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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft configuration in which the fuselage produces significant lift</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LiftingBodies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/LiftingBodies.jpg/450px-LiftingBodies.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/LiftingBodies.jpg/675px-LiftingBodies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/LiftingBodies.jpg/900px-LiftingBodies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>US X-24A, M2-F3 and HL-10 lifting bodies</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>lifting body</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> configuration in which the body itself produces <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a>. In contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a>, which is a wing with minimal or no conventional <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>, a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a>. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsonic flight">subsonic</a> speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic">hypersonic</a> flight, or <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Re-entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-entry">re-entry</a>. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight safety. </p><p>Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 70s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built a number of lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_design_process" title="Space Shuttle design process">Space Shuttle design process</a> when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. </p><p>Advanced <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> concepts in the 1990s and 2000s did use lifting-body designs. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a> (1990) and the <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(spacecraft)" title="Prometheus (spacecraft)">Prometheus spaceplane</a> (2010). The <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> lifting-body spaceplane, an extension of HL-20 technology, was proposed as one of three vehicles to potentially carry <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> crew to and from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, but eventually was selected as a resupply vehicle instead. In 2015 the <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle</a> performed the first ever successful reentry of a lifting body spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-ESABulletin161_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESABulletin161-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lifting body had been imagined by 1917, in which year an aircraft with something like a delta wing plan form with a thick included fuselage was described in a patent by <a href="/wiki/Scroggs_The_Last_Laugh" title="Scroggs The Last Laugh">Roy Scroggs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However at low airspeeds the lifting body is inefficient and did not enter mainstream airplane design.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a>-related lifting body research arose from the idea of <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_reentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric reentry">re-entering</a> the Earth's atmosphere and landing much like a regular <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a>. Following atmospheric re-entry, the capsule spacecraft from the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Program">Apollo</a> series had very little control over where they landed. A steerable spacecraft with wings could significantly extend its landing envelope. However, the vehicle's wings would have to be designed to withstand the dynamic and thermal stresses of both re-entry and hypersonic flight. One proposal eliminated wings altogether: design the fuselage body to produce lift by itself. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/X24.jpg/250px-X24.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/X24.jpg/375px-X24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/X24.jpg/500px-X24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2347" /></a><figcaption>The Martin Aircraft Company <a href="/wiki/Martin-Marietta_X-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Marietta X-24">X-24</a> built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s refinements of the lifting body concept began in 1962 with <a href="/wiki/R._Dale_Reed" title="R. Dale Reed">R. Dale Reed</a> of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed97_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed97-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first full-size model to come out of Reed's program was the <a href="/wiki/NASA_M2-F1" title="NASA M2-F1">NASA M2-F1</a>, an unpowered craft made of wood. Initial tests were performed by towing the M2-F1 along a dry lakebed at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a> California, behind a <a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">modified</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Catalina" title="Pontiac Catalina">Pontiac Catalina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the craft was towed behind a <a href="/wiki/C-47" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47">C-47</a> and released. Since the M2-F1 was a <a href="/wiki/Glider_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Glider aircraft">glider</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Rocket_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket motor">rocket motor</a> was added in order to extend the landing envelope. The M2-F1 was soon nicknamed the "Flying Bathtub". </p><p>In 1963, NASA began programs with heavier rocket-powered lifting-body vehicles to be air launched from under the starboard wing of a NB-52B, a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/B-52" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52">B-52</a> jet bomber. The first flights started in 1966. Of the Dryden lifting bodies, all but the unpowered NASA M2-F1 used an <a href="/wiki/XLR11" class="mw-redirect" title="XLR11">XLR11</a> rocket engine as was used on the <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A follow-on design designated the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_HL-10" title="Northrop HL-10">Northrop HL-10</a> was developed at NASA <a href="/wiki/Langley_Research_Center" title="Langley Research Center">Langley Research Center</a>. Air flow separation caused the crash of the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_M2-F2" title="Northrop M2-F2">Northrop M2-F2</a> lifting body.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The HL-10 attempted to solve part of this problem by angling the <a href="/wiki/Port_(nautical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (nautical)">port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizers</a> outward and enlarging the center one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Starting 1965 the Russian lifting-body <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105</a> or EPOS (Russian acronym for Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft) was developed and several test flights made. Work ended in 1978 when the efforts shifted to the <a href="/wiki/Buran_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Buran program">Buran program</a>, while work on another small-scale spacecraft partly continued in the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105#BOR" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Bor</a> program. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IXV" class="mw-redirect" title="IXV">IXV</a> is a <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> lifting body experimental <a href="/wiki/Re-entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-entry">re-entry</a> vehicle intended to validate European reusable launchers which could be evaluated in the frame of the <a href="/wiki/FLPP" class="mw-redirect" title="FLPP">FLPP</a> program. The IXV made its first flight in February 2015, launched by a <a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orbital Sciences proposed a commercial lifting-body spaceplane in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-osc2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osc2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(spacecraft)" title="Prometheus (spacecraft)">Prometheus</a> is more fully described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerospace_applications">Aerospace applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aerospace applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lifting bodies pose complex control, structural, and internal configuration issues. Lifting bodies were eventually rejected in favor of a delta wing design for the Space Shuttle. Data acquired in flight test using high-speed landing approaches at very steep descent angles and high sink rates was used for modeling Shuttle flight and landing profiles. </p><p>In planning for atmospheric re-entry, the landing site is selected in advance. For reusable reentry vehicles, typically a primary site is preferred that is closest to the launch site in order to reduce costs and improve launch turnaround time. However, weather near the landing site is a major factor in flight safety. In some seasons, weather at landing sites can change quickly relative to the time necessary to initiate and execute re-entry and safe landing. Due to weather, it is possible the vehicle may have to execute a landing at an alternate site. Furthermore, most airports do not have runways of sufficient length to support the approach landing speed and roll distance required by spacecraft. Few airports exist in the world that can support or be modified to support this type of requirement. Therefore, alternate landing sites are very widely spaced across the U.S. and around the world. The Shuttle's delta wing design was driven by these issues. These requirements were further exacerbated by requirements that extended the Shuttle's flight landing envelope. </p><p>Nonetheless, the lifting body concept has been implemented in a number of other <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> programs, the previously mentioned <a href="/wiki/NASA_X-38" title="NASA X-38">NASA X-38</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-33" title="Lockheed Martin X-33">Lockheed Martin X-33</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">BAC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Multi_Unit_Space_Transport_And_Recovery_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi Unit Space Transport And Recovery Device">Multi Unit Space Transport And Recovery Device</a>, Europe's <a href="/wiki/EADS_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS Phoenix">EADS Phoenix</a>, and the joint Russian-European <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a> spacecraft. Of the three basic design shapes usually analyzed for such programs (capsule, lifting body, aircraft) the lifting body may offer the best trade-off in terms of maneuverability and thermodynamics while meeting its customers' mission requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_systems">Current systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Current systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Suborbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital">suborbital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital</a><sup id="cite_ref-sdc20110207_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdc20110207-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/VTHL" class="mw-redirect" title="VTHL">vertical-takeoff, horizontal-landing</a> (VTHL) lifting-body <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> being developed by <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a> (SNC). The Dream Chaser design is planned to eventually carry up to seven people to and from <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, and the spaceplane is currently planned to be used for delivering cargo to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services" title="Commercial Resupply Services">Commercial Resupply Services</a> program. The vehicle will launch vertically on a <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a> and <a href="/wiki/VTHL" class="mw-redirect" title="VTHL">land horizontally</a> on conventional runways.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20101217_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20101217-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_lift">Body lift</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Body lift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Airborne_Transport_XCG-16_--_2000-3085_(flight).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/General_Airborne_Transport_XCG-16_--_2000-3085_%28flight%29.jpg/220px-General_Airborne_Transport_XCG-16_--_2000-3085_%28flight%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/General_Airborne_Transport_XCG-16_--_2000-3085_%28flight%29.jpg/330px-General_Airborne_Transport_XCG-16_--_2000-3085_%28flight%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/General_Airborne_Transport_XCG-16_--_2000-3085_%28flight%29.jpg/440px-General_Airborne_Transport_XCG-16_--_2000-3085_%28flight%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Burnelli General Airborne Transport XCG-16, a lifting body aircraft (1944)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some aircraft with wings also employ bodies that generate lift. Some of the early 1930s high-wing monoplane designs of the <a href="/wiki/Bellanca_Aircraft_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellanca Aircraft Company">Bellanca Aircraft Company</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bellanca_Aircruiser" title="Bellanca Aircruiser">Bellanca Aircruiser</a>, had vaguely airfoil-shaped fuselages capable of generating some lift, with even the wing struts on some versions given widened fairings to give them some lift-generating capability. The <a href="/wiki/Gee_Bee_Model_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Gee Bee Model R">Gee Bee R-1 Super Sportster</a> racing plane of the 1930s, likewise, from more modern aerodynamic studies, has been shown to have had considerable ability to generate lift with its fuselage design, important for the R-1's intended racing role, while in highly banked pylon turns while racing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Burnelli" title="Vincent Burnelli">Vincent Burnelli</a> developed several aircraft between the 1920s and 1950 that used fuselage lift. Like the earlier Bellanca monoplanes, the <a href="/wiki/Short_SC.7_Skyvan" title="Short SC.7 Skyvan">Short SC.7 Skyvan</a> produces a substantial amount of lift from its fuselage shape, almost as much as the 35% each of the wings produces. </p><p>Fighters like the <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15 Eagle</a> also produce substantial lift from the wide fuselage between the wings. Because the F-15 Eagle's wide fuselage is so efficient at lift, an F-15 is able to land successfully with only one wing, albeit under nearly full power, with thrust contributing significantly to lift. In the summer of 1983, an Israeli F-15 staged a mock dogfight with Skyhawks for training purposes, near Nahal Tzin in the Negev desert. During the exercise, one of the Skyhawks miscalculated and <a href="/wiki/1983_Negev_mid-air_collision" title="1983 Negev mid-air collision">collided forcefully with the F-15's wing root</a>. The F-15's pilot was aware that the wing had been seriously damaged, but decided to try and land in a nearby airbase, not knowing the extent of his wing damage. It was only after he had landed, when he climbed out of the cockpit and looked backward, that the pilot realized what had happened: the wing had been completely torn off the plane, and he had landed the plane with only one wing attached. A few months later, the damaged F-15 had been given a new wing, and returned to operational duty in the squadron. The engineers at McDonnell Douglas had a hard time believing the story of the one-winged landing: as far as their planning models were concerned, this was an impossibility.<sup id="cite_ref-noWingF15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noWingF15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital Sciences">Orbital Sciences</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(spacecraft)" title="Prometheus (spacecraft)">Prometheus</a> "blended lifting-body" <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> vehicle, about one-quarter the size of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">commercial</a> option for carrying astronauts to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> under the <a href="/wiki/CCDev" class="mw-redirect" title="CCDev">commercial crew program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-osc2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osc2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/VTVL#Other_approaches" title="VTVL">Vertical Takeoff, Horizontal Landing</a> (VTHL) vehicle was to have been launched on a human-rated <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> rocket but would land on a runway.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj20101214_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj20101214-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial design was to have carried a crew of 4, but it could carry up to 6, or a combination of crew and cargo. In addition to Orbital Sciences, the consortium behind the proposal included <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>, which would have built the spaceplane, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a>, which would have provided the launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-ps20101216_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps20101216-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failing to be selected for a CCDev phase 2 award by NASA, Orbital announced in April 2011 that they would likely wind down their efforts to develop a commercial crew vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-nsj20110422_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsj20110422-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Design principles of lifting bodies are used also in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_airship" title="Hybrid airship">hybrid airships</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Armstrong Flight Research Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a> developed a variety of <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-concept">proof-of-concept</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight-test" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight-test">flight-test</a> vehicle lifting body designs from the early 1960s through the mid-1970s at <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Flight_Research_Center" title="Armstrong Flight Research Center">Armstrong Flight Research Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed97_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed97-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M2-F1" class="mw-redirect" title="M2-F1">M2-F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2-F2" class="mw-redirect" title="M2-F2">M2-F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2-F3" class="mw-redirect" title="M2-F3">M2-F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-10" class="mw-redirect" title="HL-10">HL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Marietta_X-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Marietta X-24">X-24A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-24B" class="mw-redirect" title="X-24B">X-24B</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilots_and_flights">Pilots and flights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pilots and flights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pilot </th> <th>M2-F1 </th> <th>M2-F2 </th> <th>HL-10 </th> <th>HL-10<br />mod </th> <th>M2-F3 </th> <th>X-24A </th> <th>X-24B </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milton_O._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton O. Thompson">Milton O. Thompson</a> </td> <td>45 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peterson" title="Bruce Peterson">Bruce Peterson</a> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>21<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Yeager" title="Chuck Yeager">Chuck Yeager</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Donald L. Mallick </td> <td>2 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>2<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wood" title="James W. Wood">James W. Wood</a> </td> <td>1* </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>1* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Donald M. Sorlie </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_H._Dana" title="William H. Dana">William H. Dana</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>9 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2 </td> <td>31<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerauld_R._Gentry" title="Jerauld R. Gentry">Jerauld R. Gentry</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>- </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>- </td> <td>30<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> </td> <td>1* </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>1* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Engle" title="Joe Engle">Joe Engle</a> </td> <td>1* </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>1* </td></tr> <tr> <td>John A. Manke </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>10 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter C. Hoag </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>8 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cecil W. Powell </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>- </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michael V. Love </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Einar_K._Enevoldson" class="mw-redirect" title="Einar K. Enevoldson">Einar K. Enevoldson</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Scobee" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Scobee">Francis Scobee</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thomas C. McMurtry </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>TOTAL</b> </td> <td>80 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>37<sup id="cite_ref-HL-10facts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HL-10facts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>36 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>224<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><ul><li>Wood, Haise and Engle each made a single car-towed flight of the M2-F1.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lifting_body" title="Special:EditPage/Lifting body">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facetmobile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Facetmobile.png/220px-Facetmobile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Facetmobile.png/330px-Facetmobile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Facetmobile.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Wainfan_Facetmobile_FMX-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wainfan Facetmobile FMX-4">Wainfan Facetmobile FMX-4</a> homebuilt lifting-body aircraft, photographed from above in flight </figcaption></figure> <p>Lifting bodies have appeared in some <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> works, including the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Marooned_(1969_film)" title="Marooned (1969 film)">Marooned</a></i>, and as John Crichton's spacecraft Farscape-1 in the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Farscape" title="Farscape">Farscape</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> TV series conjectured using lifting bodies to deliver a probe to a distant earth-like planet in the animated <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_Planet" title="Alien Planet">Alien Planet</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Anderson" title="Gerry Anderson">Gerry Anderson</a>'s 1969 <i><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger_(1969_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppelgänger (1969 film)">Doppelgänger</a></i> used a <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> lifting body lander / ascender to visit an Earth-like planet, only to crash in both attempts. His series <a href="/wiki/UFO_(British_TV_series)" title="UFO (British TV series)">UFO</a> featured a lifting body craft visually similar to the M2-F2 for orbital operations ("The Man Who Came Back"). In the <i><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin%27s_Race_Into_Space" title="Buzz Aldrin's Race Into Space">Buzz Aldrin's Race Into Space</a></i> computer game, a modified <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_X-24A" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Marietta X-24A">X-24A</a> becomes an alternative lunar capable spacecraft that the player can choose over the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> capsule. </p><p>The 1970s <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television program</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man" title="The Six Million Dollar Man">The Six Million Dollar Man</a></i> used footage of a lifting body aircraft, culled from actual NASA exercises, in the show's <a href="/wiki/Title_sequence" title="Title sequence">title sequence</a>. The scenes included an HL-10's separation from its carrier plane—a modified B-52—and an M2-F2 piloted by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peterson" title="Bruce Peterson">Bruce Peterson</a>, crashing and tumbling violently along the Edwards dry lakebed runway. The cause of the crash was attributed to the onset of <i><a href="/wiki/Dutch_roll" title="Dutch roll">Dutch roll</a></i> stemming from control instability as induced by flow separation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The episode "The Deadly Replay" (season 2 episode 8 aired 9/22/1974) features the HL-10 as a prop of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_X-23_PRIME" title="Martin X-23 PRIME">Martin X-23 PRIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOR-4" title="BOR-4">BOR-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HL-20_Personnel_Launch_System" title="HL-20 Personnel Launch System">HL-20 Personnel Launch System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream Chaser (spacecraft)">Dream Chaser (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(spacecraft)" title="Prometheus (spacecraft)">Prometheus (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facetmobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Facetmobile">Facetmobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blended_wing_body" title="Blended wing body">Blended wing body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">Flying wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSTARD" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSTARD">MUSTARD</a></li> <li>1953 Horton "Wingless" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://aerospacelegacyfoundation.com/aviation-history-flying-wings/">http://aerospacelegacyfoundation.com/aviation-history-flying-wings/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114204725/http://aerospacelegacyfoundation.com/aviation-history-flying-wings">Archived</a> 2018-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arup_S-2" title="Arup S-2">Arup S-2</a> 1932, Snyder "Arup" (blurs the boundary between "flying wing" and lifting body)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnelli_RB-1" title="Burnelli RB-1">Burnelli RB-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ESABulletin161-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESABulletin161_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_Bulletin_161_1st_quarter_2015">"ESA Bulletin 161 (1st quarter 2015)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. 2015. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-4265">0376-4265</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(Story of the <a href="/wiki/Aereon" title="Aereon">Aereon</a>, a combination <a href="/wiki/Heavier-than-air_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavier-than-air aircraft">aerodyne</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">aerostat</a>, a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_airship" title="Hybrid airship">hybrid airship</a>.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lifting_body&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lifting_body_aircraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lifting body aircraft">Lifting body aircraft</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/FactSheets/FS-011-DFRC.html">Lifting Bodies Fact Sheet (NASA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920000943_1992000943.pdf">NASA Tech Paper 3101: <i>Numerical Analysis and Simulation of an Assured Crew Return Vehicle Flow Field</i></a> (The math of airflow over a lifting body)</li> <li>NASA Photo Collections from <a href="/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryden Flight Research Center">Dryden Flight Research Center</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/multimedia/imagegallery/HL-10/index.html">HL-10</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/multimedia/imagegallery/M2-F1/index.html">M2-F1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/multimedia/imagegallery/M2-F2/index.html">M2-F2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/multimedia/imagegallery/M2-F3/index.html">M2-F3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/multimedia/imagegallery/X-24/index.html">X-24A and X24B</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310033817/http://members.lycos.co.uk/derekhorne/m2f1.html">Short M2-F1 history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041105001911/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/lifting_bodies/Tech29.htm">Some history of lifting body flight</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19980169231_1998082126.pdf">Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story. NASA History Series SP-4220 1997 PDF</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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