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<button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance_as_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_as_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Governance as process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_as_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Public governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Private governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Global governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonprofit_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonprofit_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nonprofit governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonprofit_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Corporate governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Project governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Environmental governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Land governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Landscape governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Health governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Internet governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Information technology governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blockchain_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockchain_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Blockchain governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockchain_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Regulatory governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participatory_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participatory_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Participatory governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participatory_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contract_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contract_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Contract governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contract_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-level_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-level_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Multi-level governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-level_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metagovernance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metagovernance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Metagovernance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metagovernance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Collaborative governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborative_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_sector_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_sector_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Security sector governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_sector_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_normative_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_normative_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As a normative concept</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_normative_concept-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a normative concept subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_normative_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fair_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fair governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Good governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effective_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effective_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Effective governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effective_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_and_external_effective_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_and_external_effective_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Internal and external effective governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_and_external_effective_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_effective_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_effective_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Effects of effective governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_effective_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absence_of_effective_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absence_of_effective_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Absence of effective governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absence_of_effective_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_and_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_and_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Measurement and assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_and_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حوكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0dar%C9%99l%C9%99%C5%9Fm%C9%99" title="İdarələşmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İdarələşmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="পরিচালন ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিচালন ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кіраванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіраванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кіраваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кіраваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Управление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Управление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governan%C3%A7a" title="Governança – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Governança" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A1va" title="Správa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Správa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" title="Governance – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Governance" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valitsemine" title="Valitsemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valitsemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Διακυβέρνηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διακυβέρνηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernanza" title="Gobernanza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobernanza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="حکومتداری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومتداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernance" title="Gouvernance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%B2%84%EB%84%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="거버넌스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거버넌스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կառավարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառավարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="अभिशासन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिशासन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_kelola" title="Tata kelola – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tata kelola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="משילות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משילות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಆಳಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಳಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Басқару – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Басқару" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utawala" title="Utawala – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utawala" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouv%C3%A8nans" title="Gouvènans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gouvènans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdymas" title="Valdymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valdymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadbir_urus" title="Tadbir urus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tadbir urus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" title="Governance – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Governance" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="शासन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शासन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ガバナンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガバナンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styring" title="Styring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Styring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governan%C3%A7a" title="Governança – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governança" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernan%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Guvernanță – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guvernanță" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Административа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Административа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Управление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Управление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeverisja" title="Qeverisja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeverisja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" title="Governance – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Governance" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92" title="පාලන විධි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාලන විධි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" title="Governance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Governance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%88" title="حاڪميت جو طريقو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حاڪميت جو طريقو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" title="Governance – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Governance" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="ஆட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="วิธีการปกครอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิธีการปกครอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Управління – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Управління" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" title="治理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="治理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Processes of interacting with people and making decisions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the general concept. For the academic journal, see <a href="/wiki/Governance_(journal)" title="Governance (journal)"><i>Governance</i> (journal)</a>. For information on the administrative structure of Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Wikipedia:Administration</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Governing" redirects here. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Governing_(magazine)" title="Governing (magazine)"><i>Governing</i> (magazine)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Governance" title="Category:Governance">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Governance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Models</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Algorithmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad governance">Bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_governance" title="Collaborative governance">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Governance">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multistakeholder_governance_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Multistakeholder governance model">Multistakeholder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Private governance">Private</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By level</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Local governance">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By field</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_governance" title="Clinical governance">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_governance" title="Cultural governance">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_governance" title="Environmental governance">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_in_higher_education" title="Governance in higher education">Higher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_governance" title="Information governance">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_governance" title="Network governance">Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_governance" title="Ocean governance">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political party governance">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_sector_governance_and_reform" title="Security sector governance and reform">Security sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_governance" title="Simulation governance">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_governance" title="Soil governance">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_governance" title="Technology governance">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_governance" title="Transnational governance">Transnational</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Measures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Governance_Index" title="World Governance Index">World Governance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Governance_Indicators" title="Sustainable Governance Indicators">Sustainable Governance Indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index" title="Bertelsmann Transformation Index">Bertelsmann Transformation Index</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_governance_officer" title="Chief governance officer">Chief governance officer</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance" title="Governance, risk management, and compliance">Governance, risk management<br />and compliance</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and<br />corporate governance</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_governance_mechanism" title="Market governance mechanism">Market governance mechanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governance" title="Template:Governance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governance" title="Template talk:Governance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Governance</b> is the overall complex system or framework of <a href="/wiki/Process" title="Process">processes</a>, functions, structures, <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">rules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norms_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norms (sociology)">norms</a> born out of the <a href="/wiki/Relationship" class="mw-disambig" title="Relationship">relationships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">interactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)"> power</a>dynamics, cultures and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> within an organized group of individuals which not only sets the boundaries of acceptable conduct and practices of different actors of the group and controls their decision-making processes through the creation and enforcement of rules and guidelines, but also <a href="/wiki/Manage" class="mw-redirect" title="Manage">manages</a>, allocates and mobilizes relevant resources and capacities of different members and sets the overall direction of the group in order to effectively address its specific collective needs, problems and challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hufty_2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hufty_2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of governance can be applied to social, political or economic entities (groups of individuals engaged in some purposeful activity) such as a <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">state</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> (public administration), a governed <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>, a society, a community, a social group (like a tribe or a family), a formal or informal organization, a corporation, a non-governmental organization, a non-profit organization, a project team, a market, a network or even the global stage. "Governance" can also pertain to a specific sector of activities such as land, environment, health, internet, security, etc. The degree of formality in governance depends on the internal rules of a given entity and its external interactions with similar entities. As such, governance may take many forms, driven by many different motivations and with many different results. </p><p>Whereas smaller groups may rely on informal <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> structures, effective governance of a larger group typically relies on a well-functioning <a href="/wiki/Governing_body" title="Governing body">governing body</a>, which is a specific group of people entrusted with the <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> and responsibilities to make decisions about the rules, enforcing them and overseeing the smooth operation of the group within the broader framework of governance. The most formal type of a governing body is a government, which has the responsibility and authority to make binding decisions for a specific geopolitical system (like a country) through established rules and guidelines. A government may operate as a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> where citizens vote on who should govern towards the goal of <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a>. Beyond governments, other entities can also have governing bodies. These can be legal entities or organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies">companies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization"> non-profit organizations</a> governed by small <a href="/wiki/Boards_of_directors" class="mw-redirect" title="Boards of directors">boards of directors</a> pursuing more specific aims. They can also be socio-political groups including hierarchical political structures, tribes, religious subgroups, or even families. In the case of a state, governance expresses a growing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> awareness of the ways in which diffuse forms of power and authority can secure order even in the absence of state activity. A variety of external actors without decision-making power can influence this system of state governance. These include <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Think-tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Think-tanks">think-tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-government_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-government organizations">non-government organizations</a>, community and <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a>. Governance is also shaped by external factors such as <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, social movements or technological progress. </p><p>From a normative perspective, good, effective and fair governance involves a well-organized system that fairly represents <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>' interests and needs. Such governance guides the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of the group's objectives, policies, and programs, ensuring smooth operation in various contexts. It fosters trust by promoting transparency, responsibility, and accountability, and employs mechanisms to resolve disputes and conflicts for greater harmony. It adapts to changing circumstances, keeping the group responsive and resilient. By delivering on its promises and creating positive outcomes, it fosters legitimacy and acceptance of the governing body, leading to rule-compliance, shared responsibility, active cooperation, and ultimately, greater stability and long-term sustainability.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many institutions of higher education - such as the <a href="/wiki/Balsillie_School_of_International_Affairs" title="Balsillie School of International Affairs">Balsillie School of International Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munk_School_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Munk School of Global Affairs">Munk School of Global Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Graduate Institute Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertie_School" title="Hertie School">Hertie School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, among others - offer governance as an area of study. Many <a href="/wiki/Social_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Social scientists">social scientists</a> prefer to use the term "governance" when discussing the process of governing, because it covers the whole range of institutions and relationships involved.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_word">Origin of the word</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Governance#Origins_of_the_word" title="Talk:Governance">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Like <i>government</i>, the word <i>governance</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb <i>kubernaein</i> [<i>kubernáo</i>] (meaning <i>to steer</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the metaphorical sense first being attested in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Its occasional use in English to refer to the specific activity of ruling a country can be traced to early-modern England, when the phrase "governance of the realm" appears in works by <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a><sup id="cite_ref-TyndaleFrith1831_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TyndaleFrith1831-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in royal correspondence from <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first usage in connection with institutional structures (as distinct from individual rule) appears in Charles Plummer's <i>The Governance of England</i> (an 1885 translation from a 15th-century Latin manuscript by <a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_(judge)" title="John Fortescue (judge)">John Fortescue</a>, also known as <i>The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy</i>). This usage of "governance" to refer to the arrangements of governing became orthodox including in <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Low" title="Sidney Low">Sidney Low</a>'s seminal text of the same title in 1904 and among some later British constitutional historians.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the use of the term <i>governance</i> in its current broader sense, encompassing the activities of a wide range of public and private institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acquired general currency only as recently as the 1990s, when it was re-minted by economists and political scientists and disseminated by institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the term has gained increasing usage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governance often refers to a particular level of governance associated with a type of organization (including public governance, global governance, non-profit governance, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a>, and project governance), a particular 'field' of governance associated with a type of activity or outcome (including environmental governance, internet governance, and information technology governance), or a particular 'model' of governance, often derived as an empirical or normative theory (including regulatory governance, participatory governance, multilevel governance, metagovernance, and collaborative governance). </p><p>Governance can also define normative or practical agendas. Normative concepts of fair governance or good governance are common among <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">voluntary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance_as_process">Governance as process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governance as process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Governance" title="Special:EditPage/Governance">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In its most abstract sense, governance is a theoretical concept referring to the actions and processes by which stable practices and organizations arise and persist.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions and processes may operate in formal and informal organizations of any size; and they may function for any purpose, good or evil, for profit or not. Conceiving of governance in this way, one can apply the concept to <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profits</a>, to <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>, to partnerships and other associations, to business relationships (especially complex <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> relationships), to <a href="/wiki/Project_team" title="Project team">project teams</a>, and to any number of humans engaged in some purposeful activity. </p><p>Most theories of governance as process arose out of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These theories build deductive models, based on the assumptions of modern economics, to show how rational actors may come to establish and sustain formal organizations, including firms and states, and informal organizations, such as networks and practices for governing the commons. Many of these theories draw on <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction cost</a> economics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_governance">Public governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div> <p>There is a distinction between the concepts of governance and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. Politics involves processes by which a group of people (perhaps with divergent opinions or interests) reach collective decisions generally regarded as binding on the group, and enforced as common <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a>. Governance, on the other hand, conveys the <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">administrative</a> and process-oriented elements of governing rather than its antagonistic ones.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction assumes the possibility of the traditional separation between "politics" and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)"> "administration"</a>. Contemporary governance practice and theory sometimes questions this distinction, premising that both "governance" and "politics" involve aspects of <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In general terms, public governance occurs in various ways: </p> <ul><li>through networks involving <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnership">public-private partnerships</a> (PPP) or with the collaboration of community organisations</li> <li>through the use of <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> mechanisms whereby market principles of competition serve to allocate resources while operating under government regulation</li> <li>through the formation and execution of <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making"> consensus</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>through top-down methods that primarily involve governments and their state <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_governance">Private governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Private governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private governance occurs when non-governmental entities, including private organizations, dispute resolution organizations, or other third party groups, make rules and/or standards which have a binding effect on the "quality of life and opportunities of the larger public." Simply put, private—not public—entities are making <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>. For example, insurance companies exert a great societal impact, largely invisible and freely accepted, that is a private form of governance in society; in turn, reinsurers, as private companies, may exert similar private governance over their underlying carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "public policy" should not be exclusively associated with policy that is made by <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. Public policy may be created by either the private sector or the public sector. If one wishes to refer only to public policy that is made by government, the best term to use is "governmental policy", which eliminates the ambiguity regarding the agent of the policy making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_governance">Global governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Global governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a> refers to institutions that coordinate the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Transnationality" title="Transnationality">transnational</a> actors, facilitate cooperation, resolve disputes, and alleviate collective action problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_governance_:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global governance broadly entails making, monitoring, and enforcing rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_governance_:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_governance_:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within global governance, a variety of types of actors – not just states – exercise power.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_governance_:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_governance_:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the traditional meaning of governance, the term <i>global governance</i> is used to denote the regulation of interdependent relations in the absence of an overarching political authority.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best example of this is the international system or relationships between independent states. </p><p>The concept of global governance began in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_governance_:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became particularly prominent in the aftermath of World War I, and more so after the end of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_governance_:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since World War II, the number of <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a> has increased substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_governance_:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of actors (whether they be states, non-governmental organizations, firms, and epistemic communities) who are involved in governance relationships has also increased substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_governance_:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Various terms have been used for the dynamics of global governance, such as <a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence" title="Complex interdependence">complex interdependence</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_regime" title="International regime">international regimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_governance" title="Multi-level governance">multilevel governance</a>, global constitutionalism, and ordered anarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonprofit_governance">Nonprofit governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nonprofit governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nonprofit governance has a dual focus: achieving the organization's social mission and ensuring the organization is viable. Both responsibilities relate to fiduciary responsibility that a board of trustees (sometimes called directors, or Board, or Management Committee—the terms are interchangeable) has with respect to the exercise of authority over the explicit actions the organization takes. Public trust and accountability is an essential aspect of organizational viability so it achieves the social mission in a way that is respected by those whom the organization serves and the society in which it is located. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Corporate governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporate organizations</a> often use the word <i>governance</i> to describe both: </p> <ol><li>The manner in which <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">boards</a> or their like direct a corporation</li> <li>The laws and customs (rules) applying to that direction</li></ol> <p>Corporate governance consists of the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way people direct, administer or control an organization. Corporate governance also includes the relationships between people within an organization, (the <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>) and the corporate <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goals</a>. The principal players include the <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>. Other stakeholders include employees, suppliers, customers, banks and other lenders, regulators, the environment and the community at large. </p><p>The first documented use of the word "corporate governance" is by Richard Eells (1960, p. 108) to denote "the structure and functioning of the corporate polity". The "corporate government" concept itself is older and was already used in finance textbooks at the beginning of the 20th century (Becht, Bolton, Röell 2004). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_governance">Project governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Project governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Project_governance" title="Project governance">Project governance</a></div> <p>Project governance is the management framework within which project decisions are made and outcomes of a project are realized. Its role is to provide a repeatable and robust system through which an organization can manage its capital investments—project governance handles tasks such as outlining the relationships between all groups involved and describing the flow of information to all <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_governance">Environmental governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_governance" title="Environmental governance">Environmental governance</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_governance&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Governance" title="Category:Governance">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Governance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Models</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Algorithmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad governance">Bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_governance" title="Collaborative governance">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Governance">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multistakeholder_governance_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Multistakeholder governance model">Multistakeholder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Private governance">Private</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By level</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Local governance">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By field</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_governance" title="Clinical governance">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_governance" title="Cultural governance">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_governance" title="Environmental governance">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_in_higher_education" title="Governance in higher education">Higher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_governance" title="Information governance">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_governance" title="Network governance">Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_governance" title="Ocean governance">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political party governance">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_sector_governance_and_reform" title="Security sector governance and reform">Security sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_governance" title="Simulation governance">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_governance" title="Soil governance">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_governance" title="Technology governance">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_governance" title="Transnational governance">Transnational</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Measures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Governance_Index" title="World Governance Index">World Governance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Governance_Indicators" title="Sustainable Governance Indicators">Sustainable Governance Indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index" title="Bertelsmann Transformation Index">Bertelsmann Transformation Index</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_governance_officer" title="Chief governance officer">Chief governance officer</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance" title="Governance, risk management, and compliance">Governance, risk management<br />and compliance</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and<br />corporate governance</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_governance_mechanism" title="Market governance mechanism">Market governance mechanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governance" title="Template:Governance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governance" title="Template talk:Governance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_governance" title="Environmental governance">Environmental governance (EG)</a> consists of a system of laws, norms, rules, policies and practices that dictate how the board members of an <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">environment related regulatory body</a> should manage and oversee the affairs of any <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">environment related regulatory body</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is responsible for ensuring <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">manage</a> all human activities—<a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental governance includes government, business and civil society, and emphasizes whole <a href="/wiki/Systems_management" title="Systems management">system management</a>. To capture this diverse range of elements, environmental governance often employs alternative systems of governance, for example watershed-based management.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, it views natural resources and the environment as global public goods, belonging to the category of <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> that are not diminished when they are shared.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that everyone benefits from, for example, a breathable <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, stable <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and stable biodiversity. </p><p>Governance in an environmental context may refer to: </p> <ul><li>a concept in <a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">political ecology</a> which promotes <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a> that advocates for <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> human activity (i.e. that governance should be based upon environmental principles).</li> <li>the processes of decision-making involved in the control and management of the environment and <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>.</li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_governance">Land governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Land governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land governance is concerned with issues of land ownership and tenure. It consists of the policies, processes and institutions by which decisions about the access to, use of and control over land are made, implemented and enforced; it is also about managing and reconciling competing claims on land. In developing countries, it is relevant as a tool to contribute to equitable and sustainable development, addressing the phenomenon that is known as ‘<a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">land grabbing</a>’.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operational dimension of land governance is <a href="/wiki/Land_administration" title="Land administration">land administration</a>. </p><p>Security of land tenure is considered to contribute to poverty reduction and food security, since it can enable farmers to fully participate in the economy. Without recognized property rights, it is hard for small entrepreneurs, farmers included, to obtain credit or sell their business<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – hence the relevance of comprehensive land governance. </p><p>There is constant feedback between land tenure problems and land governance. For instance, it has been argued that what is frequently called '<a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">land grabbing</a>', was partly made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>-inspired liberalization of land markets in developing countries. Many land acquisition deals were perceived to have negative consequences, and this in turn led to initiatives to improve land governance in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-kaag_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaag-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quality of land governance depends on its practical implementation, which is known as <a href="/wiki/Land_administration" title="Land administration">land administration</a>: ‘the way in which rules of land tenure are made operational’. And another factor is accountability: the degree to which citizens and stakeholder groups are consulted and can hold to account their authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-kaag_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaag-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main international policy initiative to improve land governance is known as the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_World_Food_Security" title="Committee on World Food Security">Committee on World Food Security</a> (CFS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_governance">Landscape governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Landscape governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> governance roughly refers to the rules, processes and institutions according to which decisions regarding the protection, management and planning of the landscape are made. Landscape governance differs from country to country according to the national context (e.g., political system, organization of public administration, economy, culture etc.). Generally, landscape governance could be described as</p><blockquote><p>both an empirical observation and a normative idea based on the principles of place-based multi-stakeholder dialogue, negotiation and spatial decision-making, and aims to achieve environmental, economic and social objectives simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The current discourse about landscape governance calls for participatory and inclusive processes, that take into account the local realities (i.e. biophysical, cultural, social parameters), and the local needs and concerns of the multiple landscape agents; and effectively deal with cases of conflicting interests, ensuring the democratic and just treatment of the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of holistic approaches to landscape governance is the focus of the evolving interdisciplinary landscape research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an approach is the conceptualization of landscape as a <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discussion about commons-based landscape governance puts forward the need for open technologies (i.e. accessible, under <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">creative commons licenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a>) that can facilitate public access to landscape data (e.g., maps/satellite images for the study and monitoring of landscape change) and the distributed participation in the decision making, mapping and planning (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Open_platform" title="Open platform">open platforms</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_governance">Health governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>, "governance in the health sector refers to a wide range of steering and rule-making related functions carried out by governments/decisions makers as they seek to achieve national health policy objectives that are conducive to universal health coverage."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A national health policy is a complex and dynamic process, which changes from State to State according to the political, historical and socio-economic situation prevailing in the country. Mainly it seeks to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health system</a>, making sure that they are capable of meeting the health needs of targeted populations. </p><p>More broadly, health governance requires a synergistic set of policies, many of which reside in sectors other than health as well as governors beyond the national governments, which must be supported by structures and mechanisms that enable collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-Kickbusch_&_Gleicher_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kickbusch_&_Gleicher-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in the European context, a health policy framework called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-policy/health-2020-the-european-policy-for-health-and-well-being">Health 2020</a> was developed as a result of the collaboration between State members in the region. It gives policy-makers a vision, a strategic path and a set of priorities to improve health, guaranteeing that it is more equitable and sustainable. </p><p>In the 21st century, global trends (e.g., changing population demographics and epidemiology, widening social inequalities, and a context of financial uncertainty) have influenced health system priorities and subsequently the setting of the health governance function. These trends have resulted in the emergence of joint actions of all stakeholders to achieve seminal changes in 21st-century societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Kickbusch_&_Gleicher_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kickbusch_&_Gleicher-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also important to consider that people have witnessed a global shift from traditional and reactive healthcare to proactive care, mainly enabled by investment in advanced technologies. Recent artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine learning have made possible the automation as well as the standardisation of many processes in <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>, which have also brought to light challenges to the existing governance structures. One of these challenges concerns the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Health_data" title="Health data">health data</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_governance">Internet governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Internet governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Internet governance</a></div><p>Internet governance was defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> as "the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internet governance deals with how much influence each sector of society should have on the development of the Internet, such as to what extent the state should be able to censor it, and how issues on the Internet, such as cyber-bullying and criminal behavior should be approached. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology_governance">Information technology governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Information technology governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Information technology governance">Information technology governance</a></div> <p>IT governance primarily deals with connections between business focus and IT management. The goal of clear governance is to assure that investment in IT generates business value and mitigates the risks that are associated with IT projects.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockchain_governance">Blockchain governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Blockchain governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">Blockchains</a> offer a novel way to enforce agreements and achieve cooperation and coordination. The main technical features of blockchains support transparency and traceability of records, information immutability and reliability, and autonomous enforcement of agreements. As such, blockchains will affect traditional forms of governance—most notably, contractual and relational governance—and may change the way to organize collaborations between individuals and between organizations. Blockchain governance relies on a set of protocols and code-based rules. As an original governance mode, it departs from an enforcement through the law (as in contractual governance) or through the value of future relationships (as in relational governance). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulatory_governance">Regulatory governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Regulatory governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory governance">Regulatory governance</a></div> <p>Regulatory governance reflects the emergence of decentered and mutually adaptive policy regimes which rests on regulation rather than service provision or taxing and spending.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term captures the tendency of policy regimes to deal with complexity with delegated system of rules. It is likely to appear in arenas and nations which are more complex, more global, more contested and more liberally democratic.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term builds upon and extends the terms of the regulatory state on the one hand and governance on the other. While the term regulatory state marginalize non-state actors (NGOs and Business) in the domestic and global level, the term governance marginalizes regulation as a constitutive instrument of governance. The term regulatory governance therefore allows us to understand governance beyond the state and governance via regulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participatory_governance">Participatory governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Participatory governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Participatory governance focuses on deepening democratic engagement through the participation of citizens in the processes of governance with the state. The theoretical framework of participatory governance as a variant of governing can be dated back to the early 1990s when academics began to stress the need for citizen participation in the government process.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decentralization of state power "strength[ens] vertical accountability" improving the relationship between citizens and municipal governments.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea is that citizens should play a more direct roles in public decision-making or at least engage more deeply with political issues. Government officials should also be responsive to this kind of engagement. In practice, participatory governance can supplement the roles of citizens as voters or as watchdogs through more direct forms of involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of citizens in participatory governance is to be afforded a form of state power as an elected group of non-political citizens to contribute to the public policy process.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different manifestations of participatory governance include participatory budgeting, councils, and community organizations involved at the state level, taking on state studies or participating in social issues. Over the last two decades, the most rapidly growing form of participatory governance has been <a href="/wiki/Participatory_budgeting" title="Participatory budgeting">participatory budgeting</a>. In 2004, the British Columbia Citizens Assembly was the first form of direct citizen engagement created to envision the provincial electoral system.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adopted by Brazil, participatory budgeting was used to "enhance citizens' empowerment and the quality of [their] democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both examples contributed to the discussion of increasing citizen engagement as a mechanism to increase the effectiveness, legitimacy, and social justice of democratic governance. </p><p>Action through participatory governance impacts policy at the municipal level. An example is the use of municipal housing councils in Brazil to impact policy adoption, which finds that housing councils are associated with a greater likelihood of program adoption beneficial to the needs reflected by the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanism of participatory governance links the social sphere to the political to produce policies directly molded by or influenced by citizens. Therefore, participatory governance potentially improves public service delivery and the allocation of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contract_governance">Contract governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contract governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contract_management" title="Contract management">Contract management</a></div> <p>Emerging thinking about contract governance is focusing on creating a governance structure in which the parties have a vested interest in managing what are often highly complex contractual arrangements in a more collaborative, aligned, flexible, and credible way.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, Nobel laureate Oliver Williamson wrote that the governance structure for a contract is the "framework within which the integrity of a transaction is decided", adding further that "because contracts are varied and complex, governance structures vary with the nature of the transaction."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-level_governance">Multi-level governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Multi-level governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_governance" title="Multi-level governance">Multi-level governance</a></div><p>Multi-level governance is the concept and study of the fact that many intertangled authority structures are present in a global political economy. The theory of multi-level governance, developed mainly by <a href="/wiki/Liesbet_Hooghe" title="Liesbet Hooghe">Liesbet Hooghe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Marks" title="Gary Marks">Gary Marks</a>, arose from increasing <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, particularly through the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a>, has stated that "the multilevel system of governance on which our European regional policy is based provides a key boost to the Union's competitive edge" and that, in times of economic crisis, "multilevel governance must be a priority." </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metagovernance">Metagovernance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Metagovernance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Metagovernance" is the "governing of governing".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represents the established ethical principles, or 'norms', that shape and steer the entire governing process. </p><p>There are no clearly defined settings within which metagoverning takes place, or particular persons who are responsible for it. While some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe metagovernance to be the role of the state which is assumed to want to steer actors in a particular direction, it can "potentially be exercised by any resourceful actor"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who wishes to influence the governing process. Examples of this include the publishing of codes of conduct at the highest level of international government,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and media focus on specific issues<sup id="cite_ref-evans_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the sociocultural level. Despite their different sources, both seek to establish values in such a way that they become accepted 'norms'. The fact that 'norms' can be established at any level and can then be used to shape the governance process as whole, means metagovernance is part of both the input and the output of the governing system.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborative_governance">Collaborative governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Collaborative governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_governance" title="Collaborative governance">Collaborative governance</a></div> <p>A collaborative governance framework uses a relationship management structure, joint performance and transformation management processes and an exit management plan as controlling mechanisms to encourage the organizations to make ethical, proactive changes for the mutual benefit of all the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Vitasek_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitasek-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_sector_governance">Security sector governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Security sector governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Security_sector_governance_and_reform" title="Security sector governance and reform">Security sector governance and reform</a></div> <p>Security sector governance (SSG) is a subpart concept or framework of security governance that focuses specifically on decisions about <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> and their implementation within the <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">security sector</a> of a single state. SSG applies the principles of <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">good governance</a> to the security sector in question.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_normative_concept">As a normative concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: As a normative concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_governance">Fair governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fair governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When discussing governance in particular organizations, the quality of governance within the organization is often compared to a standard of <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">good governance</a>. In the case of a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> or of a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a>, for example, good governance relates to consistent management, cohesive policies, guidance, processes and decision-rights for a given area of responsibility, and proper oversight and accountability. "Good governance" implies that mechanisms function in a way that allows the executives (the "agents") to respect the rights and interests of the <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a> (the "principals"), in a spirit of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_governance">Good governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Good governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">Good governance</a></div> <p>Good governance is an indeterminate term used in international development literature to describe various normative accounts of how public institutions ought to conduct public affairs and manage public resources. These normative accounts are often justified on the grounds that they are thought to be conducive to economic ends, such as the eradication of poverty and successful economic development. Different organisations have defined governance and good governance differently. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> defines governance as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators" title="Worldwide Governance Indicators">Worldwide Governance Indicators</a> project of the World Bank defines governance as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This considers the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies and the respect of citizens and the state of the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them. </p><p>An alternate definition sees governance as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the use of institutions, structures of authority and even <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> to allocate <a href="/wiki/Resource_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource (economics)">resources</a> and coordinate or control activity in society or the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>'s Regional Project on Local Governance for Latin America: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Governance has been defined as the rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also been used to describe the "proper functioning of institutions and their acceptance by the public" (legitimacy). And it has been used to invoke the efficacy of government and the achievement of consensus by democratic means (participation).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effective_governance">Effective governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Effective governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effectiveness of governments is not a straightforward and consentient type of governance. Measurement and conceptualization of effectiveness is controversial and often used interchangeably with good governance.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the period of 1996–2018, an effort was made by the World Bank to create a comparable measure of the performance of governments; the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). The WGI is constituted by over 30 databases which are rescaled and categorized into six categories; among these is government effectiveness. According to this category, effective governance is composed by five aspects: the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service, the degree of the government's independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, effective governance is about quality of service, the independence of government and the quality of policies and implementation. </p><p>Adding to these components, one might argue that responsiveness to citizen's needs is high in an effective government. Acting according to these needs, effectiveness is achieved by transparent, decentralized and neutral structures, that are consistent and disciplined.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, efficient financial management, high-quality and committed personnel and formalized and standardized ways of processes is needed. For the latter, governments became much more efficient with the arise of bureaucracies. Nevertheless, governments in a rapidly changing environment need to be able to adapt quickly, so being bounded by rigid structures of functioning could work as a detriment. </p><p>Since the conceptualization of effective governance is not onefold, some more components that might constitute it are suggested: “It should be small in extent with limited intervention in the economy; a clear vision and processes; committed quality personnel that can formulate and implement policies and projects; comprehensive participation with the public; efficient financial management; responsive, transparent and decentralized structures and political stability”.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_and_external_effective_governance">Internal and external effective governance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Internal and external effective governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The components of effective governance described above all have a domestic character, within the boundaries of the national territory, national policies and about the inhabitants of a country. This is the internal aspect of effective governance, which mainly focuses on national services and policies. The external aspect of effective governance on the other hand, exclusively focuses on the international domain of politics. It entails the state's capacity to exercise its rights and fulfil its duties in alignment with international law, the representation of its people in the international political landscape and its participation in international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of effective governance in the internal aspect is to be the sovereign within its national territory; in the external aspect to wield sovereignty over international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, it is a necessary characteristic of the state to have unrestricted capacity to act, without any form of dependence in both state and international law.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This independency is the core of statehood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_effective_governance">Effects of effective governance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Effects of effective governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an attempt to identify predictors of effective government, a study was conducted to investigate what characteristics of the state are more deeply established by effective governance.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most striking conclusion was that effective governance has a big share in the economic growth and developing, although on the long term. However, this is a bi-directional relationship: economic growth does lead to more effective governance as well.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, effective governance does have a positive influence on reducing corruption, strengthening political stability, contribution to improved rule of law and improved government spending and accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As is the case with economic development, it is plausible the argue that effective governance and the named predictors are a positive feedback cycle: they reinforce each other, and so indirectly themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absence_of_effective_governance">Absence of effective governance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Absence of effective governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a state fails to govern effectively, this does not simply imply the absence of the characteristics of effective governance. First of all, the absence of effective governance is lack of capacity of the state to supply its inhabitants with political goods, such as rights and freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zartman describes how absence of effective governance comes about: “as the disintegration ofstate structure, authority (legitimate power), law, and political order”.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five main characteristics are to be differentiated in the absence of effective governance: disorganizing of the structure of the processes in the state, violent conflicts, violations of human rights and social fragmentation, all of which have an endogenous character.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement_and_assessment">Measurement and assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Measurement and assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the early years of the 2000s (decade),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2012)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> efforts have been conducted in the research and international development community to assess and measure the quality of governance of countries all around the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>. Measuring governance is inherently a controversial and somewhat political exercise. A distinction is therefore made between external assessments, peer assessments and self-assessments. Examples of external assessments are donor assessments or comparative indices produced by international non-governmental organizations. An example of a peer assessment is the <a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">African Peer Review Mechanism</a>. Examples of self-assessments are country-led assessments that can be led by government, civil society, researchers and/or other stakeholders at the national level. </p><p>One of these efforts to create an internationally comparable measure of governance and an example of an external assessment is the <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators" title="Worldwide Governance Indicators">Worldwide Governance Indicators</a> project, developed by members of the World Bank and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Institute" title="World Bank Institute">World Bank Institute</a>. The project reports aggregate and individual indicators for more than 200 countries for six dimensions of governance: voice and accountability, political stability and lack of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, control of corruption. To complement the macro-level cross-country Worldwide Governance Indicators, the World Bank Institute developed the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Governance_Surveys" title="World Bank Governance Surveys">World Bank Governance Surveys</a>, which are country-level governance assessment tools that operate at the micro or sub-national level and use information gathered from a country's own citizens, business people and public sector workers to diagnose governance vulnerabilities and suggest concrete approaches for fighting corruption. </p><p>A Worldwide Governance Index (WGI)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed in 2009 and is open for improvement through public participation. The following domains, in the form of indicators and composite indexes, were selected to achieve the development of the WGI: Peace and Security, Rule of Law, Human Rights and Participation, Sustainable Development, and Human Development. Additionally, in 2009 the Bertelsmann Foundation published the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Governance_Indicators" title="Sustainable Governance Indicators">Sustainable Governance Indicators</a> (SGI), which systematically measure the need for reform and the capacity for reform within the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) countries. The project examines to what extent governments can identify, formulate and implement effective reforms that render a society well-equipped to meet future challenges, and ensure their future viability.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Performance_and_Results_Act" title="Government Performance and Results Act">Government Performance and Results Act</a> (GPRA) Modernization Act requires U.S. federal agencies to publish their strategic and performance plans and reports in machine-readable format. </p><p>The International Budget Partnership (IBP) launched the Open Budget Initiative in 2006 with the release of the first Open Budget Survey (OBS). The OBS is a comprehensive analysis and survey that evaluates whether central governments give the public access to budget documents and provide opportunities for public participation in the budget process. To measure the overall commitment to transparency, the IBP created Open Budget Index (OBI), which assigns a score to each country based on the results of the survey. While the OBS is released biannually, the IBP recently released a new OBS Tracker, which serves as an online tool for civil society, the media, and other actors to monitor in real time whether governments are releasing eight key budget documents. The Open Budget Index data are used by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" title="Open Government Partnership">Open Government Partnership</a>, development aid agencies, and increasingly investors in the private sector as key indicators of governance, particularly fiscal transparency and management of public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of country-led assessments include the Indonesian Democracy Index, monitoring of the Millennium Development Goal 9 on Human Rights and Democratic Governance in Mongolia and the Gross National Happiness Index in Bhutan. </p><p>Section 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Performance_and_Results_Act" title="Government Performance and Results Act">Government Performance and Results Act</a> Modernization Act (GPRAMA) requires U.S. federal agencies to publish their performance plans and reports in machine-readable format, thereby providing the basis for evaluating the quality of their performance of the governance functions entrusted to them, as specified in their strategic objectives and performance indicators. Publishing performance reports openly on the Web in a standard, machine-readable format is good practice for all organizations whose plans and reports should be matters of public record. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_cost" title="Agency cost">Agency cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_governance" title="Collaborative governance">Collaborative governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_management" title="Contract management">Contract management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_healthcare_accreditation" title="International healthcare accreditation">International healthcare accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Internet governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance" title="Governance, risk management, and compliance">Governance, risk management, and compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">Governmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_without_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance without government">Governance without government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Governance" title="Policy Governance">Policy Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal%E2%80%93agent_problem" title="Principal–agent problem">Principal–agent problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Public management">Public management</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_public_management" class="mw-redirect" title="New public management">New public management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule According to Higher Law">Rule According to Higher Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbanes-Oxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarbanes-Oxley">Sarbanes-Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulation Governance">Simulation Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">Seat of local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_innovation" title="Social innovation">Social innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOA_governance" title="SOA governance">SOA governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_Markup_Language" title="Strategy Markup Language">Strategy Markup Language</a> (StratML), particularly Part 2, Performance Plans and Reports</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBevir2012" class="citation book cs1">Bevir, Mark (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozjcWIfhoO8C"><i>Governance: A very short introduction</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191646294" title="Special:BookSources/9780191646294"><bdi>9780191646294</bdi></a>. <q>Governance refers, therefore, to all processes of governing, whether undertaken by a <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)"> government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)"> market</a>, or network, whether over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization, or territory, and whether through laws, norms, power or language. Governance differs from <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> in that it focuses less on the state and its institutions and more on social practices and activities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance%3A+A+very+short+introduction&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780191646294&rft.aulast=Bevir&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozjcWIfhoO8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hufty_2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hufty_2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHufty2011" class="citation book cs1">Hufty, Marc (2011). "Investigating Policy Processes: The Governance Analytical Framework (GAF).". In Wiesmann, U.; Hurni, H. (eds.). <i>Research for Sustainable Development: Foundations, Experiences, and Perspectives</i>. Bern: Geographica Bernensia. pp. 403–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Investigating+Policy+Processes%3A+The+Governance+Analytical+Framework+%28GAF%29.&rft.btitle=Research+for+Sustainable+Development%3A+Foundations%2C+Experiences%2C+and+Perspectives&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=403-24&rft.pub=Geographica+Bernensia&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hufty&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/governance">"Governance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819122455/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/governance">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgovernance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre2020" class="citation book cs1">Pierre, Jon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1165386354"><i>Governance, politics and the state</i></a>. B. Guy Peters (2nd ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-31143-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-31143-5"><bdi>978-1-350-31143-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1165386354">1165386354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance%2C+politics+and+the+state&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1165386354&rft.isbn=978-1-350-31143-5&rft.aulast=Pierre&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1165386354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_governance" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=governance">"governance"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=governance&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dgovernance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_govern" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=govern">"govern"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=govern&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dgovern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalapi-Nelson2017" class="citation book cs1">Malapi-Nelson, Alcibiades (2017). "Cybernetics: The Book, the Club, and the Decline". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-g0rDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Nature of the Machine and the Collapse of Cybernetics: A Transhumanist Lesson for Emerging Technologies</i></a>. Palgrave Studies in the Future of Humanity and its Successors. Cham (Zug): Springer. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319545172" title="Special:BookSources/9783319545172"><bdi>9783319545172</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Plato used the term κυβερνητική in the <i>Georgias</i>, the <i>Laws</i> and <i>the Republic</i>, in order to refer to the 'art of navigation' (or proper steering) of a community. Plato was referring to the political art of governance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cybernetics%3A+The+Book%2C+the+Club%2C+and+the+Decline&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Machine+and+the+Collapse+of+Cybernetics%3A+A+Transhumanist+Lesson+for+Emerging+Technologies&rft.place=Cham+%28Zug%29&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+the+Future+of+Humanity+and+its+Successors&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783319545172&rft.aulast=Malapi-Nelson&rft.aufirst=Alcibiades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-g0rDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TyndaleFrith1831-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TyndaleFrith1831_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When the king's grace came first to the right of the crown, and unto the governance of the realm young and unexpert..." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_TyndaleJohn_Frith1831" class="citation book cs1">William Tyndale; John Frith (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8qoMAAAAIAAJ"><i>The works of Tyndale</i></a>. Ebenezer Palmer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8qoMAAAAIAAJ/page/n465">452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works+of+Tyndale&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Ebenezer+Palmer&rft.date=1831&rft.au=William+Tyndale&rft.au=John+Frith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_8qoMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We have put all our confidence, has als actyflie with ye help of our derrest Modir takin on Ws ye governance of our Realme": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hs0_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA95">"Letter of James V to Henry VIII"</a>. <i>State Papers: King Henry the Eighth; Part IV</i>. Murray. 1836. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+of+James+V+to+Henry+VIII&rft.btitle=State+Papers%3A+King+Henry+the+Eighth%3B+Part+IV.&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhs0_AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courtingthelaw.com/2015/11/09/commentary/the-concept-of-good-governance-in-modern-world-and-governance-by-caliphs-of-islam-part-i/">"The Concept of Good Governance in Modern World and Governance by Caliphs of Islam – Part I"</a>. 9 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043917/http://courtingthelaw.com/2015/11/09/commentary/the-concept-of-good-governance-in-modern-world-and-governance-by-caliphs-of-islam-part-i/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Good+Governance+in+Modern+World+and+Governance+by+Caliphs+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourtingthelaw.com%2F2015%2F11%2F09%2Fcommentary%2Fthe-concept-of-good-governance-in-modern-world-and-governance-by-caliphs-of-islam-part-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_governance" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=governance">"governance"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=governance&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dgovernance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> - "4. The manner in which something is governed or regulated; method of management, system of regulation" - attested in this sense since 1402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/doc5_fr.pdf">Étymologie du terme "gouvernance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065236/http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/doc5_fr.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, document prepared by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. - "Le mot anglais governance a été remis à l'honneur dans les années 1990 par des économistes et politologues anglo-saxons et par certaines institutions internationales (ONU, Banque mondiale et FMI, notamment), de nouveau pour désigner 'l'art ou la manière de gouverner', mais avec deux préoccupations supplémentaires; d'une part, bien marquer la distinction avec le gouvernement en tant qu'institution; d'autre part, sous un vocable peu usité et donc peu connoté, promouvoir un nouveau mode de gestion des affaires publiques fondé sur la participation de la société civile à tous les niveaux (national, mais aussi local, régional et international)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=governance&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true">Usage frequency graph</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLijunWei1998" class="citation book cs1">Lijun, Yang; Wei, Shan (1998-08-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qlZoDwAAQBAJ&q=In+its+most+abstract+sense%2C+governance+is+a+theoretical+concept+referring+to+the+actions+and+processes+by+which+stable+practices+and+organizations+arise+and+persist.&pg=PA36"><i>New Humanism and Global Governance</i></a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813236196" title="Special:BookSources/9789813236196"><bdi>9789813236196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Humanism+and+Global+Governance&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1998-08-14&rft.isbn=9789813236196&rft.aulast=Lijun&rft.aufirst=Yang&rft.au=Wei%2C+Shan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqlZoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIn%2Bits%2Bmost%2Babstract%2Bsense%252C%2Bgovernance%2Bis%2Ba%2Btheoretical%2Bconcept%2Breferring%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bactions%2Band%2Bprocesses%2Bby%2Bwhich%2Bstable%2Bpractices%2Band%2Borganizations%2Barise%2Band%2Bpersist.%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manski, C. F. (2000). Economic analysis of social interactions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 115-136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Oliver E. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business.illinois.edu/josephm/BA549_Fall%202010/Session%203/Williamson%20%281979%29.pdf">"Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Law and Economics</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 233–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466942">10.1086/466942</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/725118">725118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8559551">8559551</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808074941/http://business.illinois.edu/josephm/BA549_Fall%202010/Session%203/Williamson%20(1979).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Transaction-Cost+Economics%3A+The+Governance+of+Contractual+Relations&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-261&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8559551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F725118%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466942&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Oliver+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business.illinois.edu%2Fjosephm%2FBA549_Fall%25202010%2FSession%25203%2FWilliamson%2520%25281979%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Offe, Claus (2009). "Governance: An "Empty Signifier"?". <i>Constellations</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 550–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8675.2009.00570.x">10.1111/j.1467-8675.2009.00570.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constellations&rft.atitle=Governance%3A+An+%22Empty+Signifier%22%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=550-62&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8675.2009.00570.x&rft.aulast=Offe&rft.aufirst=Claus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2024" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Brian (30 September 2024). "Anarchism in the Economic Realm". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FTaEAAAQBAJ"><i>Anarchism and Social Revolution: An Anarchist Politics of the Transitionary State</i></a>. Contributions to Political Science. Cham, Zug: Springer Nature. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783031394621" title="Special:BookSources/9783031394621"><bdi>9783031394621</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...] even national-scale public sector administration can be organized democratically (while seeking consensus and cooperation) [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anarchism+in+the+Economic+Realm&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Social+Revolution%3A+An+Anarchist+Politics+of+the+Transitionary+State&rft.place=Cham%2C+Zug&rft.series=Contributions+to+Political+Science&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft.isbn=9783031394621&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FTaEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendoza2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mendoza, Marcos (2014). "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions". <i>Conn. Ins. L. J</i>. <b>21</b>: 53, 68–70. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2573253">2573253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conn.+Ins.+L.+J.&rft.atitle=Reinsurance+as+Governance%3A+Governmental+Risk+Management+Pools+as+a+Case+Study+in+the+Governance+Role+Played+by+Reinsurance+Institutions&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=53%2C+68-70&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2573253%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_governance_:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_governance_:0_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnettPevehouseRaustiala2021" class="citation cs2">Barnett, Michael N.; Pevehouse, Jon C.W.; Raustiala, Kal (2021), Pevehouse, Jon C. 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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Comparative Urban Studies Project. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933549-58-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933549-58-3"><bdi>978-1-933549-58-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809068134">809068134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+participatory+governance+matter%3F+%3A+exploring+the+nature+and+impact+of+participatory+reforms&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Center+for+Scholars%2C+Comparative+Urban+Studies+Project&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809068134&rft.isbn=978-1-933549-58-3&rft.aulast=Brian.&rft.aufirst=Wampler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F809068134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fung, Archon (2015-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/puar.12361">"Putting the Public Back into Governance: The Challenges of Citizen Participation and Its Future"</a>. <i>Public Administration Review</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 513–522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpuar.12361">10.1111/puar.12361</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3352">0033-3352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Putting+the+Public+Back+into+Governance%3A+The+Challenges+of+Citizen+Participation+and+Its+Future&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513-522&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpuar.12361&rft.issn=0033-3352&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Archon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fpuar.12361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouchtonWampler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Touchton, Michael; Wampler, Brian (2013-12-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414013512601">"Improving Social Well-Being Through New Democratic Institutions"</a>. <i>Comparative Political Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (10): 1442–1469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414013512601">10.1177/0010414013512601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4140">0010-4140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220026">220026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Improving+Social+Well-Being+Through+New+Democratic+Institutions&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1442-1469&rft.date=2013-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220026%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0010-4140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414013512601&rft.aulast=Touchton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wampler%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0010414013512601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaghy2013" class="citation book cs1">Donaghy, Maureen M. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203098011">10.4324/9780203098011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09801-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-09801-1"><bdi>978-0-203-09801-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Society+and+Participatory+Governance&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203098011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-09801-1&rft.aulast=Donaghy&rft.aufirst=Maureen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203098011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unpacking Outsourcing Governance: How to Build a Sound Governance Structure to Drive Insight Versus Oversight|<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.vestedway.com/vested-library/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826031149/http://www.vestedway.com/vested-library/">Archived</a> 2016-08-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>|2015|Vested Way|accessed 17 August 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1979" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Oliver (1979-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jle/vol22/iss2/3">"Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations"</a>. <i>Journal of Law and Economics</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 233–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466942">10.1086/466942</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8559551">8559551</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227191514/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/jle/vol22/iss2/3/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Transaction-Cost+Economics%3A+The+Governance+of+Contractual+Relations&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-261&rft.date=1979-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8559551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagounbound.uchicago.edu%2Fjle%2Fvol22%2Fiss2%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. <i>Governing as Governance</i>. Sage publications 2003. p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorensen, E. Metagovernance: The Changing Role of Politicians in Processes of Democratic Governance. <i>American Review of Public Administration.</i> Volume 36 2006, pp. 98–114 (p. 103).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Onyango, P & Jentoft, S. Assessing Poverty in small-scale fisheries in Lake Victoria, Tanzania.<i>Fish and Fisheries</i>. Volume 11 2010, pp. 250–63 (p. 258).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evans-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evans_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, J. <i>Environmental Governance</i>. Routledge 2012. p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. <i>Governing as Governance</i>. Sage publications 2003. p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitasek-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vitasek_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitasek2011" class="citation book cs1">Vitasek, Kate; et al. (2011). <i>The Vested Outsourcing Manual</i> (1st ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Decade+of+Measuring+the+Quality+of+Governance&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTWBIGOVANTCOR%2FResources%2F1740479-1150402582357%2F2661829-1158008871017%2Fbooklet_decade_of_measuring_governance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Stephen, 2002. 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(2000) "Das Effektivitätsprinzip im Völkerrecht". In: Akpinarli, N. (2010). The Fragility of the ‘Failed State’ Paradigm. A Different International Law Perception of the Absence of Effective Government. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, D. F. (2018). Predictors of good governance and effective government management: The case of Poland. <i>Polish Journal of Management Studies (18)</i>1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurtz, M. J., & Schrank A. (2007). Growth and governance: Models, measures, and mechanisms. <i>Journal of Politics”, 69</i>(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, D. F. (2018). Predictors of good governance and effective government management: The case of Poland. Polish Journal of Management Studies (18)1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rotberg, R. I. (2004). The Failure and Collapse of Nation-States: Breakdown, Prevention, and Repair. In: Zartman, W. L. (Eds) <i>When States Fail: Causes and Consequences</i>, 2-4. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zartman, W. L. (2004). When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p 3-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liebach, I. (2004). Die unilaterale humanitäre Intervention im zerfallenen Staate. In: Akpinarli, N. (2010). The Fragility of the ‘Failed State’ Paradigm. A Different International Law Perception of the Absence of Effective Government. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004144807/http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article469">"World Governance Index 2009 Report"</a>. World Governance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article469">the original</a> on 4 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Governance+Index+2009+Report&rft.pub=World+Governance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-governance.org%2Fspip.php%3Farticle469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpterJanning2009" class="citation book cs1">Empter, Stefan; Janning, Josef (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgi-network.de/index.php?page=mission">"Sustainable Governance Indicators 2009 – An Introduction"</a>. In Stiftung, Bertelsmann (ed.). <i>Policy Performance and Executive Capacity in the OECD</i>. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719084129/http://www.sgi-network.de/index.php?page=mission">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Governance+Indicators+2009+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction&rft.btitle=Policy+Performance+and+Executive+Capacity+in+the+OECD&rft.place=G%C3%BCtersloh&rft.pub=Verlag+Bertelsmann+Stiftung&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Empter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Janning%2C+Josef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgi-network.de%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castro, Michael, 12 September 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengovpartnership.org/blog/michael-castro/2013/09/12/open-budgets-key-open-government-next-steps-ogp-countries#sthash.cFZvst8q.dpuf">Open Budgets Key to Open Government: Next Steps for OGP Countries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221183910/http://www.opengovpartnership.org/blog/michael-castro/2013/09/12/open-budgets-key-open-government-next-steps-ogp-countries#sthash.cFZvst8q.dpuf">Archived</a> 2016-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 2 December 2014</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/governance" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:governance">governance</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carre-strauss.com/documents/Smarter_Intervention_In_Complex_Systems.pdf">"Manifesto for Smarter Intervention in Complex Systems"</a>, by Mark Fell, Carré & Strauss. 2013.</li> <li>Becht, Marco, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bolton" title="Patrick Bolton">Patrick Bolton</a>, Ailsa Röell, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=343461">Corporate Governance and Control</a>" (October 2002; updated August 2004). ECGI – Finance Working Paper No. 02/2002.</li> <li>Asie Dwise (2011), Corporate Governance: An Informative Glimpse, International Journal of Governance. 1(2): 206–14</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XgIeAAAAIAAJ">Eells, R.S.F. (1960), The Meaning of Modern Business: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Large Corporate Enterprise (Columbia University Press, NY).</a></li> <li>Heritier, P. & Silvestri P. (Eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273573710_Good_government_governance_human_complexity_Luigi_Einaudi%27s_legacy_and_contemporary_societies">Good government, Governance, Human complexity. Luigi Einaudi's legacy and contemporary societies, Leo Olschki, Firenze, 2012.</a></li> <li>Senn, Marcell. <i>Sovereignty – Some critical Remarks on the Genealogy of Governance</i> In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 9–13, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2042-6402">2042-6402</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/business/book/978-3-7908-2079-9">Türke, Ralf-Eckhard: Governance – Systemic Foundation and Framework (Contributions to Management Science, Physica of Springer, September 2008).</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553864#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vládnutí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph683974&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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