emphasizing the need to preserve the unity of Yugoslavia,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> led the charge to recognize the first two breakaway republics of Slovenia and Croatia. He lobbied both national governments and the EC to be more favourable to his policies, and also went to Belgrade to pressure the federal government not to use military action, threatening sanctions. Days before the end of the year on Christmas Eve, Germany recognized the independence of Slovenia and Croatia, "against the advice of the European Community, the UN, and US President George H W Bush".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Robert Badinter</a>, concluded at the request of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a> that the SFR Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution, that the Serbian population in Croatia and Bosnia did not have a right to self-determination in the form of new states, and that the borders between the republics were to be recognized as international borders. As a result of the conflict, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> unanimously adopted <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_721" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 721">UN Security Council Resolution 721</a> on 27 November 1991, which paved the way to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operations in Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1992, Croatia and Yugoslavia <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_armistice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo armistice">signed an armistice under UN supervision</a>, while negotiations continued between Serb and Croat leaderships over the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina">partitioning of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996210_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukicLynch1996210-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 January 1992, the independence of Croatia and Slovenia was recognized by the international community. Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina would later be admitted as <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states of the United Nations</a> on 22 May 1992. Macedonia was admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 8 April 1993;<sup id="cite_ref-Rossos_A._2008_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossos_A._2008-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its membership approval took longer than the others due to Greek objections.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossos_A._2008_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossos_A._2008-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999 <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine" title="Oskar Lafontaine">Oskar Lafontaine</a> criticised the role played by Germany in the break up of Yugoslavia, with its early recognition of the independence of the republics, during his May Day speech.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some observers opined that the break up of the Yugoslav state violated the principles of <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post-Cold War system</a>, enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (CSCE/OSCE) and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Charter" title="Paris Charter">Treaty of Paris</a> of 1990. Both stipulated that inter-state borders in Europe should not be changed. Some observers, such as Peter Gowan, assert that the breakup and subsequent conflict could have been prevented if western states were more assertive in enforcing internal arrangements between all parties, but ultimately "were not prepared to enforce such principles in the Yugoslav case because Germany did not want to, and the other states did not have any strategic interest in doing so."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gowan even contends that the break-up "might have been possible without great bloodshed if clear criteria could have been established for providing security for all the main groups of people within the Yugoslav space." </p><p>In March 1992, during the US-Bosnian independence campaign, the politician and future president of Bosnia and Herzegovina <a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a> reached an EC brokered agreement with Bosnian Croats and Serbs on a three-canton confederal settlement. But, the US government, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, urged him to opt for a unitary, sovereign, independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_in_Serbia_and_Montenegro">Aftermath in Serbia and Montenegro</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aftermath in Serbia and Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia_and_Montenegro_map_from_CIA_World_Factbook,_circa_2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Serbia_and_Montenegro_map_from_CIA_World_Factbook%2C_circa_2005.png/220px-Serbia_and_Montenegro_map_from_CIA_World_Factbook%2C_circa_2005.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Serbia_and_Montenegro_map_from_CIA_World_Factbook%2C_circa_2005.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia consisted of Serbia and Montenegro.</figcaption></figure> <p>The independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina proved to be the final blow to the pan-Yugoslav Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 28 April 1992, the Serb-dominated <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (FRY) was <a href="/wiki/1992_Yugoslav_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Yugoslav Constitution">formed</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Montenegro and Serbia. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, but the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat as <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states#Yugoslavia" title="Succession of states">successor state to SFRY</a>. </p><p>The disintegration and war led to a <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Yugoslavia">sanctions regime</a>, causing the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Economy of Serbia and Montenegro">economy of Serbia and Montenegro</a> to collapse after five years. The war in the western parts of former Yugoslavia ended in 1995 with US-sponsored peace talks in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> started in 1998 and ended with the <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>; Slobodan Milošević was <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">overthrown</a> on 5 October 2000. </p><p>The question of succession was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. The FRY did not abandon its claim to continuity from the SFRY until 1996.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia re-applied for <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations#Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_/_Serbia_and_Montenegro_(2000–2006)" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">membership in the United Nations</a> and was admitted on 1 November 2000 as a new member.<sup id="cite_ref-fr_yugoslavia_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr_yugoslavia-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Succession_Issues_of_the_Former_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> was then signed on 29 June 2001, leading to the sharing of international assets among the five sovereign equal successor states. </p><p>The FR Yugoslavia was reconstructed on 4 February 2003 as the <a href="/wiki/State_Union_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="State Union of Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a>. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was itself unstable, and finally broke up in 2006 when, in a <a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">referendum</a> held on 21 May 2006, Montenegrin independence was backed by 55.5% of voters, and independence was declared on 3 June 2006. Serbia inherited the State Union's UN membership.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> has been under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">international administration</a> since 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaesar2020" class="citation web cs1">Caesar, Faisal (23 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cricketsoccer.com/2020/06/23/the-forgotten-yugoslavian-side-of-italia-90/#:~:text=The%20Yugoslav%20model%20of%20state%20organization%2C%20as%20well,under%20the%20rule%20of%20president-for-life%20Josip%20Broz%20Tito.">"The forgotten Yugoslavian side of Italia 90"</a>. <i>Cricketsoccer</i>.</cite><span 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604141317/http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm">"The Hungaro-Croatian Compromise of 1868 (The Nagodba)"</a>. <i>h-net.org</i>. 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Harvard University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674028562" title="Special:BookSources/9780674028562"><bdi>9780674028562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+lands%3A+Israel-Palestine%2C+Kashmir%2C+Bosnia%2C+Cyprus%2C+and+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674028562&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKZcgOJPjVkC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2001" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Martha (2001). Kumar, Krishna (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNKlZh3FwRUC&pg=PA57"><i>Women and civil war: impact, organizations, and action</i></a>. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-953-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-953-2"><bdi>978-1-55587-953-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was recognized by the European Union on 6 April. On the same date, Bosnian Serb nationalists began the siege of Sarajevo, and the Bosnian war began</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+civil+war%3A+impact%2C+organizations%2C+and+action&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=L.+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-953-2&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNKlZh3FwRUC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Grant2009" class="citation book cs1">D. 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Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004173637" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004173637"><bdi>978-9004173637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admission+to+the+United+Nations%3A+Charter+Article+4+and+the+Rise+of+Universal+Organization&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9004173637&rft.aulast=D.+Grant&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Uuv0NLNdZQC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogos2019265,_412-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogos2019265,_412_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogos2019">Logos 2019</a>, p. 265, 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasapović2010" class="citation cs2">Kasapović, Mirjana (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783845223414-1271/macedonia">"Macedonia"</a>, <i>Elections in Europe</i>, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, pp. 1271–1294, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F9783845223414-1271">10.5771/9783845223414-1271</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7"><bdi>978-3-8329-5609-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elections+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Macedonia&rft.pages=1271-1294&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F9783845223414-1271&rft.isbn=978-3-8329-5609-7&rft.aulast=Kasapovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mirjana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomos-elibrary.de%2F10.5771%2F9783845223414-1271%2Fmacedonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrozdiak1991" class="citation news cs1">Drozdiak, William (2 July 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/07/02/germany-criticizes-european-community-policy-on-yugoslavia/9c80a48a-2363-4873-a3d6-cfc5ea2b9b80/">"Germany Criticizes European Community Policy on Yugoslavia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Kohl%27s+roll+of+the+dice+in+1991+helped+further+destabilise+the+Balkans&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa0f78f22-5518-11e7-9fed-c19e2700005f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u911127a.htm">"Resolution 721"</a>. 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Hoover Institution Press. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817948832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817948832"><bdi>978-0817948832</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.policyarchive.org/11853.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaders+propose+dividing+Bosnia+into+three+areas&rft.date=1993-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F06%2F17%2Fworld%2F2-leaders-propose-dividing-bosnia-into-three-areas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr_yugoslavia-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fr_yugoslavia_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/02/world/a-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html">"A Different Yugoslavia, 8 Years Later, Takes Its Seat at the U.N."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. 2 November 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Different+Yugoslavia%2C+8+Years+Later%2C+Takes+Its+Seat+at+the+U.N.&rft.date=2000-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F11%2F02%2Fworld%2Fa-different-yugoslavia-8-years-later-takes-its-seat-at-the-un.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#serbia">"Member States of the United Nations"</a>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+States+of+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fmembers%2Findex.shtml%23serbia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownKarim1995" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cynthia; Karim, Farhad (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow"><i>Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-152-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-152-7"><bdi>978-1-56432-152-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+the+%22Communal+Card%22%3A+Communal+Violence+and+Human+Rights&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-152-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Karim%2C+Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayingcommunalc00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Philip J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1PW_wnHYMC"><i>Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-760-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-760-1"><bdi>0-89096-760-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%27s+Secret+War%3A+Propaganda+and+the+Deceit+of+History&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-89096-760-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFz1PW_wnHYMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1997" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, R.J. (1997). <i>A Concise History of Bulgaria</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521567190" title="Special:BookSources/9780521567190"><bdi>9780521567190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521567190&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenitch1996" class="citation book cs1">Denitch, Bogdan Denis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-VWhYkECOMC"><i>Ethnic nationalism: The tragic death of Yugoslavia</i></a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816629473" title="Special:BookSources/9780816629473"><bdi>9780816629473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+nationalism%3A+The+tragic+death+of+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780816629473&rft.aulast=Denitch&rft.aufirst=Bogdan+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-VWhYkECOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjokić2003" class="citation book cs1">Djokić, Dejan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMyZdvTympMC"><i>Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-663-0"><bdi>978-1-85065-663-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavism%3A+Histories+of+a+Failed+Idea%2C+1918-1992&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-663-0&rft.aulast=Djoki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMyZdvTympMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2005" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraoEmmert2003" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Charles; Emmert, Thomas A., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IDMhDgCJCe0C"><i>Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative</i></a> (2nd ed.). Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-617-4"><bdi>978-1-55753-617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+A+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-617-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIDMhDgCJCe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJović2009" class="citation book cs1">Jović, Dejan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Po03enYpbqsC"><i>Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-495-8"><bdi>978-1-55753-495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+A+State+that+Withered+Away&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-495-8&rft.aulast=Jovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPo03enYpbqsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogos2019" class="citation book cs1">Logos, Aleksandar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42147440"><i>Istorija Srba 1, Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5</i></a>. Beograd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-85117-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-85117-46-6"><bdi>978-86-85117-46-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+Srba+1%2C+Dopuna+4%3B+Istorija+Srba+5&rft.place=Beograd&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-86-85117-46-6&rft.aulast=Logos&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42147440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukicLynch1996" class="citation book cs1">Lukic, Reneo; Lynch, Allen (1996). <i>Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829200-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829200-7"><bdi>0-19-829200-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+from+the+Balkans+to+the+Urals%3A+The+Disintegration+of+Yugoslavia+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-829200-7&rft.aulast=Lukic&rft.aufirst=Reneo&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesić2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Mesić, Stjepan</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mButzsYUurkC"><i>The Demise of Yugoslavia: A Political Memoir</i></a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-81-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-81-7"><bdi>978-963-9241-81-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demise+of+Yugoslavia%3A+A+Political+Memoir&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-81-7&rft.aulast=Mesi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Stjepan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmButzsYUurkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC"><i>The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34656-8"><bdi>0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918-2005&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogel2004" class="citation book cs1">Rogel, Carole (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vsy5IAsKJsYC"><i>The Breakup of Yugoslavia and Its Aftermath</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32357-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32357-7"><bdi>0-313-32357-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breakup+of+Yugoslavia+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-313-32357-7&rft.aulast=Rogel&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvsy5IAsKJsYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrbovich2008" class="citation book cs1">Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ojur7dVoxIcC"><i>A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533343-5"><bdi>978-0-19-533343-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Legal+Geography+of+Yugoslavia%27s+Disintegration&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533343-5&rft.aulast=Trbovich&rft.aufirst=Ana+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjur7dVoxIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachtel1998" class="citation book cs1">Wachtel, Andrew (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cnISZNM6X6EC"><i>Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3181-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3181-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+a+Nation%2C+Breaking+a+Nation%3A+Literature+and+Cultural+Politics+in+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3181-2&rft.aulast=Wachtel&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcnISZNM6X6EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽerjavić1993" class="citation book cs1">Žerjavić, Vladimir (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230428/http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/index.htm"><i>Yugoslavia: Manipulations with the Number of Second World War Victims</i></a>. Croatian Information Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919817-32-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-919817-32-7"><bdi>0-919817-32-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/index.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia%3A+Manipulations+with+the+Number+of+Second+World+War+Victims&rft.pub=Croatian+Information+Centre&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-919817-32-7&rft.aulast=%C5%BDerjavi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hic.hr%2Fbooks%2Fmanipulations%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllcockMilivojevićHorton1998" class="citation book cs1">Allcock, John B.; Milivojević, Marko; Horton, John J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conflictinformer0000unse_k8x1"><i>Conflict in the former Yugoslavia: an encyclopedia</i></a>. Roots of modern conflict. Denver, Colo.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-935-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-935-9"><bdi>978-0-87436-935-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+the+former+Yugoslavia%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=Denver%2C+Colo.&rft.series=Roots+of+modern+conflict&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-935-9&rft.aulast=Allcock&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Milivojevi%C4%87%2C+Marko&rft.au=Horton%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictinformer0000unse_k8x1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmond1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Almond" title="Mark Almond">Almond, Mark</a> (1994). <i>Europe's backyard war: the war in the Balkans</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-00003-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-00003-6"><bdi>978-0-434-00003-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+backyard+war%3A+the+war+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-434-00003-6&rft.aulast=Almond&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanHolman1994" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Walter Raymond; Holman, G. Paul (1994). <i>Ethnic nationalism and regional conflict: the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia</i>. Boulder San Francisco Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8813-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-8813-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-8813-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+nationalism+and+regional+conflict%3A+the+former+Soviet+Union+and+Yugoslavia&rft.place=Boulder+San+Francisco+Oxford&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-8813-7&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Walter+Raymond&rft.au=Holman%2C+G.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenny1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny, Misha</a> (1996). <i>The fall of Yugoslavia: the third Balkan war</i> (3. ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026101-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026101-1"><bdi>978-0-14-026101-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+Yugoslavia%3A+the+third+Balkan+war&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-14-026101-1&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBor2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_LeBor" title="Adam LeBor">LeBor, Adam</a> (2003). <i>Milosevic: a biography</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-6181-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-6181-1"><bdi>978-0-7475-6181-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milosevic%3A+a+biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-6181-1&rft.aulast=LeBor&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagaš1993" class="citation book cs1">Magaš, Branka (1993). <i>The destruction of Yugoslavia: tracking the break-up 1980-92</i>. London, GB: New York Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-593-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-593-5"><bdi>978-0-86091-593-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+destruction+of+Yugoslavia%3A+tracking+the+break-up+1980-92&rft.place=London%2C+GB&rft.pub=New+York+Verso&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-593-5&rft.aulast=Maga%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Branka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes1994" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (1994). <i>Yugoslavian inferno: ethnoreligious warfare in the Balkans</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum Publishers">Continuum Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0683-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0683-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-0683-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavian+inferno%3A+ethnoreligious+warfare+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-0683-5&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadan2002" class="citation book cs1">Radan, Peter (2002). <i>The break-up of Yugoslavia and international law</i>. Routledge studies in international law. London ; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25352-9"><bdi>978-0-415-25352-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+break-up+of+Yugoslavia+and+international+law&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+international+law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25352-9&rft.aulast=Radan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardBrookings_Institution1995" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Susan L.; Brookings Institution (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkantragedycha00wood"><i>Balkan tragedy: chaos and dissolution after the Cold War</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9514-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9514-8"><bdi>978-0-8157-9514-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+tragedy%3A+chaos+and+dissolution+after+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-9514-8&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft.au=Brookings+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkantragedycha00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakup+of+Yugoslavia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_the_Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of the Breakup of Yugoslavia">Maps of the Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552526">Video on the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yugoslavia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yugoslavia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_regency" title="Yugoslav regency">Yugoslav regency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informbiro_period" title="Informbiro period">Informbiro period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Balkan Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslav irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugo-nostalgia" title="Yugo-nostalgia">Yugo-nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Breakup of Yugoslavia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yugoslavia" title="Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yugoslavia" title="Constitution of Yugoslavia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">1921</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1931_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1931 Yugoslav Constitution">1931</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1946_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1946 Yugoslav Constitution">1946</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1953_Yugoslav_constitutional_amendments" title="1953 Yugoslav constitutional amendments">1953</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1963_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1963 Yugoslav Constitution">1963</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yugoslavia" title="Elections in Yugoslavia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Yugoslavia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia)">Federal Executive Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yugoslavia" title="Foreign relations of Yugoslavia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Yugoslavia and the United Nations">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity">OAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia%E2%80%93European_Communities_relations" title="Yugoslavia–European Communities relations">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_passport" title="Yugoslav passport">Passport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of cabinets of Yugoslavia">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of deputy heads of state of Yugoslavia">Deputy heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="Presidency of Yugoslavia">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of members of the Presidency of Yugoslavia">members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Yugoslavia" title="LGBT history in Yugoslavia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Yugoslavia">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ilasism" title="Đilasism">Đilasism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankovi%C4%87ism" title="Rankovićism">Rankovićism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Yugoslavia" title="List of political parties in Yugoslavia">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Administration">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOS_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="KOS (Yugoslavia)">counterintelligence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yugoslav Army (disambiguation)">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li>Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Ground_Forces" title="Yugoslav Ground Forces"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ground</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Navy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Navy" title="Yugoslav Navy"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a></li></ul></li> <li>Air Force <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Royal Yugoslav Air Force"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a></li></ul></li> <li>Ranks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Military ranks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><span style="font-size:85%;">1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav People's Army ranks"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945–1992</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia"><span style="font-size:85%;">Marshal</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Defense_(Yugoslavia)" title="Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)">Territorial Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware_in_Yugoslavia" title="History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia">Computer systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_systems_from_Yugoslavia" title="List of computer systems from Yugoslavia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_krone" title="Yugoslav krone">Krone <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining industry of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Bank of Yugoslavia">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Yugoslavia" title="Postal codes in Yugoslavia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Services_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Services in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.yu" title=".yu">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yugoslavia" title="Telephone numbers in Yugoslavia">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Railways" title="Yugoslav Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">List of companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yugoslavia" title="Category:Society of Yugoslavia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Yugoslavia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">SFRY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Yugoslavia" title="Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minorities_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minorities of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yugoslavia" title="Public holidays in Yugoslavia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs_in_Serbia" title="Yugoslavs in Serbia">in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Canadians" title="Yugoslav Canadians">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yugoslavia" title="Languages of Yugoslavia">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene <span style="font-size:85%;">(Slovenian)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_studies" title="Yugoslav studies">Yugoslav studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yugoslavia" title="Architecture of Yugoslavia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Yugoslavia" title="Art of Yugoslavia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_films" title="List of Yugoslav films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Drama_Theatre" title="Yugoslav Drama Theatre">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Yugoslavia" title="Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia">Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yugoslav_composers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yugoslav composers (page does not exist)">composers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugoslav_national_costume&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yugoslav national costume (page does not exist)">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Yugoslavia (page does not exist)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yugoslavia" title="Sport in Yugoslavia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yugoslavia" title="Football in Yugoslavia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radio_Television" title="Yugoslav Radio Television">Yugoslav Radio Television</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_wine" title="Macedonian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_literature" title="Macedonian literature">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_poets" title="List of Yugoslav poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Anthem <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1945</span></a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hey,_Slavs" title="Hey, Slavs">1945–1992)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yugoslavia" title="Emblem of Yugoslavia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">Flag of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags" title="List of Yugoslav flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia">Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslavia" title="Category:Yugoslavia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of_1989" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template talk:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Internal<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">International<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Terrorism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Vatican Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskorenie" title="Uskorenie">Uskorenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">Demokratizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">Khozraschyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Days_Program" title="500 Days Program">500 Days Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Government<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig" title="Sanjaasürengiin Zorig">Sanjaasürengiin Zorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Peace_and_Human_Rights" title="Initiative for Peace and Human Rights">Initiative for Peace and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Against_Violence" title="Public Against Violence">Public Against Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-regional_Deputies_Group" title="Inter-regional Deputies Group">Inter-regional Deputies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events<br />by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Central and<br />Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Final_decade_of_the_Polish_People's_Republic_(1980–1989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum" title="1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Towards_independence:_1985-1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Revolution" title="Tajikistani Revolution">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Turkmen_independence_referendum" title="1991 Turkmen independence referendum">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Uzbek_independence_election" title="1991 Uzbek independence election">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin#Dissolution" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo#Transition" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">South Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Individual<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Hungarian Round Table Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_on_Granite" title="Revolution on Granite">Revolution on Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January Events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">1991 protests in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">1991 Belarusian strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact#End_of_the_Cold_War" title="Warsaw Pact">Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">Lustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Template talk:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Yugoslav_statehood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th><b>until<br />1918</b> </th> <th style="width:12%"><b><a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">1918–<br />1929</a></b> </th> <th style="width:13%"><b>1929–<br />1945</b> </th> <th style="width:8%"><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">1941–<br />1945</a></b> </th> <th style="width:3%"><b>1945–<br />1946</b> </th> <th style="width:19%"><b>1946–<br />1963</b> </th> <th style="width:32%"><b>1963–<br />1992</b> </th> <th style="width:13%"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1992–<br />2003</a></b> </th> <th style="width:3%"><b>2003–<br />2006</b> </th> <th style="width:3%"><b>2006–<br />2008</b> </th> <th><b>since<br />2008</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#d0f0c0; font-size:85%"><div>Part of <div><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div> including the<br /><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a></div><div><i>See also:</i></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of<br />Croatia-Slavonia</a><br />(1868–1918)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a><br />(1815–1918)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_(Austro-Hungarian_condominium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium)">Condominium of<br />Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</a><br />(1878–1918)</div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="12" style="background:#e6e7e8; font-size:85%"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a></b><br />(1918)<br /><br /><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs,<br />Croats and Slovenes</a></b><br />(1918–1929)<br /><br /><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Kingdom of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></b><br />(1929–1945)</div><br /><div><i>See also:</i></div><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a><br />(1919)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a><br />(1918–1919)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a><br />(1920–1924)<br />(1924–1945)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Zadar#Italy_(1918–1947)" title="Zadar">Italian province of Zadar</a><br />(1920–1947)</div> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Annexed by</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, and Hungary<sup>a</sup> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="12" style="background:#ccf"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#World_War_II" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1946)</span><br /><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Post-war_period" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–1963)</span><br /><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Reform" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1963–1992)</span><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Consisted of the<br />Socialist Republics of:</div><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1992)</span></div><div style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> (1945–1992)<br />(included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">autonomous<br />provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a>)</div><div><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1992)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–1991)</span><div style="font-size:85%"><br /><i>See also:</i></div><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947–1954)</span><sup>h</sup></div> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="Slovenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a></span></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#f4c2c2"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia"><img alt="Independent State of Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1945)</span></div><div style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>.<br />Parts annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)">Italy</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje" class="mw-redirect" title="Međimurje">Međimurje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baranya_(region)" title="Baranya (region)">Baranja</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>.</div> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="Croatia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a></span></b><sup>b</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Croatia" title="Central Croatia">Croatia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a></b> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></span></b><sup>c</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></span><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Consists of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (since 1995),<br /><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> (since 1995), and<br /><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_District" title="Brčko District">Brčko District</a> (since 2000).</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#d0f0c0; font-size:85%">Part of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a> region of Hungary </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Autonomous Banat</a><sup>d</sup> <div style="font-size:85%">(part of the German<br /><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the<br />Military Commander<br />in Serbia</a>)</div> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></b><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Consisted of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Republic of Serbia</a> (1992–2006)<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Republic of Montenegro</a> (1992–2006)</div> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro_%281992%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia_(2004%E2%80%932010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia_%282004%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a></b><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Included the autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and, under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_Metohija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo and Metohija</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">of Serbia</a></b><div style="font-size:85%"><br />Includes the autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Serbia</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1918)</span> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span> <sup>e</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#eef"><span style="font-size:85%;">Part of the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–1918)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Mostly annexed by</span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span> <div style="font-size:85%">along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro</div> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Metohija</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–1918)</span><div style="font-size:85%">Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Protectorate of Montenegro</a><sup>f</sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a></b> </td> <td style="background:#eef"><span style="font-size:85%;">Part of the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–1918)</span> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2"><span style="font-size:85%;">Annexed by the</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1944)</span> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8"><b><span data-sort-value="North Macedonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a></span></b><sup>g</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" class="plainlist" style="background:none; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; font-size:85%"> <ul><li><sup>a</sup> <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>.</li> <li><sup>b</sup> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/SAO_Kninska_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="SAO Kninska Krajina">SAO Kninska Krajina</a> (1990) → <a href="/wiki/SAO_Krajina" title="SAO Krajina">SAO Krajina</a> (1990–1991); and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia" title="SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia">SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia</a> (1990–1991), <a href="/wiki/SAO_Western_Slavonia" title="SAO Western Slavonia">SAO Western Slavonia</a> (1990–1991) and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> (1990–1995), all replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium</a> (1996–1998).</li> <li><sup>c</sup> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Autonomous_Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Autonomous Oblasts">Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs)</a> of <a href="/wiki/SAO_Bosanska_Krajina" title="SAO Bosanska Krajina">Bosanska Krajina</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_North-East_Bosnia" title="SAO North-East Bosnia">North-East Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAO_Romanija" title="SAO Romanija">Romanija</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAO_Herzegovina" title="SAO Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> (1991–1992), which all combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992–1995).</li> <li><sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a> was reannexed by Hungary (1941–1944), while <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a> was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li> <li><sup>e</sup> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Republic of Užice</a>.</li> <li><sup>f</sup> Annexed by Italy (1941–1943) and Germany (1943–1944). Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).</li> <li><sup>g</sup> North Macedonia's official and constitutional name was the Republic of Macedonia until 2019. It was known in the United Nations as <i>the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia</i> because of a <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">naming dispute</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</li> <li><sup>h</sup> Free Territory was established in 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas (Zone A) and (Zone B). Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4390259#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-49vgg","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.532","walltime":"1.886","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16384,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":604773,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":81337,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":57,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":359492,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1455.607 1 -total"," 23.31% 339.351 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.74% 156.344 37 Template:Cite_book"," 8.58% 124.904 18 Template:Cite_web"," 7.59% 110.441 1 Template:Infobox_historical_event"," 7.11% 103.437 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