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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivation_from_classical_Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation_from_classical_Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Derivation from classical Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation_from_classical_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivation_from_Old_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation_from_Old_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Derivation from Old English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation_from_Old_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valuation_of_a_farm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valuation_of_a_farm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Valuation of a farm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valuation_of_a_farm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Feudal England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medieval Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern-day</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern-day-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern-day subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern-day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_sub-continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_sub-continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Indian sub-continent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_sub-continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United States of America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disambiguation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disambiguation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Disambiguation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disambiguation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disambiguation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disambiguation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Privatized_tax_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privatized_tax_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Privatized tax collection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privatized_tax_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Factoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simple_commutation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_commutation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Simple commutation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_commutation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Водкуп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Водкуп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuerpacht" title="Steuerpacht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steuerpacht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affermage_des_imp%C3%B4ts" title="Affermage des impôts – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affermage des impôts" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_farming" title="Tax farming – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tax farming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Откуп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Откуп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Відкуп податків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відкуп податків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_farming&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming">Tax farming</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique of financial management</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Farm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Farm (disambiguation)">Farm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tax farmer" redirects here. For the notorious tax farmers of pre-revolutionary France, see <a href="/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Ferme générale">Ferme générale</a>.</div> <p><b>Farming</b> or <b>tax-farming</b> is a technique of <a href="/wiki/Financial_management" title="Financial management">financial management</a> in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">legal contract</a> to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor. It is most commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">public finance</a>, where governments (the <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">lessors</a>) lease or assign the right to collect and retain the whole of the tax revenue to a private financier (the farmer), who is charged with paying fixed sums (sometimes called "rents", but with a different meaning from the common modern term) into the <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a>. </p><p>Farming in this sense has nothing to do with <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, other than in a metaphorical sense. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two possible origins for <i>farm</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivation_from_classical_Latin">Derivation from classical Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Derivation from classical Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources derive "farm" with its French version <i>ferme</i>, most notably used in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Farmers-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers-General">Fermiers Generaux</a>, from the mediaeval Latin <i>firma</i>, meaning "a fixed agreement, contract", ultimately from the classical Latin adjective <i>firmus</i>, <i>firma</i>, <i>firmum</i>, meaning "firm, strong, stout, steadfast, immoveable, sure, to be relied upon".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern agricultural sense of the word stems from the same origin, in that a medieval land-"holder" (none "owned" land but the king himself under his <a href="/wiki/Allodial" class="mw-redirect" title="Allodial">allodial</a> title) under <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">feudal land tenure</a> might let it (i.e. lease it out) under a contract as a <a href="/wiki/Going_concern" title="Going concern">going concern</a> (not as a <a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">sub-infeudated</a> <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fee</a>), that is to say as a unit producing a revenue stream, together with its workers and livestock, for exploitation by a tenant who was licensed by the contract, or <i>firma</i>, to keep all the revenue he could extract from the holding in exchange for fixed rents. Thus the rights to the revenue stream produced by the land had been farmed by the lessor. Because this was the form of the farming transaction most known to popular society, the word "farmer" became synonymous with a tenant of an agricultural holding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivation_from_Old_English">Derivation from Old English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Derivation from Old English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to other sources, the word <i>farm</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>ferme</i> ("farm, rent, revenue; revenue collected from a farmer; factor, stewardship, meal, feast"), from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>feorm, farm</i> ("provision, stores of food, supplies, possessions; provisions supplied to the king or a lord by a tenant or vassal; rent, feast, benefit, assylum"), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *<i>firmō, *firχumō</i> ("means of living, subsistence"), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i>perk<sup>w</sup>u-</i> ("life, strength, force"). It is related to other Old English words such as <i>feormehām</i> ("farm"), <i>feormere</i> ("purveyor, grocer"), <i>feormian</i> ("to provision, sustain"), and <i>feorh</i> ("life, spirit"). The Old English word is stated by these sources as having unusually been borrowed by <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> as <i>firma</i> or <i>ferma</i> and to have provided the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>ferme</i> "farm", <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <i>ferma</i> "farm". This is refuted by those sources which state <i>firma</i> to derive from classical Latin <i>firmus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word continued the same senses of "rent, farmed office, source of revenue, feast". The meaning "rent, fixed payment", which was already present in the Old English word, was further strengthened due to the word's resemblance to the unrelated (so say these sources) <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>firmus</i> ("firm, solid"), and <i>firmitas</i> ("security, firmness").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valuation_of_a_farm">Valuation of a farm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Valuation of a farm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tenant of a farm can only make a profit after carefully assessing its value. While modern financial management theory employs scientific formulae for such calculations, astute financiers of the past would have understood them well, whether done mentally or by making marks in the sand. </p><p>To determine the maximum rent they are willing to pay, the tenant estimates the long-term average yearly gross value of the revenue stream, based on past records and accounts, adjusting for any new circumstances affecting the future. They then deduct a risk element and a discount for the time value of money. </p><p>The risk is related to the possibility of some debts forming the revenue stream being defaulted on or paid late, leading to variability in the revenue. The resulting figure becomes the maximum rent the tenant offers to the farm's lessor. The tenant's profit is the excess of revenues extracted from the farm, less the rents, administration, levying, and collection expenses. </p><p>The tenant's skills lie in negotiating a favorable rent by overstating the riskiness of the cash flow stream and effectively managing the assigned debts as a skilled debt-collector and manager. They must ensure their ability to enforce debt payments, including resorting to legal action and paying standard fees for bringing a lawsuit under the government authority that is the farm's lessor. The tenant acts as a principal, not the lessor's agent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_use">Historical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Publican" title="Publican">Publican</a></div> <p>Tax farming was originally a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> practice whereby the burden of <a href="/wiki/Tax_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax collection">tax collection</a> was reassigned by the Roman State to private individuals or groups. In essence, these individuals or groups paid the taxes for a certain area and for a certain period of time and then attempted to cover their outlay by collecting money or saleable goods from the people within that area.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was set up by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a> in 123 BC primarily to increase the efficiency of tax collection within <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> itself but the system quickly spread to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Province">Provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Roman Empire, these private individuals and groups which collected taxes in lieu of the bid (i.e. rent) they had paid to the state were known as <i><a href="/wiki/Publicani" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicani">publicani</a></i>, of whom the best known is the <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciple of Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew the Apostle</a>, a <i>publicanus</i> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. The system was widely abused, and reforms were enacted by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudal_England">Feudal England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Feudal England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval English kings frequently made grants "in <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fee</a>-farm", a form of <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">feudal tenure</a>. An example is the following <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a> of King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> (1087–1100) granting a <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (county subdivision)">hundred court</a> to be held in fee-farm by <a href="/wiki/Thorney_Abbey" title="Thorney Abbey">Thorney Abbey</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>William, king of the English, to all the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">barons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a>, greeting. Know that I have granted the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_of_Normancross" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred of Normancross">Hundred of Normancross</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and monks of Thorney to be held in fee-farm for an annual rent of 100 <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a> which I order them to pay to my sheriff at Huntingdon. And I forbid any of my officers to do them injury or insult in respect of this.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Egypt">Medieval Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medieval Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sar_Shalom_ben_Moses" title="Sar Shalom ben Moses">Sar Shalom ben Moses</a> was accused of tax farming, which led to his excommunication by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">Iltizam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation in the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">iltizam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">التزام</span>) is a non-heritable tax-farming system and was established under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmet II</a>; however this changed by the 18th century and holders of grants-for-life (<i><a href="/wiki/Malik%C3%A2ne" title="Malikâne">malikâne</a></i>) developed their own landowning class.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was officially terminated in 1856 during the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the Romans, historical examples include the tax collection methods of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">French State prior to Louis XVI</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Ferme_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Ferme générale">ferme générale</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> prior to 1862 and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Pacht" title="Pacht">pacht</a>) prior to the twentieth century. In many cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Iqta" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqta">Iqta</a>, these rights were granted by an authority, in this example the caliph, for services rendered or promised. In the Byzantine <i>pronoia</i> system, similar rights were often purchased from the crown. Though such arrangements in some respects seem similar to the feudal system, there are significant disparities, including continuance of state power and, at least in the case of <i>pronoia</i>, theoretical time limits on the grant. In many cases, including those mentioned, tax rights were not transferable or divisible, unlike feudal fiefdoms. </p><p>Sometimes, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, the tax farmer was a government employee, paid a salary, and all money collected went to the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tax farming was an important step in the history of <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> by providing a method for collecting taxes across a large area without the need for a tax-collecting <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, or during periods when such a bureaucracy is unworkable or impossible to maintain. Systems of tax farming similar to the Roman model were used in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, various medieval Western European countries, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> empires, and in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> China. As states become stronger, buoyed up by revenues brought in by tax farming, the practice was discontinued in favour of centralized tax collection systems. In part this was because tax farming systems tended to rely on wealthy individuals outside the state machinery, <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secret_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret societies">secret societies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The key flaw in the tax farming system is the tension between the state, which seeks a long-term source of taxation revenue, and the tax farmers, who seek to make a profit on their investment in as short a time as possible. As a result, tax-farmers often abuse the taxpayers in various ways, tending them to switch their economic activity from strategic long-term projects to short-term revenue generation. In <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> systems, tax farmers commonly undervalue <a href="/wiki/Tax_in_kind" title="Tax in kind">taxes in kind</a>, reselling the goods to create a second profit source. Such abuses stifle economic growth by restricting the ability of the tradesman to reinvest in his business, limiting the quantity of taxes generated over the long-term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern-day">Modern-day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern-day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_sub-continent">Indian sub-continent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian sub-continent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bangladesh and India tolls on bridges and roads and dues from public properties such as lakes and forests are often leased to private persons or firms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_of_America">United States of America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States of America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 2008 financial crisis, the city of Chicago needed money and a deal was made to sell all 36,000 of the parking meter spots in the city for 75 years for 1.15 billion dollars to a firm called <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Parking_Meters" title="Chicago Parking Meters">Chicago Parking Meters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disambiguation">Disambiguation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Disambiguation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privatized_tax_collection">Privatized tax collection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Privatized tax collection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tax farming is not synonymous with modern <a href="/wiki/Privatized_tax_collection" title="Privatized tax collection">privatized tax collection</a>, where private individuals or companies collect taxes and pass them to the state in return for a commission or fee, without bearing any risk consequent of default by the taxpayer. Tax farming is <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculative</a>, meaning that the tenant of the farm bears the full risk of defaulted debts. In addition, a tenant is often required as a term of the lease to make an early rent payment, which must be financed from his own resources until the revenue stream subject to the farm has started to be collected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factoring">Factoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Factoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, some tax collection of "lower value debts" by <a href="/wiki/HMRC" class="mw-redirect" title="HMRC">HMRC</a> has been outsourced to <a href="/wiki/Debt_collection_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt collection agency">debt collection agencies</a> from July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, debt collection agencies, like invoice factors, are not truly farmers of revenue streams, as they do not bear any risk of default. Rather they make loans in expectation of future receipts, such loans being always recoverable and secured on the income stream itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_commutation">Simple commutation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Simple commutation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999 the National Board of Revenue in Bangladesh (NBR) negotiated with cigarette producing firms a minimum amount of <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a> (VAT) that should be paid per month even though VAT is an <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_valorem_tax" title="Ad valorem tax">ad valorem</a></i> tax, that is to say of variable yield. The NBR took this step because under the self-clearance system monitoring of production and sales of cigarettes proved to be difficult. It was agreed that if the cigarette producing firms paid the minimum revenue fixed by the NBR, physical monitoring would be withdrawn. The NBR resorted to this technique of financial management to avoid the large costs of monitoring while gaining more in revenue with certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fee_farm_grant" title="Fee farm grant">Fee farm grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_state" title="Hollow state">Hollow state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maona" title="Maona">Maona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octroi" title="Octroi">Octroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacht" title="Pacht">Pacht</a>: the system of tax farming in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatized_tax_collection" title="Privatized tax collection">Privatized tax collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnership">Public-private partnership</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise <i>Lexis</i>, Paris, 1993 "Ferme: contrat par lequel un proprietaire abandonne a un locataire l'exploitation d'un domaine moyennant le paiement d'un loyer" (contract by which a proprietor transfers the exploitation of a holding to a tenant by means of the payment of a rent); Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larousse, op.cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia, "farm".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mantello, Rigg, <i>Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide</i>, 11.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howatson M. C.: Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford University Press, 1989, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866121-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866121-5">0-19-866121-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balsdon J.: Roman Civilization, Pelican, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/economy/roman-taxes.php"><i>Roman-taxes</i> at unrv.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, David C. & Greenaway, George W., (eds.), English Historical Documents 1042–1189, London, 1959. Part II, Government & Administration, part C, The Sheriff & Local Government, p. 433</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rustow, Marina (2010-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/sar-shalom-ben-moses-ha-levi-SIM_0019250">"Sar Shalom ben Moses ha-Levi"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Sar+Shalom+ben+Moses+ha-Levi&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Rustow&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2Fsar-shalom-ben-moses-ha-levi-SIM_0019250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+%28revenue+leasing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourani1991" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYq5AAAAIAAJ"><i>A History of the Arab Peoples</i></a>. England, UK: Faber and Faber Limited. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39565-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39565-7"><bdi>978-0-674-39565-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&rft.place=England%2C+UK&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39565-7&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYq5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+%28revenue+leasing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/iltizam-tax-system">"Iltizām | tax system"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Iltiz%C4%81m+%7C+tax+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Filtizam-tax-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFarm+%28revenue+leasing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Butcher and Howard Dick, <i>The Rise and Fall of Revenue Farming: Business Elites and the Emergence of the Modern State</i>. St. Martin's Press, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.aspx?NewsAreaId=2&ReleaseID=414723&SubjectId=2">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172951/http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.aspx?NewsAreaId=2&ReleaseID=414723&SubjectId=2">Archived</a> 2011-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2267273/taxman-farms-debt-collection">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731091243/http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2267273/taxman-farms-debt-collection">Archived</a> 2010-07-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chowdhury, Faizul L. <i>NBR's attempt at Tax Farming - fixed amount of VAT on Cigarettes in 1999</i>, 2007 : Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chowdhury, F. L. (2007), <i>NBR's attempt at Tax Farming – fixed VAT on Cigarettes in 1999</i>, Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.</li> <li>Levi, M. Of (1988), <i>Rule and Revenue</i>, California Series on Social Choice and Political Economy (13), University of California Press.</li> <li>Stella, P. (1992), <i>Tax Farming: A Radical Solution for Developing Country Tax Problems?</i> (September 1992). IMF Working Paper No. 92/70.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farm_(revenue_leasing)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/economy/roman-taxes.php">Roman Taxes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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