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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="8ZDm2NHKbhhyrt_YJ6JTWoE_4GA7SfzUkKeoV7gFxBftudErCYff5pDifkiwTec66wtWV20oHS8iuqrpUY1NTg" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Fast estimation of common-reflection-surface parameters using local slopes" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2011" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="GEOPHYSICS" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lúcio Santos" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jörg Schleicher" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jessé C. Costa" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Amélia Novais" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="76" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="U23-U34" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0016-8033" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/85124992/Fast_estimation_of_common_reflection_surface_parameters_using_local_slopes" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Fast estimation of common-reflection-surface parameters using local slopes" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Present-day techniques to estimate the traveltime parameters of the common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack are tedious, time-consuming, and expensive processes based on local coherence analyses along a large number of trial surfaces. With the 2D CRS" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/85124992/Fast_estimation_of_common_reflection_surface_parameters_using_local_slopes" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Fast estimation of common-reflection-surface parameters using local slopes" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Present-day techniques to estimate the traveltime parameters of the common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack are tedious, time-consuming, and expensive processes based on local coherence analyses along a large number of trial surfaces. With the 2D CRS" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://ufpa.academia.edu/jessecosta" /> <meta name="description" content="Present-day techniques to estimate the traveltime parameters of the common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack are tedious, time-consuming, and expensive processes based on local coherence analyses along a large number of trial surfaces. With the 2D CRS" /> <title>(PDF) Efficient CRS Parameter Estimation Techniques</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/85124992/Fast_estimation_of_common_reflection_surface_parameters_using_local_slopes" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'ec83d460c6fd151b1f31b379a19d55df18ad1721'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739918830000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739918830000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Present-day techniques to estimate the traveltime parameters of the common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack are tedious, time-consuming, and expensive processes based on local coherence analyses along a large number of trial surfaces. With the 2D CRS method, faster and cheaper determination is possible. The complete set of CRS parameters can be extracted from seismic data by an application of modern local-slope-extraction techniques. The necessary information about the CRS parameters is contained in the slopes of the common-midpoint section at the central point and one or several common-offset sections in its vicinity. We studied two procedures for the CRS parameter extraction technique. Their difference lies in the way the common-offset parameters are determined. One technique requires slope-derivative information (a possible source of instability); the other uses slope information at two different locations and less data redundancy. Testing on a synthetic data example proved that th...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"jesse C costa","url":"https://ufpa.academia.edu/jessecosta"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-08-19","datePublished":"2011-01-01","headline":"Fast estimation of common-reflection-surface parameters using local slopes","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/89921709/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Geophysics","Computer Science","Instability","EXTRACTION","Experimentation","Common Reflection Surface Stack","Slopes"],"publication":"GEOPHYSICS","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"ufpa"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/89921709/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/85124992/Fast_estimation_of_common_reflection_surface_parameters_using_local_slopes"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: 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window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":85124992,"created_at":"2022-08-19T03:16:49.342-07:00","from_world_paper_id":213041414,"updated_at":"2025-02-02T12:03:39.898-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Present-day techniques to estimate the traveltime parameters of the common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack are tedious, time-consuming, and expensive processes based on local coherence analyses along a large number of trial surfaces. With the 2D CRS method, faster and cheaper determination is possible. The complete set of CRS parameters can be extracted from seismic data by an application of modern local-slope-extraction techniques. The necessary information about the CRS parameters is contained in the slopes of the common-midpoint section at the central point and one or several common-offset sections in its vicinity. We studied two procedures for the CRS parameter extraction technique. Their difference lies in the way the common-offset parameters are determined. One technique requires slope-derivative information (a possible source of instability); the other uses slope information at two different locations and less data redundancy. Testing on a synthetic data example proved that th...","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","ai_title_tag":"Efficient CRS Parameter Estimation Techniques","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"GEOPHYSICS"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Fast estimation of common-reflection-surface parameters using local slopes","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2962423]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":89921709,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Fast estimation of common-reflection-surface parameters using local slopes”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/89921709/mini_magick20220819-1-1e15jtq.png?1660905277" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Fast estimation of common-reflection-surface parameters using local slopes</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2962423" href="https://ufpa.academia.edu/jessecosta"><img alt="Profile image of jesse C costa" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />jesse C costa</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, GEOPHYSICS</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">12 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 85124992; 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With the 2D CRS method, faster and cheaper determination is possible. The complete set of CRS parameters can be extracted from seismic data by an application of modern local-slope-extraction techniques. The necessary information about the CRS parameters is contained in the slopes of the common-midpoint section at the central point and one or several common-offset sections in its vicinity. We studied two procedures for the CRS parameter extraction technique. Their difference lies in the way the common-offset parameters are determined. One technique requires slope-derivative information (a possible source of instability); the other uses slope information at two different locations and less data redundancy. Testing on a synthetic data example proved that th...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":89921709,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/85124992/Fast_estimation_of_common_reflection_surface_parameters_using_local_slopes"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":89921709,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/85124992/Fast_estimation_of_common_reflection_surface_parameters_using_local_slopes"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-premium-marketing"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-premium-marketing"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="premium-banner-content"><div class="left"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><span>Get access to the world's latest research</span></div><div class="right"><div class="card free"><div class="header">Free</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Download one paper at a time</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to bookmarks</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Basic search</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-free"}">Sign up for free</button></div><div class="card premium"><div class="pill">Recommended</div><div class="header premium">Premium</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get highly curated PDF packages</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact with Mentions</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Access advanced search filters</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Support Academia’s mission</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Create your personal website</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-upgrade","submitText":"Try Premium for $1"}">Try Premium for $1</button></div></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The necessary information about the CRS parameters is contained in the slopes of the common-midpoint and common-offset sections at the central point. As demonstrated by a synthetic data example, the slope extraction is sufficiently robust to allow for derivation of the extracted slope field. This enables the calculation of the CRS parameters from the extracted slopes and their derivatives. In this way, the CRS parameter extraction can be sped up by several orders of magnitude.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fast estimation of CRS parameters using local slopes","attachmentId":40412225,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19067500/Fast_estimation_of_CRS_parameters_using_local_slopes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19067500/Fast_estimation_of_CRS_parameters_using_local_slopes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="56267311" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56267311/CRS_stack_based_seismic_reflection_imaging_a_real_data_example">CRS-stack-based seismic reflection imaging - a real data example</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11446218" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZenoHeilmann">Zeno Heilmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the current situation of rapidly growing demand in oil and gas, on-shore exploration, even under difficult conditions, becomes again more and more important. Unfortunately, rough top-surface topography and a strongly varying weathering layer often result in poor data quality, which makes conventional data processing very difficult to apply. As recent case studies demonstrated, the Common-Reflection-Surface (CRS) stack produces reliable stack sections with high resolution and superior signal-to-noise ratio compared to conventional methods. Particularly for land data, the increased computational expense required by the generalized high-density velocity analysis preceding the CRS stacking process may be worthwhile. In order to determine optimal spatial stacking operators, the CRS stack extracts for every sample of the zero offset (ZO) section an entire set of physically interpretable stacking parameters. These so-called kinematic wavefield attributes, obtained as a by-product of the...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CRS-stack-based seismic reflection imaging - a real data example","attachmentId":71736966,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56267311/CRS_stack_based_seismic_reflection_imaging_a_real_data_example","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56267311/CRS_stack_based_seismic_reflection_imaging_a_real_data_example"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="536897" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/536897/Common_reflection_surface_stack_new_method_in_seismic_reflection_data_processing_A_synthetic_data_example">Common reflection surface stack, new method in seismic reflection data processing: A synthetic data example</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103516" href="https://kit.academia.edu/MehrdadSoleimani">Mehrdad Soleimani Monfared</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ASEG Extended Abstracts</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Common reflection surface stack, new method in seismic reflection data processing: A synthetic data example","attachmentId":24151451,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/536897/Common_reflection_surface_stack_new_method_in_seismic_reflection_data_processing_A_synthetic_data_example","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/536897/Common_reflection_surface_stack_new_method_in_seismic_reflection_data_processing_A_synthetic_data_example"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="6852110" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6852110/A_seismic_reflection_imaging_workflow_based_on_the_Common_Reflection_Surface_CRS_stack_Theoretical_background_and_case_study">A seismic reflection imaging workflow based on the Common-Reflection-Surface (CRS) stack: Theoretical background and case study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11446218" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZenoHeilmann">Zeno Heilmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Seg Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In recent years, many case studies have demonstrated that the Common-Reflection-Surface (CRS) stack produces reliable stack sections with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, an entire set of physically interpretable stacking parameters, so-called kinematic wavefield or CRS attributes, is determined. These attributes can be applied in further processing in such a way that a complete and consistent seismic reflection imaging workflow can be established which leads from the preprocessed multicoverage data in the time domain to migrated sections in the depth domain. The basic steps of this CRS-stack-based seismic reflection imaging workflow are the CRS stack itself, the determination of a smooth macrovelocity model by means of CRS attributes, and limited-aperture pre-and poststack Kirchhoff-type depth migration where the aperture is possibly optimized by means of the determined attributes. Our workflow approach has been applied to a recently acquired seismic dataset and revealed superior results compared to standard processing based on NMO/DMO/stack with a subsequent time migration and depth conversion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A seismic reflection imaging workflow based on the Common-Reflection-Surface (CRS) stack: Theoretical background and case study","attachmentId":40322817,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6852110/A_seismic_reflection_imaging_workflow_based_on_the_Common_Reflection_Surface_CRS_stack_Theoretical_background_and_case_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6852110/A_seismic_reflection_imaging_workflow_based_on_the_Common_Reflection_Surface_CRS_stack_Theoretical_background_and_case_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="20611834" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20611834/Morphology_and_depth_of_reflectors_from_2D_non_linear_inversion_of_seismic_data">Morphology and depth of reflectors from 2D non-linear inversion of seismic data</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28273115" href="https://ingv.academia.edu/MaurizioVassallo">Maurizio Vassallo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">… Exploration of the Campi …, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We present here two methods to obtain reflection images of upper crust seismic reflectors. The techniques are based on migration and waveform coherence analysis of reflected seismic phases recorded in local earthquake seismograms and in active seismic data. The first method is a move-out and stack of reflected seismic phases in local earthquake recordings. The theoretical travel times of reflected/converted phases in a 1D medium for a given interface depth and velocity model are used to align the recordings in time. The locations and origin times of events are initially estimated from the P and S arrival times. Different seismic gathers are obtained for each reflected/converted phase at the interface under consideration, and the best interface depth is chosen as that which maximizes the value of a semblance function computed on moved-out records. This method has been applied to seismic records of microearthquakes that have occurred at the Mt. Vesuvius volcano, and it confirms the reports of an 8-to 10-km-deep seismic discontinuity beneath the volcano that was previously identified as the roof of an extended magmatic sill. The second is a non-linear 2D method for the inversion of reflection travel times aimed at the imaging of a target upper-crust reflector. This method is specifically designed for geophysical investigations in complex geological environments (oil investigations, retrieving of images of volcano structures) where the presence of complex structures makes the standard velocity analysis difficult and degrades the quality of migrated images. Our reflector is represented by nodes of a cubic-spline that are equally spaced at fixed horizontal locations. The method is based on a multiscale approach and uses a global optimization technique (genetic algorithm) that explores the whole of the parameter space, i.e. the interface position nodes. The forward problem (the modelling of reflection travel times) is solved using the finite-difference solver of Podvine & Lecomte (1991) and using an a priori known background velocity model. This non-linear method allows the automated determination of the global minimum (or maximum) without relying on estimates of the gradient of the objective function in the starting model and without making assumptions about the nature of the objective function itself. We have used two types of objective functions. The first is a least-squares L2 norm, defined as the sum of the squared differences 157 between the observed and the calculated travel times. The second is based on coherence measures (semblance). The main advantage of using coherence measures is that they do not require travel-time picking to assess the degree of fit to the data model. Thus, the time performance of the whole procedure is improved and the subjectivity of the human operators in the picking procedure is removed. The methods are tested on synthetic models and have been applied to a subset of data that was collected during the active seismic experiments performed in September 2001 in the gulfs of Naples and Pozzuoli in the framework of what is known as the SERAPIS project.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Morphology and depth of reflectors from 2D non-linear inversion of seismic data","attachmentId":41464968,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20611834/Morphology_and_depth_of_reflectors_from_2D_non_linear_inversion_of_seismic_data","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20611834/Morphology_and_depth_of_reflectors_from_2D_non_linear_inversion_of_seismic_data"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="21580481" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21580481/Large_offset_approximation_to_seismic_reflection_traveltimes">Large-offset approximation to seismic reflection traveltimes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42708569" href="https://jfwtc.academia.edu/GeirHaugen">Geir Haugen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Geophysical Prospecting, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Conventional approximations of reflection traveltimes assume a small offset-to-depth ratio, and their accuracy decreases with increasing offset-to-depth ratio. Hence, they are not suitable for velocity analysis and stacking of long-offset reflection seismic data. Assuming that the offset is large, rather than small, we present a new traveltime approximation which is exact at infinite offset and has a decreasing accuracy with decreasing offset-to-depth ratio. This approximation has the form of a series containing powers of the offset from 1 to 21. It is particularly accurate in the presence of a thin high-velocity layer above the reflector, i.e. in a situation where the accuracy of the Taner and Koehler series is poor. This new series can be used to gain insight into the velocity information contained in reflection traveltimes at large offsets, and possibly to improve velocity analysis and stacking of long-offset reflection seismic data.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Large-offset approximation to seismic reflection traveltimes","attachmentId":42122609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21580481/Large_offset_approximation_to_seismic_reflection_traveltimes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21580481/Large_offset_approximation_to_seismic_reflection_traveltimes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="96096222" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96096222/94_Improving_Seismic_Vertical_Resolution_by_Means_of_the_Common_Reflection_Surface_CRS_Method">94 Improving Seismic Vertical Resolution by Means of the Common-Reflection-Surface ( CRS ) Method</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16970109" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MartinTygel">Martin Tygel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We examine the gain in vertical resolution through the application of the Common Reflection Surface (CRS) method. Using simple synthetic data, as well as the CREWES 3C-3D Seismic Data Set, we examined the application of the CRS method with different apertures and studied its effect in the signal-to-noise ratio and compared with the corresponding results of conventional common-midpoint (CMP) processing. We show that the significant improvement in signal-to noise ratio allows a successful application of spectral whitening to enhance the range of high-frequency recovered in the sections. As a consequence, also a significant gain in vertical resolution is also provided by the use of the CRS method. INTRODUCTION In very simple terms, resolution is defined as the ability to separate two adjacent signals and basically depends of the size of heterogeneities of the medium as a function of the wavelength or frequency, emitted by the source. Vertical resolution indicates the minimum thickness ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"94 Improving Seismic Vertical Resolution by Means of the Common-Reflection-Surface ( CRS ) Method","attachmentId":98089655,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96096222/94_Improving_Seismic_Vertical_Resolution_by_Means_of_the_Common_Reflection_Surface_CRS_Method","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96096222/94_Improving_Seismic_Vertical_Resolution_by_Means_of_the_Common_Reflection_Surface_CRS_Method"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="52672553" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52672553/Estimation_of_geological_dip_and_reflector_curvature_from_zero_offset_seismic_reflections_in_heterogeneous_anisotropic_media">Estimation of geological dip and reflector curvature from zero-offset seismic reflections in heterogeneous anisotropic media</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16970109" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MartinTygel">Martin Tygel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Depth conversion of selected seismic reflections is a valuable procedure to position key reflectors in depth in a process of constructing or refining a depth-velocity model. The most widespread example of such procedure is the so-called map migration, in which normal-incidence, zero-offset (stacked) seismic data are employed. Since the late seventies and early eighties, under the assumption of an isotropic velocity model, map migration algorithms have been devised to convert traveltime and its first and second derivatives into reflector position, dip and curvatures in depth. In this work we revisit map migration to improve the existing algorithms in the following accounts: (a) We allow for fully anisotropic media; (b) In contrast to simple planar measurement surface, arbitrary topography is allowed, thus enlarging the algorithms applicability and (c) Derivations and results are much simplified upon the use of the methodology of surface-to-surface paraxial matrices.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Estimation of geological dip and reflector curvature from zero-offset seismic reflections in heterogeneous anisotropic media","attachmentId":69825060,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52672553/Estimation_of_geological_dip_and_reflector_curvature_from_zero_offset_seismic_reflections_in_heterogeneous_anisotropic_media","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52672553/Estimation_of_geological_dip_and_reflector_curvature_from_zero_offset_seismic_reflections_in_heterogeneous_anisotropic_media"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="44005759" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44005759/Separation_of_PP_and_PS_wave_reflected_seismic_data_using_two_dimensional_finite_offset_common_reflection_surface_traveltime_approximation">Separation of PP-and PS-wave reflected seismic data using two-dimensional finite offset common-reflection-surface traveltime approximation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2780675" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaphaelDiCarlo">Raphael Di Carlo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Geophysical Prospecting, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recently, the interest in PS-converted waves has increased for several applications, such as sub-basalt layer imaging, impedance estimates and amplitude-versus-offset analysis. In this study, we consider the problem of separation of PP-and PS-waves from pre-stacked multicomponent seismic data in two-dimensional isotropic medium. We aim to demonstrate that the finite-offset common-reflection-surface traveltime approximation is a good alternative for separating PP-and PS-converted waves in common-offset and common shot configurations by considering a two-dimensional isotropic medium. The five parameters of the finite-offset common-reflection-surface are firstly estimated through the inversion methodology called very fast simulated annealing, which estimates all parameters simultaneously. Next, the emergence angle , one of the inverted parameters, is used to build an analytical separation function of PP and PS reflection separation based on the wave polarization equations. Once the PP-and PS-converted waves were separated, the sections are stacked to increase the signal-to-noise ratio using the special curves derived from finite-offset common-reflection-surface approximation. We applied this methodology to a synthetic dataset from simple-layered to complex-structured media. The numerical results showed that the inverted parameters of the finite offset common-reflection-surface and the separation function yield good results for separating PP-and PS-converted waves in noisy common-offset and common shot gathers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Separation of PP-and PS-wave reflected seismic data using two-dimensional finite offset common-reflection-surface traveltime approximation","attachmentId":64339721,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44005759/Separation_of_PP_and_PS_wave_reflected_seismic_data_using_two_dimensional_finite_offset_common_reflection_surface_traveltime_approximation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44005759/Separation_of_PP_and_PS_wave_reflected_seismic_data_using_two_dimensional_finite_offset_common_reflection_surface_traveltime_approximation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="19336045" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19336045/Higher_Resolution_Determination_of_Zero_Offset_Common_Reflection_Surface_Stack_Parameters">Higher-Resolution Determination of Zero-Offset Common-Reflection-Surface Stack Parameters</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39599257" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EndriasAsgedom">Endrias Asgedom</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Geophysics, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We developed a higher resolution method for the estimation of the three travel-time parameters that are used in the 2D zerooffset, Common-Reflection-Surface stack method. The underlying principle in this method is to replace the coherency measure performed using semblance with that of MUSIC (multiple signal classification) pseudospectrum that utilizes the eigenstructure of the data covariance matrix. The performance of the two parameter estimation techniques (i.e., semblance and MUSIC) was investigated using both synthetic seismic diffraction and reflection data corrupted with white Gaussian noise, as well as a multioffset ground penetrating radar (GPR) field data set. The estimated parameters employing MUSIC were shown to be superior of those from semblance.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Higher-Resolution Determination of Zero-Offset Common-Reflection-Surface Stack Parameters","attachmentId":40563655,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19336045/Higher_Resolution_Determination_of_Zero_Offset_Common_Reflection_Surface_Stack_Parameters","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19336045/Higher_Resolution_Determination_of_Zero_Offset_Common_Reflection_Surface_Stack_Parameters"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":89921709,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":89921709,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_89921709" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="79979877" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79979877/Stacking_on_Common_Reflection_Surface_with_Multiparameter_Traveltime">Stacking on Common Reflection Surface with Multiparameter Traveltime</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39711675" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndresContreras22">Andres Contreras</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Earth Sciences Research Journal, 2007</p><div 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data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Blind Test of Methods for Obtaining 2-D Near-Surface Seismic Velocity Models from First-Arrival Traveltimes","attachmentId":79534716,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69434726/Blind_Test_of_Methods_for_Obtaining_2_D_Near_Surface_Seismic_Velocity_Models_from_First_Arrival_Traveltimes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69434726/Blind_Test_of_Methods_for_Obtaining_2_D_Near_Surface_Seismic_Velocity_Models_from_First_Arrival_Traveltimes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div 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data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="34568033" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34568033/Processing_of_Seismic_Reflection_Data">Processing of Seismic Reflection Data</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68264853" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhamTuanAnh23">Pham Tuan Anh</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Processing of Seismic Reflection Data","attachmentId":54433606,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34568033/Processing_of_Seismic_Reflection_Data","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/RichardBale">Richard Bale</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Geophysical Journal International, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial dealiasing of 3-D seismic reflection data","attachmentId":42748805,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16100566/Spatial_dealiasing_of_3_D_seismic_reflection_data","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16100566/Spatial_dealiasing_of_3_D_seismic_reflection_data"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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data-author-id="1140185" href="https://itb.academia.edu/WahyuTriyoso">Wahyu Triyoso</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Open Physics</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Application of common reflection surface (CRS) to velocity variation with azimuth (VVAz) inversion of the relatively narrow azimuth 3D seismic land data","attachmentId":82956378,"attachmentType":"txt","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75015425/Application_of_common_reflection_surface_CRS_to_velocity_variation_with_azimuth_VVAz_inversion_of_the_relatively_narrow_azimuth_3D_seismic_land_data","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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data-author-id="26712968" href="https://gii.academia.edu/shemerkeydar">Shemer Keydar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">56th EAEG Meeting, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Determination of shallow velocity-depth model from seismic refraction data by coherency inversion","attachmentId":46949835,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11042766/Determination_of_shallow_velocity_depth_model_from_seismic_refraction_data_by_coherency_inversion","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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Rabbel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1991</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Seismic mapping of complex reflectors with the common-reflecting-element method (CRE method)","attachmentId":72512732,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57780125/Seismic_mapping_of_complex_reflectors_with_the_common_reflecting_element_method_CRE_method_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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