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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kilcullen's_pillars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilcullen's_pillars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kilcullen's pillars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilcullen's_pillars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eizenstat_and_closing_gaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eizenstat_and_closing_gaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Eizenstat and closing gaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eizenstat_and_closing_gaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McCormick_Magic_Diamond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McCormick_Magic_Diamond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>McCormick Magic Diamond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McCormick_Magic_Diamond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barnett_and_connecting_to_the_core" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barnett_and_connecting_to_the_core"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Barnett and connecting to the core</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barnett_and_connecting_to_the_core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cordesman_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cordesman_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cordesman and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cordesman_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asymmetric_and_irregular_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asymmetric_and_irregular_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Asymmetric and irregular conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asymmetric_and_irregular_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Counter-insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Insurgency</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عصيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurxencia" title="Insurxencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Insurxencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrektion" title="Insurrektion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Insurrektion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgencia" title="Insurgencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Insurgencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurekcio" title="Insurekcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insurekcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurjentzia" title="Insurjentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Insurjentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شورشگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورشگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection" title="Insurrection – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insurrection" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%9E%80%EC%A0%84" title="분란전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분란전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru%C5%BEana_pobuna" title="Oružana pobuna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oružana pobuna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrezione" title="Insurrezione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Insurrezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurreksjon" title="Insurreksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Insurreksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%9A%D9%8A" title="سرکښي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرکښي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurg%C3%AAncia" title="Insurgência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Insurgência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Insurgență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insurgență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Инсургенты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инсургенты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryengritja" title="Kryengritja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kryengritja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Insurgency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurekcija" title="Insurekcija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Insurekcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Інсургенти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інсургенти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="شورش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شورش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_n%E1%BB%95i_d%E1%BA%ADy" title="Cuộc nổi dậy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc nổi dậy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="叛乱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="叛乱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1323212#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgent&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">Insurgent</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Revolt or uprising by irregular forces</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Insurgent" and "Insurgence" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Insurgent_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Insurgent (disambiguation)">Insurgent (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Uprising_poster_345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> insurgent next to a propaganda poster during the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a 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title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing/Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcotics-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing/Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism#Other_jihads" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">Salafi-Wahhabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh terrorism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Special-interest_terrorism" title="Special-interest terrorism">Special-interest / Single-issue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green/Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">Leaderless resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Methods</li><li>Tactics</li></ul></div></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of aircraft hijackings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading in Islam">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_car_bombings" title="List of mass car bombings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_run_(terrorism)" title="Dry run (terrorism)">Dry run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_terror" title="Individual terror">Individual terror</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Suicide_bombings_by_country" title="Category:Suicide bombings by country">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism#Rocket_and_mortar_attacks" title="Tactics of terrorism"><span class="wrap">Rockets and mortars</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terrorist groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actors</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_counter-terrorism_in_Kazakhstan#State_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#Soviet_Union" title="Terrorism in Russia">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan#State_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism#Saudi_Arabia" title="State-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria#Alleged_Syrian_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Response to terrorism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism insurance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism" title="Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism" title="Template talk:Terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/250px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/375px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/500px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Le_28_Juillet._La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5946" data-file-height="4771" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li> <li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Bulldozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>insurgency</b> is a violent, armed <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> by small, lightly armed bands who practice <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against a larger <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric</a> nature: small <a href="/wiki/Irregular_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular forces">irregular forces</a> face a large, well-equipped, <a href="/wiki/Regular_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular military">regular military</a> force <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> adversary.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this asymmetry, insurgents avoid large-scale direct battles, opting instead to blend in with the civilian population (often in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural areas</a>) where they gradually expand territorial control and military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insurgency frequently hinges on control of and collaboration with local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An insurgency can be fought via <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a> warfare, as well as other political, economic and social actions of various kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the blending of insurgents with the civilian population, insurgencies tend to involve considerable violence against civilians (by the state and the insurgents).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State attempts to quell insurgencies frequently lead to the infliction of indiscriminate violence, whereas rebel control of territory frequently involves violence against the civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insurgency sets itself apart from <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> by aiming for political control rather than resorting to indiscriminate violence,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it may incorporate terrorist tactics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Where a revolt takes the form of armed rebellion, it may not be viewed as an insurgency if a state of belligerency exists between one or more sovereign states and rebel forces. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">not recognized</a> as a sovereign state, but it was recognized as a belligerent power, and thus Confederate warships were given the same rights as United States warships in foreign ports.<sup id="cite_ref-hall-246_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-246-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US-S-D_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-S-D-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein-63_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-63-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes there may be two or more simultaneous insurgencies (multipolar) occurring in a country. The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)">Iraq insurgency</a> is one example of a recognized government<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> versus multiple groups of insurgents. Other historic insurgencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, have been multipolar rather than a straightforward model made up of two sides. During the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> there were two main sides: <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a>. At the same time, there was another separatist movement for the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinda (province)">Cabinda</a> region headed up by <a href="/wiki/FLEC" class="mw-redirect" title="FLEC">FLEC</a>. Multipolarity extends the definition of insurgency to situations where there is no recognized authority, as in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War#Division_of_Somalia_(1998-2006)" title="Somali Civil War">period from 1998 to 2006</a>, where it broke into quasi-autonomous smaller states, fighting among one another in changing alliances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg/250px-Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg/375px-Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg/500px-Kuruc_labanc_csatajelenet1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Kuruc" title="Kuruc">kuruc</a></i> were armed anti-<a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rebels in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a> between 1671 and 1711.</figcaption></figure> <p>James Fearon and David Laitin define insurgency as "a technology of military conflict characterized by small, lightly armed bands practicing guerrilla warfare from rural base areas."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austin Long defines insurgency as "the use of political and military means by irregular forces to change an existing political order. These forces typically mingle with civilians in order to hide from the forces defending the political order."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Matthew Adam Kocher, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pepinsky" title="Thomas Pepinsky">Thomas Pepinsky</a> and Stathis Kalyvas, a central objective in insurgencies is to achieve control over civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To exercise control armed groups apply a variety of practices, including different types of violence, dispute resolution, taxation, regulation of movement, access to aid and services, and social strictures.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insurgency_and_civil_wars">Insurgency and civil wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Insurgency and civil wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/James_Fearon" title="James Fearon">James D. Fearon</a>, wars have a rationalist explanation behind them, which explains why leaders prefer to gamble in wars and avoid peaceful bargains.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearon states that intermediate bargains can be a problem because countries cannot easily trade territories with the spread of nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, wars can take the form of <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil wars</a>. In her article <i>Why Bad Governance Leads to Civil Wars,</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_F._Walter" title="Barbara F. Walter">Barbara F. Walter</a> has presented a theory that explains the role of strong institutions in preventing insurgencies that can result in civil wars. Walter believes that institutions can contribute to four goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutions are responsible for checking the government, creating multiple peaceful routes to help the government solve problems, making the government committed to political terms that entails preserving peace, and creating an atmosphere where rebels do not need to form militias.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Walter adds that if there is a conflict between the government and the insurgents in the form of a civil war, that can bring about a new government that is accountable to a wider range of people, who have to commit to a compromise in political bargains. According to Walter, the presence of strong influential institutions can be beneficial to prevent the repetition of civil wars, but <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic governments</a> are less likely to accept the emergence of strong institutions because of their resulting constraint of governmental corruption and privileges. </p><p>In her book, <i>Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in Salvador</i>, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Jean_Wood" title="Elisabeth Jean Wood">Elisabeth Jean Wood</a> explains that participants in high-risk activism are very aware of the costs and benefits of engaging in civil wars.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood suggests that "participants in the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> campaign in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> ran high risks of bodily harm in challenging the long-standing practices of racial exclusion in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>." There are many selective incentives that encourage insurgency and violent movements against autocratic political regimes. For example, the supply of safety as a material good can be provided by the insurgents, which abolishes the exploitation of the government and thus forms one of the main incentives. The revolutionary power can help manifest a social-political network that in return provides access to political opportunities to diverse candidates, who share a collective identity and cultural homogeneity. Also, civil wars and insurgencies can provide employment and access to services and resources that were once taken over by the autocratic regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insurgencies differ in their use of tactics and methods. In a 2004 article, Robert R. Tomes spoke of four elements that "typically encompass an insurgency":<sup id="cite_ref-Tomes2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomes2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>cell-networks that maintain secrecy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> used to foster insecurity among the population and drive them to the insurgents for protection</li> <li>multifaceted attempts to cultivate support in the general population, often by undermining the new regime</li> <li>attacks against the government</li></ol> <p>Tomes' is an example of a definition that does not cover all insurgencies. For example, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> had no cell system, and in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, little to no attempt was made to terrorize civilians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In consecutive <a href="#coup">coups</a> in 1977 and 1999 in Pakistan, the initial actions focused internally on the government rather than on seeking broad support. While Tomes' definition fits well with Mao's Phase I,<sup id="cite_ref-MaoProtracted_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaoProtracted-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it does not deal well with larger civil wars. Mao does assume terrorism is usually part of the early phases, but it is not always present in revolutionary insurgency. </p><p>Tomes offers an indirect definition of insurgency, drawn from <a href="/wiki/Trinquier" title="Trinquier">Trinquier</a>'s definition of counterinsurgency: "an interlocking system of actions—political, economic, psychological, military—that aims at the [insurgents' intended] overthrow of the established authority in a country and its replacement by another regime."<sup id="cite_ref-Trinquier_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinquier-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steven Metz<sup id="cite_ref-Metz2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observes that past models of insurgency do not perfectly fit modern insurgency, in that current instances are far more likely to have a multinational or transnational character than those of the past. Several insurgencies may belong to more complex conflicts, involving "third forces (armed groups which affect the outcome, such as militias) and fourth forces (unarmed groups which affect the outcome, such as international media), who may be distinct from the core insurgents and the recognized government. While overt state sponsorship becomes less common, sponsorship by transnational groups is more common. "The nesting of insurgency within complex conflicts associated with state weakness or failure..." (See the discussion of failed states below.) Metz suggests that contemporary insurgencies have far more complex and shifting participation than traditional wars, where discrete belligerents seek a clear strategic victory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></div> <p>Many insurgencies include terrorism. While there is no accepted definition of terrorism in international law, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>-sponsored working definitions include one drafted by <a href="/wiki/Alex_P._Schmid" title="Alex P. Schmid">Alex P. Schmid</a> for the Policy Working Group on the United Nations and Terrorism. Reporting to the Secretary-General in 2002, the Working Group stated the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Without attempting a comprehensive definition of terrorism, it would be useful to delineate some broad characteristics of the phenomenon. Terrorism is, in most cases, essentially a political act. It is meant to inflict dramatic and deadly injury on civilians and to create an atmosphere of fear, generally for a political or ideological (whether secular or religious) purpose. Terrorism is a criminal act, but it is more than mere criminality. To overcome the problem of terrorism it is necessary to understand its political nature as well as its basic criminality and psychology. The United Nations needs to address both sides of this equation.<sup id="cite_ref-UNterr_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNterr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Yet another conflict of definitions involves insurgency versus terrorism. The winning essay of the 24th Annual <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> Strategic Essay Contest, by Michael F. Morris, said [A pure terrorist group] "may pursue political, even revolutionary, goals, but their violence replaces rather than complements a political program."<sup id="cite_ref-Morris2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris made the point that the use, or non-use, of terrorism does not define insurgency, "but that organizational traits have traditionally provided another means to tell the two apart. Insurgencies normally field fighting forces orders of magnitude larger than those of terrorist organizations." Insurgencies have a political purpose, and may provide social services and have an overt, even legal, political wing. Their covert wing carries out attacks on military forces with tactics such as <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushes</a>, as well as acts of terror such as attacks that cause deliberate civilian casualties. </p><p>Mao considered terrorism a basic part of his first part of the three phases of revolutionary warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-MaoProtracted_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaoProtracted-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several insurgency models recognize that completed acts of terrorism widen the <a href="#Eizenstat_and_closing_gaps">security gap</a>; the Marxist guerrilla theoretician <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Marighella" title="Carlos Marighella">Carlos Marighella</a> specifically recommended acts of terror, as a means of accomplishing something that fits the concept of opening the security gap.<sup id="cite_ref-Marighella_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marighella-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao considered terrorism to be part of forming a guerrilla movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subversion">Subversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></div> <p>While not every insurgency involves terror, most involve an equally hard to define tactic, subversion. "When a country is being subverted it is not being outfought; it is being out-administered. Subversion is literally administration with a minus sign in front."<sup id="cite_ref-Fall1965_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fall1965-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exceptional cases of insurgency without subversion are those where there is no accepted government that is providing administrative services. </p><p>While the term "subversion" is less commonly used by current U.S. spokesmen, that may be due to the hyperbolic way it was used in the past, in a specifically anticommunist context. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> did in April 1962, when he declared that urgent action was required before the "enemy's subversive politico-military teams find fertile spawning grounds for their fish eggs."<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenau2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenau2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a Western context, Rosenau cites a British <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> definition as "a generalized intention to (<i>emphasis added</i>) "<i>overthrow</i> or <i>undermine</i> parliamentary democracy by political, industrial or violent means." While insurgents do not necessarily use terror, it is hard to imagine any insurgency meeting its goals without undermining aspects of the legitimacy or power of the government or faction it opposes. Rosenau mentions a more recent definition that suggests subversion includes measures short of violence, which still serve the purposes of insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenau2007_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenau2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, subversion alone can change a government; this arguably happened in the liberalization of Eastern Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To the Communist government of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> appeared subversive but not violent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rhetoric,_myths_and_models"><span id="Political_rhetoric.2C_myths_and_models"></span>Political rhetoric, myths and models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political rhetoric, myths and models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In arguing against the term <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">Global War on Terror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a> said the United States was not fighting terrorism generically, as in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> or <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>. Rather, he said the slogan "war on terror" is directed at "radical Islamism, a movement that makes use of culture for political objectives." He suggested it might be deeper than the ideological conflict of the Cold War, but it should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel Huntington</a>'s "clash of civilizations." Addressing Huntington's thesis,<sup id="cite_ref-Huntington-1996_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntington-1996-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fukuyama stressed that the US and its allies need to focus on specific radical groups rather than clash with global Islam. </p><p>Fukuyama argued that political means, rather than direct military measures, are the most effective ways to defeat that insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukuyama2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Kilcullen" title="David Kilcullen">David Kilcullen</a> wrote "We must distinguish Al Qa'eda and the broader militant movements it symbolises – entities that use terrorism – from the tactic of terrorism itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcullen2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcullen2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There may be utility in examining a war not specifically on the tactic of terror but in co-ordination among multiple national or regional insurgencies. It may be politically infeasible to refer to a conflict as an "insurgency" rather than by some more charged term, but military analysts, when concepts associated with insurgency fit, should not ignore those ideas in their planning. Additionally, the recommendations can be applied to the strategic campaign, even if it is politically unfeasible to use precise terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-Canonico_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canonico-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insurgent groups often struggle to maintain coherency and authority due to their decentralized nature, and thus rely heavily upon ethnic, religious, or ideological bounds to avoid splintering.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it may be reasonable to consider transnational insurgency, Anthony Cordesman points out some of the myths in trying to have a worldwide view of terror:<sup id="cite_ref-Cordesman2007-10-29_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordesman2007-10-29-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cooperation can be based on trust and common values: one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.</li> <li>A definition of terrorism exists that can be accepted by all.</li> <li>Intelligence can be freely shared.</li> <li>Other states can be counted on to keep information secure and use it to mutual advantage.</li> <li>International institutions are secure and trustworthy.</li> <li>Internal instability and security issues do not require compartmentation and secrecy at national level.</li> <li>The "war on terrorism" creates common priorities and needs for action.</li> <li>Global and regional cooperation is the natural basis for international action.</li> <li>Legal systems are compatible enough for cooperation.</li> <li>Human rights and rule of law differences do not limit cooperation.</li> <li>Most needs are identical.</li> <li>Co-operation can be separated from financial needs and resources.</li></ul> <p>Social scientists, soldiers, and sources of change have been modeling insurgency for nearly a century if one starts with Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-MaoProtracted_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaoProtracted-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counterinsurgency models, not mutually exclusive from one another, come from Kilcullen, McCormick, Barnett and Eizenstat. Kilcullen describes the "pillars" of a stable society, while Eizenstat addresses the "gaps" that form cracks in societal stability. McCormick's model shows the interplay among the actors: insurgents, government, population and external organizations. Barnett discusses the relationship of the country with the outside world, and Cordesman focuses on the specifics of providing security. </p><p>Recent studies have tried to model the conceptual architecture of insurgent warfare using computational and mathematical modelling. A recent study by Juan Camilo Bohorquez, Sean Gourley, Alexander R. Dixon, Michael Spagat, and Neil F. Johnson entitled "Common Ecology Quantifies Human Insurgency", suggests a common structure for 9 contemporary insurgent wars, supported on statistical data of more than 50,000 insurgent attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-ECOWAR_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECOWAR-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The model explains the recurrent statistical pattern found in the distribution of deaths in insurgent and terrorist events.<sup id="cite_ref-CLAUSET_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLAUSET-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kilcullen's_pillars"><span id="Kilcullen.27s_pillars"></span>Kilcullen's pillars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kilcullen's pillars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KilcullenEcosystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/KilcullenEcosystem.png/220px-KilcullenEcosystem.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/KilcullenEcosystem.png/330px-KilcullenEcosystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/KilcullenEcosystem.png/440px-KilcullenEcosystem.png 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Kilcullen Figure 1: Ecosystem of Insurgency<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcullen3P_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcullen3P-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilcullen3Pillars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kilcullen3Pillars.svg/220px-Kilcullen3Pillars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kilcullen3Pillars.svg/330px-Kilcullen3Pillars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kilcullen3Pillars.svg/440px-Kilcullen3Pillars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Kilcullen's Three Pillars</figcaption></figure> <p>Kilcullen describes a framework for counterinsurgency. He gives a visual overview<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcullen3P_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcullen3P-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the actors in his model of conflicts, which he represents as a box containing an "ecosystem" defined by geographic, ethnic, economic, social, cultural, and religious characteristics. Inside the box are, among others, governments, counterinsurgent forces, insurgent leaders, insurgent forces, and the general population, which is made up of three groups: </p> <ol><li>those committed to the insurgents;</li> <li>those committed to the counterinsurgents;</li> <li>those who simply wish to get on with their lives.</li></ol> <p>Often, but not always, states or groups that aid one side or the other are outside the box. Outside-the-box intervention has dynamics of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The counterinsurgency strategy can be described as efforts to end the insurgency by a campaign developed in balance along three "pillars": security, political, and economical. </p><p>"Obviously enough, you cannot command what you do not control. Therefore, <i>unity of command</i> (between agencies or among government and non-government actors) means little in this environment." Unity of command is one of the axioms of military doctrine<sup id="cite_ref-FM3-0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FM3-0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that change with the use of swarming:.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-2004_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Edwards' <a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">swarming</a> model, as in Kilcullen's mode, unity of command becomes "<i><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_effort" title="Unity of effort">unity of effort</a></i> at best, and collaboration or deconfliction at least."<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcullen3P_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcullen3P-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in swarming, in Kilcullen's view unity of effort "depends less on a shared command and control hierarchy, and more on a shared diagnosis of the problem (i.e., the distributed knowledge of swarms), platforms for collaboration, information sharing and deconfliction. Each player must understand the others' strengths, weaknesses, capabilities and objectives, and inter-agency teams must be structured for versatility (the ability to perform a wide variety of tasks) and agility (the ability to transition rapidly and smoothly between tasks)." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eizenstat_and_closing_gaps">Eizenstat and closing gaps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eizenstat and closing gaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insurgencies, according to Stuart Eizenstat grow out of "gaps".<sup id="cite_ref-Eizenstat-2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eizenstat-2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be viable, a state must be able to close three "gaps", of which the first is most important: </p> <ul><li>Security: protection "... against internal and external threats, and preserving sovereignty over territory. If a government cannot ensure security, rebellious armed groups or criminal nonstate actors may use violence to exploit this security gap—as in Haiti, Nepal, and Somalia."</li> <li>Capacity: the survival needs of water, electrical power, food and public health, closely followed by education, communications and a working economic system.<sup id="cite_ref-Sagraves_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagraves-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "An inability to do so creates a capacity gap, which can lead to a loss of public confidence and then perhaps political upheaval. <i>In most environments, a capacity gap coexists with—or even grows out of—a security gap.</i> In Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, segments of the population are cut off from their governments because of endemic insecurity. And in postconflict Iraq, critical capacity gaps exist despite the country's relative wealth and strategic importance."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Legitimacy: closing the legitimacy gap is more than an incantation of "democracy" and "elections", but a government that is perceived to exist by the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>, has minimal corruption, and has a working law enforcement and judicial system that enforce human rights.</li></ul> <p>Note the similarity between Eizenstat's gaps and Kilcullen's three pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcullen3P_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcullen3P-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the table below, do not assume that a problematic state is unable to assist less developed states while closing its own gaps. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Rough classification of states<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (July 2012)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State type </th> <th>Needs </th> <th>Representative examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Militarily strong but weak in other institutions </td> <td>Lower tensions before working on gaps </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good performers </td> <td>Continuing development of working institutions. Focused private investment </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weak states </td> <td>Close one or two gaps </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Failed states </td> <td>Close all gaps </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McCormick_Magic_Diamond">McCormick Magic Diamond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: McCormick Magic Diamond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McCormick's model<sup id="cite_ref-McCormick_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormick-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is designed as a tool for counterinsurgency (COIN), but develops a symmetrical view of the required actions for both the Insurgent and COIN forces to achieve success. In this way the counterinsurgency model can demonstrate how both the insurgent and COIN forces succeed or fail. The model's strategies and principle apply to both forces, therefore the degree the forces follow the model should have a direct correlation to the success or failure of either the Insurgent or COIN force. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COIN-McCormick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/COIN-McCormick.png/220px-COIN-McCormick.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/COIN-McCormick.png/330px-COIN-McCormick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/COIN-McCormick.png/440px-COIN-McCormick.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>McCormick insurgency model</figcaption></figure> <p>The model depicts four key elements or players: </p> <ol><li>Insurgent force</li> <li>Counterinsurgency force (i.e., the government)</li> <li>Population</li> <li>International community</li></ol> <p>All of these interact, and the different elements have to assess their best options in a set of actions: </p> <ol><li>Gaining support of the population</li> <li>Disrupt opponent's control over the population</li> <li>Direct action against opponent</li> <li>Disrupt opponent's relations with the international community</li> <li>Establish relationships with the international community</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barnett_and_connecting_to_the_core">Barnett and connecting to the core</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Barnett and connecting to the core"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Thomas Barnett's paradigm,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the world is divided into a "connected core" of nations enjoying a high level of communications among their organizations and individuals, and those nations that are disconnected internally and externally. In a reasonably peaceful situation, he describes a "system administrator" force, often multinational, which does what some call "nation-building", but, most importantly, connects the nation to the core and empowers the natives to communicate—that communication can be likened to swarm coordination. If the state is occupied, or in civil war, another paradigm comes into play: the leviathan, a first-world military force that takes down the opposition regular forces. Leviathan is not constituted to fight local insurgencies, but major forces. Leviathan may use extensive <a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">swarming</a> at the tactical level, but its dispatch is a strategic decision that may be made unilaterally, or by an established group of the core such as <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> or <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cordesman_and_security">Cordesman and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cordesman and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than brief "Leviathan" takedowns, security building appears to need to be regional, with logistical and other technical support from more developed countries and alliances (e.g., ASEAN, NATO). Noncombat military assistance in closing the security gap begins with training, sometimes in specialized areas such as intelligence. More direct, but still noncombat support, includes intelligence, planning, logistics and communications. </p><p>Anthony Cordesman notes that security requirements differ by region and state in region. Writing on the Middle East, he identified different security needs for specific areas, as well as the US interest in security in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordesman2007-10-29_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordesman2007-10-29-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the US focus should be on security cooperation in achieving regional stability and in counterterrorism.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, the US must largely compartment security cooperation with Israel and cooperation with friendly Arab states like <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, but can improve security cooperation with all these states.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the US must deal with the strategic importance of a region whose petroleum and growing gas exports fuel key elements of the global economy.</li></ul> <p>It is well to understand that counterterrorism, as used by Cordesman, does not mean using terrorism against the terrorism, but an entire spectrum of activities, nonviolent and violent, to disrupt an opposing terrorist organization. The French general, Joseph Gallieni, observed, while a colonial administrator in 1898, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A country is not conquered and pacified when a military operation has decimated its inhabitants and made all heads bow in terror; the ferments of revolt will germinate in the mass and the rancours accumulated by the brutal action of force will make them grow again<sup id="cite_ref-McClintock-2005_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintock-2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Both Kilcullen and Eizenstat define a more abstract goal than does Cordesman. Kilcullen's security pillar is roughly equivalent to Eizenstat's security gap: </p> <ul><li>Military security (securing the population from attack or intimidation by guerrillas, bandits, terrorists or other armed groups)</li> <li>Police security (community policing, police intelligence or "Special Branch" activities, and paramilitary police field forces).</li> <li>Human security, building a framework of human rights, civil institutions and individual protections, public safety (fire, ambulance, sanitation, civil defense) and population security.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This pillar most engages military commanders' attention, but of course military means are applied across the model, not just in the security domain, while civilian activity is critically important in the security pillar also ... all three pillars must develop in parallel and stay in balance, while being firmly based in an effective information campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcullen3P_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcullen3P-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Anthony Cordesman, while speaking of the specific situation in Iraq, makes some points that can be generalized to other nations in turmoil.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordesman-2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordesman-2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cordesman recognizes some value in the groupings in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>'s idea of the <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash of civilizations">clash of civilizations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Huntington-1996_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntington-1996-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, rather assuming the civilizations must clash, these civilizations simply can be recognized as actors in a multinational world. In the case of Iraq, Cordesman observes that the burden is on the Islamic civilization, not unilaterally the West, if for no other reason that the civilization to which the problematic nation belongs will have cultural and linguistic context that Western civilization cannot hope to equal. </p><p>The heart of strengthening weak nations must come from within, and that heart will fail if they deny that the real issue is the future of their civilization, if they tolerate religious, cultural or separatist violence and terrorism when it strikes at unpopular targets, or if they continue to try to export the blame for their own failures to other nations, religions, and cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asymmetric_and_irregular_conflicts">Asymmetric and irregular conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asymmetric and irregular conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric conflicts</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">irregular conflicts</a>), as the emerging type of insurgencies in recent history, is described by <a href="/wiki/Eli_Berman" title="Eli Berman">Berman</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ailamatanock.com/">Matanock</a> in their review as conflicts where "the government forces have a clear advantage over rebels in coercive capacity."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this kind of conflicts, rebel groups can reintegrate into the civilian population after an attack if the civilians are willing to silently accept them. Some of the most recent examples include the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the European countries intervenes in the conflicts, creating asymmetry between the government forces and rebels, asymmetric conflict is the most common form of subnational conflicts and the most civil conflicts where the western countries are likely to be involved. Such interventions and their impacts can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO operation in Libya in 2011</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">French-led intervention in Mali in 2013</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eli_Berman" title="Eli Berman">Berman</a> and Matanock suggested an <i>information-centric</i> framework to describe asymmetric conflicts on a local level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three parties are involved in framework: government forces, rebels and civilians. Government forces and rebels attack each other and may inadvertently harm civilians whereas civilians can <i>anonymously</i> share local information with government forces, which would allow government forces to effectively use their asymmetric advantage to target rebels. Taking the role of civilians in this framework into consideration, the government and rebels will divert resources to provide services to civilians so as to influence their decision about sharing information with the government. </p><p>The framework is based on several assumptions: </p> <ul><li>The consequential action of civilians is information sharing.</li> <li>Information can be shared anonymously without endangering the civilians who do so and civilians are assumed to respond to incentives.</li> <li>Neither side of government forces and rebels will actively target civilians with coercion or intimidation.</li></ul> <p>This framework leads to five major implications for counterinsurgency strategies: </p> <ol><li>The government and rebels have an incentive to provide services to civilians, which increases with the value of the information shared.</li> <li>Rebel violence may be reduced by service provision from the government. <ul><li>Projects that address the needs of the civilians in the local communities and conditioned on information sharing by the community are more effective in reducing rebel violence. In practice, these may be smaller projects that are developed through consultation with local communities, which are also more easily revoked when information is not shared.</li> <li>Innovations that increase the value of projects to local civilians, such as including development professionals in project design and implementation, will enhance the effect of violence-reducing.</li></ul></li> <li>Security provided by the government and service provision (i.e. development spending) are complementary activities.</li> <li>If either side of the government forces or rebels causes casualties among civilians, civilians will reduce their support for that side.</li> <li>Innovations that make anonymous tips to the government easier, of which are often technical, can reduce rebel violence.</li></ol> <p>These implications are tested by empirical evidences from conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq and several other subnational conflicts. Further research on <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, attitudes, dynamics and agency between allies are needed to better understand <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric conflicts</a> and to have better informed decisions made at the tactical, strategic and public policy levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Counter-insurgency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense" title="Foreign internal defense">Foreign internal defense</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg/220px-Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg/330px-Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg/440px-Nigerian_Army_Boko_Haram_demonstration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army">Nigerian Army</a> counterinsurgency forces demonstrating tactics used against <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Before one counters an insurgency, one must understand what one is countering. Typically the most successful counter-insurgencies have been the British in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay Emergency">Malay Emergency</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Filipino government's countering of the <a href="/wiki/Huk_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Huk Rebellion">Huk Rebellion</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, U.S. forces successfully quelled the Filipino insurgents by 1902, albeit with tactics considered unacceptable by the majority of modern populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/insurgency" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:insurgency">insurgency</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth generation warfare">Fourth generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary warfare">Revolutionary warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COIN_(board_game)" title="COIN (board game)">COIN (board game)</a></li></ul> <p><b>National doctrines</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense" title="Foreign internal defense">Foreign internal defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare_(United_States_Department_of_Defense_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional warfare (United States Department of Defense doctrine)">Unconventional warfare (United States Department of Defense doctrine)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Case studies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">List of revolutions and rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearts_and_Minds_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearts and Minds (Vietnam)">Hearts and Minds (Vietnam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in North East India">Insurgency in North East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic insurgency in the Philippines">Islamic insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alignments during the heaviest fighting years of the Iraq War were very complex, with some militias supporting the new Iraq government-US coalition, and some receiving third-state state sponsorship such as Saudi-supported Sunni group the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Iraq">Islamic State in Iraq</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFearonLaitin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/ethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war/B1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605">"Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>97</b> (1): 75–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055403000534">10.1017/S0003055403000534</a> (inactive 2024-11-22). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5943">1537-5943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8303905">8303905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Ethnicity%2C+Insurgency%2C+and+Civil+War&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-90&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8303905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1537-5943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055403000534&rft.aulast=Fearon&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=Laitin%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-political-science-review%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fethnicity-insurgency-and-civil-war%2FB1D5D0E7C782483C5D7E102A61AD6605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Janet I. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/how-insurgency-begins/8798DEF1B3A5563C402E4F5D4617C8CA"><i>How Insurgency Begins: Rebel Group Formation in Uganda and Beyond</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108855969">10.1017/9781108855969</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47966-0"><bdi>978-1-108-47966-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225014676">225014676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Insurgency+Begins%3A+Rebel+Group+Formation+in+Uganda+and+Beyond&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225014676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108855969&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47966-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Janet+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhow-insurgency-begins%2F8798DEF1B3A5563C402E4F5D4617C8CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalyvasBalcells2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kalyvas, Stathis N.; Balcells, Laia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40863761">"International System and Technologies of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold War Shaped Internal Conflict"</a>. <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>104</b> (3): 415–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055410000286">10.1017/S0003055410000286</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F45454">10261/45454</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40863761">40863761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17605053">17605053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=International+System+and+Technologies+of+Rebellion%3A+How+the+End+of+the+Cold+War+Shaped+Internal+Conflict&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415-429&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F45454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40863761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055410000286&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17605053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kalyvas&rft.aufirst=Stathis+N.&rft.au=Balcells%2C+Laia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40863761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocherPepinskyKalyvas2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kocher, Matthew Adam; Pepinsky, Thomas B.; Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2010.00498.x">"Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War"</a>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 201–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2010.00498.x">10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-5907">1540-5907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Aerial+Bombing+and+Counterinsurgency+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-218&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2010.00498.x&rft.issn=1540-5907&rft.aulast=Kocher&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Adam&rft.au=Pepinsky%2C+Thomas+B.&rft.au=Kalyvas%2C+Stathis+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1540-5907.2010.00498.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalyvas2006" class="citation book cs1">Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/logic-of-violence-in-civil-war/3DFE74EA492295FC6940D58CA8EF4D5C"><i>The Logic of Violence in Civil War</i></a>. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511818462">10.1017/cbo9780511818462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85409-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85409-2"><bdi>978-0-521-85409-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14897960">14897960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Violence+in+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14897960%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511818462&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85409-2&rft.aulast=Kalyvas&rft.aufirst=Stathis+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Flogic-of-violence-in-civil-war%2F3DFE74EA492295FC6940D58CA8EF4D5C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These points are emphasized in many works on insurgency, including Peter Paret, <i>French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria: The Analysis of a Political and Military Doctrine</i>, Pall Mall Press, London, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/military-terms-a-to-z">"The A to Z of military terms"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+A+to+Z+of+military+terms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmilitary-terms-a-to-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hall-246-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hall-246_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, Kermit L. <i>The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions</i>, Oxford University Press US, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513924-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513924-2">978-0-19-513924-2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nO093wNz1PoC&dq=insurrection+civil+war&pg=RA1-PA246">p. 246</a> "In supporting Lincoln on this issue, the Supreme Court upheld his theory of the Civil War as an insurrection against the United States government that could be suppressed according to the rules of war. In this way the United States was able to fight the war as if it were an international war, without actually having to recognize the <i>de jure</i> existence of the Confederate government."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-S-D-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US-S-D_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cw/106954.htm">Bureau of Public Affairs: Office of the Historian -> Timeline of U.S. Diplomatic History -> 1861–1865:The Blockade of Confederate Ports, 1861–1865</a>, U.S. State Department. "Following the U.S. announcement of its intention to establish an official blockade of Confederate ports, foreign governments began to recognize the Confederacy as a belligerent in the Civil War. Great Britain granted belligerent status on May 13, 1861, Spain on June 17, and Brazil on August 1. Other foreign governments issued statements of neutrality."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-63-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein-63_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Erik; McKercher, B. J. C. <i>Power and stability: British foreign policy, 1865–1965</i>, Routledge, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8442-0">978-0-7146-8442-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48EQZ8vM0-UC&dq=confederacy+belligerants+foreign+ports&pg=PA63">p. 63</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalyvasKocher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kalyvas, Stathis N.; Kocher, Matthew Adam (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2007.0023">"How "Free" Is Free Riding in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 177–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2007.0023">10.1353/wp.2007.0023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8871">0043-8871</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40060186">40060186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55598769">55598769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=How+%22Free%22+Is+Free+Riding+in+Civil+Wars%3F+Violence%2C+Insurgency%2C+and+the+Collective+Action+Problem&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-216&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0043-8871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55598769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40060186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwp.2007.0023&rft.aulast=Kalyvas&rft.aufirst=Stathis+N.&rft.au=Kocher%2C+Matthew+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Fwp.2007.0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2018" class="citation cs2">Long, Austin (2018), Gheciu, Alexandra; Wohlforth, William C. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198777854-e-36">"Counter Insurgency"</a>, <i>The Oxford Handbook of International Security</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 546–561, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198777854.013.36">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.36</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-877785-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-877785-4"><bdi>978-0-19-877785-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+International+Security&rft.atitle=Counter+Insurgency&rft.pages=546-561&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198777854.013.36&rft.isbn=978-0-19-877785-4&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198777854.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780198777854-e-36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahissJacksonMayhewWeigand2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bahiss, Ibraheem; Jackson, Ashley; Mayhew, Leigh; Weigand, Florian (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/FINAL_Re-thinking_Armed_Group_Control.pdf">"Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ODI / Centre on Armed Groups</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ODI+%2F+Centre+on+Armed+Groups&rft.atitle=Rethinking+armed+group+control%3A+Towards+a+new+conceptual+framework&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Bahiss&rft.aufirst=Ibraheem&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Ashley&rft.au=Mayhew%2C+Leigh&rft.au=Weigand%2C+Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.odi.org%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2FFINAL_Re-thinking_Armed_Group_Control.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFearon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Fearon, James (Summer 1995). 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(29 October 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410035422/http://www.csis.org/component/option%2Ccom_csis_pubs/task%2Cview/id%2C4139/type%2C1/"><i>Security Cooperation in the Middle East</i></a>, Center for Strategic and International Studies, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,4139/type,1/">the original</a> on 10 April 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Cooperation+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2007-10-29&rft.aulast=Cordesman&rft.aufirst=Anthony+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fcomponent%2Foption%2Ccom_csis_pubs%2Ftask%2Cview%2Fid%2C4139%2Ftype%2C1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECOWAR-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECOWAR_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohorquez2009" class="citation cs2">Bohorquez; et al. 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U.S. Government Counterinsurgency Conference, Washington D.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/uscoin/3pillars_of_counterinsurgency.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Three+Pillars+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.date=2006-09-28&rft.aulast=Kilcullen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Fuscoin%2F3pillars_of_counterinsurgency.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynn-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn,_John_A.2005" class="citation cs2">Lynn, John A. 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Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">GPO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FM+3%E2%80%930%2C+Operations+%28with+included+Change+1%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=GPO&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft.au=Headquarters%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fdoddir%2Farmy%2Ffm3-0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-2004-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards-2004_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_Sean_J.A.2004" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Sean J.A. (September 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD189/"><i>Swarming and the Future of War</i></a>, PhD thesis, Pardee RAND Graduate School</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swarming+and+the+Future+of+War&rft.series=PhD+thesis&rft.pub=Pardee+RAND+Graduate+School&rft.date=2004-09&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Sean+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Frgs_dissertations%2FRGSD189%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eizenstat-2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eizenstat-2005_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEizenstat,_Stuart_E.John_Edward_PorterJeremy_M._Weinstein2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_E._Eizenstat" title="Stuart E. Eizenstat">Eizenstat, Stuart E.</a>; John Edward Porter; Jeremy M. Weinstein (January–February 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgdev.org/doc/commentary/15_Eizenstat.pdf">"Rebuilding Weak States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, <b>84</b> (1): 134, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20034213">10.2307/20034213</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20034213">20034213</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Rebuilding+Weak+States&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2005-01%2F2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20034213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20034213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Eizenstat%2C+Stuart+E.&rft.au=John+Edward+Porter&rft.au=Jeremy+M.+Weinstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Fdoc%2Fcommentary%2F15_Eizenstat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sagraves-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sagraves_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagraves,_Robert_D2005" class="citation cs2">Sagraves, Robert D (April 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414001721/https://research.maxwell.af.mil/papers/ay2005/acsc/3569%20-%20Sagraves.pdf"><i>The Indirect Approach: the role of Aviation Foreign Internal Defense in Combating Terrorism in Weak and Failing States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Air Command and Staff College, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.maxwell.af.mil/papers/ay2005/acsc/3569%20-%20Sagraves.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-04-14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indirect+Approach%3A+the+role+of+Aviation+Foreign+Internal+Defense+in+Combating+Terrorism+in+Weak+and+Failing+States&rft.pub=Air+Command+and+Staff+College&rft.date=2005-04&rft.au=Sagraves%2C+Robert+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.maxwell.af.mil%2Fpapers%2Fay2005%2Facsc%2F3569%2520-%2520Sagraves.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEizenstatPorterWeinstein2005" class="citation journal cs1">Eizenstat, Stuart E.; Porter, John Edward; Weinstein, Jeremy M. (January–February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604094548/http://www.stanford.edu/~jweinst/files/ForeignAffairs_2005.pdf">"Rebuilding Weak States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>84</b> (1). Council on Foreign Relations: 136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20034213">10.2307/20034213</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20034213">20034213</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~jweinst/files/ForeignAffairs_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Rebuilding+Weak+States&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136&rft.date=2005-01%2F2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20034213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20034213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eizenstat&rft.aufirst=Stuart+E.&rft.au=Porter%2C+John+Edward&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Jeremy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2F~jweinst%2Ffiles%2FForeignAffairs_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCormick-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCormick_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick,_Gordon1987" class="citation cs2">McCormick, Gordon (1987), <i>The Shining Path and Peruvian terrorism</i>, RAND Corporation, Document Number: P-7297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shining+Path+and+Peruvian+terrorism&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=1987&rft.au=McCormick%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span> often called Magic Diamond</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett,_Thomas_P.M.2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P.M._Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas P.M. Barnett">Barnett, Thomas P.M.</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pentagonsnewmap00thom"><i>The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century</i></a>, Berkley Trade, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0425202395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0425202395"><bdi>978-0425202395</bdi></a>, Barnett-2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon%27s+New+Map%3A+The+Pentagon%27s+New+Map%3A+War+and+Peace+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Berkley+Trade&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0425202395&rft.au=Barnett%2C+Thomas+P.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpentagonsnewmap00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintock-2005-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McClintock-2005_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock,_Michael2005" class="citation cs2">McClintock, Michael (November 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/programareas/conferences/presentations/McClintock,%20Michael.ppt"><i>Great Power Counterinsurgency</i></a>, Human Rights First</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Power+Counterinsurgency&rft.pub=Human+Rights+First&rft.date=2005-11&rft.au=McClintock%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fcchrp%2Fprogramareas%2Fconferences%2Fpresentations%2FMcClintock%2C%2520Michael.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordesman-2006-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cordesman-2006_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordesman,_Anthony_H.2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cordesman" title="Anthony Cordesman">Cordesman, Anthony H.</a> (August 1, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410035736/http://www.csis.org/component/option%2Ccom_csis_pubs/task%2Cview/id%2C3411/type%2C1/"><i>The Importance of Building Local Capabilities: Lessons from the Counterinsurgency in Iraq</i></a>, Center for Strategic and International Studies, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csis.org/component/option,com_csis_pubs/task,view/id,3411/type,1/">the original</a> on April 10, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Building+Local+Capabilities%3A+Lessons+from+the+Counterinsurgency+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2006-08-01&rft.au=Cordesman%2C+Anthony+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fcomponent%2Foption%2Ccom_csis_pubs%2Ftask%2Cview%2Fid%2C3411%2Ftype%2C1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanMatanock2015" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Eli; Matanock, Aila M. (2015-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-082312-124553">"The Empiricists' Insurgency"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>18</b>: 443–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-082312-124553">10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Empiricists%27+Insurgency&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=443-464&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-082312-124553&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Matanock%2C+Aila+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-082312-124553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanCallenFelterShapiro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Eli; Callen, Michael; Felter, Joseph H.; Shapiro, Jacob N. (2011-08-01). "Do Working Men Rebel? Insurgency and Unemployment in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Philippines". <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 496–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002710393920">10.1177/0022002710393920</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0027">0022-0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30152995">30152995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Do+Working+Men+Rebel%3F+Insurgency+and+Unemployment+in+Afghanistan%2C+Iraq%2C+and+the+Philippines&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=496-528&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30152995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002710393920&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Callen%2C+Michael&rft.au=Felter%2C+Joseph+H.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Jacob+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Willis, "Lessons from the past: successful British counterinsurgency operations in Malaya 1948–1960", July–August 2005, <i>Infantry Magazine</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insurgency&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Insurgency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Insurgency">Insurgency</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG965.html">How Insurgencies End</a> by Ben Connable, Martin C. 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