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id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Newfoundland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woman's_Temperance_Publishing_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woman's_Temperance_Publishing_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Woman's Temperance Publishing Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woman's_Temperance_Publishing_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Conventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-WCTU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WCTU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>WCTU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WCTU-sublist" 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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frances_Willard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frances_Willard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Frances Willard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frances_Willard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matilda_Bradley_Carse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matilda_Bradley_Carse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Matilda Bradley Carse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matilda_Bradley_Carse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Australia and Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Cristiana_de_Mujeres_por_la_Templanza" title="Unión Cristiana de Mujeres por la Templanza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Cristiana de Mujeres por la Templanza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="World Woman's Christian Temperance Union – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="World Woman's Christian Temperance Union" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Hvite_B%C3%A5nd" title="Det Hvite Bånd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det Hvite Bånd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Kvite_Band" title="Det Kvite Band – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det Kvite Band" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%A3_de_Temperan%C3%A7a_Feminina" title="União Cristã de Temperança Feminina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Cristã de Temperança Feminina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_bandet" title="Vita bandet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vita bandet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International temperance organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WCTU" redirects here. For the rail line in White City, Oregon, see <a href="/wiki/WCTU_Railway" title="WCTU Railway">WCTU Railway</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wctu_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wctu_logo.png/100px-Wctu_logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wctu_logo.png/150px-Wctu_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wctu_logo.png/200px-Wctu_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The logo of the WCTU is a <a href="/wiki/White_ribbon" title="White ribbon">white ribbon bow</a>, representing purity</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">November 18–20, 1874</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">Non-profit organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wctu.org/">wctu.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Woman's Christian Temperance Union</b> (<b>WCTU</b>) is an international <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> organization. It was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform with a program that "linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1991_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It plays an influential role in the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">temperance movement</a>. Originating among <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Prohibition_movement" title="Women in the United States Prohibition movement">women in the United States Prohibition movement</a>, the organization supported the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18th Amendment</a> and was also influential in social reform issues that came to prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">progressive era</a>. </p><p>The WCTU was originally organized on December 23, 1873, in <a href="/wiki/Hillsboro,_Ohio" title="Hillsboro, Ohio">Hillsboro, Ohio</a>, and starting on December 26 <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Gilruth_Carpenter" title="Matilda Gilruth Carpenter">Matilda Gilruth Carpenter</a> led a successful campaign to close saloons in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Court_House,_Ohio" title="Washington Court House, Ohio">Washington Court House, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WCTU was officially declared at a national convention in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, November 18–20, 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Case.edu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case.edu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WTB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It operated at an international level and in the context of religion and reform, including missionary work and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>. Two years after its founding, the American WCTU sponsored an international conference at which the International Women's Christian Temperance Union was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1991-20_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1991-20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union was founded in 1883 and became the international arm of the organization, which has now affiliates in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, Finland, India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea, United Kingdom, and the United States, among others. </p><p>The Woman's Christian Temperance Union conducts a White Ribbon Recruit (WRR) ceremony, in which babies are dedicated to the cause of temperance through a white ribbon being tied to their wrists, with their adult sponsors pledging to help the child live a life free from alcohol and other drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollins2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollins2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At its founding in 1874, the stated purpose of the WCTU was to create a "sober and pure world" by abstinence, purity, and evangelical Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1991-7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1991-7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Wittenmyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Wittenmyer">Annie Wittenmyer</a> was its first president.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wittenmyer was conservative in her goals for the movement focusing only on the question of alcohol consumption and avoiding involvement in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution of the WCTU called for "the entire prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_(suffragist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Willard (suffragist)">Frances Willard</a>, a noted feminist, was elected the WCTU's second president in 1879 and Willard grew the organization to be the largest organization of women in the world by 1890. She remained president until her death in 1898. </p><p>Its members were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, who defined temperance as "moderation in all things healthful; total abstinence from all things harmful." In other words, should something be good, it should not be indulged in to excess; should something be bad for you, it should be avoided altogether — thus their attempts to rid society of what they saw (and still see) as the dangers of alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1999-26_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1999-26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WCTU perceived alcohol as a cause and consequence of larger social problems rather than as a personal weakness or failing. The WCTU also advocated against tobacco. The American WCTU formed a "Department for the Overthrow of the Tobacco Habit" as early as 1885 and frequently published anti-tobacco articles in the 1880s. Agitation against tobacco continued through to the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1999-26_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1999-26-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg/220px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg/330px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg/440px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>This 1902 illustration from the <i>Hawaiian Gazette</i> newspaper humorously illustrates the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a> and the Women's Christian Temperance Union's campaign against the producers and sellers of beers in Hawaii.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_interests">Policy interests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Policy interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a consequence of its stated purposes, the WCTU was also very interested in a number of social reform issues, including labor, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">international peace</a>. As the movement grew in numbers and strength, members of the WCTU also focused on <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>. The WCTU was instrumental in organizing woman's suffrage leaders and in helping more women become involved in American politics. Local chapters, known as "unions", were largely autonomous, though linked to state and national headquarters. Willard pushed for the "Home Protection" ballot, arguing that women, being the morally superior sex, needed the vote in order to act as "citizen-mothers" and protect their homes and cure society's ills. At a time when suffragists were viewed as <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radicals</a> and alienated most American women, the WCTU offered a more traditionally feminine and "appropriate" organization for women to join.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Home Protection interests also extended to <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor rights in the United States">Labor rights</a>, and an openness to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a>. WCTU had a close association with the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a>, sharing goals for class harmony, sober and disciplined workers, and a day of rest. Concern for workers' conditions and the effect on family life led many members to also critique the exploitation of capital, as well as demand a <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the WCTU had chapters throughout <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> with hundreds of thousands of members, the "Christian" in its title was largely limited to those with an evangelical Protestant conviction and the importance of their role has been noted. The goal of evangelizing the world, according to this model, meant that very few Catholics, Jews, Muslims, Buddhists or Hindus were attracted to it, "even though the last three had a pronounced cultural and religious preference for abstinence".<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1999-6566_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1999-6566-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the WCTU grew internationally, it developed various approaches that helped with the inclusion of women of religions other than Christianity. But, it was always primarily, and still is, a Christian women's organization. </p><p>The WCTU's work extended across a range of efforts to bring about personal and social moral reform. In the 1880s, it worked on creating legislation to protect working girls from the exploitation of men, including raising <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Age of Consent</a> laws.<sup id="cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-223_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-Gusfield-223-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also focused on keeping Sundays as Sabbath days and restrict frivolous activities. In 1901 the WCTU said that golf should not be allowed on Sundays.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WCTU was also involved with efforts to <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">alleviate poverty</a> by discouraging the purchase of alcohol products. Through journal articles, the WCTU tried to prove that abstinence would help people move up in life. A fictional story in one of their journal articles illustrates this fact: </p> <blockquote><p>Ned has applied for a job, but he is not chosen. He finds that the potential employer has judged him to be like his Uncle Jack. Jack is a kindly man but he spends his money on drink and cigarettes. Ned has also been seen drinking and smoking. The employer thinks that Ned Fisher lacks the necessary traits of industriousness which he associates with abstinence and self-control.<sup id="cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-223_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-Gusfield-223-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_and_influence">Spread and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spread and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Woman's Christian Temperance Union grew rapidly. The WCTU adopted Willard's "Do Everything" philosophy, which meant that the "W.C.T.U. campaigned for local, state, and national prohibition, woman suffrage, protective purity legislation, scientific temperance instruction in the schools, better working conditions for labor, anti-polygamy laws, Americanization, and a variety of other reforms"<sup id="cite_ref-Minnesota_Woman_1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Woman_1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite having the image of a gospel temperance organization. The presidential addresses of the WCTU provide excellent insight as to how the organization seamlessly blended issues of grass-roots organizing, temperance, education, immigration and cultural assimilation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One prominent state chapter was the Minnesota Women's Christian Temperance Union. The Minnesota chapter's origin is rooted in nation's anti-saloon crusades of 1873 and 1874 where women all throughout the United States "joined together outside saloons to pray and harass the customers."<sup id="cite_ref-Minnesota_Woman_1998_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Woman_1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Minnesota there was stiff resistance to this public display and "in Anoka, Minnesota, 'heroic women endured the insults of the saloon-keeper and his wife who poured cold water upon the women from an upper window while they prayed on the sidewalk below. Sometimes beer was thrown on the sidewalk so that they could not kneel there but they prayed.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Minnesota_Woman_1998_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Woman_1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Minnesotan women were motivated and "formed local societies, which soon united to become the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1874. Women from St. Paul, Minneapolis, Red Wing, and Owatonna organized their first local W.C.T.U. clubs between 1875 and 1877. The Minnesota WCTU began in the fall of 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-Minnesota_Woman_1998_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minnesota_Woman_1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point the Minnesota WCTU began to expand throughout the state in both size and interests. </p><p>The Minnesota WCTU worked hard to extol the values of the WCTU which included converting new immigrants to American culture or "Americanization." Bessie Laythe Scovell, a native New Englander that moved to Minnesota in the 1800s and served as president of the Minnesota WCTU chapter from 1897–1909 delivered her 1900 "President's Address", where she expounded on the methods the Minnesota chapter of the WCTU would utilize to accomplish its variety of goals within the state. Scovell adopted what was at the time a "progressive" approach to the issue of immigrants, particularly German and Scandinavian in Minnesota, indulging in alcohol and stated: </p> <blockquote><p>We must have a regiment of American workers, who will learn the German language, love the German people, work among the German children and young people until we get them to love clear brains better than beer. There must be others who for the love of country and dear humanity will learn the Scandinavian language and be real neighbors to the many people of this nationality who have come to make homes in America. Again others must learn the French and Italian and various dialects, even, that the truths of personal purity and total abstinence be taught to these who dwell among us. We must feel it a duty to teach these people the English language to put them in sympathy with our purposes and our institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For Scovell and the women of the Minnesota WCTU, speaking English and participating in established American institutions were essential to truly become "American" just as abstaining from alcohol was necessary to be virtuous. By linking language to culture and institutions, Scovell and the WCTU recognized that a multicultural approach would be necessary to communicate values to new immigrants, but did not conclude that multiculturalism was a value in itself. The WCTU viewed the foreign European cultures as a corrupter and despoiler of virtue, hence the excessive drinking. That is ultimately why it was paramount the immigrants learned English and assimilated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WCTU_and_race">WCTU and race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: WCTU and race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WCTU, while a predominantly white organisation, did boast a significant black and indigenous membership. In 1901 Eliza Pierce, a Native American woman, started her own New York chapter of the union, which was featured in <i>The Sunday Herald</i> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, there are many references to African American members in the literature surrounding the WCTU, although this is often in passing. Predominant black activist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was very active in the union, pushing for WTCU adoption of the anti-lynching cause. However, in the end Willard favoured the desires of white Southern women and this campaign fell to the side-lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Stancliffe,_Michael,_p.82_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stancliffe,_Michael,_p.82-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889 Harper formally requested that "in dealing with colored people... Christian courtesy be shown." The WTCU did receive criticism from black activists, most notably the well-known reformer Ida B. Wells, who condemned Willard for her statements regarding black drunkenness.<sup id="cite_ref-Stancliffe,_Michael,_p.82_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stancliffe,_Michael,_p.82-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, black women faced similar pressures within the WCTU that they did in wider society, but this did not stop them from contributing to the movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WCTU_series_of_medals_(The_National_Advocate,_1907)_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WCTU_series_of_medals_%28The_National_Advocate%2C_1907%29_%28cropped%29.png/220px-WCTU_series_of_medals_%28The_National_Advocate%2C_1907%29_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WCTU_series_of_medals_%28The_National_Advocate%2C_1907%29_%28cropped%29.png/330px-WCTU_series_of_medals_%28The_National_Advocate%2C_1907%29_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WCTU_series_of_medals_%28The_National_Advocate%2C_1907%29_%28cropped%29.png/440px-WCTU_series_of_medals_%28The_National_Advocate%2C_1907%29_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>In 1897, the <a href="/wiki/Demorest_Medal_Contests" title="Demorest Medal Contests">Demorest Medal Contests</a> system merged with that of the WCTU, which designed its own series of medals (pictured). <a href="/wiki/Adelia_E._Carman" title="Adelia E. Carman">Adelia E. Carman</a> served as the medal department Supervisor for 30 years.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1893, the WCTU switched focus toward prohibition, which was ultimately successful when the 18th amendment to the US Constitution was passed. After prohibition was instituted, WCTU membership declined.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, different prohibition and suffrage activists had suspected that brewer associations gave money to anti-suffrage activities. In 1919, there was a Senate investigation that confirmed their suspicions. Some members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Brewers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Brewers Association">United States Brewers Association</a> were openly against the woman's suffrage movement. One member stated, "We have defeated woman's suffrage at three different times."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the WCTU was an explicitly religious organization and worked with religious groups in social reform, it protested wine use in religious ceremonies. During an Episcopal convention, it asked the church to stop using wine in its ceremonies and to use unfermented grape juice instead. A WCTU direct resolution explained its reasoning: wine contained "the narcotic poison, alcohol, which cannot truly represent the blood of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WCTU also favored banning tobacco. In 1919, the WCTU expressed to Congress its desire for the total abolition of tobacco within five years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Willard, the WCTU supported the White Life for Two program. Under this program, men would reach women's higher moral standing (and thus become woman's equal) by engaging in lust-free, alcohol-free, tobacco-free marriages. At the time, the organization also fought to ban alcohol use on military bases, in Native American reservations, and within Washington's institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Willard succeeded in increasing the political clout of the organization because, unlike Annie Wittenmyer, she strongly believed that the success of the organization would only be achieved through the increased politicization of its platform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reach">Reach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the WCTU was divided along ideological lines. The first president of the organization, Annie Wittenmyer, believed in the singleness of purpose of the organization—that is, that it should not put efforts into woman suffrage, prohibition, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This wing of the WCTU was more concerned with how morality played a role during the temperance movement. With that in mind, it sought to save those whom they believed to be of lower moral character. For them, the alcohol problem was one of moral nature and was not caused by the institutions that facilitated access to alcohol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natl.comm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Natl.comm.jpg/220px-Natl.comm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Natl.comm.jpg/330px-Natl.comm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Natl.comm.jpg/440px-Natl.comm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Women of the WCTU at a meeting, 1924</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WCT_Exhibit_in_Toronto_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/WCT_Exhibit_in_Toronto_1945.jpg/220px-WCT_Exhibit_in_Toronto_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/WCT_Exhibit_in_Toronto_1945.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>WCTU display booth at the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The second president of the WCTU, Frances Willard, demonstrated a sharp distinction from Wittenmyer. Willard had a much broader interpretation of the social problems at hand. She believed in "a living wage; in an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a>; in courts of conciliation and arbitration; in justice as opposed to greed in gain; in Peace on Earth and Good-Will to Men."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division illustrated two of the ideologies present in the organization at the time, conservatism and progressivism. To some extent, the Eastern Wing of the WCTU supported Wittenmyer and the Western Wing had a tendency to support the more progressive Willard view.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Membership within the WCTU grew greatly every decade until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-222_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-Gusfield-222-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1920s, it was in more than forty countries and had more than 766,000 members paying dues at its peak in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1991_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1991-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years </th> <th>Membership </th></tr> <tr> <td>1881 </td> <td>22,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891 </td> <td>138,377 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td>158,477 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 </td> <td>245,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td>344,892 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td>372,355 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td>216,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>257,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>250,000<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>50,000 (worldwide)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>20,000<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>5,000<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Classification of WCTU Committee Reports by Period and Interests<sup id="cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-226_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-Gusfield-226-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Period </th> <th>Humanitarian Reform </th> <th>Moral Reform </th> <th>Temperance </th> <th>Other </th> <th>N </th></tr> <tr> <td>1879–1903 </td> <td>78.6 </td> <td>23.5 </td> <td>26.5 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904–1928 </td> <td>45.7 </td> <td>30.7 </td> <td>33.1 </td> <td>18.0 </td> <td>127 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929–1949 </td> <td>125.8 </td> <td>37.0 </td> <td>48.2 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>81 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Source:Sample of every fifth <i>Annual Report</i> of the WCTU</li></ul> <p>Percentages total more than 100 percent due to several interests in some committee reports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committees">Committees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the organization's second decade (1884-1894), many departments were launched which focused on special needs. These included:<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon1924_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon1924-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Anti-Narcotics (1884)</li> <li>Christian Citizenship (1896)</li> <li>Evangelistic (1883)</li> <li>Fairs and Open Air Meetings (1880)</li> <li>Flower Mission (1883)</li> <li>Franchise (1881)</li> <li>Health and Heredity (1881)</li> <li>Institutes (1889)</li> <li>Kindergarten (1884)</li> <li>Legislation (1874)</li> <li>Loyal Temperance Legion (1874) (juvenile work)</li> <li>Literature (1877)</li> <li>Medal Contests (1896)</li> <li>Medical Temperance (1883)</li> <li>Mercy (1890)</li> <li>Purity (1875)</li> <li>Parliamentary Usage (1887)</li> <li>Peace and International Arbitration (1888)</li> <li>Penal and Reformatory Work (1877)</li> <li>The Press (1874)</li> <li>Purity in Literature and Art: (suppression of impure literature) (1884)</li> <li>Sabbath Observance: (1884) (suppression of Sabbath desecration)</li> <li>Scientific Temperance Instruction (1874)</li> <li>School Savings Banks (1891)</li> <li>Social Meetings and Red Letter Days (1880)</li> <li>Sunday School (1874)</li> <li>Temperance and Labor (1881)</li> <li>Temperance and Missions (1907)</li> <li>The Bible in the Public Schools (1911)</li> <li>Work Among Colored People (1880)</li> <li>Work Among Foreigners (1880)</li> <li>Work Among Indians (1884)</li> <li>Work Among Lumbermen and Miners (1883)</li> <li>Work Among Railroad Employees (1881)</li> <li>Work Among Soldiers and Sailors (1881)</li> <li>Young Women's Unions (1877)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admin_Building_and_Archives_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Admin_Building_and_Archives_Exterior.jpg/220px-Admin_Building_and_Archives_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Admin_Building_and_Archives_Exterior.jpg/330px-Admin_Building_and_Archives_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Admin_Building_and_Archives_Exterior.jpg/440px-Admin_Building_and_Archives_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of the National WCTU headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>, a building on the national register of historic places.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building_1.JPG/220px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building_1.JPG/330px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building_1.JPG/440px-Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union Administration Building">Woman's Christian Temperance Union Administration Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>, has been the headquarters of the WCTU since 1910.</figcaption></figure> <p>The WCTU remains an internationally active organization.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In American culture, although "temperance norms have lost a great deal of their power"<sup id="cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-222_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJS-Gusfield-222-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are far fewer dry communities today than before ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, there is still at least one WCTU chapter in almost every U.S. state and in 36 other countries around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Requirements for joining the WCTU include paying membership dues and signing a pledge to <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstain</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>. The pledge of the Southern Californian WCTU, for example, is "I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and malt liquors, including beer, wine, and hard cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in the same."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current issues for the WCTU include alcohol, which the <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> considers to be <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>'s number one <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug</a> problem, as well as <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drugs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WCTU has warned against the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> since 1875. They continue to this day in their fight against those substances they see as harmful to <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The last edition of the WCTU's quarterly journal, titled <i>The Union Signal</i>, was published in 2015, the main focus of which was current research and information on drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other national organizations also continue to publish.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WCTU also attempts to encourage young people to avoid substance abuse through participation in three age-divided suborganizations: White Ribbon Recruits for pre-schoolers, the Loyal Temperance Legion (LTL) for elementary school children, and the Youth Temperance Council (YTC) for teenagers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The White Ribbon Recruits are mothers who will publicly declare their dedication to keeping their babies drug-free. To do this, they participate in the White Ribbon Ceremony, but their children must be under six years of age. The mother pledges "I promise to teach my child the principles of total abstinence and purity", and the child gets a white ribbon tied to its wrist.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Temperance_Legion" title="Loyal Temperance Legion">Loyal Temperance Legion</a> (LTL), is another temperance group aimed at children. It is for children aged six to twelve who are willing to pay dues annually to the LTL. Its motto is "That I may give my best service to home and country, I promise, God helping me, Not to buy, drink, sell, or give alcoholic liquors while I live. From other drugs and tobacco I'll abstain, And never take God's name in vain."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Youth Temperance Council is the final type of group meant for youths and is aimed at teenagers. Its pledge is "I promise, by the help of God, never to use alcoholic beverages, other narcotics, or tobacco, and to encourage everyone else to do the same, fulfilling the command, 'keep thyself pure'."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World's_WCTU"><span id="World.27s_WCTU"></span>World's WCTU</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World's WCTU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The World's WCTU (WWCTU) is one of the most prominent examples of internationalism, evidenced by the circulation of the <i>Union Signal</i> around the globe; the International Conventions that were held with the purpose of focusing "world attention on the temperance and women's questions,<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1991-49_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1991-49-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the appointment of "round-the-world missionaries." Examples of international Conventions include the one in 1893 scheduled to coincide with the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a>; the London Convention in 1895; the 1897 one in Toronto; and the Glasgow one in 1910. The first six round-the-world missionaries were <a href="/wiki/Mary_Greenleaf_Clement_Leavitt" title="Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt">Mary C. Leavitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Ackermann" title="Jessie Ackermann">Jessie Ackermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Allen_West" title="Mary Allen West">Mary Allen West</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Wheeler_Andrew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Bushnell" title="Katharine Bushnell">Katharine Bushnell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ambition, reach and organizational effort involved in the work undertaken by the World's WCTU leave it open to cynical criticism in the 21st century, but there is little doubt that at the end of the 19th century, "they did believe earnestly in the efficacy of women's temperance as a means for uplifting their sex and transforming the hierarchical relations of gender apparent across a wide range of cultures."<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell1991-61_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell1991-61-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amongst the presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> WCTU was <a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Solomon" title="Georgiana Solomon">Georgiana Solomon</a>, who eventually became a world vice-president.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner,_Gore_Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Banner%2C_Gore_Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union.jpg/220px-Banner%2C_Gore_Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Banner%2C_Gore_Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union.jpg/330px-Banner%2C_Gore_Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Banner%2C_Gore_Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union.jpg/440px-Banner%2C_Gore_Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Banner, Gore Women's Christian Temperance Union</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_New_Zealand" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand">Women's Christian Temperance Union New Zealand</a></div> <p>As early as 6 August 1884, under the leadership of Eliza Ann Palmer Brown in <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a>, a WCTU branch had started in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arriving in January 1885, a prominent American missionary, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Greenleaf_Clement_Leavitt" title="Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt">Mary Leavitt</a>, traveled to <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland, New Zealand</a> to spread the message of the WCTU.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next eight years, Leavitt traveled around New Zealand establishing WCTU branches and advocating for women to, "protect their homes and families from liquor, by claiming their rightful voice" and work to end the over-consumption of alcohol through gaining the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working alongside Leavitt was <a href="/wiki/Anne_Ward_(suffragist)" title="Anne Ward (suffragist)">Anne Ward</a>, a New Zealand social worker and temperance activist, who served as the first national president of the WCTU in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> women were also active members of the WCTU in New Zealand. In 1911, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cole#1911_national_conventions_–_New_Plymouth_and_Pakipaki" title="Fanny Cole">Fanny Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hera_Stirling" title="Hera Stirling">Hera Stirling Munro</a>, Jean McNeish of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_New_Zealand" title="Cambridge, New Zealand">Cambridge</a> and Rebecca Smith of <a href="/wiki/Hokianga" title="Hokianga">Hokianga</a> organised a WCTU convention at <a href="/wiki/Pakipaki" title="Pakipaki">Pakipaki</a> specifically by and for Māori. Many Māori women signed WCTU-initiated national franchise petitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the 1892 WCTU petition was signed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Matahau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisa Matahau (page does not exist)">Louisa Matahau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hauraki_Plains" title="Hauraki Plains">Hauraki</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herewaka_Poata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herewaka Poata (page does not exist)">Herewaka Poata</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a>, and the 1893 petition was also signed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matilda_Ngapua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matilda Ngapua (page does not exist)">Matilda Ngapua</a> from <a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a> and four other Māori women using European names instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WCTU played a significant role in New Zealand, because it was the only public organisation in the country that could provide women political and leadership experience and training, and as a result, well over half of suffragists at the time were members of the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notable New Zealand suffragists was Kate Sheppard, who was the leader of the WCTU's franchise department, and advised women in the WCTU to work closely with members of Parliament in order to get their ideas in political discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually led to women winning the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">right to vote in 1893</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some prominent New Zealand suffragists and WCTU members include <a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard" title="Kate Sheppard">Kate Sheppard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learmonth_White_Dalrymple" title="Learmonth White Dalrymple">Learmonth Dalrymple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meri_Mangak%C4%81hia" title="Meri Mangakāhia">Meri Te Tai Mangakāhia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Caradus" title="Elizabeth Caradus">Elizabeth Caradus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Edger" title="Kate Edger">Kate Milligan Edger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Henderson" title="Christina Henderson">Christina Henderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Jane_Schnackenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Jane Schnackenberg">Annie Schnackenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Ward_(suffragist)" title="Anne Ward (suffragist)">Anne Ward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lily_Atkinson" title="Lily Atkinson">Lily Atkinson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">Prohibition in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WCTUAlberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WCTUAlberta.jpg/220px-WCTUAlberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WCTUAlberta.jpg/330px-WCTUAlberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/WCTUAlberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>First Alberta Provincial WCTU convention, 1913, Olds, Alberta</figcaption></figure> <p>The WCTU formed in Canada in 1874, in <a href="/wiki/Owen_Sound,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Sound, Ontario">Owen Sound, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spread across Canada. The Newfoundland branch played an important part in campaigning for women's suffrage on the grounds that women were vital in the struggle for prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885 <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Youmans" title="Letitia Youmans">Letitia Youmans</a> founded an organization which was to become the leading women's society in the national temperance movement. Youmans is often credited with spreading the organization across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable member was <a href="/wiki/Edith_Archibald" title="Edith Archibald">Edith Archibald</a> of Nova Scotia. Notable Canadian feminist <a href="/wiki/Nellie_McClung" title="Nellie McClung">Nellie McClung</a> was also involved.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Newfoundland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Newfoundland chapter of the WCTU formed in September 1890. Early supporters included Reverend Mr. A.D. Morton, the Methodist minister of Gower Street Church, and local women such as Emma Peters, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Jeanette_Thorburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Jeanette Thorburn (page does not exist)">Lady Jeanette Thorburn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jessie_Ohman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jessie Ohman (page does not exist)">Jessie Ohman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria C. Williams, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Neyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Neyle (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Neyle</a>, Margaret Chancey, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceclia_Fraser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceclia Fraser (page does not exist)">Ceclia Fraser</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rev._Mrs._Morton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rev. Mrs. Morton (page does not exist)">Rev. Mrs. Morton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mrs._E.H._Bulley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mrs. E.H. Bulley (page does not exist)">Mrs. E.H. Bulley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tryphenia_Duley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tryphenia Duley (page does not exist)">Tryphenia Duley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarah (Rowsell) Wright<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanny_Stowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanny Stowe (page does not exist)">Fanny Stowe</a>. </p><p>The WCTU agitated for women's suffrage in the Dominion especially in the wake of the sacrifices of WW1,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not see this realized until 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_India" title="Temperance movement in India">Temperance movement in India</a></div> <p>The WCTU formed in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was formed in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee2018_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee2018-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It publishes <i>Temperance Record and White Ribbon</i>, remaining very active today.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2014_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2014-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Australia" title="Temperance movement in Australia">Temperance movement in Australia</a></div> <p>The first Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Sydney was formed by <a href="/wiki/Euphemia_Bridges_Bowes" title="Euphemia Bridges Bowes">Euphemia Bridges Bowes</a> in 1882<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other sources credit the start to later visits from <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Ackermann" title="Jessie Ackermann">Jessie Ackermann</a> in 1889 and 1891; a number of other Christian Temperance and Abstinence Societies existed throughout Australia before that time.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sara_Susan_Nolan" title="Sara Susan Nolan">Sara Susan Nolan</a> succeeded Euphemia Bridges Bowes as President in Sydney in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Ackermann" title="Jessie Ackermann">Jessie Ackermann</a> acted as the round the world missionary for the American-based World's WCTU, and became the inaugural president of the federated Australasian WCTU, Australia's largest women's reform group.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Elizabeth_Kirk" title="Maria Elizabeth Kirk">Maria Elizabeth Kirk</a> was the first secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union were active in the struggle for the extension of the franchise to women through promoting suffrage societies, collecting signatures for petitions and lobbying members of parliament. (See, for example, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia#Suffrage_petitions" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Women's suffrage in Australia</a>.) After visiting New Zealand, Miss Ackermann came to Hobart in May 1889,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then toured the mainland for almost 12 months, stopping in Adelaide, Port Augusta, Clare, Kapunda and Burra in June to August,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mount Gambier, Brisbane, Sydney, and Bathurst. She returned for a further visit, including Melbourne in 1891.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Victoria, weekly temperance conferences were held at the East Melbourne home of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_McLean" title="Margaret McLean">Margaret McLean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aps_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aps-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a founding member and coordinator of the Melbourne branch of the WCTU of Victoria; she was president of the organisation for two periods, 1892–93 and 1899–1907.<sup id="cite_ref-adb_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mary_Lloyd" title="Jessie Mary Lloyd">Jessie Mary Lloyd</a> (1883–1960) was the WCTU State President in 1930 when a poll of Victoria returned 43% in favour of a ban on alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> chapter established itself by 1928 at <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Willard</a> House,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> River Road (now Coronation Drive), North Quay, near the Brisbane River.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state organiser in 1930 was <a href="/wiki/Zara_Dare" title="Zara Dare">Zara Dare</a> who went on to become one of the first female police officers in Queensland in 1931. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_temperance_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish temperance movements">Swedish temperance movements</a></div> <p>The Swedish WCTU, known as <i>Vita Bandet</i> (White Ribbon) was founded by <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Rathou" title="Emilie Rathou">Emilie Rathou</a> in Östermalm in Stockholm in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-sok.riksarkivet.se_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sok.riksarkivet.se-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rathou was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Good_Templars" title="International Organisation of Good Templars">International Organisation of Good Templars</a>, and the pioneer for organizing the WCTU and its local branches in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-sok.riksarkivet.se_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sok.riksarkivet.se-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Woman's_Temperance_Publishing_Association"><span id="Woman.27s_Temperance_Publishing_Association"></span>Woman's Temperance Publishing Association</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Woman's Temperance Publishing Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Temperance_Publishing_Association" title="Woman's Temperance Publishing Association">Woman's Temperance Publishing Association</a> (WPTA) was located in Chicago from 1880 until 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-McKeever1985_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKeever1985-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was conceptualized by Matilda B. Carse and established initially in Indianapolis by <a href="/wiki/Zerelda_G._Wallace" title="Zerelda G. Wallace">Zerelda G. Wallace</a>. They thought there was a need for a weekly temperance paper for women of color. The creators wanted the first board of directors to be seven women who had the same vision as Carse.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions">Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WCTU">WCTU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: WCTU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/First_Woman%27s_National_Temperance_Convention" title="First Woman's National Temperance Convention">1874, Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Annual_Meeting_of_the_National_Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Second Annual Meeting of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union">1875, Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Annual_Meeting_of_the_National_Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Third Annual Meeting of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union">1876, Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li>1877, Chicago, Illinois</li> <li>1878, Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li>1879, Indianapolis, Indiana</li> <li>1880, Boston, Massachusetts</li> <li>1881, Washington, D.C.</li> <li>1882, Louisville, Kentucky</li> <li>1883, Detroit, Michigan</li> <li>1884, St. Louis, Missouri</li> <li>1885, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</li> <li>1886, Minneapolis, Minnesota</li> <li>1887, Nashville, Tennessee</li> <li>1888, New York, New York</li> <li>1889, Chicago, Illinois</li> <li>1890, Atlanta, Georgia</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_WCTU">National WCTU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National WCTU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li>1891, Boston, Massachusetts</li> <li>1892, Denver, Colorado</li> <li>1893, Chicago, Illinois</li> <li>1894, Cleveland, Ohio</li> <li>1895, Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li>1896, St. Louis, Missouri</li> <li>1897, Buffalo, New York</li> <li>1898, St. Paul, Minnesota</li> <li>1899, Seattle, Washington</li> <li>1900, Washington, D.C.</li> <li>1901, Fort Worth, Texas</li> <li>1902, Portland, Maine</li> <li>1903, Cincinnati, Ohio</li> <li>1904, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</li> <li>1905, Los Angeles, California</li> <li>1906, Hartford, Connecticut</li> <li>1907, Nashville, Tennessee</li> <li>1908, Denver, Colorado</li> <li>1909, Omaha, Nebraska</li> <li>1910, Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li>1911, Milwaukee, Wisconsin</li> <li>1912, Portland, Oregon</li> <li>1913, Asbury Park, New Jersey</li> <li>1914, Atlanta, Georgia</li> <li>1915, Seattle, Washington</li> <li>1916, Indianapolis, Indiana</li> <li>1917, Washington, D. C.</li> <li>1918, St. Louis, Missouri</li> <li>1919, St. Louis, Missouri</li> <li>1920, Washington, D.C.</li> <li>1921, San Francisco, California</li> <li>1922, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</li> <li>1923, Columbus, Ohio</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925, Detroit, Michigan</li> <li>1926</li> <li>1927</li> <li>1928, Boston, Massachusetts</li></ol> <ul><li>150th, 2023, Reno, Nevada<sup id="cite_ref-fortscott_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortscott-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World's_WCTU_2"><span id="World.27s_WCTU_2"></span>World's WCTU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: World's WCTU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>1891 Boston, U.S.A.<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1893 Chicago, U.S.A.<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1895 London, England<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1897 Toronto, Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1900 Edinburgh, Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1903 Geneva, Switzerland<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1906 Boston, U.S.A.<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1910 Glasgow, Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1913 Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1920 London, England<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1922 Philadelphia, U.S.A.<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1925 Edinburgh, Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1928 Lausanne, Switzerland<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1931 Toronto, Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1934 Stockholm, Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-Report1934_84-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report1934-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_people" title="List of Woman's Christian Temperance Union people">List of Woman's Christian Temperance Union people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents">Presidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Willard_40552.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Francis_Willard_40552.jpg/220px-Francis_Willard_40552.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Francis_Willard_40552.jpg/330px-Francis_Willard_40552.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Francis_Willard_40552.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_(suffragist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Willard (suffragist)">Frances Willard</a> was president of the WCTU for 19 years.</figcaption></figure> <p>The presidents of the WCTU and their terms of office are:<sup id="cite_ref-alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li>1874 - 1879 - <a href="/wiki/Annie_Turner_Wittenmyer" title="Annie Turner Wittenmyer">Annie Turner Wittenmyer</a></li> <li>1879 - 1898 - <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li>1898 - 1914 - <a href="/wiki/Lillian_M._N._Stevens" title="Lillian M. N. Stevens">Lillian M. N. Stevens</a></li> <li>1914 - 1925 - <a href="/wiki/Anna_Adams_Gordon" title="Anna Adams Gordon">Anna Adams Gordon</a></li> <li>1925 - 1933 - <a href="/wiki/Ella_A._Boole" title="Ella A. Boole">Ella A. Boole</a></li> <li>1933 - 1944 - <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wise" title="Ida B. Wise">Ida B. Wise</a></li> <li>1944 - 1953 - <a href="/wiki/Mamie_White_Colvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamie White Colvin">Mamie White Colvin</a></li> <li>1953 - 1959 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Dubbs_Hays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes Dubbs Hays (page does not exist)">Agnes Dubbs Hays</a></li> <li>1959 - 1974 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Tibbets_Tooze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth Tibbets Tooze (page does not exist)">Ruth Tibbets Tooze</a></li> <li>1974 - 1980 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Kirkendall_Stanley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edith Kirkendall Stanley (page does not exist)">Edith Kirkendall Stanley</a></li> <li>1980 - 1988 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Greer_Edgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Greer Edgar (page does not exist)">Martha Greer Edgar</a></li> <li>1988 - 1996 - <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bubar_Kelly" title="Rachel Bubar Kelly">Rachel Bubar Kelly</a></li> <li>1996 - 2006 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Frances_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Frances Ward (page does not exist)">Sarah Frances Ward</a></li> <li>2006 - 2014 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Kaye_Wert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Kaye Wert (page does not exist)">Rita Kaye Wert</a></li> <li>2014 - 2019 - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Frances_Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Frances Ward (page does not exist)">Sarah Frances Ward</a></li> <li>2019 - Current - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merry_Lee_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merry Lee Powell (page does not exist)">Merry Lee Powell</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frances_Willard">Frances Willard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Frances Willard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_(suffragist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Willard (suffragist)">Frances Willard (suffragist)</a></div> <p>In 1874 Willard was elected the new secretary of the WCTU. Five years later, in 1879, she became its president. Willard also started her own organization, called the World's Women Christian Temperance Union, in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After becoming WCTU's president, Willard broadened the views of the group by including woman's rights reforms, abstinence, and education. As its president for 19 years, she focused on moral reform of prostitutes and prison reform as well as woman's suffrage. With the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, Willard's predictions that women voters "would come into government and purify it, into politics and cleanse the Stygian pool" could be tested.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frances Willard died in February 1898 at the age of 58 in New York City. A <a href="/wiki/Frances_Elizabeth_Willard_(plaque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Elizabeth Willard (plaque)">plaque</a> commemorating Willard's election to president of the WCTU in 1879 by <a href="/wiki/Lorado_Taft" title="Lorado Taft">Lorado Taft</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Statehouse" title="Indiana Statehouse">Indiana Statehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matilda_Bradley_Carse">Matilda Bradley Carse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Matilda Bradley Carse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Carse" title="Matilda Carse">Matilda Carse</a></div> <p>Matilda B. Carse became an activist after her son was killed in 1874 by a drunk wagon driver. She joined the Chicago Central Christian Woman's Temperance Union to try to eliminate alcohol consumption. In 1878 she became the president of the Chicago Central Christian Woman's Temperance Union, and in 1880 she helped organize the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Temperance_Publishing_Association" title="Woman's Temperance Publishing Association">Woman's Temperance Publishing Association</a>, selling the stock to rich women. That same year she also started <i>The Signal;</i> three years later it merged with another newspaper to become <i><a href="/wiki/The_Union_Signal" title="The Union Signal">The Union Signal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Judy_Barrett_Litoff_1994_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judy_Barrett_Litoff_1994-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the most important woman's newspaper and soon sold more copies than any other newspaper. It was Carse who was driving force behind the construction of Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Temperance_Temple_(Chicago)" title="Temperance Temple (Chicago)">Temperance Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICW-1888_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICW-1888-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her time as president, Carse founded many charities and managed to raise approximately $60,000,000 a year to support them. She started the Bethesda Day Nursery for working mothers, two <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> schools, the <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a> Mission for erring girls, two dispensaries, two industrial schools, an employment bureau, <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday schools</a>, and temperance reading rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Judy_Barrett_Litoff_1994_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judy_Barrett_Litoff_1994-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard_House_(Evanston,_Illinois)" title="Frances Willard House (Evanston, Illinois)">Frances Willard House (Evanston, Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Temperance_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Temperance organizations">List of Temperance organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_National_Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Non-Partisan National Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Non-Partisan National Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Temperance_Federation" title="Scientific Temperance Federation">Scientific Temperance Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pacific_Ensign" title="The Pacific Ensign">The Pacific Ensign</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Ribbon_Association" title="White Ribbon Association">White Ribbon Association</a>, similar British organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Administration_Building" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union Administration Building">Woman's Christian Temperance Union Administration Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union_Fountain" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain">Woman's Christian Temperance Union Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_organizations" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Prohibition_movement" title="Women in the United States Prohibition movement">Women in the United States Prohibition movement</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell1991-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1991_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1991_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1991" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell, Ian (1991). <i>Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880-1930</i>. Chapel Hill and London: The University of Carolina Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-1950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+World%2FWoman%27s+Empire%3A+The+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+in+International+Perspective+1880-1930&rft.place=Chapel+Hill+and+London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+University+of+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1950-0&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStecker2003" class="citation book cs1">Stecker, Michelle J. (2003). "Women's Temperance Crusade". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/alcoholtemperanc0002unse"><i>Alcohol and temperance in modern history : an international encyclopedia</i></a>. Internet Archive. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO. pp. 684–685. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-833-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Temperance+Crusade&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+temperance+in+modern+history+%3A+an+international+encyclopedia&rft.pages=684-685&rft.pub=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.+%3A+ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-833-4&rft.aulast=Stecker&rft.aufirst=Michelle+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falcoholtemperanc0002unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case.edu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Case.edu_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/womans-christian-temperance-union-convention">"WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION CONVENTION | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University"</a>. <i>case.edu</i>. Case Western Reserve University. 12 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=case.edu&rft.atitle=WOMAN%27S+CHRISTIAN+TEMPERANCE+UNION+CONVENTION+%7C+Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History+%7C+Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fw%2Fwomans-christian-temperance-union-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WTB_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Elizabeth_Putnam1924" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Elizabeth Putnam (1924). <i>Woman Torch Bearers</i>. Woman Christian Temperance Union. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+Torch+Bearers&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Woman+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Elizabeth+Putnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell1991-20-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1991-20_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1991" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell, Ian (1991). <i>Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880-1930</i>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-1950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+World%2FWoman%27s+Empire%3A+The+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+in+International+Perspective+1880-1930&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1950-0&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollins2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rollins2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollins2005" class="citation book cs1">Rollins, Christin Eleanor (2005). <i>Have You Heard The Tramping of the New Crusade?: Organizational Survival and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union</i>. University of Georgia. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Have+You+Heard+The+Tramping+of+the+New+Crusade%3F%3A+Organizational+Survival+and+the+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=Christin+Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell1991-7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1991-7_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1991" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell, Ian (1991). <i>Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880-1930</i>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-1950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+World%2FWoman%27s+Empire%3A+The+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+in+International+Perspective+1880-1930&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1950-0&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mocavo.com/History-of-the-Womans-Temperance-Crusade/103917/8">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"History of the Woman's Temperance Crusade" 1882"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141931/http://www.mocavo.com/History-of-the-Womans-Temperance-Crusade/103917/8">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22History+of+the+Woman%27s+Temperance+Crusade%22+1882&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mocavo.com%2FHistory-of-the-Womans-Temperance-Crusade%2F103917%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1981" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Barbara (1981). <i>The Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Transition to Feminism</i>. Wesleyan University. pp. 115–147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+and+the+Transition+to+Feminism&rft.pages=115-147&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWCTU1876">WCTU 1876</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell1999-26-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1999-26_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1999-26_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1999" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell, Ian (1999). <i>Deadly Enemies: Tobacco and Its Opponents in Australia</i>. UNSW Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-745-6"><bdi>978-0-86840-745-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Enemies%3A+Tobacco+and+Its+Opponents+in+Australia&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-745-6&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1981" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Barbara Leslie (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6420867"><i>The politics of domesticity : women, evangelism, and temperance in nineteenth-century America</i></a> (1st ed.). Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 137–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-5050-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-5050-7"><bdi>0-8195-5050-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6420867">6420867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+domesticity+%3A+women%2C+evangelism%2C+and+temperance+in+nineteenth-century+America&rft.place=Middletown%2C+CT&rft.pages=137-140&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6420867&rft.isbn=0-8195-5050-7&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F6420867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell1999-6566-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1999-6566_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1999" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell, Ian (1999). <i>Deadly Enemies: Tobacco and Its Opponents in Australia</i>. pp. 65–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Enemies%3A+Tobacco+and+Its+Opponents+in+Australia&rft.pages=65-66&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJS-Gusfield-223-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-223_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-223_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusfield1955" class="citation journal cs1">Gusfield, Joseph R. (1955). "Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union". <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 223–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F221733">10.1086/221733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144580305">144580305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Social+Structure+and+Moral+Reform%3A+A+Study+of+the+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=223-225&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F221733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144580305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gusfield&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">THE W.C.T.U. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1901/04/07/archives/the-wctu.html"><i>New York Times</i>, April 7, 1901</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726171801/https://www.nytimes.com/1901/04/07/archives/the-wctu.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minnesota_Woman_1998-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Woman_1998_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Woman_1998_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Woman_1998_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minnesota_Woman_1998_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">How Did the Reform Agenda of the Minnesota Woman's Christian Temperance Union Change, 1878-1917?, by Kathleen Kerr. (Binghamton, NY: State University of New York at Binghamton, 1998). Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">How Did the Reform Agenda of the Minnesota Woman's Christian Temperance Union Change, 1878-1917?, by Kathleen Kerr. (Binghamton, NY: State University of New York at Binghamton, 1998). Document 2: Bessie Laythe Scovell, "President's Address," Minutes of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the W.C.T.U. of the State of Minnesota (St. Paul: W.J. Woodbury, 1900).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lappas, Thomas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stancliffe,_Michael,_p.82-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stancliffe,_Michael,_p.82_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stancliffe,_Michael,_p.82_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stancliffe, Michael, p.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/womans-christian-temperance-union">"Woman's Christian Temperance Union"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 21 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fwomens-history%2Fwomans-christian-temperance-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth D. Rose, <i>American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition</i>(NYU Press, 1997), 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"W.C.T.U. ASKS CHURCH TO USE GRAPE JUICE; Episcopal Convention Sends Back Word That It Is Too Late to Consider Question." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1913/10/26/archives/wctu-asks-church-to-use-grape-juice-episcopal-convention-sends-back.html"><i>The New York Times</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170332/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/10/26/archives/wctu-asks-church-to-use-grape-juice-episcopal-convention-sends-back.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, October 26, 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"PLAN AMENDMENT TO OUTLAW TOBACCO; W.C.T.U. and Prohibition Workers Getting Ready for a Country-Wide Campaign. BUT KEEPING IT A SECRET Fear It Would Hinder Laws for Prohibition Enforcement, Says Report Offered in Congress." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1919/08/03/archives/plan-amendment-to-outlaw-tobacco-wctu-and-prohibition-workers.html"><i>New York Times</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726171830/https://www.nytimes.com/1919/08/03/archives/plan-amendment-to-outlaw-tobacco-wctu-and-prohibition-workers.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, August 2, 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murdock, Catherine G: "Domesticating Drink: Women, Men, and Alcohol in America, 1870-1940," p.22. JHU Press. 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gusfield, Joseph R. (1986). <i>Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement</i>, University of Illinois Press, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gusfield, Joseph R. (1986). <i>Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement</i>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJS-Gusfield-222-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-222_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-222_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusfield1955" class="citation journal cs1">Gusfield, Joseph R. (1955). "Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union". <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F221733">10.1086/221733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144580305">144580305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Social+Structure+and+Moral+Reform%3A+A+Study+of+the+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F221733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144580305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gusfield&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308042941/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,872695,00.html">"Double-Do for WCTU"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time magazine</a></i>. 1961-08-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,872695,00.html">the original</a> on 2008-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Double-Do+for+WCTU&rft.date=1961-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C872695%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1989" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Dirk (1989-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/14/us/temperance-union-still-going-strong.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Temperance Union Still Going Strong"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045539/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/14/us/temperance-union-still-going-strong.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Temperance+Union+Still+Going+Strong&rft.date=1989-09-14&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F09%2F14%2Fus%2Ftemperance-union-still-going-strong.html%3Fsec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickel2009" class="citation news cs1">Bickel, Amy (2009-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425171226/http://www.hutchnews.com/Localregional/wild2009-09-18T20-25-21">"WILD, WEIRD, WONDERFUL: Union unwavering in 97-year presence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hutchinson_News" title="The Hutchinson News">The Hutchinson News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hutchnews.com/Localregional/wild2009-09-18T20-25-21">the original</a> on April 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=WILD%2C+WEIRD%2C+WONDERFUL%3A+Union+unwavering+in+97-year+presence&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft.aulast=Bickel&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hutchnews.com%2FLocalregional%2Fwild2009-09-18T20-25-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119011725/http://www.channel3000.com/news/Beer-at-Walker-s-brat-summit-raises-ire-of-temperance-group/-/1648/14786702/-/7odt0nz/-/index.html">"Beer at Walker's brat summit raise ire of temperance group"</a>. Channel3000.com. 2012-06-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel3000.com/news/Beer-at-Walker-s-brat-summit-raises-ire-of-temperance-group/-/1648/14786702/-/7odt0nz/-/index.html">the original</a> on January 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Beer+at+Walker%27s+brat+summit+raise+ire+of+temperance+group&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel3000.com%2Fnews%2FBeer-at-Walker-s-brat-summit-raises-ire-of-temperance-group%2F-%2F1648%2F14786702%2F-%2F7odt0nz%2F-%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJS-Gusfield-226-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AJS-Gusfield-226_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusfield1955" class="citation journal cs1">Gusfield, Joseph R. (1955). "Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union". <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F221733">10.1086/221733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144580305">144580305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Social+Structure+and+Moral+Reform%3A+A+Study+of+the+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=226&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F221733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144580305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gusfield&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon1924-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon1924_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1924" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Elizabeth Putnam (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womentorchbearer00gord/page/248"><i>Women torch-bearers; the story of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union</i></a>. National Woman's Christian Temperance Union Publishing House. p. 248-53<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+torch-bearers%3B+the+story+of+the+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.pages=248-53&rft.pub=National+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+Publishing+House&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Putnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomentorchbearer00gord%2Fpage%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wctu.org/">"Woman's Christian Temperance Union homepage"</a>. Wctu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619171618/http://www.wctu.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+homepage&rft.pub=Wctu.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wctu.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wctumd.org/otherwctus.html">"Links to other national WCTUs"</a>. Wctumd.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905234721/http://www.wctumd.org/otherwctus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Links+to+other+national+WCTUs&rft.pub=Wctumd.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wctumd.org%2Fotherwctus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_P._Addleman2003" class="citation web cs1">Robert P. Addleman (2003-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wctusocal.com/">"WCTU of Southern California"</a>. Wctusocal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231310/http://www.wctusocal.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCTU+of+Southern+California&rft.pub=Wctusocal.com&rft.date=2003-09-29&rft.au=Robert+P.+Addleman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wctusocal.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wctu.org/issues">"WCTU Issues"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCTU+Issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wctu.org%2Fissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607055909/http://www.wctu.org/publications.html">"WCTU Publications"</a>. Wctu.org. 2008-11-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wctu.org/publications.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WCTU+Publications&rft.pub=Wctu.org&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wctu.org%2Fpublications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Victoria publishes Annual Convention reports. Melbourne: The Union, 1956-2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The White Ribbon Story: 125 Years of Service to Humanity, Sarah F. Ward; Signal Press, Evanston, IL, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Boyer, Paul (2001-09-01). "Two Centuries of Christianity in America: An Overview". <i>Church History</i>. <b>70</b> (3): 544–556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3654501">10.2307/3654501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-2613">1755-2613</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654501">3654501</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153855543">153855543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Two+Centuries+of+Christianity+in+America%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=544-556&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.issn=1755-2613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153855543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3654501%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3654501&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wctu.org/ytc.html">"Youth Temperance Council Pledge"</a>. Wctu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618105322/http://www.wctu.org/ytc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Youth+Temperance+Council+Pledge&rft.pub=Wctu.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wctu.org%2Fytc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell1991-49-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1991-49_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1991" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell, Ian (1991). <i>Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880-1930</i>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-1950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+World%2FWoman%27s+Empire%3A+The+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+in+International+Perspective+1880-1930&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1950-0&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances Willard, <i>Do Everything: A Handbook for the World's White Ribboners</i> [Chicago: Ruby I. Gilbert, 1905], cited in Tyrrell (1991), Woman's World/ Woman's Empire p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrrell1991-61-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell1991-61_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell1991" class="citation book cs1">Tyrrell, Ian (1991). <i>Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880-1930</i>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1950-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-1950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+World%2FWoman%27s+Empire%3A+The+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+in+International+Perspective+1880-1930&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1950-0&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nugent, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/temperance-movement-and-wine-farmers-at-the-cape-collective-action-racial-discourse-and-legislative-reform-c-18901965/7C34C804CB85D3F121C624E9F47FD661">"The Temperance Movement and Wine Farmers at the Cape: Collective Action, Racial Discourse, and Legislative Reform, C. 1890–1965"</a>. <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 341–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853711000508">10.1017/S0021853711000508</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Fa7475483-af84-456f-b1e8-f115b22add15">20.500.11820/a7475483-af84-456f-b1e8-f115b22add15</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154912952">154912952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Temperance+Movement+and+Wine+Farmers+at+the+Cape%3A+Collective+Action%2C+Racial+Discourse%2C+and+Legislative+Reform%2C+C.+1890%E2%80%931965&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-363&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2Fa7475483-af84-456f-b1e8-f115b22add15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154912952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853711000508&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-african-history%2Farticle%2Ftemperance-movement-and-wine-farmers-at-the-cape-collective-action-racial-discourse-and-legislative-reform-c-18901965%2F7C34C804CB85D3F121C624E9F47FD661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/WHIRIB19440918.2.17">"Sixty Years Ago"</a>. <i>The White Ribbon [New Zealand]</i>. <b>50</b> (8): 4. 18 September 1944<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+White+Ribbon+%5BNew+Zealand%5D&rft.atitle=Sixty+Years+Ago&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1944-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fperiodicals%2FWHIRIB19440918.2.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1993" class="citation book cs1">Page, Dorothy (1993). <i>The Suffragists: Women Who Worked for the Vote</i>. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books. pp. 2–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0908912382" title="Special:BookSources/0908912382"><bdi>0908912382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragists%3A+Women+Who+Worked+for+the+Vote&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=2-27&rft.pub=Bridget+Williams+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0908912382&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRei1993" class="citation book cs1">Rei, Tania (1993). <i>Māori Women and the Vote</i>. Wellington: Huia Publishers. pp. 25–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/090897504X" title="Special:BookSources/090897504X"><bdi>090897504X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C4%81ori+Women+and+the+Vote&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=25-28&rft.pub=Huia+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=090897504X&rft.aulast=Rei&rft.aufirst=Tania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaonga" class="citation web cs1">Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/womens-movement/page-2">"2. – Women's movement – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"</a>. <i>teara.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=2.+%E2%80%93+Women%27s+movement+%E2%80%93+Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=Taonga&rft.aufirst=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fwomens-movement%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan" class="citation web cs1">Sheehan, Nancy M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/womans-christian-temperance-union/">"Woman's Christian Temperance Union"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913180719/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/womans-christian-temperance-union/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095541/http://webjournals.ac.edu.au/journals/adeb/m_/mclean-margaret-1845-1923/">"MCLEAN, Margaret (1845-1923)"</a>. <i>Australian Pentecostal Studies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webjournals.ac.edu.au/journals/adeb/m_/mclean-margaret-1845-1923/">the original</a> on 2014-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=MCLEAN%2C+Margaret+%281845-1923%29&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Basil+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebjournals.ac.edu.au%2Fjournals%2Fadeb%2Fm_%2Fmclean-margaret-1845-1923%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adb-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adb_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyslop1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hyslop, Anthea (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011041903/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mclean-margaret-7414">"Margaret McLean (1845–1923)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lloyd-jessie-mary-13049">"Jessie Mary Lloyd (1883–1960)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Vol. Supplement. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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World's WCTU. 1934<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Fifteenth+Convention+of+the+World%27s+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.pub=World%27s+WCTU&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimageserver.library.yale.edu%2Fdigcoll%3A248716%2F500.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/Controversies/Womans-Christian-Temperance-Union.html">"Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)"</a>. <i>Alcohol Problems & Solutions</i>. 2014-02-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505061727/https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/Controversies/Womans-Christian-Temperance-Union.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+Problems+%26+Solutions&rft.atitle=Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union+%28WCTU%29&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org%2FControversies%2FWomans-Christian-Temperance-Union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Women Christian Temperance Union. <i>Francis Willard</i> (Evanston, 1996-2008)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612151844/http://www.wctu.org/frances_willard.html">"Frances"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wctu.org/frances_willard.html">the original</a> on 2014-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wctu.org%2Ffrances_willard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth D. Rose, <i>American Women and the Repeal of Prohibition</i> (NYU Press, 1997), 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scherrer, Anton. "Our Town." <i>Indianapolis Times</i>, April 18, 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judy_Barrett_Litoff_1994-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judy_Barrett_Litoff_1994_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judy_Barrett_Litoff_1994_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Barrett_Litoff" title="Judy Barrett Litoff">Judy Barrett Litoff</a>, Judith McDonnell.<i>European Immigrant Women in the United States</i>, Taylor & Francis (1994), 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICW-1888-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICW-1888_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Council_of_Women1888" class="citation book cs1">International Council of Women (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eagEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA125">"THE TEMPERANCE TEMPLE. Mrs. Carse."</a>. <i>Report of the International Council of Women: Assembled by the National Woman Suffrage Association, Washington, D.C., U.S. of America, March 25 to April 1, 1888</i>. Vol. 1. R. H. Darby, printer. pp. 125–27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=THE+TEMPERANCE+TEMPLE.+Mrs.+Carse.&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+International+Council+of+Women%3A+Assembled+by+the+National+Woman+Suffrage+Association%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+U.S.+of+America%2C+March+25+to+April+1%2C+1888&rft.pages=125-27&rft.pub=R.+H.+Darby%2C+printer&rft.date=1888&rft.au=International+Council+of+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeagEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Gilruth_Carpenter" title="Matilda Gilruth Carpenter">Carpenter, Matilda Gilruth</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/ARUFVR954948253/NCCO?sid=gale_marc&u=stan90222"><i>The crusade: its origin and development at Washington Court House and its results</i></a>. Columbus, Ohio: W.G. Hubbard & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crusade%3A+its+origin+and+development+at+Washington+Court+House+and+its+results&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=W.G.+Hubbard+%26+Co&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Matilda+Gilruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FARUFVR954948253%2FNCCO%3Fsid%3Dgale_marc%26u%3Dstan90222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Christiana_Morgan_Chapin" title="Clara Christiana Morgan Chapin">Chapin, Clara Christiana Morgan</a>. (1895) <i> Thumb Nail Sketches of White Ribbon Women: Official</i>. Woman's Temperance Publishing Association: Evanston.</li> <li>Dannenbaum, Jed. (1984) Drink and Disorder: Temperance Reform in Cincinnati from the Washingtonian Revival to the WCTU<i> (University of Illinois Press, 1984).</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusfield1955" class="citation journal cs1">Gusfield, Joseph R (1955). "Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union". <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 221–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F221733">10.1086/221733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144580305">144580305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Social+Structure+and+Moral+Reform%3A+A+Study+of+the+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-232&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F221733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144580305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gusfield&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lamme, Meg Opdycke. (2011) "Shining a calcium light: The WCTU and public relations history." <i>Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly</i> 88.2 (2011): 245-266.</li> <li>Lappas, Thomas John. (2020) <i>In League Against King Alcohol: Native American Women and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1874–1933</i> (University of Oklahoma Press, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/League-Against-King-Alcohol-Temperance/dp/0806164638/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Lappas, Thomas, 'For God, Home and Native Land': The Haudenosaunee and the Women's Christian Temperance Union, 1884–1921, *Journal of Women's History* 29.2 (2017)</li> <li>Mattingly, Carol. (1995) "Woman‐tempered rhetoric: Public presentation and the WCTU." <i>Rhetoric Review</i> 14.1 (1995): 44-61.</li> <li>Parker, Alison M. (1999) " 'Hearts Uplifted and Minds Refreshed': The Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Production of Pure Culture in the United States, 1880-1930." <i>Journal of Women's History</i> 11.2 (1999): 135-158. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soar.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12648/2371/hst_facpub/14/fulltext%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">online</a></li> <li>Parker, Alison M. (1997). <i>Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-Censorship Activism, 1873-1933,</i> (U of Illinois Press).</li> <li>Sheehan, Nancy M. (1983) " 'Women helping women': The WCTU and the foreign population in the West, 1905–1930." <i>International Journal of Women's Studies</i> (1983) 6(5), 395–411. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1984-23027-001">abstract</a>.</li> <li>Sims, Anastatia. (1987) " 'The Sword of the Spirit': The WCTU and Moral Reform in North Carolina, 1883-1933." <i>North Carolina Historical Review</i> 64.4 (1987): 394-415. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23520636">online</a></li> <li>Stancliffe, Michael, *Frances Ellen Watkins Harper: African American Reform Rhetoric and the Rose of a Modern Nation State* (2010) ISBN 9780415997638</li> <li>Tyrrell, Ian. (1986) "Temperance, Feminism, and the WCTU: New Interpretations and New Directions." <i>Australasian Journal of American Studies</i> 5.2 (1986): 27-36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053417">online</a>, historiography</li> <li>Tyrrell, Ian. (1991) <i>Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880-1930,</i> The University of Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1950-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1950-6">0-8078-1950-6</a></li> <li>Tyrrell, Ian. (2010) <i>Reforming the World: the creation of America's moral Empire,</i> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14521-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14521-1">978-0-691-14521-1</a></li> <li>Woman's Christian Temperance Union Dept. of Scientific Instruction <i>A History of the First Decade of the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction in Schools and Colleges of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union: In Three Parts</i>. (1892) Published by G.E. Crosby & Co.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_Canada">Australia and Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Australia and Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWCTU1876" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionbyla00toro_0"><i>Constitution, by-laws, and order of business of the Women's Christian Temperance Union</i></a>. Toronto. 1876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution%2C+by-laws%2C+and+order+of+business+of+the+Women%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union&rft.place=Toronto&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionbyla00toro_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWoman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li>Cook, Sharon Anne. (1995) <i>Through Sunshine and Shadow: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evangelicalism, and Reform in Ontario, 1874-1930</i> (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1995), in Canada.</li> <li>Cook, Sharon Anne. " 'Sowing Seed for the Master': The Ontario WCTU and Evangelical Feminism 1874-1930." <i>Journal of Canadian studies</i> 30.3 (1995): 175-194.</li> <li>Hyslop, Anthea. (1976) "Temperance, Christianity and feminism: The woman's Christian temperance union of Victoria, 1887–97." <i>Historical studies</i> 17.66 (1976): 27-49. in Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10314617608595536">online</a></li> <li>Sheehan, Nancy M. "Temperance, education and the WCTU in Alberta, 1905-1930." <i>Journal of Educational Thought (JET)/Revue de la Pensée Educative</i> 14.2 (1980): 108-124.</li> <li>Tyrrell, Ian. (1983) "International Aspects of the Woman's Temperance Movement in Australia: The Influence of the American WCTU, 1882–1914." <i>Journal of Religious History</i> 12.3 (1983): 284-304.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwctu.org/">World Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gos.sbc.edu/w/willard.html">Address Before The Second Biennial Convention Of The World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, by Frances Willard, President (October, 1893)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/WCTU-growth.html">Modern History Sourcebook: Woman's Christian Temperance Union: Growth of Membership and of Local, Auxiliary Unions, 1879-1921</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814205103/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/WCTU-growth.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/92/">"We Sang Rock of Ages": Frances Willard Battles Alcohol in the late 19th century, by Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415103418/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/manuscripts/organize/woman-temperance.htm">WCTU (Nebraska Chapter) records</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska State Historical Society">Nebraska State Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fum.org/QL/issues/9706/Helme.htm">WCTU in Our Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050913090413/http://www.fum.org/QL/issues/9706/Helme.htm">Archived</a> 2005-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/findingaids/IWATitleDetail.aspx?CollectionIdentifier=IWA0751">Woman's Christian Temperance Union (Iowa Chapter) records</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130174637/http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/findingaids/IWATitleDetail.aspx?CollectionIdentifier=IWA0751">Archived</a> 2011-11-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/iwa/">Iowa Women's Archives</a>, The University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/WLE0774b">National Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Australia</a> at <i>The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/findingaids/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=1668&q=ruth+tibbits+tooze">Ruth Tibbits Tooze Papers, 1938-1940</a>, at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/">Special Collections and Archives Research Center</a>, Oregon State University Libraries</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol_prohibition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prohibition" title="Template:Prohibition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prohibition" title="Template talk:Prohibition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prohibition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prohibition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcohol_prohibition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Bangladesh" title="Alcohol in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition#Nordic_countries" title="Prohibition">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Russia / Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18th Amendment (U.S. Constitution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21st Amendment (U.S. Constitution)</a></li> <li>Australian prohibition referendums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925_Western_Australian_prohibition_referendum" title="1925 Western Australian prohibition referendum">Western Australian, 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_South_Wales_prohibition_referendum" title="1928 New South Wales prohibition referendum">New South Wales, 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Western_Australian_prohibition_referendum" title="1950 Western Australian prohibition referendum">Western Australian, 1950</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Temperance_Society" title="American Temperance Society">American Temperance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Against_the_Prohibition_Amendment" title="Association Against the Prohibition Amendment">Association Against the Prohibition Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Act" title="Blaine Act">Blaine Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Prohibition" title="Bureau of Prohibition">Bureau of Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_option" title="Local option">Local option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Pitcher_Club" title="Molly Pitcher Club">Molly Pitcher Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Patrol" title="Rum Patrol">Rum Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_row" title="Rum row">Rum row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">Sly-grog shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_prohibition_referendum,_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922">Swedish prohibition referendum, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(Scotland)_Act_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913">Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Alliance" title="United Kingdom Alliance">United Kingdom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Committee_of_Lawyers" title="Voluntary Committee of Lawyers">Voluntary Committee of Lawyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webb%E2%80%93Kenyon_Act" title="Webb–Kenyon Act">Webb–Kenyon Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickersham_Commission" title="Wickersham Commission">Wickersham Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis%E2%80%93Campbell_Act" title="Willis–Campbell Act">Willis–Campbell Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Meir_Allen" title="Martha Meir Allen">Martha Meir Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_J._Anslinger" title="Harry J. Anslinger">Harry J. Anslinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Barker" title="Thomas Holliday Barker">Thomas Holliday Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Beecher" title="Lyman Beecher">Lyman Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Duffy" title="Mickey Duffy">Mickey Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxey_Gordon" title="Waxey Gordon">Waxey Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Guinan" title="Texas Guinan">Texas Guinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamer" title="Frank Hamer">Frank Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_(Bible_Christian)" title="William Harvey (Bible Christian)">William Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_N._Howard" title="Clinton N. Howard">Clinton N. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpy_Johnson" title="Bumpy Johnson">Bumpy Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_L._Johnson" title="Enoch L. Johnson">Enoch L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kerr" title="Norman Kerr">Norman Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Richard_Lees" title="Frederic Richard Lees">Frederic Richard Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Maceo" title="Sam Maceo">Sam Maceo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owney_Madden" title="Owney Madden">Owney Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Malins" title="Joseph Malins">Joseph Malins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCoy_(bootlegger)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McCoy (bootlegger)">William McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Moran" title="Bugs Moran">Bugs Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Nation" title="Carrie Nation">Carrie Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Ness" title="Eliot Ness">Eliot Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Olmstead" title="Roy Olmstead">Roy Olmstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_LaMontages_brothers" title="The LaMontages brothers">The LaMontages brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lanzetta_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lanzetta Brothers">Lanzetta Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Gang" title="The Purple Gang">The Purple Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Remus" title="George Remus">George Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Rothstein" title="Arnold Rothstein">Arnold Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hyde_Russell" title="Howard Hyde Russell">Howard Hyde Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Schultz" title="Dutch Schultz">Dutch Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bywater_Smithies" title="Thomas Bywater Smithies">Thomas Bywater Smithies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Thompson" title="Eliza Thompson">Eliza Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_Thompson" title="William Harvey Thompson">William Harvey Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Volstead" title="Andrew Volstead">Andrew Volstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Wheeler" title="Wayne Wheeler">Wayne Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzy_Einstein_and_Moe_Smith" title="Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith">Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Prohibition_Party_(UK)" title="National Prohibition Party (UK)">National Prohibition Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prohibition_Party" title="Scottish Prohibition Party">Scottish Prohibition Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(miniseries)" title="Prohibition (miniseries)"><i>Prohibition</i> (2011 documentary miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women&#039;s_clubs_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woman%27s_club_movement" title="Template:Woman's club movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woman%27s_club_movement" title="Template talk:Woman's club movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woman%27s_club_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woman's club movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_clubs_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_club_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's club movement">Women's clubs</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman%27s_League" title="American Woman's League">American Woman's League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Daughters_of_Early_American_Witches" title="Associated Daughters of Early American Witches">Associated Daughters of Early American Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching" title="Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching">Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_Colonial_Dames_XVII_Century" title="National Society Colonial Dames XVII Century">Colonial Dames XVII Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Dames_of_America" title="Colonial Dames of America">Colonial Dames of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_Daughters_of_the_American_Colonists" title="National Society Daughters of the American Colonists">Daughters of the American Colonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Daughters of the Cincinnati">Daughters of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Improved_Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks_of_the_World" title="Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World">Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="General Federation of Women's Clubs">General Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_League" title="Junior League">Junior League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Colored Women">National Association of Colored Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Jewish_Women" title="National Council of Jewish Women">National Council of Jewish Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_the_Colonial_Dames_of_America" title="National Society of the Colonial Dames of America">National Society of the Colonial Dames of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_New_England_Women" title="National Society of New England Women">National Society of New England Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley_Club" title="Phillis Wheatley Club">Phillis Wheatley Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Isabella_Association" title="Queen Isabella Association">Queen Isabella Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_United_States_Daughters_of_1812" title="National Society of United States Daughters of 1812">United States Daughters of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Order_of_Tents" title="United Order of Tents">United Order of Tents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Republican_Club" title="Women's National Republican Club">Women's National Republican Club </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Joint_Congressional_Committee" title="Women's Joint Congressional Committee">Women's Joint Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Trade_Union_League" title="Women's Trade Union League">Women's Trade Union League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">Young Women's Christian Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Alabama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%27s_Colored_Women%27s_Club" title="Alabama's Colored Women's Club">Alabama's Colored Women's Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage_Woman%27s_Club" title="Anchorage Woman's Club">Anchorage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Woman%27s_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa Grande Woman's Club">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale_Woman%27s_Club" title="Glendale Woman's Club">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Mesa" title="Woman's Club of Mesa">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willcox_Women%27s_Club" title="Willcox Women's Club">Willcox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_City_Club" title="Berkeley City Club">Berkeley City Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Women%27s_Club" title="Beverly Hills Women's Club">Beverly Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Women%27s_Club" title="College Women's Club">College Women's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Improvement_Club_(Corona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's Improvement Club (Corona)">Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebell_Society" title="Ebell Society">Ebell Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebell_of_Los_Angeles" title="Ebell of Los Angeles">Ebell of LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisca_Club" title="Francisca Club">Francisca Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Women%27s_Press_Club" title="Hollywood Women's Press Club">Hollywood Women's Press Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_Woman%27s_Club" title="La Jolla Woman's Club">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Lincoln" title="Woman's Club of Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Nurses%27_Club" title="Los Angeles Nurses' Club">LA Nurses' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Club_(San_Francisco)" title="Metropolitan Club (San Francisco)">Metropolitan Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Woman%27s_Club" title="San Pedro Woman's Club">San Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfandel_Club" title="Wilfandel Club">Wilfandel Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Club_(Milford,_Delaware)" title="New Century Club (Milford, Delaware)">Milford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Children%27s_Theatre" title="Delaware Children's Theatre">Wilmington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Florida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradenton_Woman%27s_Club" title="Bradenton Woman's Club">Bradenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_Woman%27s_Club" title="Davie Woman's Club">Davie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_Woman%27s_Club" title="Fort Lauderdale Woman's Club">Fort Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Women%27s_Club" title="Miami Women's Club">Miami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Neighborhood_Union" title="Atlanta Neighborhood Union">Atlanta Neighborhood Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Woman%27s_Club" title="Atlanta Woman's Club">Atlanta Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_Woman%27s_Club" title="Dawson Woman's Club">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demorest_Women%27s_Club" title="Demorest Women's Club">Demorest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennille_Woman%27s_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennille Woman's Club">Tennille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hawaii</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Hawaii" title="Daughters of Hawaii">Daughters of Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Illinois</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Northern_District_Association_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs">Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Woman%27s_Club" title="Chicago Woman's Club">Chicago Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnightly_of_Chicago" title="Fortnightly of Chicago">Fortnightly of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_Woman%27s_Club" title="Frederick Douglass Woman's Club">Frederick Douglass Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arts_Club_of_Chicago" title="Three Arts Club of Chicago">Three Arts Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Indiana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincennes_Fortnightly_Club" title="Vincennes Fortnightly Club">Vincennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Iowa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_Women%27s_Club" title="Des Moines Women's Club">Des Moines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Kansas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_Council_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs_Building" title="Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building">Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Topeka" title="Woman's Club of Topeka">Woman's Club of Topeka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Kentucky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs">Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Louisiana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_Club_of_New_Orleans" title="Era Club of New Orleans">Era Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Literary_Club_of_Baltimore" title="Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore">Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="Maryland Woman Suffrage Association">Maryland Woman Suffrage Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_Club" title="Chilton Club">Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_College_Club_of_Boston" title="The College Club of Boston">College Club of Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_Female_Religious_and_Moral_Society" title="Colored Female Religious and Moral Society">Colored Female Religious and Moral Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Woman%27s_Press_Association" title="New England Woman's Press Association">New England Woman's Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Women%27s_Club" title="New England Women's Club">New England Women's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Era_Club" title="Woman's Era Club">Woman's Era Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Morning_Club" title="Saturday Morning Club">Saturday Morning Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Michigan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Library_Association_of_Kalamazoo" title="Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo">Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Minnesota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Women%27s_City_Club" title="Saint Paul Women's City Club">Saint Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs">Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Montana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Park_Women%27s_Club" title="Glacier Park Women's Club">East Glacier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Nevada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Club_(Reno,_Nevada)" title="20th Century Club (Reno, Nevada)">20th Century Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmia_Club" title="Kalmia Club">Kalmia Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Morristown" title="Woman's Club of Morristown">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reckless_Estate" title="Anthony Reckless Estate">Red Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Rutherford" title="Woman's Club of Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Upper_Montclair" title="Woman's Club of Upper Montclair">Upper Montclair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo_Woman%27s_Club" title="Alamogordo Woman's Club">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrizozo_Woman%27s_Club" title="Carrizozo Woman's Club">Carrizozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Improvement_Association_of_Las_Cruces" title="Woman's Improvement Association of Las Cruces">Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_City_Woman%27s_Club" title="Silver City Woman's Club">Silver City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs">Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Woman%27s_Club" title="Brooklyn Woman's Club">Brooklyn Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_Club" title="Colony Club">Colony Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Club_(New_York_City)" title="Cosmopolitan Club (New York City)">Cosmopolitan Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Suffrage_League_(Brooklyn)" title="Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)">Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newswomen%27s_Club_of_New_York" title="Newswomen's Club of New York">Newswomen's Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorosis" title="Sorosis">Sorosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_City_Club_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's City Club of New York">Women's City Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Woman%27s_Club" title="Charlotte Woman's Club">Charlotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Ohio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Women%27s_Club" title="Dayton Women's Club">Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Oklahoma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs_for_Oklahoma_and_Indian_Territories" title="Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories">Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Oregon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_Women%27s_Civic_Improvement_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashland Women's Civic Improvement Club">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Oregon Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_Woman%27s_Club" title="Dundee Woman's Club">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Club_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Town Club (Portland, Oregon)">Town Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Club_of_Philadelphia" title="Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia">Cosmopolitan Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plastic_Club" title="The Plastic Club">Plastic Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs_of_South_Carolina" title="General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina">General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Tennessee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Nineteenth_Century_Club" title="The Nineteenth Century Club">19th Century Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Woman%27s_Club_(Clarksville,_Tennessee)" title="Country Woman's Club (Clarksville, Tennessee)">Country Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossoli_Circle" title="Ossoli Circle">Ossoli Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Texas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Daughters of the Republic of Texas">Daughters of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Association_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Texas Association of Women's Clubs">Texas Association of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Equal_Rights_Association" title="Texas Equal Rights Association">Texas Equal Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Equal_Suffrage_Association" title="Texas Equal Suffrage Association">Texas Equal Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Texas Federation of Women's Clubs">Texas Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Equal_Suffrage_Association" title="Dallas Equal Suffrage Association">Dallas Equal Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_El_Paso" title="Woman's Club of El Paso">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Club_of_Fort_Worth" title="The Woman's Club of Fort Worth">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Heights_Woman%27s_Club" title="Houston Heights Woman's Club">Houston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Club_(Dallas)" title="Lyceum Club (Dallas)">Lyceum Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_San_Antonio" title="Woman's Club of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Utah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Utah_Pioneers" title="Daughters of Utah Pioneers">Daughters of Utah Pioneers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Washington</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkland_Woman%27s_Club" title="Kirkland Woman's Club">Kirkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview_Women%27s_Clubhouse" title="Longview Women's Clubhouse">Longview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Olympia" title="Woman's Club of Olympia">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_University_Club_of_Seattle" title="Women's University Club of Seattle">University Club of Seattle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Wisconsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wauwatosa_Woman%27s_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Wauwatosa Woman's Club">Wauwatosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Wyoming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casper_Women%27s_Club_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Casper Women's Club House">Casper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Washington D.C.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulgrave_Club" title="Sulgrave Club">Sulgrave Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_City_Club_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Women's City Club of Washington, D.C.">Women's City Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Era" title="The Woman's Era">The Woman's Era</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_National_Conference_of_the_Colored_Women_of_America" title="First National Conference of the Colored Women of America">First National Conference of the Colored Women of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of women's clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_clubs" title="List of women's clubs">List of women's clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2592931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2592931#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2592931#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1054982-1">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50081260">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604924305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1016220">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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