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(PDF) The Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft | Deng-Tung Wang - Academia.edu

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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/6918526/The_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Women_by_Mary_Wollstonecraft" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="35137404" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35137404/Reflections_on_Chapter_2_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">Reflections on Chapter 2 of Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46200151" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CBEInternational">CBE International (Publisher)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Priscilla Papers, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Author: Leah Welch Publisher: CBE International Arguably, Mary Wollstonecraft can be as relevant today as she was in 1792 when she wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Her critique of societal norms and the education of women and children was revolutionary when she wrote it, and it still has the capability to be influential today. Why is this the case? Is her work so rich that it can be interpreted across cultures and time, or has society not changed as much as it might seem? Certainly, Wollstonecraft’s writing is interpretively rich and able to speak to many people; however, there are some elements of our contemporary society that might hinder the progress of the feminist movement, of which Wollstonecraft is considered the foremother. I intend to investigate Wollstonecraft’s argument for why men and women are equal in rationality and consider why her criticisms of society might still be applicable today by reflecting on applications to our broader society and, more specifically, the evangelical church. I will also suggest that it is unfortunate that a critique such as Wollstonecraft’s still needs to be applied in contemporary society, but that, if we can understand it in today’s context (and by neglecting it we would be causing injustice and miseducation to go unchallenged), then we should indeed apply her proposals.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Reflections on Chapter 2 of Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:54998900,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/35137404/Reflections_on_Chapter_2_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35137404/Reflections_on_Chapter_2_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="97370396" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97370396/The_Prospects_for_Reform_in_the_Age_of_Revolution_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_">The Prospects for Reform in the Age of Revolution: Mary Wollstonecraft&#39;s &quot;A Vindication of the Rights of Woman&quot;</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="125012" href="https://uh.academia.edu/DustinGish">Dustin Gish</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;The Prospects for Reform in the Age of Revolution: Mary Wollstonecraft&#39;s \&quot;A Vindication of the Rights of Woman\&quot;&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:99010624,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/97370396/The_Prospects_for_Reform_in_the_Age_of_Revolution_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97370396/The_Prospects_for_Reform_in_the_Age_of_Revolution_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="105836653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy">&quot;&quot;A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason&quot; - Talk - 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59703929" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/GianluigiSegalerba">Gianluigi Segalerba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PowerPoint of the 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy, held at the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, on 20th-21rd January 2020; Theme: The Canon Revisited: Women Philosophers. I gave a talk at the Colloquium on 20th January 2020. The title of the talk was: &quot;“”A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason&quot;. Presentation: In the first chapter of her “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”, Mary Wollstonecraft defines human degrees of reason, virtue and knowledge as the instruments for measurement of human nature’s perfection. Reason, virtue and knowledge constitute, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, the new values that ought to promote a radical change, in general, in the whole human dimension and, in particular, in the woman’s sphere of life. In my contribution, I would like to analyse principles, contents and arguments present in Mary Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” – published in 1792 –, which constitutes one of the first texts – probably the first “manifesto” – of the feminist movement. I shall also take into consideration Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Men” in order to investigate the main points of Wollstonecraft’s criticism of Burke’s “Reflections on Revolution in France”. An initial, rather short part of my contribution will be dedicated to the presentation of the main events in Wollstonecraft’s life, in order to reconstruct at least some of the cultural and intellectual environments with which Mary Wollstonecraft came in contact during her life: Wollstonecraft’s role and contribution in the Enlightenment will thereby be described. Furthermore, the exposition of some biographical facts regarding Mary Wollstonecraft will aim at illustrating the dimensions of the hostile political and intellectual groups against which Mary Wollstonecraft had to fight in her life, since Wollstonecraft’s positions apparently belonged to an absolute minority as regards the spectrum of ideas of her times. The main aim of my investigation will consist in showing that both “Vindications” are expressions of a programme of radical modification of the society: The subjection of women in the `community is, in Wollstonecraft’s view, a part of the greater problem of the subjugated social community. Wollstonecraft expresses in her works an absolute denial of the traditional education of women: Wollstonecraft’s principal purpose is to promote the change of female education and the reform of the social and political institution oppressing women. Women’s inclusion into public life can be reached, in the opinion of Mary Wollstonecraft, only through a common education for men and women; reform of the education of women means reform of the society. We shall see that one of the aims of Wollstonecraft lies in persuading women to abandon a false conception of the feminine nature in order to let them adopt the practical virtues of rationality, autonomy, and self-reliance. Wollstonecraft expresses her absolute denial of whichever categorization of women as creature of feeling rather than of reason. This point constitutes the first step, in Wollstonecraft meditation, towards a model and towards a proposal of a new education, in which women and men are given the same kind of education: education ought to produce in individual the attitudes to reason, to autonomy and to independence. The education to the attitude and the behaviour led by reason represents, in Wollstonecraft’s project, the opposition to the traditional cultivation, in the women’s sphere, of sensibility. The main principle of Wollstonecraft’s project of education consists in the persuasion that, without knowledge, there can be no morality: not sensibility, but reason ought to be the aim of the education itself. A method of education promoting sensibility in the individual can only produce mental instability in the individual; moreover, an education stirring sensibility in women proves to be an agent in the diminution of value and in the consequent oppression of women. The duty of women consists, in Wollstonecraft’s view, in abandoning false femininity in order to reach the practical virtues of rationality, independence and self-reliance. The mind has no sex: There is no natural disposition because of which men should be reason, and women should be sensibility. This artificial distinction, which lies at the very origin of the oppression of women, is established only in the society through a precise kind of education: therefore, the society ought to be, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, profoundly reformed through a complete reform of the education.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;\&quot;\&quot;A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”: Mary Wollstonecraft’s call to reason\&quot; - Talk - 5th Braga Colloquium in the History of Moral and Political Philosophy&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:105194514,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/105836653/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_call_to_reason_Talk_5th_Braga_Colloquium_in_the_History_of_Moral_and_Political_Philosophy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="11858937" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11858937/Notes_for_a_Discussion_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">Notes for a Discussion of Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4529793" href="https://macewan.academia.edu/SeanHannan">Sean Hannan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">These are some lecture notes for a seminar meeting on the first few sections of Wollstonecraft&#39;s 1792 response to Talleyrand, concerning the place for women in an enlightened society.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="44140939" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44140939/draft_syllabus_History_of_Feminist_Political_Thought">draft syllabus: History of Feminist Political Thought</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="182172" href="https://crimson.academia.edu/megangallagher">Megan Gallagher</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;draft syllabus: History of Feminist Political Thought&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:64494314,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/44140939/draft_syllabus_History_of_Feminist_Political_Thought&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44140939/draft_syllabus_History_of_Feminist_Political_Thought"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="109695030" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman">Mary Wollstonecraft’s Reflection on Life and Society: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="172830017" href="https://skbu.academia.edu/DrBirbalSaha">Dr. Birbal Saha</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="174856751" href="https://skbu.academia.edu/AnasuyaAdhikari">Anasuya Adhikari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this research work we have examined A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) by Mary Wollstonecraft. The reflection aims to convey the conflict between revolt and conformity that permeates the author&#39;s existence. Mary Wollstonecraft&#39;s personal struggles as a woman in a patriarchal society shaped her viewpoint and motivated her to speak out for other women. In an attempt to reach her modern audience, Wollstonecraft wrote this text in conventional language even as it pushed the limits of customary thinking. Wollstonecraft battled the traditional beliefs she was raised with in England throughout her writing career and her life, as well as those she adopted in response to her surroundings, primarily in France during her protracted relationships and the French Revolution. This contradiction, which Wollstonecraft herself identifies as a root cause of women&#39;s wastefulness as a valuable resource in society, is tied to her own conflict between compliance and revolt. She developed a tension as a result of this fight that is evident in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Mary Wollstonecraft’s Reflection on Life and Society: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:107742630,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109695030/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_Reflection_on_Life_and_Society_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="3845786" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization">Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman as a Feminist Critique of Male Definitions of Civilization</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4732947" href="https://coruna.academia.edu/InternationalPeerReviewedAcademicJournalANGLISTICUMJulyedition2013">ANGLISTICUM Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mohamed Gariti, Sabrina Zerar, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman as a Feminist Critique of Male Definitions of Civilization&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:31490999,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3845786/Mary_Wollstonecraft_s_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_as_a_Feminist_Critique_of_Male_Definitions_of_Civilization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="6004168" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6004168/The_Most_Public_Sphere_of_All_The_Family_in_Women_and_the_Public_Sphere_Writing_and_Representation_1700_1830_Elizabeth_Eger_Charlotte_Grant_Cliona_O_Gallchoir_and_Penny_Warburton_eds_Cambridge_University_Press_2001">`The Most Public Sphere of All: The Family’, in Women and the Public Sphere: Writing and Representation, 1700-1830, Elizabeth Eger, Charlotte Grant, Cliona O. Gallchoir and Penny Warburton (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2001</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5558194" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/SylvanaTomaselli">Sylvana Tomaselli</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;`The Most Public Sphere of All: The Family’, in Women and the Public Sphere: Writing and Representation, 1700-1830, Elizabeth Eger, Charlotte Grant, Cliona O. Gallchoir and Penny Warburton (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2001&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:33582323,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;doc&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/6004168/The_Most_Public_Sphere_of_All_The_Family_in_Women_and_the_Public_Sphere_Writing_and_Representation_1700_1830_Elizabeth_Eger_Charlotte_Grant_Cliona_O_Gallchoir_and_Penny_Warburton_eds_Cambridge_University_Press_2001&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6004168/The_Most_Public_Sphere_of_All_The_Family_in_Women_and_the_Public_Sphere_Writing_and_Representation_1700_1830_Elizabeth_Eger_Charlotte_Grant_Cliona_O_Gallchoir_and_Penny_Warburton_eds_Cambridge_University_Press_2001"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="39632418" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto">&quot;A Vindication of the Rights of Woman&quot;: Mary Wollstonecraft&#39;s feminist Manifesto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59703929" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/GianluigiSegalerba">Gianluigi Segalerba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">PDF-PowerPoint presentation of the talk I gave on Sunday, 26th August 2018 at the 2018 Societas Ethica Annual Conference, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 23th – 26th August 2018. Abstract In the first chapter of her “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”, Mary Wollstonecraft defines human degrees of reason, virtue and knowledge as the instruments for measurement of human nature’s perfection. Reason, virtue and knowledge constitute, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, the new values that ought to promote a radical change, in general, in the whole human dimension and, in particular, in the woman’s sphere of life. In my contribution, I would like to analyse principles, contents and arguments present in Mary Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” – published in 1792 –, which constitutes one of the first texts – probably the first “manifesto” – of the feminist movement. I will also take into consideration Wollstonecraft’s work “A Vindication of the Rights of Men” in order to investigate the main points of Wollstonecraft’s criticism of Burke’s “Reflections on Revolution in France”. An initial, rather short part of my contribution will be dedicated to the presentation of the main events in Wollstonecraft’s life, in order to reconstruct at least some of the cultural and intellectual environments with which Mary Wollstonecraft came in contact during her life: Wollstonecraft’s role and contribution in the Enlightenment will thereby be described. Furthermore, the exposition of some biographical facts regarding Mary Wollstonecraft will aim at illustrating the dimensions of the hostile political and intellectual groups against which Mary Wollstonecraft had to fight in her life, since Wollstonecraft’s positions apparently belonged to an absolute minority as regards the spectrum of ideas of her times. The main aim of my investigation will consist in showing that both “Vindications” are expressions of a programme of radical modification of the society: The subjection of women in the `community is, in Wollstonecraft’s view, a part of the greater problem of the subjugated social community. Wollstonecraft expresses in her works an absolute denial of the traditional education of women: Wollstonecraft’s principal purpose is to promote the change of female education and the reform the social and political institution oppressing women. Women’s inclusion into public life can be reached, in the opinion of Mary Wollstonecraft, only through a common education for men and women; reform of the education of women means reform of the society. We will see that one of the aims of Wollstonecraft lies in persuading women to abandon a false conception of the feminine nature in order to let them adopt the practical virtues of rationality, autonomy, and self-reliance. Wollstonecraft expresses her absolute denial of whichever categorization of women as creature of feeling rather than of reason. This point constitutes the first step, in Wollstonecraft meditation, towards a model and towards a proposal of a new education, in which women and men are given the same kind of education: education ought to produce in individual the attitudes to reason, to autonomy and to independence. The education to the attitude and the behaviour led by reason represents, in Wollstonecraft’s project, the opposition to the traditional cultivation, in the women’s sphere, of sensibility. The main principle of Wollstonecraft’s project of education consists in the persuasion that, without knowledge, there can be no morality: not sensibility, but reason ought to be the aim of the education itself. A method of education promoting sensibility in the individual can only produce mental instability in the individual; moreover, education tending to strengthening sensibility in women proves to be an agent in the diminution of value and in the consequent oppression of women. The duty of women consists, in Wollstonecraft’ view, in abandoning false femininity in order to reach the practical virtues of rationality, independence and self-reliance. The mind has no sex: There is no natural disposition because of which men are reason, and women are sensibility. This artificial distinction, which lies at the very origin of the oppression of women, is established only in the society: therefore, the society ought to be, in Wollstonecraft’s intents, profoundly reformed. I shall point out, furthermore, Wollstonecraft’s connections with the religious environment of her time. The religious roots of Mary Wollstonecraft’s thought will be, therefore, investigated in order to demonstrate that her thought was profoundly influenced by the religious background of that time: I will show that Wollstonecraft’s meditation cannot be interpreted without its connections with the positions of the radical dissenters. Moreover, utopian components are not extraneous to her theological conceptions. My analysis will, furthermore, concentrate on the reconstruction of Wollstonecraft’s polemical issues: therefore, I shall analyse Wollstonecraft’s criticism of, for instance, Rousseau’s and of Milton’s conception of the woman. As regards the connections of Mary Wollstonecraft with the feminist movement, the main question I shall propose in my contribution will consist in analysing whether the feminism model of Mary Wollstonecraft does or does not contain in itself a tension or even a contradiction between a possible radical feminism component and a more traditional component. Through her radical feminist component, Wollstonecraft undoubtedly denounces many forms of oppression of women. On the other hand, due to her traditional component, Wollstonecraft apparently binds the role of women, for instance, to the role of mothers, thus reaffirming the diversity, as to social duties and social self-realization, between men and women. In other words, the question will be whether Mary Wollstonecraft oscillates between models of radical, anti-patriarchal feminism and models of acceptance of separate spheres for male and women. The bibliographical studies on Mary Wollstonecraft will help in the analysis of the presence (or not) of this dilemma in her works.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;\&quot;A Vindication of the Rights of Woman\&quot;: Mary Wollstonecraft&#39;s feminist Manifesto&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:59792248,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39632418/_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_Mary_Wollstonecrafts_feminist_Manifesto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="25428209" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25428209/Excerpt_from_Introduction_to_LHonn%C3%AAte_Femme_The_Respectable_Woman_in_Society_and_the_New_Collection_of_Letters_and_Responses_by_Contemporary_Women_by_Jacques_Du_Bosc_book_">Excerpt from Introduction to L&#39;Honnête Femme: The Respectable Woman in Society and the &quot;New Collection of Letters and Responses by Contemporary Women,&quot; by Jacques Du Bosc (book)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3060005" href="https://michiganstate.academia.edu/AuroraWolfgang">Aurora Wolfgang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: The Toronto Series, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This edition offers a translation of two works by the seventeenth-century French Franciscan, Jacques Du Bosc: selected passages from L’Honneste femme (1632-36) and the entirety of Nouveau recueil des lettres de dames de ce temps (1635). Both of these texts articulate the theory and practice of the emerging ideal of honnêteté for women. To Du Bosc’s way of thinking, the honnête or “respectable” woman’s role in society is not only that of mother and wife; she is primarily a member of a social elite who embodies the art of pleasing through her politeness, urbanity, and conversation. Du Bosc’s work aims to justify this new role for women, even as he sets out the rules of moral conduct to guide them. In so doing, he refutes traditional misogynist attitudes while insisting that women follow a Christian moral code of conduct. Like his predecessor François de Sales, Du Bosc treats women as reasoning beings capable of guiding their own conscience. Moreover, Du Bosc promotes equality between the sexes, especially in relation to their moral behavior. In keeping with these beliefs, Du Bosc has women discuss, in the New Collection of Letters and Responses, a wide range of moral issues, rehearsing the pros and cons so that women readers may draw their own conclusions. In the New Collection women correspondents exchange moral, ethical, and esthetic ideas: what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior, whether women should study, whether a man should marry an ugly woman. The most interesting letters are those which depict passionate friendships between women. The writers of these letters represent a close social network of women who love, respect, and support one another. In other words, while Du Bosc may be demonstrating appropriate kinds of social skills and attitudes of respectable women, he also appears to be advocating a new kind of relationship between women. 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