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id="toc-Conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Conquest of Constantinople </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Serbia_(1454–1459)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Serbia_(1454–1459)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Conquest of Serbia (1454–1459) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Serbia_(1454–1459)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Morea_(1458–1460)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_the_Morea_(1458–1460)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Conquest of the Morea (1458–1460) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_the_Morea_(1458–1460)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Trebizond_(1460–1461)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Trebizond_(1460–1461)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Conquest of Trebizond (1460–1461) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Trebizond_(1460–1461)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submission_of_Wallachia_(1459–1462)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submission_of_Wallachia_(1459–1462)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Submission of Wallachia (1459–1462) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submission_of_Wallachia_(1459–1462)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Bosnia_(1463)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Bosnia_(1463)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Conquest of Bosnia (1463) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Bosnia_(1463)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman-Venetian_War_(1463–1479)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman-Venetian_War_(1463–1479)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Ottoman-Venetian War (1463–1479) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman-Venetian_War_(1463–1479)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatolian_conquests_(1464–1473)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolian_conquests_(1464–1473)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Anatolian conquests (1464–1473) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatolian_conquests_(1464–1473)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Moldavia_(1475–1476)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Moldavia_(1475–1476)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 War with Moldavia (1475–1476) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Moldavia_(1475–1476)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Albania_(1466–1478)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Albania_(1466–1478)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Conquest of Albania (1466–1478) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Albania_(1466–1478)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_policy_(1475)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_policy_(1475)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Crimean policy (1475) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_policy_(1475)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_to_Italy_(1480)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_to_Italy_(1480)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Expedition to Italy (1480) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_to_Italy_(1480)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Constantinople_(1453–1478)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Constantinople_(1453–1478)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Return to Constantinople (1453–1478) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Constantinople_(1453–1478)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Administration and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Centralization_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centralization_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Centralization of government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centralization_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage_of_Renaissance_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage_of_Renaissance_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Patronage of Renaissance artists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage_of_Renaissance_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Family </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Family subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Consorts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Sons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daughters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daughters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Daughters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daughters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Portrayal in popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mehmed II</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" > 104 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II" title="Mehmet II – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mehmet II" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II." title="Mehmed II. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mehmed II." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="محمد الفاتح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد الفاتح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II" title="Mehmet II – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mehmet II" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Mehmed" title="II Mehmed – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Mehmed" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" title="فاتیح سولطان محمد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فاتیح سولطان محمد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9" title="মুহাম্মাদ ফাতিহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মাদ ফাতিহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_2-s%C3%A8" title="Mehmed 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mehmed 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%85%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_II" title="Мәхмәт II – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәхмәт II" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Мехмед II Заваёўнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мехмед II Заваёўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4_II_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Мэхмэд II Заваёўнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэхмэд II Заваёўнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Мехмед II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мехмед II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II" title="Mehmet II – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mehmet II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II" title="Mehmet II – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mehmet II" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Мехмед II – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мехмед II" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II." title="Mehmed II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mehmed II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_2." title="Mehmed 2. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mehmed 2." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II." title="Mehmed II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mehmed II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B8_%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Μωάμεθ Β΄ ο Πορθητής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μωάμεθ Β΄ ο Πορθητής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmedo_la_2-a" title="Mehmedo la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mehmedo la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II.a" title="Mehmed II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mehmed II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="محمد دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Mehmed" title="II. Mehmed – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="II. Mehmed" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%9D%90%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8_2%EC%84%B8" title="메흐메트 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메흐메트 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4_II" title="Մեհմեդ II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեհմեդ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="महमद द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महमद द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II." title="Mehmed II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mehmed II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Fatih" title="Muhammad al-Fatih – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Muhammad al-Fatih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_la_2ma_dil_Otoman_imperio" title="Mehmed la 2ma dil Otoman imperio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mehmed la 2ma dil Otoman imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Мехмед II – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мехмед II" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_2." title="Mehmed 2. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mehmed 2." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maometto_II" title="Maometto II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maometto II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מהמט השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהמט השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_II" title="მეჰმედ II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეჰმედ II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="II Мехмет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="II Мехмет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Мехмед II – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мехмед II" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahometus_II_(sultanus_Ottomanicus)" title="Mahometus II (sultanus Ottomanicus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahometus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmeds_II" title="Mehmeds II – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mehmeds II" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmedas_II" title="Mehmedas II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mehmedas II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maometto_II" title="Maometto II – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Maometto II" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Mehmed_oszm%C3%A1n_szult%C3%A1n" title="II. Mehmed oszmán szultán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Mehmed oszmán szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Мехмед II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мехмед II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed" title="Mehmed – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mehmed" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_II)" title="സുൽത്താൻ മുഹമ്മദ് (മുഹമ്മദ് II) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുൽത്താൻ മുഹമ്മദ് (മുഹമ്മദ് II)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="दुसरा मेहमेद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुसरा मेहमेद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_II" title="მეჰმედ II – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მეჰმედ II" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="محمد الفاتح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد الفاتح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="محمد فاتح – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="محمد فاتح" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Fatih" title="Muhammad al-Fatih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad al-Fatih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="II Мехмед – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="II Мехмед" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II" title="Mehmet II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mehmet II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%95%E3%83%A1%E3%83%882%E4%B8%96" title="メフメト2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メフメト2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_II" title="Мохьмад II – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мохьмад II" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II" title="Mehmet II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mehmet II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II" title="Mehmet II – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mehmet II" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II_Fotih" title="Mehmed II Fotih – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mehmed II Fotih" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਹਿਮਦ ਦੂਜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਿਮਦ ਦੂਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="سلطان محمد فاتح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطان محمد فاتح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="محمد فاتح – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد فاتح" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II_Zdobywca" title="Mehmed II Zdobywca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mehmed II Zdobywca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maom%C3%A9_II,_o_Conquistador" title="Maomé II, o Conquistador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maomé II, o Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Mehmed" title="II Mehmed – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="II Mehmed" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahomed_al_II-lea" title="Mahomed al II-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mahomed al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II" title="Мехмед II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мехмед II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Fatihu" title="Mehmet Fatihu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mehmet Fatihu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II." title="Mehmed II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mehmed II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II._Osvajalec" title="Mehmed II. Osvajalec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mehmed II. Osvajalec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxamad_Al-faatix" title="Muxamad Al-faatix – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Muxamad Al-faatix" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="محەممەدی دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="محەممەدی دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II_%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Мехмед II Освајач – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мехмед II Освајач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Fatih" title="Muhammad al-Fatih – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Muhammad al-Fatih" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Valloittaja" title="Mehmed Valloittaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mehmed Valloittaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_II" title="Mehmet II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mehmet II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II_ng_Usmaniya" title="Mehmed II ng Usmaniya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mehmed II ng Usmaniya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இரண்டாம் மெகமுது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் மெகமுது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%85%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82" title="II Мәхмәт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="II Мәхмәт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="สุลต่านเมห์เหม็ดผู้พิชิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุลต่านเมห์เหม็ดผู้พิชิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Mehmed" title="II. Mehmed – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Mehmed" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_II_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%85" title="Мехмед II Фатіх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мехмед II Фатіх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="محمد فاتح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمد فاتح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="穆罕默德二世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="穆罕默德二世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="穆罕默德二世（奥斯曼帝国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆罕默德二世（奥斯曼帝国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="穆罕默德二世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="穆罕默德二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mehmed II" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="穆罕默德二世 (奥斯曼帝国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆罕默德二世 (奥斯曼帝国)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Mehmed" title="II Mehmed – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="II Mehmed" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34503#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fatih Sultan Mehmed" redirects here. For the bridge that spans the Bosphorus strait, see <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Mehmed II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Caesar of Rome</a> The sultan of two lands and the khan of two seas<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellini,_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/220px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/330px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg/440px-Bellini%2C_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="4226" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Mehmet_II_(Bellini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait of Mehmet II (Bellini)">Portrait of Mehmet II</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Bellini" title="Gentile Bellini">Gentile Bellini</a>, dating 1480</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1st reign</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1444 – September 1446</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Murad II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd reign</th><td class="infobox-data">3 February 1451 – 3 May 1481</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Murad II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1432 <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultanate">Ottoman Sultanate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 May 1481(1481-05-03) (aged 49) Hünkârçayırı (Tekfurçayırı), near <a href="/wiki/Gebze" title="Gebze">Gebze</a>, Ottoman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a>, Istanbul, Turkey</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consorts</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClbahar_Hatun_(wife_of_Mehmed_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gülbahar Hatun (wife of Mehmed II)">Gülbahar Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fah_Hatun" title="Gülşah Hatun">Gülşah Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitti%C5%9Fah_Hatun" title="Sittişah Hatun">Sittişah Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek_Hatun" title="Çiçek Hatun">Çiçek Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnenos_(daughter_of_David_of_Trebizond)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Komnenos (daughter of David of Trebizond)">Anna Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Palaiologina_(daughter_of_Demetrios)" title="Helena Palaiologina (daughter of Demetrios)">Helena Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Gattilusio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Gattilusio (page does not exist)">Maria Hatun</a></li> <li>Hatice Hatun</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Sons">Among others</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gevherhan_Hatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gevherhan Hatun">Gevherhan Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa_(son_of_Mehmed_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Mustafa (son of Mehmed II) (page does not exist)">Şehzade Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Şehzade Cem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Meḥemmed bin Murad Han<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCma_Hatun" title="Hüma Hatun">Hüma Hatun</a> (biological) <a href="/wiki/Mara_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Mara Branković">Mara Branković</a> (adoptive)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Tughra_of_Mehmed_II.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mehmed II's signature"><img alt="Mehmed II's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tughra_of_Mehmed_II.svg/125px-Tughra_of_Mehmed_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tughra_of_Mehmed_II.svg/188px-Tughra_of_Mehmed_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tughra_of_Mehmed_II.svg/250px-Tughra_of_Mehmed_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="252" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mehmed II (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: محمد ثانى, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: II. Mehmed, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[icinˈdʒi ˈmehmet]</a>; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (Ottoman Turkish: ابو الفتح, romanized: Ebū'l-fetḥ, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Father of Conquest'; Turkish: Fâtih Sultan Mehmed), was twice the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of the Ottoman Empire">sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged" title="Peace of Szeged">Treaties of Edirne and Szeged</a>. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquered Constantinople</a> and brought an end to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. After the conquest, Mehmed claimed the title <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> (Ottoman Turkish: قیصر‎ روم, romanized: qayṣar-i Rūm), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> since its consecration in 330 AD by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Emperor Constantine I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200085-5">[5]</a> The claim was soon recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, albeit not by most European monarchs. Mehmed continued his conquests in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>. At home, he made many political and social reforms. He encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and parts of the wider <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. Among other things, Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a> are named after him. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_first_reign">Early life and first reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and first reign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunername_accession_Mehmed_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hunername_accession_Mehmed_II.jpg/180px-Hunername_accession_Mehmed_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hunername_accession_Mehmed_II.jpg/270px-Hunername_accession_Mehmed_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hunername_accession_Mehmed_II.jpg/360px-Hunername_accession_Mehmed_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Accession of Mehmed II in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, 1451</figcaption></figure> Mehmed II was born on 30 March 1432, in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, then the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman state</a>. His father was Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> (1404–1451) and his mother <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCma_Hatun" title="Hüma Hatun">Hüma Hatun</a>, a slave of uncertain origin.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200019-8">[8]</a> When Mehmed II was eleven years old he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a> with his two lalas (advisors) to govern and thus gain experience, per the custom of Ottoman rulers before his time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200019-8">[8]</a> Sultan Murad II also sent a number of teachers for him to study under. This Islamic education had a great impact in molding Mehmed's mindset and reinforcing his Muslim beliefs. He was influenced in his practice of Islamic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epistemology#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:epistemology">epistemology</a> by practitioners of science, particularly by his mentor, <a href="/wiki/Molla_G%C3%BCr%C3%A2ni" title="Molla Gürâni">Molla Gürâni</a>, and he followed their approach. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Akshamsaddin" title="Akshamsaddin">Akshamsaddin</a> in Mehmed's life became predominant from a young age, especially in the imperative of fulfilling his Islamic duty to overthrow the Byzantine Empire by conquering Constantinople.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> made peace with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> on 12 June 1444,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200091-9">[9]</a> he abdicated the throne in favour of his 12-year-old son Mehmed II in July<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle20009-10">[10]</a>/August<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200091-9">[9]</a> 1444. During Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged" title="Peace of Szeged">Treaties of Edirne and Szeged</a> in September 1444.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200091-9">[9]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Julian_Cesarini" title="Julian Cesarini">Julian Cesarini</a>, the representative of the Pope, had convinced the king of Hungary that breaking the truce with Muslims was not a betrayal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At this time Mehmed II asked his father Murad II to reclaim the throne, but Murad II refused. According to the 17th-century chronicles,<a href="#cite_note-truva-11">[11]</a> Mehmed II wrote, "If you are the sultan, come and lead your armies. If I am the sultan I hereby order you to come and lead my armies." Then, Murad II led the Ottoman army and won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a> on 10 November 1444.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200091-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Halil_Inalcik" class="mw-redirect" title="Halil Inalcik">Halil Inalcik</a> states that Mehmed II did not ask for his father. Instead, it was <a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Halil_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Çandarlı Halil Pasha">Çandarlı Halil Pasha</a>'s effort to bring Murad II back to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle20009-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-truva-11">[11]</a> In 1446, while Murad II returned to the throne, Mehmed retained the title of sultan but only acted as a governor of Manisa. Following the death of Murad II in 1451, Mehmed II became sultan for the second time. <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_II_of_Karaman" title="Ibrahim II of Karaman">Ibrahim II of Karaman</a> invaded the disputed area and instigated various revolts against Ottoman rule. Mehmed II conducted his first campaign against İbrahim of Karaman; Byzantines threatened to release Ottoman claimant <a href="/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi" title="Orhan Çelebi">Orhan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200091-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquests">Conquests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conquests">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conquest of Constantinople">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1451.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/OttomanEmpire1451.png/220px-OttomanEmpire1451.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/OttomanEmpire1451.png/330px-OttomanEmpire1451.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/OttomanEmpire1451.png/440px-OttomanEmpire1451.png 2x" data-file-width="3598" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman Empire at the beginning of Mehmed II's second reign</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumeli_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rumeli_Castle.jpg/220px-Rumeli_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rumeli_Castle.jpg/330px-Rumeli_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rumeli_Castle.jpg/440px-Rumeli_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="2533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roumeli_Hissar_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Roumeli Hissar Castle">Roumeli Hissar Castle</a>, built by Sultan Mehmed II between 1451 and 1452, before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a><a href="#cite_note-WDL-12">[12]</a></figcaption></figure> When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he devoted himself to strengthening the Ottoman navy and made preparations for an attack on Constantinople. In the narrow <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus Straits</a>, the fortress <a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadoluhisarı</a> had been built by his great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> on the Asian side; Mehmed erected an even stronger fortress called <a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a> on the European side, and thus gained complete control of the strait. Having completed his fortresses, Mehmed proceeded to levy a toll on ships passing within reach of their cannon. A <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> vessel ignoring signals to stop was sunk with a single shot and all the surviving sailors beheaded,<a href="#cite_note-Silburn1912-13">[13]</a> except for the captain, who was impaled and mounted like a human scarecrow as a warning to other sailors on the strait.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari" title="Abu Ayyub al-Ansari">Abu Ayyub al-Ansari</a>, the companion and standard bearer of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, had died during the first <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">Siege of Constantinople (674–678)</a>. As Mehmed II's army approached Constantinople, Mehmed's sheikh <a href="/wiki/Akshamsaddin" title="Akshamsaddin">Akshamsaddin</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123-15">[15]</a> discovered the tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. After the conquest, Mehmed built <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Sultan_Mosque" title="Eyüp Sultan Mosque">Eyüp Sultan Mosque</a> at the site to emphasize the importance of the conquest to the Islamic world and highlight his role as <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi warriors">ghazi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123-15">[15]</a> In 1453, Mehmed commenced the siege of Constantinople with an army between 80,000 and 200,000 troops, an artillery train of over seventy large field pieces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2001111-16">[16]</a> and a navy of 320 vessels, the bulk of them transports and storeships. The city was surrounded by sea and land; the fleet at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> stretched from shore to shore in the form of a crescent, to intercept or repel any assistance for Constantinople from the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Silburn1912-13">[13]</a> In early April, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Siege of Constantinople</a> began. At first, the city's walls held off the Turks, even though Mehmed's army used the new bombard designed by <a href="/wiki/Orban" title="Orban">Orban</a>, a giant cannon similar to the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun" title="Dardanelles Gun">Dardanelles Gun</a>. The harbor of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> was blocked by a <a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">boom chain</a> and defended by twenty-eight <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a>. On 22 April, Mehmed transported his lighter warships overland, around the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> <a href="/wiki/Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a>, and into the Golden Horn's northern shore; eighty galleys were transported from the Bosphorus after paving a route, little over one mile, with wood. Thus, the Byzantines stretched their troops over a longer portion of the walls. About a month later, Constantinople fell, on 29 May, following a fifty-seven-day siege.<a href="#cite_note-Silburn1912-13">[13]</a> After this conquest, Mehmed moved the Ottoman capital from <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a> to Constantinople. When Sultan Mehmed II stepped into the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Boukoleon_Palace" title="Boukoleon Palace">Boukoleon</a>, known to the Ottomans and Persians as the Palace of the Caesars, probably built over a thousand years before by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>, he uttered the famous lines of <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a>:<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrides200122-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> The spider is curtain-bearer in the palace of Chosroes, The owl sounds the relief in the castle of Afrasiyab. </div></blockquote> Some Muslim scholars claimed that a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad Ahmad</a> referred specifically to Mehmed's conquest of Constantinople, seeing it as the fulfillment of a prophecy and a sign of the approaching apocalypse.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/220px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/330px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/440px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The entry of Sultan Mehmed II into <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Zonaro" title="Fausto Zonaro">Fausto Zonaro</a> (1854–1929)</figcaption></figure> After the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed claimed the title of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (Qayser-i Rûm), based on the assertion that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> since 330 AD and whoever possessed the Imperial capital was the ruler of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The contemporary scholar <a href="/wiki/George_of_Trebizond" title="George of Trebizond">George of Trebizond</a> supported his claim.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The claim was not recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and most of, if not all, Western Europe, but was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. Mehmed had installed <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">Gennadius Scholarius</a>, a staunch antagonist of the West, as the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople">ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople</a> with all the ceremonial elements, ethnarch (or milletbashi) status, and rights of property that made him the second largest landlord in the empire after the sultan himself in 1454, and in turn, Gennadius II recognized Mehmed the Conqueror as the successor to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen to the Ottomans, he likely would have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother. Those children were taken into the palace service of Mehmed after the fall of Constantinople. The oldest boy, renamed Has Murad, became a personal favorite of Mehmed and served as <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. The younger son, renamed <a href="/wiki/Mesih_Pasha" title="Mesih Pasha">Mesih Pasha</a>, became admiral of the Ottoman fleet and <a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">sanjak-bey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Gelibolu" title="Sanjak of Gelibolu">Gallipoli</a>. He eventually served twice as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> under Mehmed's son, <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> After the fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would also go on to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Morea" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotate of Morea">Despotate of Morea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman conquest of the Morea">two campaigns in 1458 and 1460</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> in northeastern Anatolia in 1461. The last two vestiges of Byzantine rule were thus absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople bestowed immense glory and prestige on the country. There is some historical evidence that, 10 years after the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed II visited the site of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> and boasted that he had avenged the Trojans by conquering the Greeks (Byzantines).<a href="#cite_note-Wood1985-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Konuk2010-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freely2009-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Serbia_(1454–1459)">Conquest of Serbia (1454–1459)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conquest of Serbia (1454–1459)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of campaigns of Mehmed the Conqueror">List of campaigns of Mehmed the Conqueror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman Serbia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegebelgrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Siegebelgrade.jpg/220px-Siegebelgrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Siegebelgrade.jpg/330px-Siegebelgrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Siegebelgrade.jpg/440px-Siegebelgrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a>, 1456</figcaption></figure> Mehmed II's first campaigns after Constantinople were in the direction of Serbia, which had been an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> intermittently since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389. The Ottoman ruler had a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a> – one of <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>'s wives was <a href="/wiki/Mara_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Mara Branković">Mara Branković</a> – and he used that fact to claim Serbian lands. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a>'s recently made alliance with the Hungarians, and his irregular payments of tribute, further served as justifications for the invasion. The Ottomans sent an ultimatum demanding the keys to some Serbian castles which formerly belonged to the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> When Serbia refused these demands, the Ottoman army led by Mehmed set out from <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> towards Serbia in 1454, sometime after the 18th of April.<a href="#cite_note-:4-32">[32]</a> Mehmed's forces quickly succeeded in capturing Sivricehisar (sometimes identified with the <a href="/wiki/Ostrvica_Fortress" title="Ostrvica Fortress">Ostrvica Fortress</a>) and Omolhisar,<a href="#cite_note-:5-33">[33]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrvica" title="Battle of Ostrvica">repulsed</a> a Serbian cavalry force of 9,000 cavalry sent against them by the despot.<a href="#cite_note-:6-34">[34]</a> Following these actions, the Serbian capital of <a href="/wiki/Smederevo" title="Smederevo">Smederevo</a> was put under siege by the Ottoman forces. Before the city could be taken, intelligence was received about an approaching Hungarian relief force led by Hunyadi, which caused Mehmed to lift the siege and start marching back to his domains.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> By August the campaign was effectively over,<a href="#cite_note-:4-32">[32]</a> Mehmed left a part of his force under the command of Firuz Bey in Serbia in anticipation of a possible offensive on Ottoman territories by Hunyadi.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> This force was defeated by a combined Hungarian-Serbian army led by Hunyadi and <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Skobalji%C4%87" title="Nikola Skobaljić">Nikola Skobaljić</a> on the 2nd of October near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac" title="Battle of Kruševac">Kruševac</a>, after which Hunyadi went on to raid Ottoman controlled Nish and Pirot before returning back to Belgrade.<a href="#cite_note-:7-36">[36]</a> Roughly a month later, on the 16th of November, the Ottomans avenged their earlier defeat at Kruševac by defeating Skobaljić's army near Tripolje, where the Serbian voivode was captured and executed via impalement.<a href="#cite_note-:7-36">[36]</a> Following this a temporary treaty was signed with the Serbian despot, where Đurađ would formally recognize the recently captured Serbian forts as Ottoman land, send thirty thousand <a href="/wiki/Florin" title="Florin">florins</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a> as yearly tribute and provide troops for Ottoman campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> The 1454 campaign had resulted in the capture of fifty thousand prisoners from Serbia, four thousand of whom were settled in various villages near <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> The following year, Mehmed received reports from one of his frontier commanders about Serbian weakness against a possible invasion, the reports in combination with the dissatisfactory results of the 1454 campaign convinced Mehmed to initiate another campaign against Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> The Ottoman army marched on the important mining town of <a href="/wiki/Novo_Brdo" title="Novo Brdo">Novo Brdo</a>, which Mehmed put under <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo_(1455)" title="Siege of Novo Brdo (1455)">siege</a>. The Serbians couldn't resist the Ottoman army out in the open, thus resorted to fortifying their various settlements and having their peasants flee to either various fortresses or forests.<a href="#cite_note-:6-34">[34]</a> After forty days of siege and intense cannon fire, Novo Brdo surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-:6-34">[34]</a> Following the conquest of the city, Mehmed captured various other Serbian settlements in the surrounding area,<a href="#cite_note-:5-33">[33]</a> after which he started his march back towards Edirne, visiting his ancestor <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a>'s grave in Kosovo on the way.<a href="#cite_note-:4-32">[32]</a> In 1456, Mehmed decided to continue his momentum towards the northwest and capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, which had been ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> by the Serbian despot <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a> in 1427. Significant preparations were made by the Sultan for the conquest of the city, including the casting of 22 large cannons alongside many smaller ones and the establishment of a navy which would sail up the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> to aid the army during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> The exact number of troops Mehmed commanded varies between sources,<a href="#cite_note-:9-38">[38]</a> but the rumours of its size were significant enough to cause panic in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-:10-39">[39]</a> Ottoman troops began arriving at Belgrade on the 13th of June.<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> After the necessary preparations were finished, Ottoman cannons started bombarding the city walls and Ottoman troops started filling the ditches in front of the walls with earth to advance forward.<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> As despair started to set in amongst the defenders, news started arriving of a relief force assembling across the Danube under the command of John Hunyadi.<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> Upon learning of this development, Mehmed held a war council with his commanders to determine the army's next actions.<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaca_Pasha" title="Karaca Pasha">Karaca Pasha</a> recommended that a part of the army should cross the Danube to counter the approaching relief army.<a href="#cite_note-:11-40">[40]</a> This plan was rejected by the council, particularly due to the opposition by the Rumelian Begs.<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> Instead, the decision was made to prioritize capturing the fortress, a move seen as a tactical blunder by modern historians.<a href="#cite_note-:11-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> This allowed Hunyadi to set up camp with his army across the Danube uncontested.<a href="#cite_note-:11-40">[40]</a> Shortly after, the Ottoman navy was defeated in a five hour long battle by the newly arrived Christian Danubian navy.<a href="#cite_note-:11-40">[40]</a> Following this, Hunyadi's troops started entering the city to reinforce the besieged, which increased the morale of the defending forces.<a href="#cite_note-:9-38">[38]</a> Infuriated by the unfolding events, Mehmed ordered a final attack to capture the city on the 21st of July, after continuous cannon fire building up to the day of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-:9-38">[38]</a> Ottoman troops were initially successful in breaching the defences and entering the city, however were eventually repulsed by the defenders.<a href="#cite_note-:10-39">[39]</a> The Christians pressed their advantage by launching a counter attack, which started pushing back the Ottoman forces,<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> managing to advance as far as the Ottoman camp.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> At this crucial point of the battle, one of the viziers advised Mehmed to abandon the camp for his safety, which he refused to do so on the grounds that it would be a “sign of cowardice”.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> After this, Mehmed personally joined the fighting, accompanied by two of his <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">begs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> The Sultan managed to personally kill three<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a> enemy soldiers before being injured, forcing him to abandon the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-:9-38">[38]</a> The news of their Sultan fighting alongside them and the arrival of reinforcements caused a morale boost amongst the Ottoman troops, which allowed them to go on the offensive again and push the Christian forces out of the Ottoman camp.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> The actions of the Sultan had prevented a complete rout of the Ottoman army,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> however, the army had been far too weakened to attempt to take the city again, causing the Ottoman war council to decide on ending the siege.<a href="#cite_note-:8-37">[37]</a> The Sultan and his army began a retreat to Edirne during the night, without the Christian forces being able to pursue them.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Hunyadi died shortly after the siege, meanwhile <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a> regained possession of some parts of Serbia. Shortly before the end of the year 1456, roughly 5 months after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a>, the 79-year-old Branković died. Serbian independence survived after him for only around three years, when the Ottoman Empire formally annexed Serbian lands following dissension among his widow and three remaining sons. Lazar, the youngest, poisoned his mother and exiled his brothers, but he died soon afterwards. In the continuing turmoil the oldest brother <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Stefan Branković">Stefan Branković</a> gained the throne. Observing the chaotic situation in Serbia, the Ottoman government decided to definitively conclude the Serbian issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920-44">[44]</a> The Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovi%C4%87" title="Mahmud Pasha Angelović">Mahmud Pasha</a> was dispatched with an army to the region in 1458, where he initially conquered <a href="/wiki/Resava_(river)#Region" title="Resava (river)">Resava</a> and a number of other settlements before moving towards Smederevo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953130-45">[45]</a> After a battle outside the city walls, the defenders were forced to retreat inside the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953130-45">[45]</a> In the ensuing siege, the outer walls were breached by Ottoman forces, however the Serbians continued to resist inside the inner walls of the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953130-45">[45]</a> Not wanting to waste time capturing the inner citadel, Mahmud lifted the siege diverted his army elsewhere, conquering <a href="/wiki/Rudnik_(mountain)" title="Rudnik (mountain)">Rudnik</a> and its environs before attacking and capturing the fortress of Golubac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953130-45">[45]</a> Subsequently, Mehmed who had returned from his campaign in Morea met up with Mahmud Pasha in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920-44">[44]</a> During this meeting, reports were received that a Hungarian army was assembling near the Danube to launch an offensive against the Ottoman positions in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953131-46">[46]</a> The Hungarians crossed the Danube near Belgrade, after which they marched south towards <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEice" title="Užice">Užice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953131-46">[46]</a> While the Hungarian troops were engaged in plunder near Užice, they got <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Battle of Užice">ambushed</a> by the Ottoman forces in the region, forcing them to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953131-46">[46]</a> Despite this victory, for Serbia to be fully annexed into the empire, Smederevo still had to be taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953131-46">[46]</a> The opportunity for its capture presented itself the following year. <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Stefan Branković">Stefan Branković</a> was ousted from power in March 1459. After that the Serbian throne was offered to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Tomašević">Stephen Tomašević</a>, the future king of Bosnia, which infuriated Sultan Mehmed. After Mahmud Pasha suppressed an uprising near <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Pizren</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920-44">[44]</a> Mehmed personally led an army against the Serbian capital,<a href="#cite_note-:10-39">[39]</a> capturing <a href="/wiki/Smederevo" title="Smederevo">Smederevo</a> on the 20th of June 1459.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After the surrender of the capital, other Serbian castles which continued to resist were captured in the following months,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920-44">[44]</a> ending the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller1-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_the_Morea_(1458–1460)">Conquest of the Morea (1458–1460)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conquest of the Morea (1458–1460)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg/220px-Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg/330px-Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg/440px-Sarayi_Album_145ba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>15th century portrait of Mehmed II (1432–1481), showing Italian influence</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman conquest of the Morea">Ottoman conquest of the Morea</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a> bordered the southern Ottoman Balkans. The Ottomans had already invaded the region under <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, destroying the Byzantine defenses – the <a href="/wiki/Hexamilion_wall" title="Hexamilion wall">Hexamilion wall</a> – at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a> in 1446. Before the final siege of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, Mehmed ordered Ottoman troops to attack the Morea. The despots, <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a>, brothers of the last emperor, failed to send any aid. The chronic instability and the tribute payment to the Turks, after the peace treaty of 1446 with Mehmed II, resulted in an <a href="/wiki/Morea_revolt_of_1453%E2%80%931454" title="Morea revolt of 1453–1454">Albanian-Greek revolt</a> against them, during which the brothers invited Ottoman troops to help put down the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992125–126-50">[50]</a> At this time, a number of influential Moreote Greeks and Albanians made private peace with Mehmed.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan, and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed entered the Morea in May 1460. The capital <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mistra</a> fell exactly seven years after Constantinople, on 29 May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer, the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks. A few holdouts remained for a time. The island of <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a> refused to surrender, and it was ruled for a brief time by a Catalan corsair. When the population drove him out they obtained the consent of Thomas to submit to the Pope's protection before the end of 1460.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992173–175-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>, on the Morea's south end, resisted under a loose coalition of local clans, and the area then came under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. The last holdout was <a href="/wiki/Salmeniko" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmeniko">Salmeniko</a>, in the Morea's northwest. <a href="/wiki/Graitzas_Palaiologos" title="Graitzas Palaiologos">Graitzas Palaiologos</a> was the military commander there, stationed at <a href="/wiki/Salmeniko_Castle" title="Salmeniko Castle">Salmeniko Castle</a> (also known as Castle Orgia). While the town eventually surrendered, Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461, when they escaped and reached Venetian territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992176–177-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Trebizond_(1460–1461)">Conquest of Trebizond (1460–1461)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest of Trebizond (1460–1461)">edit</a>]</div> Emperors of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> formed alliances through royal marriages with various Muslim rulers. Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Trebizond" title="John IV of Trebizond">John IV of Trebizond</a> married his daughter to the son of his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hasan" title="Uzun Hasan">Uzun Hasan</a>, sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (also known as White Sheep Turkomans), in return for his promise to defend Trebizond. He also secured promises of support from the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karamanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamanid">Karamania</a>, and from the king and princes of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. The Ottomans were motivated to capture Trebizond or to get an annual tribute. In the time of Murad II, they first attempted to take the capital by sea in 1442, but bad weather made the landings difficult and the attempt was repulsed. While Mehmed II was away laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> in 1456, the Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a> attacked Trebizond, and although he was defeated, he took many prisoners and extracted a heavy tribute. After John's death in 1459, his brother <a href="/wiki/David_of_Trebizond" title="David of Trebizond">David</a> came to power and intrigued with various European powers for help against the Ottomans, speaking of wild schemes that included the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. Mehmed II eventually heard of these intrigues and was further provoked to action by David's demand that Mehmed remit the tribute imposed on his brother. Mehmed the Conqueror's response came in the summer of 1461. He led a sizable army from <a href="/wiki/Bursa,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa, Turkey">Bursa</a> by land and the Ottoman navy by sea, first to <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, joining forces with Ismail's brother Ahmed (the Red). He captured Sinope and ended the official reign of the Jandarid dynasty, although he appointed Ahmed as the governor of Kastamonu and Sinope, only to revoke the appointment the same year. Various other members of the Jandarid dynasty were offered important functions throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire. During the march to Trebizond, Uzun Hasan sent his mother Sara Khatun as an ambassador; while they were climbing the steep heights of <a href="/wiki/Zigana_Pass" title="Zigana Pass">Zigana</a> on foot, she asked Sultan Mehmed why he was undergoing such hardship for the sake of Trebizond. Mehmed replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Mother, in my hand is the sword of Islam, without this hardship I should not deserve the name of <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazi warriors">ghazi</a>, and today and tomorrow I should have to cover my face in shame before <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992193-54">[54]</a></blockquote> Having isolated Trebizond, Mehmed quickly swept down upon it before the inhabitants knew he was coming, and he placed it <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">under siege</a>. The city held out for a month before the emperor David surrendered on 15 August 1461. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submission_of_Wallachia_(1459–1462)">Submission of Wallachia (1459–1462)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Submission of Wallachia (1459–1462)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/220px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/330px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/440px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3033" data-file-height="3673" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad (Dracula) the Impaler</a>, Prince of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, 1460</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtaculdeNoapte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AtaculdeNoapte.jpg/220px-AtaculdeNoapte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AtaculdeNoapte.jpg/330px-AtaculdeNoapte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/AtaculdeNoapte.jpg/440px-AtaculdeNoapte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Attack_of_T%C3%A2rgovi%C5%9Fte" class="mw-redirect" title="The Night Attack of Târgovişte">The Night Attack of Târgovişte</a>, which resulted in a failed assassination attempt of Mehmed</figcaption></figure> The Ottomans since the early 15th century tried to bring Wallachia (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: والاچیا) under their control by putting their own candidate on the throne, but each attempt ended in failure. The Ottomans regarded Wallachia as a buffer zone between them and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and for a yearly tribute did not meddle in their internal affairs. The two primary Balkan powers, Hungary and the Ottomans, maintained an enduring struggle to make Wallachia their own vassal. To prevent Wallachia from falling into the Hungarian fold, the Ottomans freed young <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad III</a> (Dracula), who had spent four years as a prisoner of Murad, together with his brother <a href="/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu cel Frumos">Radu</a>, so that Vlad could claim the throne of Wallachia. His rule was short-lived, however, as Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and restored his ally <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_D%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" title="House of Dănești">Dănești</a> clan, to the throne. Vlad III Dracula fled to Moldavia, where he lived under the protection of his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_II_of_Moldavia" title="Bogdan II of Moldavia">Bogdan II</a>. In October 1451, Bogdan was assassinated and Vlad fled to Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's vast knowledge of the mindset and inner workings of the Ottoman Empire, as well as his hatred towards the Turks and new Sultan Mehmed II, Hunyadi reconciled with his former enemy and tried to make Vlad III his own advisor, but Vlad refused. In 1456, three years after the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople, they threatened Hungary by besieging <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. Hunyadi began a concerted counterattack in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>: While he himself moved into Serbia and relieved the siege (before dying of the plague), Vlad III Dracula led his own contingent into Wallachia, reconquered his native land, and killed Vladislav II. In 1459, Mehmed II sent envoys to Vlad to urge him to pay a delayed <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992-55">[55]</a> of 10,000 ducats and 500 recruits into the Ottoman forces. Vlad III Dracula refused and had the Ottoman envoys killed by nailing their <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a> to their heads, on the pretext that they had refused to raise their "hats" to him, as they only removed their headgear before Allah. Meanwhile, the Sultan sent the Bey of Nicopolis, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Bey" title="Hamza Bey">Hamza Pasha</a>, to make peace and, if necessary, eliminate Vlad III.<a href="#cite_note-explore-56">[56]</a> Vlad III set an ambush; the Ottomans were surrounded and almost all of them caught and impaled, with Hamza Pasha impaled on the highest stake, as befit his rank.<a href="#cite_note-explore-56">[56]</a> In the winter of 1462, Vlad III crossed the Danube and scorched the entire Bulgarian land in the area between <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Allegedly disguising himself as a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahi</a> and utilizing his command of the Turkish language and customs, Vlad III infiltrated Ottoman camps, ambushed, massacred or captured several Ottoman forces. In a letter to Corvinus dated 2 February, he wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have killed peasants men and women, old and young, who lived at Oblucitza and Novoselo, where the Danube flows into the sea, up to <a href="/wiki/Rahova" title="Rahova">Rahova</a>, which is located near Chilia, from the lower Danube up to such places as Samovit and Ghighen. We killed 23,884 Turks without counting those whom we burned in homes or the Turks whose heads were cut by our soldiers.... Thus, your highness, you must know that I have broken the peace with him [Mehmed II].<a href="#cite_note-Vlad-57">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>]</blockquote> Mehmed II abandoned his siege of Corinth to launch a punitive attack against Vlad III in Wallachia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992204–205-58">[58]</a> but suffered many casualties in a surprise <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="The Night Attack">night attack</a> led by Vlad III Dracula, who was apparently bent on personally killing the Sultan.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> However, Vlad's policy of staunch resistance against the Ottomans was not a popular one, and he was betrayed by the boyars's (local aristocracy) appeasing faction, most of them also pro-Dăneşti (a rival princely branch). His best friend and ally <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen III of Moldavia</a>, who had promised to help him, seized the chance and instead attacked him trying to take back the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortress_of_Chilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortress of Chilia (page does not exist)">Fortress of Chilia</a>. Vlad III had to retreat to the mountains. After this, the Ottomans captured the Wallachian capital <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> and Mehmed II withdrew, having left Radu as ruler of Wallachia. <a href="/wiki/Turahano%C4%9Flu_%C3%96mer_Bey" title="Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey">Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey</a>, who served with distinction and wiped out a force of 6,000 Wallachians and deposited 2,000 of their heads at the feet of Mehmed II, was also reinstated, as a reward, in his old gubernatorial post in Thessaly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992207-60">[60]</a> Vlad eventually escaped to Hungary, where he was imprisoned on a false accusation of treason against his overlord, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Bosnia_(1463)">Conquest of Bosnia (1463)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conquest of Bosnia (1463)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmed_II_ferman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mehmed_II_ferman.jpg/220px-Mehmed_II_ferman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="491" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Mehmed_II_ferman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Mehmed II's <a href="/wiki/Ahidn%C3%A2me" title="Ahidnâme">ahidnâme</a> to the Catholic monks of the recently conquered Bosnia issued in 1463, granting them full religious freedom and protection</figcaption></figure> The despot of Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Lazar Branković">Lazar Branković</a>, died in 1458, and a civil war broke out among his heirs that resulted in the Ottoman conquest of Serbia in 1459/1460. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Tomašević">Stephen Tomašević</a>, son of the king of Bosnia, tried to bring Serbia under his control, but Ottoman expeditions forced him to give up his plan and Stephen fled to Bosnia, seeking refuge at the court of his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994575–581-61">[61]</a> After some battles, Bosnia became tributary kingdom to the Ottomans. On 10 July 1461, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Thomas of Bosnia">Stephen Thomas</a> died, and Stephen Tomašević succeeded him as King of Bosnia. In 1461, Stephen Tomašević made an alliance with the Hungarians and asked <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> for help in the face of an impending Ottoman invasion. In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Kingdom">Bosnian Kingdom</a> to the Ottomans, he sent for help from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a>. However, none ever reached Bosnia. In 1463, Sultan Mehmed II led an army into the country. The royal city of <a href="/wiki/Bobovac" title="Bobovac">Bobovac</a> soon fell, leaving Stephen Tomašević to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Jajce" title="Jajce">Jajce</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Klju%C4%8D,_Una-Sana_Canton" title="Ključ, Una-Sana Canton">Ključ</a>. Mehmed invaded Bosnia and conquered it very quickly, executing Stephen Tomašević and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Radivoj_of_Bosnia" title="Radivoj of Bosnia">Radivoj</a>. Bosnia officially fell in 1463 and became the westernmost province of the Ottoman Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman-Venetian_War_(1463–1479)">Ottoman-Venetian War (1463–1479)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ottoman-Venetian War (1463–1479)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/220px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/330px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/440px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Scene depicts the fifth and greatest assault upon the Shkodra Castle by Ottoman forces in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Siege of Shkodra</a>, 1478–79</figcaption></figure> According to the Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Critobulus" title="Michael Critobulus">Michael Critobulus</a>, hostilities broke out after an Albanian slave of the Ottoman commander of Athens fled to the Venetian fortress of Coron (<a href="/wiki/Koroni" title="Koroni">Koroni</a>) with 100,000 silver <a href="/wiki/Aspron" title="Aspron">aspers</a> from his master's treasure. The fugitive then converted to Christianity, so Ottoman demands for his rendition were refused by the Venetian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Setton241-62">[62]</a> Using this as a pretext in November 1462, the Ottoman commander in central Greece, <a href="/wiki/Turahano%C4%9Flu_%C3%96mer_Bey" title="Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey">Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey</a>, attacked and nearly succeeded in taking the strategically important Venetian fortress of Lepanto (<a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Nafpaktos</a>). On 3 April 1463, however, the governor of the Morea, Isa Beg, took the Venetian-held town of <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> by treason.<a href="#cite_note-Setton241-62">[62]</a> The new alliance launched a two-pronged offensive against the Ottomans: a Venetian army, under the Captain General of the Sea <a href="/wiki/Alvise_Loredan" title="Alvise Loredan">Alvise Loredan</a>, landed in the Morea, while <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> invaded Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-Finkel63-63">[63]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius II">Pius II</a> began assembling an army at <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, hoping to lead it in person.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw65-64">[64]</a> Negotiations were also begun with other rivals of the Ottomans, such as <a href="/wiki/Karamanids" title="Karamanids">Karamanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzun Hassan">Uzun Hassan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw65-64">[64]</a> In early August, the Venetians retook <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a> and refortified the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a>, restoring the <a href="/wiki/Hexamilion_wall" title="Hexamilion wall">Hexamilion wall</a> and equipping it with many cannons.<a href="#cite_note-Setton248-65">[65]</a> They then proceeded to besiege the fortress of the <a href="/wiki/Acrocorinth" title="Acrocorinth">Acrocorinth</a>, which controlled the northwestern Peloponnese. The Venetians engaged in repeated clashes with the defenders and with Ömer Bey's forces, until they suffered a major defeat on 20 October and were then forced to lift the siege and retreat to the Hexamilion and to Nauplia (<a href="/wiki/Nafplion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafplion">Nafplion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Setton248-65">[65]</a> In Bosnia, Matthias Corvinus seized over sixty fortified places and succeeded in taking its capital, <a href="/wiki/Jajce" title="Jajce">Jajce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce" title="Siege of Jajce">after a 3-month siege</a>, on 16 December.<a href="#cite_note-Setton250-66">[66]</a> Ottoman reaction was swift and decisive: Mehmed II dispatched his <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovi%C4%87" title="Mahmud Pasha Angelović">Mahmud Pasha Angelović</a>, with an army against the Venetians. To confront the Venetian fleet, which had taken station outside the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> Straits, the Sultan further ordered the creation of the new shipyard of Kadirga Limani in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> (named after the "kadirga" type of <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a>), and of two forts to guard the Straits, <a href="/wiki/Kilitbahir_Castle" title="Kilitbahir Castle">Kilidulbahr</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Sultaniye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crusades326-67">[67]</a> The Morean campaign was swiftly victorious for the Ottomans; they razed the Hexamilion, and advanced into the Morea. Argos fell, and several forts and localities that had recognized Venetian authority reverted to their Ottoman allegiance. Sultan Mehmed II, who was following Mahmud Pasha with another army to reinforce him, had reached Zeitounion (<a href="/wiki/Lamia_(city)" title="Lamia (city)">Lamia</a>) before being apprised of his Vizier's success. Immediately, he turned his men north, towards Bosnia.<a href="#cite_note-Crusades326-67">[67]</a> However, the Sultan's attempt to retake Jajce in July and August 1464 failed, with the Ottomans retreating hastily in the face of Corvinus' approaching army. A new Ottoman army under Mahmud Pasha then forced Corvinus to withdraw, but Jajce was not retaken for many years after.<a href="#cite_note-Setton250-66">[66]</a> However, the death of Pope Pius II on 15 August in Ancona spelled the end of the Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw65-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the meantime, the Venetian Republic had appointed <a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_Pandolfo_Malatesta" title="Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta">Sigismondo Malatesta</a> for the upcoming campaign of 1464. He launched attacks against Ottoman forts and engaged in a failed siege of <a href="/wiki/Mistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistra">Mistra</a> in August through October. Small-scale warfare continued on both sides, with raids and counter-raids, but a shortage of manpower and money meant that the Venetians remained largely confined to their fortified bases, while Ömer Bey's army roamed the countryside. In the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>, the Venetians tried to take Lesbos in the spring of 1464, and besieged the capital <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a> for six weeks, until the arrival of an Ottoman fleet under Mahmud Pasha on 18 May forced them to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-Setton251-69">[69]</a> Another attempt to capture the island shortly after also failed. The Venetian navy spent the remainder of the year in ultimately fruitless demonstrations of force before the Dardanelles.<a href="#cite_note-Setton251-69">[69]</a> In early 1465, Mehmed II sent peace feelers to the Venetian Senate; distrusting the Sultan's motives, these were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In April 1466, the Venetian war effort was reinvigorated under <a href="/wiki/Vettore_Cappello" title="Vettore Cappello">Vettore Cappello</a>: the fleet took the northern Aegean islands of <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a>, and then sailed into the <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Gulf" title="Saronic Gulf">Saronic Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Setton283-71">[71]</a> On 12 July, Cappello landed at <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> and marched against <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the Ottomans' major regional base. He failed to take the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis</a> and was forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, the capital of Peloponnese and the seat of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a>, which was being besieged by a joint force of Venetians and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Before Cappello could arrive, and as the city seemed on the verge of falling, Ömer Bey suddenly appeared with 12,000 cavalry and drove the outnumbered besiegers off. Six hundred Venetians and a hundred Greeks were taken prisoner out of a force of 2,000, while Barbarigo himself was killed.<a href="#cite_note-Setton284-73">[73]</a> Cappello, who arrived some days later, attacked the Ottomans but was heavily defeated. Demoralized, he returned to Negroponte with the remains of his army. There Cappello fell ill and died on 13 March 1467.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1470 Mehmed personally led an Ottoman army to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1470)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1470)">besiege Negroponte</a>. The Venetian relief navy was defeated, and Negroponte was captured. In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against the Albanians. Under their leader, <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>, they had long resisted the Ottomans, and had repeatedly sought assistance from Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Finkel63-63">[63]</a> Mehmed II responded by marching again against Albania but <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Krujë">was unsuccessful</a>. The winter brought an outbreak of plague, which would recur annually and sap the strength of the local resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Setton283-71">[71]</a> Skanderbeg himself died of malaria in the Venetian stronghold of Lissus (<a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>), ending the ability of Venice to use the Albanian lords for its own advantage.<a href="#cite_note-Finkel64-75">[75]</a> After Skanderbeg died, some Venetian-controlled northern Albanian garrisons continued to hold territories coveted by the Ottomans, such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Crnojevi%C4%87a" title="Žabljak Crnojevića">Žabljak Crnojevića</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drisht" title="Drisht">Drisht</a>, Lezhë, and <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a> – the most significant. Mehmed II sent his armies to take Shkodra in 1474<a href="#cite_note-albanianhistory1-76">[76]</a> but failed. Then he went personally to lead the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">siege of Shkodra</a> of 1478–79. The Venetians and Shkodrans resisted the assaults and continued to hold the fortress until Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1479)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> as a condition of ending the war. The agreement was established as a result of the Ottomans having reached the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. Based on the terms of the treaty, the Venetians were allowed to keep <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulcinj</a>, Antivan, and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>. However, they ceded <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">under Ottoman siege</a> for many months, as well as other territories on the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> coastline, and they relinquished control of the Greek islands of <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Negroponte" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship of Negroponte">Negroponte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>. Moreover, the Venetians were forced to pay 100,000 ducat <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and agreed to a tribute of around 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> per year in order to acquire trading privileges in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. As a result of this treaty, Venice acquired a weakened position in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatolian_conquests_(1464–1473)">Anatolian conquests (1464–1473)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anatolian conquests (1464–1473)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetihname_Fatih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fetihname_Fatih.jpg/150px-Fetihname_Fatih.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fetihname_Fatih.jpg/225px-Fetihname_Fatih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fetihname_Fatih.jpg/300px-Fetihname_Fatih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Mehmed's Fetihname (Declaration of conquest) after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otlukbeli" title="Battle of Otlukbeli">Battle of Otlukbeli</a></figcaption></figure> During the post-<a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuks</a> era in the second half of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkmen</a> principalities collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a> emerged in Anatolia. <a href="/wiki/Karamanids" title="Karamanids">Karamanids</a> initially centred around the modern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a>, the most important power in Anatolia. But towards the end of the 14th century, Ottomans began to dominate on most of Anatolia, reducing the Karaman influence and prestige. <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_II_of_Karaman" class="mw-redirect" title="İbrahim II of Karaman">İbrahim II of Karaman</a> was the ruler of Karaman, and during his last years, his sons began struggling for the throne. His heir apparent was <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0shak_of_Karaman" class="mw-redirect" title="İshak of Karaman">İshak of Karaman</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a>. But <a href="/wiki/Pir_Ahmet_of_Karaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Ahmet of Karaman">Pir Ahmet</a>, a younger son, declared himself as the bey of Karaman in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>. İbrahim escaped to a small city in western territories where he died in 1464. The competing claims to the throne resulted in an interregnum in the beylik. Nevertheless, with the help of Uzun Hasan, İshak was able to ascend to the throne. His reign was short, however, as Pir Ahmet appealed to Sultan Mehmed II for help, offering Mehmed some territory that İshak refused to cede. With Ottoman help, Pir Ahmet defeated İshak in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Da%C4%9Fpazar%C4%B1,_Mut" class="mw-redirect" title="Dağpazarı, Mut">Dağpazarı</a>. İshak had to be content with Silifke up to an unknown date.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Pir Ahmet kept his promise and ceded a part of the beylik to the Ottomans, but he was uneasy about the loss. So, during the Ottoman campaign in the West, he recaptured his former territory. Mehmed returned, however, and captured both Karaman (Larende) and Konya in 1466. Pir Ahmet barely escaped to the East. A few years later, Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a>) <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gedik Ahmet Pasha">Gedik Ahmet Pasha</a> captured the coastal region of the beylik.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Pir Ahmet as well as his brother <a href="/wiki/Kas%C4%B1m_of_Karaman" title="Kasım of Karaman">Kasım</a> escaped to Uzun Hasan's territory. This gave Uzun Hasan a chance to interfere. In 1472, the Akkoyunlu army invaded and raided most of Anatolia (this was the reason behind the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otlukbeli" title="Battle of Otlukbeli">Battle of Otlukbeli</a> in 1473). But then Mehmed led a successful campaign against Uzun Hasan in 1473 that resulted in the decisive victory of the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otlukbeli" title="Battle of Otlukbeli">Battle of Otlukbeli</a>. Before that, Pir Ahmet with Akkoyunlu help had captured Karaman. However, Pir Ahmet could not enjoy another term. Because immediately after the capture of Karaman, the Akkoyunlu army was defeated by the Ottomans near <a href="/wiki/Bey%C5%9Fehir" title="Beyşehir">Beyşehir</a> and Pir Ahmet had to escape once more. Although he tried to continue his struggle, he learned that his family members had been transferred to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> by Gedik Ahmet Pasha, so he finally gave up. Demoralized, he escaped to Akkoyunlu territory where he was given a <a href="/wiki/T%C4%B1mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tımar">tımar</a> (fief) in <a href="/wiki/Bayburt" title="Bayburt">Bayburt</a>. He died in 1474.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Uniting the Anatolian beyliks was first accomplished by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a>, more than fifty years before Mehmed II but after the destructive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a> in 1402, the newly formed unification was gone. Mehmed II recovered Ottoman power over the other Turkish states, and these conquests allowed him to push further into Europe. Another important political entity that shaped the Eastern policy of Mehmed II were the Aq Qoyunlu. Under the leadership of Uzun Hasan, this kingdom gained power in the East, but because of its strong relations with Christian powers like the Empire of Trebizond and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the alliance between the Turcomans and the Karamanid tribe, Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Moldavia_(1475–1476)">War with Moldavia (1475–1476)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: War with Moldavia (1475–1476)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Veronese_(Nachfolger)_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._(1451_-_1481)_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._%281451_-_1481%29_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg/220px-Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._%281451_-_1481%29_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._%281451_-_1481%29_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg/330px-Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._%281451_-_1481%29_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._%281451_-_1481%29_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg/440px-Paolo_Veronese_%28Nachfolger%29_-_Sultan_Mohammed_II._%281451_-_1481%29_-_2247_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Mehmed the Second, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a></figcaption></figure> In 1456, <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_Aaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter III Aaron">Peter III Aaron</a> agreed to pay the Ottomans an annual tribute of 2,000 gold ducats to ensure his southern borders, thus becoming the first Moldavian ruler to accept the Turkish demands.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a> rejected Ottoman suzerainty and a series of fierce wars ensued.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Stephen tried to bring Wallachia under his sphere of influence and so supported his own choice for the Wallachian throne. This resulted in an enduring struggle between different Wallachian rulers backed by Hungarians, Ottomans, and Stephen. An Ottoman army under Hadim Pasha (governor of Rumelia) was sent in 1475 to punish Stephen for his meddling in Wallachia; however, the Ottomans suffered a great defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui" title="Battle of Vaslui">Battle of Vaslui</a>. Stephen inflicted a decisive defeat on the Ottomans, described as "the greatest ever secured by the Cross against Islam,"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] with casualties, according to Venetian and Polish records, reaching beyond 40,000 on the Ottoman side. Mara Brankovic (Mara Hatun), the former younger wife of Murad II, told a Venetian envoy that the invasion had been worst ever defeat for the Ottomans. Stephen was later awarded the title "Athleta Christi" (Champion of Christ) by Pope Sixtus IV, who referred to him as "verus christianae fidei athleta" ("the true defender of the Christian faith"). Mehmed II assembled a large army and entered Moldavia in June 1476. Meanwhile, groups of <a href="/wiki/Tartars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartars">Tartars</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> (the Ottomans' recent ally) were sent to attack Moldavia. Romanian sources may state that they were repelled.<a href="#cite_note-ir-84">[84]</a> Other sources state that joint Ottoman and Crimean Tartar forces "occupied Bessarabia and took Akkerman, gaining control of the southern mouth of the Danube. Stephan tried to avoid open battle with the Ottomans by following a scorched-earth policy".<a href="#cite_note-shaw-85">[85]</a> Finally, Stephen faced the Ottomans in battle. The Moldavians luring the main Ottoman forces into a forest that was set on fire, causing some casualties. According to another battle description, the defending Moldavian forces repelled several Ottoman attacks with steady fire from hand-guns.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The attacking Turkish <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a> were forced to crouch on their stomachs instead of charging headlong into the defenders positions. Seeing the imminent defeat of his forces, Mehmed charged with his personal guard against the Moldavians, managing to rally the Janissaries, and turning the tide of the battle. Turkish Janissaries penetrated inside the forest and engaged the defenders in man-to-man fighting. The Moldavian army was utterly defeated (casualties were very high on both sides), and the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a> say that the entire battlefield was covered with the bones of the dead, a probable source for the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> (Valea Albă is <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> and Akdere <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> for "The White Valley"). Stephen the Great retreated into the north-western part of Moldavia or even into the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1385–1569)">Polish Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-jn-87">[87]</a> and began forming another army. The Ottomans were unable to conquer any of the major Moldavian strongholds (<a href="/wiki/Suceava" title="Suceava">Suceava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neam%C8%9B_Citadel" title="Neamț Citadel">Neamț</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotin">Hotin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-ir-84">[84]</a> and were constantly harassed by small-scale Moldavian attacks. Soon they were also confronted with starvation, a situation made worse by an outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a>, and the Ottoman army returned to Ottoman lands. The threat of Stephen to Wallachia continued for decades. That very same year Stephen helped his cousin <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> return to the throne of Wallachia for the third and final time. Even after Vlad's untimely death several months later Stephen continued to support, with force of arms, a variety of contenders to the Wallachian throne succeeding after Mehmet's death to instate <a href="/wiki/Vlad_C%C4%83lug%C4%83rul" title="Vlad Călugărul">Vlad Călugărul</a>, half brother to Vlad the Impaler, for a period of 13 years from 1482 to 1495. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Albania_(1466–1478)">Conquest of Albania (1466–1478)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conquest of Albania (1466–1478)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg/220px-Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Albanian nobility</a> and a former member of the Ottoman ruling elite, led <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">a rebellion</a> against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. Skanderbeg, son of <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti" title="Gjon Kastrioti">Gjon Kastrioti</a> (who had joined the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1432%E2%80%931436" title="Albanian revolt of 1432–1436">Albanian revolt of 1432–1436</a>), united the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a> in a military and diplomatic alliance, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a>, in 1444. Mehmed II was never successful in his efforts to subjugate <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> while Skanderbeg was alive, even though he twice (1466 and 1467) led the Ottoman armies himself against <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>. After Skanderbeg died in 1468, the Albanians could not find a leader to replace him, and Mehmed II eventually conquered Krujë and Albania in 1478. In spring 1466, Sultan Mehmed marched with a large army against Skanderbeg and the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>. Skanderbeg had repeatedly sought assistance from Italy,<a href="#cite_note-Finkel63-63">[63]</a> and believed that the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)</a> offered a golden opportunity to reassert Albanian independence; for the Venetians, the Albanians provided a useful cover to the Venetian coastal holdings of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Durazzo) and <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Scutari). The major result of this campaign was the construction of the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, allegedly within just 25 days. This strategically sited fortress, at the lowlands near the end of the old <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a>, cut Albania effectively in half, isolating Skanderbeg's base in the northern highlands from the Venetian holdings in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Finkel64-75">[75]</a> However, following the Sultan's withdrawal Skanderbeg himself spent the winter in Italy, seeking aid. On his return in early 1467, his forces sallied from the highlands, defeated <a href="/wiki/Ballaban_Badera" title="Ballaban Badera">Ballaban Pasha</a>, and lifted the <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Krujë">siege</a> of the fortress of Croia (<a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>); they also attacked Elbasan but failed to capture it.<a href="#cite_note-Crusades327-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Setton278-89">[89]</a> Mehmed II responded by marching again against Albania. He energetically pursued the attacks against the Albanian strongholds, while sending detachments to raid the Venetian possessions to keep them isolated.<a href="#cite_note-Crusades327-88">[88]</a> The Ottomans <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Krujë">failed again</a> to take Croia, and they failed to subjugate the country. However, the winter brought an outbreak of plague, which would recur annually and sap the strength of the local resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Setton283-71">[71]</a> Skanderbeg himself died of malaria in the Venetian stronghold of Lissus (<a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>), ending the ability of Venice to use the Albanian lords for its own advantage.<a href="#cite_note-Finkel64-75">[75]</a> The Albanians were left to their own devices and were gradually subdued over the next decade. After Skanderbeg died, Mehmed II personally led the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Shkodra (1478)">siege of Shkodra in 1478–79</a>, of which early Ottoman chronicler <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kpa%C5%9Fazade" title="Aşıkpaşazade">Aşıkpaşazade</a> (1400–81) wrote, "All the conquests of Sultan Mehmed were fulfilled with the seizure of Shkodra."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Venetians and Shkodrans resisted the assaults and continued to hold the fortress until Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1479)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> as a condition of ending the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimean_policy_(1475)">Crimean policy (1475)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Crimean policy (1475)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></div> A number of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, had been inhabiting the peninsula since the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. After the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> earlier in the 15th century, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_I_Giray" title="Hacı I Giray">Hacı I Giray</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dniester_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniester River">Dniester River</a>, but they were unable to take control over the commercial <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> towns called <a href="/wiki/Gazaria_(Genoese_colonies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazaria (Genoese colonies)">Gazaria (Genoese colonies)</a>, which had been under Genoese control since 1357. After the conquest of Constantinople, Genoese communications were disrupted, and when the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the Ottomans, they responded with an invasion of the Genoese towns, led by <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a> in 1475, bringing <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Kaffa</a> and the other trading towns under their control.<a href="#cite_note-Subtelny-91">[91]</a> After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%B1li_I_Giray" title="Meñli I Giray">Meñli I Giray</a> captive,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them to rule as <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Subtelny-91">[91]</a> However, the Crimean khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, while the Ottomans directly controlled the southern coast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_to_Italy_(1480)">Expedition to Italy (1480)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Expedition to Italy (1480)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of Otranto">Ottoman invasion of Otranto</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmed_II_(1432-1481).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bronze medal of Mehmed II the Conqueror" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mehmed_II_%281432-1481%29.jpg/220px-Mehmed_II_%281432-1481%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mehmed_II_%281432-1481%29.jpg/330px-Mehmed_II_%281432-1481%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mehmed_II_%281432-1481%29.jpg/440px-Mehmed_II_%281432-1481%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bronze_medal" title="Bronze medal">bronze medal</a> of Mehmed II the Conqueror by <a href="/wiki/Bertoldo_di_Giovanni" title="Bertoldo di Giovanni">Bertoldo di Giovanni</a>, 1480<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmed_II_Doppelbildnis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mehmed_II_Doppelbildnis.jpg/220px-Mehmed_II_Doppelbildnis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mehmed_II_Doppelbildnis.jpg/330px-Mehmed_II_Doppelbildnis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mehmed_II_Doppelbildnis.jpg/440px-Mehmed_II_Doppelbildnis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3041" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Mehmed II with a young man on the left. It is assumed that Bellini himself did not create the two portraits in Istanbul, but only after his return to Venice. The young man is sometimes interpreted as Mehmed's son Cem, but there is no proof of this.</figcaption></figure> An Ottoman army under <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a> invaded Italy in 1480, capturing <a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a>. Because of lack of food, Gedik Ahmed Pasha returned with most of his troops to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, leaving a garrison of 800 infantry and 500 cavalry behind to defend Otranto in Italy. It was assumed he would return after the winter. Since it was only 28 years after the fall of Constantinople, there was some fear that <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> would suffer the same fate. Plans were made for the Pope and citizens of Rome to evacuate the city. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> repeated his 1481 call for a <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a>. Several Italian city-states, Hungary, and France responded positively to the appeal. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> did not, however, as it had signed an expensive peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1479. In 1481 king <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I of Naples</a> raised an army to be led by his son <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_II_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonso II of Naples">Alphonso II of Naples</a>. A contingent of troops was provided by king <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> of Hungary. The city was besieged starting 1 May 1481. After the death of Mehmed on 3 May, ensuing quarrels about his succession possibly prevented the Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Otranto. So, the Turkish occupation of Otranto ended by negotiation with the Christian forces, permitting the Turks to withdraw to Albania, and Otranto was retaken by Papal forces in 1481. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Constantinople_(1453–1478)">Return to Constantinople (1453–1478)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Return to Constantinople (1453–1478)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Istanbul" title="History of Istanbul">History of Istanbul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatih_Camii_1888-1910_y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fatih_Camii_1888-1910_y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Fatih_Camii_1888-1910_y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fatih_Camii_1888-1910_y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Fatih_Camii_1888-1910_y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Fatih_Camii_1888-1910_y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Fatih_Camii_1888-1910_y%C4%B1llar%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Historical photo of <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a>, built by order of Sultan Mehmed II in Constantinople, the first <a href="/wiki/Imperial_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial mosque">imperial mosque</a> built in the city after the Ottoman conquest</figcaption></figure> After conquering Constantinople, when Mehmed II finally entered the city through what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Topkapi Palace">Topkapi Gate</a>, he immediately rode his horse to the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, where he ordered the building to be protected. He ordered that an <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> meet him there in order to chant the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Muslim Creed</a>: "I testify that there is no god but <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a>. I testify that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is the messenger of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> cathedral was transformed into a Muslim mosque through a <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">charitable trust</a>, solidifying <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> rule in Constantinople. Mehmed's main concern with Constantinople was with rebuilding the city's defenses and repopulation. Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, a remarkable hospital with students and medical staff, a large cultural complex, two sets of <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a>, a tophane gun foundry outside <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a>, and a new palace.<a href="#cite_note-Inalcik,_Halil_1969,_p._236-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200084-96">[96]</a> To encourage the return of the Greeks and the Genoese who had fled from Galata, the trading quarter of the city, he returned their houses and provided them with guarantees of safety. Mehmed issued orders across his empire that Muslims, Christians, and Jews should resettle in the city, demanding that five thousand households needed to be transferred to Constantinople by September.<a href="#cite_note-Inalcik,_Halil_1969,_p._236-95">[95]</a> From all over the Islamic empire, prisoners of war and deported people were sent to the city; these people were called "Sürgün" in Turkish (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: σουργούνιδες sourgounides; "immigrants").<a href="#cite_note-mw28-97">[97]</a> Mehmed restored the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate</a> (6 January 1454), <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">monk Gennadios</a> being appointed as the first Orthodox Patriarch,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200017-98">[98]</a> and established a Jewish Grand Rabbinate (<a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Ḥakham Bashi</a>) and the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> in the capital, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a> system. In addition, he founded, and encouraged his viziers to found, a number of Muslim institutions and commercial installations in the main districts of Constantinople, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Mehmed_Pasha_Mosque" title="Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque">Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque</a> built by the Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Rum_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Rum Mehmed Pasha">Rum Mehmed Pasha</a>. From these nuclei, the metropolis developed rapidly. According to a survey carried out in 1478, there were then in Constantinople and neighboring Galata 16,324 households, 3,927 shops, and an estimated population of 80,000.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The population was about 60% Muslim, 20% Christian, and 10% Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> By the end of his reign, Mehmed's ambitious rebuilding program had changed the city into a thriving imperial capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123-15">[15]</a> According to the contemporary Ottoman historian <a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%9Fri" title="Neşri">Neşri</a>, "Sultan Mehmed created all of Istanbul".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123-15">[15]</a> Fifty years later, Constantinople had again become the largest city in Europe. Two centuries later, the well-known Ottoman itinerant <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> gave a list of groups introduced into the city with their respective origins. Even today, many quarters of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aksaray,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksaray, Istanbul">Aksaray</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Çarşamba, Istanbul">Çarşamba</a>, bear the names of the places of origin of their inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-mw28-97">[97]</a> However, many people escaped again from the city, and there were several outbreaks of plague, so that in 1459 Mehmed allowed the deported Greeks to come back to the city.<a href="#cite_note-mw28-97">[97]</a> This measure apparently had no great success, since French voyager <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Gilles">Pierre Gilles</a> wrote in the middle of the 16th century that the Greek population of Constantinople was unable to name any of the ancient Byzantine churches that had been transformed into mosques or abandoned. This shows that the population substitution had been total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamboury195399-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_culture">Administration and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Administration and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet (Ottoman Empire)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/200px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/300px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/400px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror with patriarch <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Gennadius II">Gennadius II</a> depicted on an 18th-century mosaic</figcaption></figure> Mehmed II introduced the word Politics into Arabic "Siyasah" from a book he published and claimed to be the collection of Politics doctrines of the Byzantine Caesars before him. He gathered Italian artists, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanists</a> and Greek scholars at his court, allowed the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Byzantine Church</a> to continue functioning, ordered the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">Gennadius</a> to translate Christian doctrine into Turkish, and called <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Bellini" title="Gentile Bellini">Gentile Bellini</a> from Venice to paint his portrait<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> as well as Venetian frescoes that are vanished today.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> He collected in his palace a library that included works in Greek, Persian, and Latin. Mehmed invited Muslim scientists and astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a> and artists to his court in Constantinople, started a university, and built mosques (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih Mosque">Fatih Mosque</a>), waterways, and Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tiled_Kiosk" title="Tiled Kiosk">Tiled Kiosk</a>. Around the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih Mosque">grand mosque</a> that he constructed, he erected <a href="/wiki/Sahn-%C4%B1_Seman_Medrese" title="Sahn-ı Seman Medrese">eight madrasas</a>, which, for nearly a century, kept their rank as the highest teaching institutions of the Islamic sciences in the empire. Mehmed II allowed his subjects a considerable degree of religious freedom, provided they were obedient to his rule. After his conquest of Bosnia in 1463, he issued the <a href="/wiki/Ahdname_of_Milodra%C5%BE" title="Ahdname of Milodraž">Ahdname of Milodraž</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Franciscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Franciscans">Bosnian Franciscans</a>, granting them the freedom to move freely within the Empire, offer worship in their churches and <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, and practice their religion free from official and unofficial persecution, insult, or disturbance.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> However, his standing army was recruited from the <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a>, a group that took Christian subjects at a young age (8–20 yrs): they were converted to Islam, then schooled for administration or the military Janissaries. This was a meritocracy which "produced from among their alumni four out of five Grand Viziers from this time on".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Within Constantinople, Mehmed established a <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a>, or an autonomous religious community, and appointed the former Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius">Gennadius Scholarius</a> as religious leader for the Orthodox Christians<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> of the city. His authority extended to all Ottoman Orthodox Christians, and this excluded the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> settlements in the suburbs, and excluded Muslim and Jewish settlers entirely. This method allowed for an indirect rule of the Christian Byzantines and allowed the occupants to feel relatively autonomous even as Mehmed II began the Turkish remodeling of the city, turning it into the Turkish capital, which it remained until the 1920s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centralization_of_government">Centralization of government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Centralization of government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costanzo_da_ferrara,_medaglia_con_mehmed_II,_sultano_ottomano,_conquistatore_di_costantinopoli,_1478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Costanzo_da_ferrara%2C_medaglia_con_mehmed_II%2C_sultano_ottomano%2C_conquistatore_di_costantinopoli%2C_1478.jpg/220px-Costanzo_da_ferrara%2C_medaglia_con_mehmed_II%2C_sultano_ottomano%2C_conquistatore_di_costantinopoli%2C_1478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Costanzo_da_ferrara%2C_medaglia_con_mehmed_II%2C_sultano_ottomano%2C_conquistatore_di_costantinopoli%2C_1478.jpg/330px-Costanzo_da_ferrara%2C_medaglia_con_mehmed_II%2C_sultano_ottomano%2C_conquistatore_di_costantinopoli%2C_1478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Costanzo_da_ferrara%2C_medaglia_con_mehmed_II%2C_sultano_ottomano%2C_conquistatore_di_costantinopoli%2C_1478.jpg/440px-Costanzo_da_ferrara%2C_medaglia_con_mehmed_II%2C_sultano_ottomano%2C_conquistatore_di_costantinopoli%2C_1478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3274" data-file-height="3275" /></a><figcaption>Medal of Mehmet II, with mention "Emperor of Byzantium" ("Byzantii Imperatoris 1481"), made by <a href="/wiki/Costanzo_da_Ferrara" title="Costanzo da Ferrara">Costanzo da Ferrara</a> (1450-1524).</figcaption></figure> Mehmed the Conqueror consolidated power by building his imperial court, the divan, with officials who would be solely loyal to him and allow him greater autonomy and authority. Under previous sultans the divan had been filled with members of aristocratic families that sometimes had other interests and loyalties than that of the sultan. Mehmed the Conqueror transitioned the empire away from the <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a> mentality that emphasizes ancient traditions and ceremonies in governance<a href="#cite_note-Architectural_History_Foundation-108">[108]</a> and moved it towards a centralized bureaucracy largely made of officials of <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" class="mw-redirect" title="Devşirme">devşirme</a> background.<a href="#cite_note-Architectural_History_Foundation-108">[108]</a> Additionally, Mehmed the Conqueror took the step of converting the religious scholars who were part of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> into salaried employees of the Ottoman bureaucracy who were loyal to him.<a href="#cite_note-Architectural_History_Foundation-108">[108]</a> This centralization was possible and formalized through a <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">kanunname</a>, issued during 1477–1481, which for the first time listed the chief officials in the Ottoman government, their roles and responsibilities, salaries, protocol and punishments, as well as how they related to each other and the sultan.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Once Mehmed had created an Ottoman bureaucracy and transformed the empire from a frontier society to a centralized government, he took care to appoint officials who would help him implement his agenda. His first grand vizier was <a href="/wiki/Zaganos_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaganos Pasha">Zaganos Pasha</a>, who was of devşirme background as opposed to an aristocrat,<a href="#cite_note-Meḥemmed_Ii-110">[110]</a> and Zaganos Pasha's successor, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovi%C4%87" title="Mahmud Pasha Angelović">Mahmud Pasha Angelović</a>, was also of devşirme background.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992114-111">[111]</a> Mehmed was the first sultan who was able to codify and implement kanunname solely based on his own independent authority.<a href="#cite_note-Meḥemmed_Ii-110">[110]</a> Additionally, Mehmed was able to later implement kanunname that went against previous tradition or precedent.<a href="#cite_note-Architectural_History_Foundation-108">[108]</a> This was monumental in an empire that was so steeped in tradition and could be slow to change or adapt. Having viziers and other officials who were loyal to Mehmed was an essential part of this government because he transferred more power to the viziers than previous sultans had. He delegated significant powers and functions of government to his viziers as part of his new policy of imperial seclusions.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> A wall was built around the palace as an element of the more closed era, and unlike previous sultans Mehmed was no longer accessible to the public or even lower officials. His viziers directed the military and met foreign ambassadors, two essential parts of governing especially with his numerous military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> One such notable ambassador was Kinsman Karabœcu Pasha (Turkish: "Karaböcü Kuzen Paşa"), who came from a rooted family of spies, which enabled him to play a notable role in Mehmed's campaign of conquering Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-historytoday.com-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronage_of_Renaissance_artists">Patronage of Renaissance artists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Patronage of Renaissance artists">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarayi_Album_10a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sarayi_Album_10a.jpg/220px-Sarayi_Album_10a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sarayi_Album_10a.jpg/330px-Sarayi_Album_10a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sarayi_Album_10a.jpg/440px-Sarayi_Album_10a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Mehmed, by <a href="/wiki/Nakka%C5%9F_Sinan_Bey" title="Nakkaş Sinan Bey">Nakkaş Sinan Bey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> albums)</figcaption></figure> Aside from his efforts to expand Ottoman dominion throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, Mehmed II also cultivated a large collection of Western art and literature, many of which were produced by Renaissance artists. From a young age, Mehmed had shown interest in Renaissance art and Classical literature and histories, with his school books having caricaturistic illustrations of ancient coins and portraiture sketched in distinctly European styles. Furthermore, he reportedly had two tutors, one trained in Greek and another in Latin, who read him Classical histories, including those of <a href="/wiki/Laertius" class="mw-redirect" title="Laertius">Laertius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, in the days leading up to the fall of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> From early on in his reign, Mehmed invested in the patronage of Italian Renaissance artists. His first documented request in 1461 was a commission from artist Matteo de' Pasti, who resided in the court of the lord of <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_Malatesta" title="Sigismondo Malatesta">Sigismondo Malatesta</a>. This first attempt was unsuccessful, though, as Pasti was arrested in Crete by Venetian authorities accusing him of being an Ottoman spy. Later attempts would prove more fruitful, with some notable artists including Costanzo da Ferrara and Gentile Bellini both being invited to the Ottoman court.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> Aside from his patronage of Renaissance artists, Mehmed was also an avid scholar of contemporary and Classical literature and history. This interest culminated in Mehmed's work on building a massive multilingual library that contained over 8000 manuscripts in Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Latin, and Greek, among other languages.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> Of note in this large collection was Mehmed's Greek scriptorium, which included copies of Arrians' Anabasis of Alexander the Great and Homer's Iliad.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> His interest in Classical works extended in many directions, including the patronage of the Greek writer Kritiboulos of Imbros, who produced the Greek manuscript History of Mehmed the Conqueror, alongside his efforts to salvage and rebind Greek manuscripts acquired after his conquest of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-:2-117">[117]</a> Historians believe that Mehmed's widespread cultural and artistic tastes, especially those aimed towards the West, served various important diplomatic and administrative functions. His patronage of Renaissance artists have been interpreted as a method of diplomacy with other influential Mediterranean states, significantly many Italian states including the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-116">[116]</a> Furthermore, historians speculate that his Greek scriptorium was used to educate Greek chancellery officials in an attempt to reintegrate former Byzantine diplomatic channels with several Italian states that conducted their correspondences in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-:2-117">[117]</a> Importantly, historians also assert that Mehmed's vast collection of art and literature worked towards promoting his imperial authority and legitimacy, especially in his newly conquered lands. This was accomplished through various means, including the invocation of Mehmed's image as an Oriental neo-Alexandrian figure, which is seen through shared helmet ornaments in depictions of Mehmed and Alexander on medallion portraits produced during Mehmed's reign, as well as being a leitmotiv in Kritiboulous' work.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Additionally, his commissioning of Renaissance artwork was, itself, possibly an attempt to break down Western-Oriental cultural binaries in order for Mehmed to present himself as a Western-oriented ruler, among the ranks of contemporary European Christian monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-:2-117">[117]</a> Mehmed's affinity towards the Renaissance arts, and his strong initiative in its creation and collection, did not have a large base of support within his own court. One of the many opponents to Mehmed's collection was his own son and future Sultan, Bayezid II, who was backed by powerful religious and Turkish factions in his opposition. Upon his accession, Bayezid II sold Mehmed's collection of portraits and disposed of his statuary.<a href="#cite_note-:0-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Mehmed II had at least eight known consorts, at least one of whom was his legal wife. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts">Consorts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consorts">edit</a>]</div> Mehmed II was the last sultan to legally marry until 1533/1534, when <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> married his favorite concubine <a href="/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrem Sultan">Hürrem Sultan</a>. Mehmed II's eight known consorts are:<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClbahar_Hatun_(wife_of_Mehmed_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gülbahar Hatun (wife of Mehmed II)">Gülbahar Hatun</a><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds_1997-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger199251-122">[122]</a> Mother of Bayezid II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fah_Hatun" title="Gülşah Hatun">Gülşah Hatun</a>. Mother of Şehzade Mustafa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitti%C5%9Fah_Hatun" title="Sittişah Hatun">Sittişah Mukrime Hatun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Sometimes mistakenly believed to be the mother of Bayezid II. Called also Sitti Hatun. Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_of_Dulkadir" title="Suleiman of Dulkadir">Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey</a>, sixth ruler of <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Dulkadir" title="Beylik of Dulkadir">Dulkadir</a>, she was his legal wife, but the marriage was unhappy and it remained childless. Her niece Ayşe Hatun, daughter of her brother, became a consort of Bayezid II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek_Hatun" title="Çiçek Hatun">Çiçek Hatun</a>. Mother of Şehzade Cem.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnenos_(daughter_of_David_of_Trebizond)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Komnenos (daughter of David of Trebizond)">Anna Hatun</a>. Daughter of the Greek emperor of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> <a href="/wiki/David_of_Trebizond" title="David of Trebizond">David II Komnenos</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene,_Empress_of_Trebizond" title="Helena Kantakouzene, Empress of Trebizond">Helena Kantakuzenos</a>. The marriage was initially proposed by her father, but Mehmed refused. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Campaign" title="Trebizond Campaign">conquest of Trebizond</a> in 1461, Anna entered Mehmed's harem as a "noble tribute" or guest and stayed there for two years, after which Mehmed married her to <a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zaganos Mehmed Pasha</a>. In exchange, Mehmed had the Zaganos's daughter as his consort.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Palaiologina_(daughter_of_Demetrios)" title="Helena Palaiologina (daughter of Demetrios)">Helena Hatun</a> (1442–1469). Daughter of the despot of <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a>, Mehmed asked her for himself after the Morea campaign, having heard of her beauty. However, the union was never consummated because Mehmed feared that she might poison him.</li> <li>Maria Hatun. Born <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Gattilusio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Gattilusio (page does not exist)">Maria Gattilusio</a>, she was widow of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Trebizond" title="Alexander of Trebizond">Alexander Komnenos Asen</a>, brother of Anna Hatun's father and by him she had a son, <a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios V of Trebizond">Alexios</a>, executed by Mehmed II. She was judicated as the most beautiful woman of her age and entered in the harem after her capture in 1462.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-124">[124]</a></li> <li>Hatice Hatun. Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zaganos Mehmed Pasha</a> by his first wife Sitti Nefise Hatun. She entered the harem in 1463. In return, her father was able to marry Anna Hatun, Mehmed's consort or "noble guest". After Mehmed's death she remarried with a statesman.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-124">[124]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sons">Sons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sons">edit</a>]</div> Mehmed II had at least four sons:<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-126">[126]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> (3 December 1447 – 10 June 1512) – son of Gülbahar Hatun. He succeeded his father as the Ottoman Sultan.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa_(son_of_Mehmed_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Mustafa (son of Mehmed II) (page does not exist)">Şehzade Mustafa</a> (1450, Manisa – 25 December 1474, Konya) – son of Gülşah Hatun. Governor of Konya until his death. He was the favorite son of his father.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Şehzade Cem</a> (22 December 1459, Constantinople – 25 February 1495; <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, Italy) – son of Çiçek Hatun. Governor of Konya after the death of his brother Mustafa, he fought for the throne against his half-brother Bayezid. He died in exile.</li> <li>Şehzade Nureddin. Probably died as an infant.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daughters">Daughters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Daughters">edit</a>]</div> Mehmed II had at least four daughters:<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-126">[126]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gevherhan_Hatun_(daughter_of_Mehmed_the_Conqueror)" title="Gevherhan Hatun (daughter of Mehmed the Conqueror)">Gevherhan Hatun</a> (1446 – Constantinople, 1514) – daughter of Gülbahar Hatun. She was the mother of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Beg" title="Ahmad Beg">Sultan Ahmad Beg</a>.</li> <li>Ayşe Hatun.</li> <li>Kamerhan Hatun. She married her cousin Hasan Bey, son of <a href="/wiki/Candar_dynasty" title="Candar dynasty">Candaroğlu</a> Kemaleddin İsmail Bey and Hatice Hatun, full-sister of Mehmed II. They had a daughter, Hanzade Hatun.</li> <li>Fülane Hatun.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1481.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OttomanEmpire1481.png/220px-OttomanEmpire1481.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OttomanEmpire1481.png/330px-OttomanEmpire1481.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OttomanEmpire1481.png/440px-OttomanEmpire1481.png 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2582" /></a><figcaption>The territorial extent of the Ottoman Empire upon the death of Mehmed II</figcaption></figure> Mehmed had a strong interest in ancient Greek and medieval Byzantine civilization. His heroes were <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and he could discuss Christian religion with some authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200019-8">[8]</a> He was reputed to be fluent in several languages, including <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norwich_1995_413–416-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Runciman_1965_56-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> At times, he assembled the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a>, or learned Muslim teachers, and caused them to discuss theological problems in his presence. During his reign, mathematics, astronomy, and theology reached their highest level among the Ottomans. His social circle included a number of humanists and sages such as <a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_de%27_Pizzicolli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli">Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli</a> of Ancona, <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Dei" title="Benedetto Dei">Benedetto Dei</a> of Florence and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Critobulus" title="Michael Critobulus">Michael Critobulus</a> of Imbros,<a href="#cite_note-historytoday.com-114">[114]</a> who mentions Mehmed as a <a href="/wiki/Philhellene" class="mw-redirect" title="Philhellene">Philhellene</a> thanks to his interest in Grecian antiquities and relics. It was on his orders that the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> and other Athenian monuments were spared destruction. Besides, Mehmed II himself was a poet writing under the name "Avni" (the helper, the helpful one) and he left a classical <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">diwan</a> poetry collection. Some sources claim that Mehmed had a passion for his hostage and <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radu_the_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu the Fair">Radu the Fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Young men condemned to death were spared and added to Mehmed's <a href="/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">seraglio</a> if he found them attractive, and <a href="/wiki/The_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="The Porte">the Porte</a> went to great lengths to procure young noblemen for him.<a href="#cite_note-PhilippidesHanak2011-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_5908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%C4%B0stanbul_5908.jpg/220px-%C4%B0stanbul_5908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%C4%B0stanbul_5908.jpg/330px-%C4%B0stanbul_5908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%C4%B0stanbul_5908.jpg/440px-%C4%B0stanbul_5908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">tomb</a> of Mehmed II (d. 1481) in <a href="/wiki/Fatih" title="Fatih">Fatih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1000_TL_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1000_TL_reverse.jpg/220px-1000_TL_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1000_TL_reverse.jpg/330px-1000_TL_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1000_TL_reverse.jpg/440px-1000_TL_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Mehmed II on the backside of 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Turkish lira</a> dated 1986.</figcaption></figure> In 1481 Mehmed marched with the Ottoman army, but upon reaching <a href="/wiki/Maltepe,_Istanbul" title="Maltepe, Istanbul">Maltepe, Istanbul</a>, he became ill. He was just beginning new campaigns to capture <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, however according to some historians his next voyage was planned to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt">Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt</a> and to capture Egypt and claim the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> But after some days he died, on 3 May 1481, at the age of forty-nine, and was buried in his <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">türbe</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Fatih Mosque, Istanbul">Fatih Mosque</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> According to the historian Colin Heywood, "there is substantial circumstantial evidence that Mehmed was poisoned, possibly at the behest of his eldest son and successor, Bayezid."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The news of Mehmed's death caused great rejoicing in Europe; church bells were rung, and celebrations held. The news was proclaimed in Venice thus: "La Grande Aquila è morta!" ('The Great Eagle is dead!')<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Mehmed II is recognized as the first sultan to codify criminal and constitutional law, long before <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>; he thus established the classical image of the autocratic Ottoman sultan. Mehmed's thirty-year rule and numerous wars expanded the Ottoman Empire to include Constantinople, the Turkish kingdoms and territories of Asia Minor, Bosnia, Serbia, and Albania. Mehmed left behind an imposing reputation in both the Islamic and Christian worlds. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Franz Babinger</a>, Mehmed was regarded as a bloodthirsty tyrant by the Christian world and by a part of his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992432-138">[138]</a> Istanbul's <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a> (completed 1988), which crosses the Bosporus Straits, is named after him, and his name and picture appeared on the Turkish 1000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">lira</a> note from 1986 to 1992.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_popular_culture">Portrayal in popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Portrayal in popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Mehmed is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eponym" class="extiw" title="wikt:eponym">eponymous</a> subject of <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini's</a> 1820 opera, <a href="/wiki/Maometto_II" title="Maometto II">Maometto II</a>. Rossini and librettist <a href="/wiki/Cesare_della_Valle" title="Cesare della Valle">Cesare della Valle</a> offer a nuanced picture of Mehmed, portraying him as a fearless and magnanimous leader, even on the verge of conquering <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Negroponte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Portrayed by Sami Ayanoğlu in the Turkish film <a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Constantinople" title="The Conquest of Constantinople">The Conquest of Constantinople</a> (1951)</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Devrim_Evin" title="Devrim Evin">Devrim Evin</a> the Turkish film <a href="/wiki/Fetih_1453" title="Fetih 1453">Fetih 1453</a> (2012). His childhood is portrayed by Ege Uslu.</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Alakurt" title="Mehmet Akif Alakurt">Mehmet Akif Alakurt</a> in the Turkish television series <a href="/wiki/Fatih_(TV_series)" title="Fatih (TV series)">Fatih</a> (2013).</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hac%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="İsmail Hacıoğlu">İsmail Hacıoğlu</a> in the Turkish surreal comedy series <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_Tokad%C4%B1_(dizi)" class="extiw" title="tr:Osmanlı Tokadı (dizi)">Osmanlı Tokadı</a> (2013).</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cooper" title="Dominic Cooper">Dominic Cooper</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dracula_Untold" title="Dracula Untold">Dracula Untold</a>.</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Kenan_%C4%B0mirzal%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Kenan İmirzalıoğlu">Kenan İmirzalıoğlu</a> in the Turkish television series <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="tr:">Mehmed Bir Cihan Fatihi</a> (2018).</li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Cem_Yi%C4%9Fit_%C3%9Cz%C3%BCmo%C4%9Flu" title="Cem Yiğit Üzümoğlu">Cem Yiğit Üzümoğlu</a> in the docuseries <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Empires:_Ottoman" title="Rise of Empires: Ottoman">Rise of Empires: Ottoman</a> (2020)</li> <li>His childhood is portrayed by Miraç Sözer in web series <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="tr:">Kızılelma: Bir Fetih Öyküsü</a> (2023).<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Serkan_%C3%87ayo%C4%9Flu" title="Serkan Çayoğlu">Serkan Çayoğlu</a> in the Turkish television series "Mehmed: Fetihler Sultanı" (2024).<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">Decline of the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashifi_(Ottoman_poet)" title="Kashifi (Ottoman poet)">Kashifi</a> (author of the Ḡazā-nāma-ye Rum)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCihan_Yüksel_Muslu2014" class="citation book cs1">Cihan Yüksel Muslu (2014). The Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World. p. 118. <q>Mehmed presented himself to the world as The Sultan of two lands and the Khan of two seas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottomans+and+the+Mamluks%3A+Imperial+Diplomacy+and+Warfare+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Cihan+Y%C3%BCksel+Muslu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustav_Bayerle1997" class="citation book cs1">Gustav Bayerle (1997). Pashas, Begs, and Effendis: A Historical Dictionary of Titles and Terms in the Ottoman Empire. Isis Press. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pashas%2C+Begs%2C+and+Effendis%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+Titles+and+Terms+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Gustav+Bayerle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCxTCwAAQBAJ&dq=ottoman+sultans+were+sunni+muslims&pg=PT94">The Essential World History, Volume II: Since 1500.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091003/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=pCxTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94&lpg=PT94&dq=ottoman+sultans+were+sunni+muslims&source=bl&ots=E0iXuCLnFN&sig=NSXc4uohUQcekb_tsYyJKXKwejk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC0P-z8a3ZAhXqAsAKHVdXAFUQ6AEIkwEwCQ#v=onepage&q=ottoman%20sultans%20were%20sunni%20muslims&f=false">Archived</a> 18 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8vQAgAAQBAJ&dq=ottoman+sultans+were+sunni+muslims&pg=PA88">The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091256/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=V8vQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=ottoman+sultans+were+sunni+muslims&source=bl&ots=GAXUcrYjUL&sig=e0xSI5owDuEjZaRdwsOpHXKyzhs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXkLnC8q3ZAhUMJcAKHUhTCTs4ChDoAQg2MAQ#v=onepage&q=ottoman%20sultans%20were%20sunni%20muslims&f=false">Archived</a> 18 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. By Soner Cagaptay </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200085-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200085_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle 2000</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2009" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0D8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22March+1432%22">The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II – Conqueror of Constantinople, Master of an Empire and Lord of Two Seas</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-704-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-704-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-704-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012041249/https://books.google.com/books?id=0D8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22March+1432%22">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Turk%3A+Sultan+Mehmet+II+%E2%80%93+Conqueror+of+Constantinople%2C+Master+of+an+Empire+and+Lord+of+Two+Seas&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-704-7&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0D8MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522March%2B1432%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger1978" class="citation book cs1">Babinger, Franz (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA11">Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01078-6"><bdi>978-0-691-01078-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012041249/https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01078-6&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxC6rO7vvsC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200019-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200019_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200019_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200019_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle 2000</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200091-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200091_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200091_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200091_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200091_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200091_9-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle 2000</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle20009-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle20009_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle20009_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle 2000</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-truva-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-truva_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-truva_11-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Erhan_Afyoncu" title="Erhan Afyoncu">Erhan Afyoncu</a>, (2009), Truvanın İntikamı (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4052-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4052-11-0">978-605-4052-11-0</a>), p. 2, (In Turkish) </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-12"><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8836/">"Bosphorus (i.e. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. 1890–1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020201630/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8836/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Bosphorus+%28i.e.+Bosporus%29%2C+View+from+Kuleli%2C+Constantinople%2C+Turkey&rft.date=1890%2F1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F8836%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silburn1912-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silburn1912_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silburn1912_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silburn1912_13-2">c</a> Silburn, P. A. B. (1912). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03l2shc">"Byzantium: A Tale of Three Cities"</a>. BBC Four. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308102211/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03l2shc">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Four&rft.atitle=Byzantium%3A+A+Tale+of+Three+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb03l2shc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrides200123_15-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFStavrides2001">Stavrides 2001</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2001111-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2001111_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnold2001">Arnold 2001</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare, Jim Bradbury, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrides200122-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrides200122_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStavrides2001">Stavrides 2001</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> East and West in the Crusader States: Krijna Nelly Ciggaar, Adelbert Davids, Herman G. B. Teule, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The Lord of the Panther-Skin, Shota Rustaveli, p. xiii </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞahin2010" class="citation journal cs2">Şahin, K. (2010), "Constantinople and the End Time: The Ottoman Conquest as a Portent of the Last Hour", Journal of Early Modern History, 14 (4): 317–354, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006510X512223">10.1163/157006510X512223</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Constantinople+and+the+End+Time%3A+The+Ottoman+Conquest+as+a+Portent+of+the+Last+Hour&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=317-354&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006510X512223&rft.aulast=%C5%9Eahin&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2004/12/19/pazar/yazortay.html">"Milliyet İnternet – Pazar"</a>. 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Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724153239/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/constantinople.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Constantinople%3A+City+of+the+World%27s+Desire%2C+1453%E2%80%931924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Flongterm%2Fbooks%2Fchap1%2Fconstantinople.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2009" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftOp1cR7VK8C&q=%22The+seat+of+the+Roman+Empire+is+Constantinople.%22&pg=PT13">Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453</a>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571250790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571250790"><bdi>978-0571250790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople%3A+The+Last+Great+Siege%2C+1453&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0571250790&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftOp1cR7VK8C%26q%3D%2522The%2Bseat%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRoman%2BEmpire%2Bis%2BConstantinople.%2522%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/biography/Gennadios-II-Scholarios">"Gennadios II Scholarios | patriarch of Constantinople"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gennadios+II+Scholarios+%7C+patriarch+of+Constantinople&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGennadios-II-Scholarios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patriarchate.org/list-of-ecumenical-patriarchs?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_delta=20&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_keywords=&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_advancedSearch=false&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_andOperator=true&p_r_p_564233524_resetCur=false&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_cur=6">"List of Ecumenical Patriarchs – The Ecumenical Patriarchate"</a>. www.patriarchate.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702213524/https://www.patriarchate.org/list-of-ecumenical-patriarchs?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_delta=20&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_keywords=&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_advancedSearch=false&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_andOperator=true&p_r_p_564233524_resetCur=false&_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_cur=6">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.patriarchate.org&rft.atitle=List+of+Ecumenical+Patriarchs+%E2%80%93+The+Ecumenical+Patriarchate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchate.org%2Flist-of-ecumenical-patriarchs%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D1%26p_p_col_count%3D2%26_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_delta%3D20%26_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_andOperator%3Dtrue%26p_r_p_564233524_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_u1pdiOuFkFSc_cur%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Lowry, Heath W. (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood1985-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood1985_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Wood1985" class="citation book cs1">Michael Wood (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5HDjtGwYjsC&pg=PA38">In Search of the Trojan War</a>. University of California Press. pp. 38–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21599-3"><bdi>978-0-520-21599-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221935/http://books.google.com/books?id=N5HDjtGwYjsC&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Trojan+War&rft.pages=38-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21599-3&rft.au=Michael+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5HDjtGwYjsC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konuk2010-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Konuk2010_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKader_Konuk2010" class="citation book cs1">Kader Konuk (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDGhU1g9hM0C&pg=PA78">East West Mimesis: Auerbach in Turkey</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7575-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-7575-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012222155/http://books.google.com/books?id=bDGhU1g9hM0C&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013. 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Overlook. pp. 95–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-449-8"><bdi>978-1-59020-449-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012222409/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ybm4b0xItDEC&pg=PT95">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013. 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Osmanlı Tarihi Cilt II [History of the Ottomans Volume II] (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 13–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789751600127" title="Special:BookSources/9789751600127"><bdi>9789751600127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+Tarihi+Cilt+II&rft.pages=13-18&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789751600127&rft.aulast=Uzun%C3%A7ar%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0smail+Hakk%C4%B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-2">c</a> Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, Romania and the Turks Pt. XIII p. 837-840, “First Serbian Campaigns of Mehemmed II (1454-1455)” </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_33-1">b</a> Ibn Kemal, Tevarih-i Al-i Osman, VII. Defter, ed. Ş. Turan, 1957, pp. 109-118 </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorga2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorga, Nicolae (2018). Büyük Türk - Fatih Sultan Mehmed (in Turkish). Yeditepe Yayınevi. pp. 73–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786052070383" title="Special:BookSources/9786052070383"><bdi>9786052070383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk+T%C3%BCrk+-+Fatih+Sultan+Mehmed&rft.pages=73-84&rft.pub=Yeditepe+Yay%C4%B1nevi&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9786052070383&rft.aulast=Jorga&rft.aufirst=Nicolae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuresanu2018" class="citation book cs1">Muresanu, Camil (2018). John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom. Center for Romanian Studies. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592111152" title="Special:BookSources/9781592111152"><bdi>9781592111152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Hunyadi%3A+Defender+of+Christendom&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Center+for+Romanian+Studies&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781592111152&rft.aulast=Muresanu&rft.aufirst=Camil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Babinger, Franz (2003). Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı [Mehmed the Conqueror and His Times] (in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-329-417-4" title="Special:BookSources/975-329-417-4"><bdi>975-329-417-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatih+Sultan+Mehmed+ve+Zaman%C4%B1&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=O%C4%9Flak+Yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=975-329-417-4&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_37-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTürkmen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Türkmen, İlhan (5 January 2015). "The Campaigns Against Serbia During the Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror per Ottoman Chronicles". Asia Minor Studies - International Journal of Social Sciences. 3 (5): 115–132 – via Dergipark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Minor+Studies+-+International+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Campaigns+Against+Serbia+During+the+Reign+of+Mehmed+the+Conqueror+per+Ottoman+Chronicles&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=115-132&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.aulast=T%C3%BCrkmen&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0lhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Babinger, Franz (2003). Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı [Mehmed the Conqueror and His Times] (in Turkish). Oğlak Yayıncılık. pp. 132–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-329-417-4" title="Special:BookSources/975-329-417-4"><bdi>975-329-417-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatih+Sultan+Mehmed+ve+Zaman%C4%B1&rft.pages=132-137&rft.pub=O%C4%9Flak+Yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=975-329-417-4&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_39-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1989" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth M. (1989). A History of the Crusades Volume VI. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 323–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-10740-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-10740-X"><bdi>0-299-10740-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades+Volume+VI&rft.pages=323-325&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-299-10740-X&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTansel1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tansel, Selahattin (1953). Osmanlı Kaynaklarına Göre Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in Siyasi ve Askeri Faaliyeti [Mehmed the Conqueror's Political and Military Activity per Ottoman Sources] (in Turkish). Türk Tarih Kurumu. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789751610812" title="Special:BookSources/9789751610812"><bdi>9789751610812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmanl%C4%B1+Kaynaklar%C4%B1na+G%C3%B6re+Fatih+Sultan+Mehmed%27in+Siyasi+ve+Askeri+Faaliyeti&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9789751610812&rft.aulast=Tansel&rft.aufirst=Selahattin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMureşanu2021" class="citation book cs1">Mureşanu, Camil (2021). John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom. Histria Books. pp. 221–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59211-115-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59211-115-2"><bdi>978-1-59211-115-2</bdi></a>. <q>The janissaries, however, were still fighting vigorously. Mehmed II, although wounded by an arrow in his calf, stayed among them... Mehmed repelled the troops that had penetrated into his camp</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Hunyadi%3A+Defender+of+Christendom&rft.pages=221-224&rft.pub=Histria+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-59211-115-2&rft.aulast=Mure%C5%9Fanu&rft.aufirst=Camil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMixson2022" class="citation book cs1">Mixson, James D. (2022). The Crusade of 1456: Texts and Documentation in Translation. University of Toronto Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3262-8"><bdi>978-1-4875-3262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusade+of+1456%3A+Texts+and+Documentation+in+Translation&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-3262-8&rft.aulast=Mixson&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorga2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorga, Nicolae (2018). Büyük Türk - Fatih Sultan Mehmed (in Turkish). Yeditepe Yayınevi. pp. 93–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786052070383" title="Special:BookSources/9786052070383"><bdi>9786052070383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk+T%C3%BCrk+-+Fatih+Sultan+Mehmed&rft.pages=93-97&rft.pub=Yeditepe+Yay%C4%B1nevi&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9786052070383&rft.aulast=Jorga&rft.aufirst=Nicolae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUzunçarşılı201920_44-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFUzunçarşılı2019">Uzunçarşılı 2019</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953130-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansel1953130_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansel1953130_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansel1953130_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansel1953130_45-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTansel1953">Tansel 1953</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETansel1953131-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansel1953131_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansel1953131_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansel1953131_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETansel1953131_46-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTansel1953">Tansel 1953</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAşıkpaşazade2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aşıkpaşazade, Ahmed (2003). Yavuz, Kemal (ed.). Osmanoğulları'nın Tarihi [Aşıkpaşazade's History of the Ottomans] (in Turkish). K Kitaplığı. pp. 228–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-296-043-X" title="Special:BookSources/975-296-043-X"><bdi>975-296-043-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osmano%C4%9Fullar%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n+Tarihi&rft.pages=228-229&rft.pub=K+Kitapl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=975-296-043-X&rft.aulast=A%C5%9F%C4%B1kpa%C5%9Fazade&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/semendire">"SEMENDİRE"</a>. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). 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Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836999655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836999655"><bdi>978-0836999655</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429210022/https://books.google.com/books?id=J98DAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016. 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Angiolello.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://angiolello.net/ARCHONS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Copy+of+the+Letter+of+Mehmet+II+to+the+Greek+Archons+26+December+1454+%28ASV+Documenti+Turchi+B.1%2F11%29&rft.pub=Angiolello.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fangiolello.net%2FARCHONS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992173–175-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992173–175_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, pp. 173–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992176–177-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992176–177_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992193-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992193_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-explore-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-explore_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-explore_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090608112020/http://www.exploringromania.com/vlad-the-impaler-3.html">"Vlad the Impaler second rule [3]"</a>. 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Albanianhistory.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts15/AH1474.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2013. 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Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea." </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt I, Akdtykttk Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp. 256–257 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-16-0258-0" title="Special:BookSources/975-16-0258-0">975-16-0258-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt I, Akdtyttk Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp. 256–258. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-16-0258-0" title="Special:BookSources/975-16-0258-0">975-16-0258-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enfal.de/starih40.htm">"Karamanogullari Beyligi"</a>. 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Corint, Bucharest, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-653-215-1" title="Special:BookSources/973-653-215-1">973-653-215-1</a>, p. 157 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-shaw-85"><a href="#cite_ref-shaw_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Shaw, Stanford J (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1: Empire of Gazis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29163-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29163-1"><bdi>0-521-29163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-521-29163-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> (in Romanian) Akademia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akademia.ro/articole.php?view=26">Rolul distinctiv al artileriei în marile oști moldovenești</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092344/http://www.akademia.ro/articole.php?view=26">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The special role of artillery in the larger Moldavian armies), April 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-jn-87"><a href="#cite_ref-jn_87-0">^</a> (in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C8%9Bional" title="Jurnalul Național">Jurnalul Național</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.jurnalul.ro/articol.php?id=2790">Calendar 26 iulie 2005.Moment istoric</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] (Anniversaries on 26 July 2005. A historical moment) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Crusades327-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crusades327_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crusades327_88-1">b</a> Setton, Hazard & Norman (1969), p. 327 </li> <li id="cite_note-Setton278-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Setton278_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1978">Setton 1978</a>, p. 278 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Pulaha, Selami. Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime osmane. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-Subtelny-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny,_Orest2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Subtelny, Orest</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/78">Ukraine: A History</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ukrainehistory00subt_0/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0"><bdi>0-8020-8390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8020-8390-0&rft.au=Subtelny%2C+Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fukrainehistory00subt_0%2Fpage%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avalanchepress.com/Soldier_Khan.php">"Soldier Khan"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.vam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Mehmed+II+%7C+Bellini%2C+Gentile+%7C+V%26A+Search+the+Collections&rft.date=1480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO142648%2Fmehmed-ii-medal-bellini-gentile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Lewis, Bernard. Istanbul and the Civilization if the Ottoman Empire. 1, University of Oklahoma Press, 1963. p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Inalcik,_Halil_1969,_p._236-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inalcik,_Halil_1969,_p._236_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inalcik,_Halil_1969,_p._236_95-1">b</a> Inalcik, Halil. "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City". Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 229–249. p. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200084-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200084_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle 2000</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-mw28-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mw28_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mw28_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mw28_97-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller-Wiener1977">Müller-Wiener 1977</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200017-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200017_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolle2000">Nicolle 2000</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> The Ottomans and the Balkans: Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi, p. 358, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> A History of Islamic Societies, Ira M. 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New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300047431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300047431"><bdi>978-0300047431</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170409204919/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQM5JjFqlmsC&lpg=PA103&vq=frescoes&pg=PA272#v=snippet">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2017. 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Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak publications. pp. 110–112. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-753-29623-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-753-29623-6">978-9-753-29623-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmonds_1997-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Edmonds_1997_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1997" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Anna (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVbkAAAAMAAJ&q=An+Albanian+by+birth,+legend+also+has+it+that+Gulbahar+Hatun+was+a+French+princess+kidnapped+for+the+sultan's+harem.">Turkey's Religious Sites</a>. Damko. p. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-8227-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/975-8227-00-9"><bdi>975-8227-00-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201012041256/https://books.google.com/books?id=xVbkAAAAMAAJ&dq=G%C3%BClbahar+Albanian&q=An+Albanian+by+birth%2C+legend+also+has+it+that+Gulbahar+Hatun+was+a+French+princess+kidnapped+for+the+sultan%27s+harem.">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Religious+Sites&rft.pages=1997&rft.pub=Damko&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=975-8227-00-9&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVbkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAn%2BAlbanian%2Bby%2Bbirth%2C%2Blegend%2Balso%2Bhas%2Bit%2Bthat%2BGulbahar%2BHatun%2Bwas%2Ba%2BFrench%2Bprincess%2Bkidnapped%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bsultan%27s%2Bharem.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger199251-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger199251_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Wedding portrait, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nauplion.net/M2-SittHatun.jpg">Nauplion.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122825/http://nauplion.net/M2-SittHatun.jpg">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_124-1">b</a> Babinger 1992, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Uluçay 2011, pp. 39, 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_126-1">b</a> Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 303–304 n. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-08677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-08677-5">978-0-195-08677-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich_1995_413–416-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Norwich_1995_413–416_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1995). Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41650-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41650-1"><bdi>0-679-41650-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-679-41650-1&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman_1965_56-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Runciman_1965_56_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1965). The Fall of Constantinople: 1453. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39832-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39832-0"><bdi>0-521-39832-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Constantinople%3A+1453&rft.place=London&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-521-39832-0&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsitesi" class="citation news cs1">sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/fatih-hakan-ve-roma-kayzeri/ilber-ortayli/pazar/yazardetay/03.06.2012/1548527/default.htm">"Fatih, Hakan ve Roma Kayzeri | İlber Ortaylı | Milliyet.com.tr"</a>. Milliyet Haber – Türkiye'nin Haber Sitesi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423190746/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/fatih-hakan-ve-roma-kayzeri/ilber-ortayli/pazar/yazardetay/03.06.2012/1548527/default.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milliyet+Haber+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+Haber+Sitesi&rft.atitle=Fatih%2C+Hakan+ve+Roma+Kayzeri+%7C+%C4%B0lber+Ortayl%C4%B1+%7C+Milliyet.com.tr&rft.aulast=sitesi&rft.aufirst=milliyet.com.tr+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+lider+haber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2Ffatih-hakan-ve-roma-kayzeri%2Filber-ortayli%2Fpazar%2Fyazardetay%2F03.06.2012%2F1548527%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilippidesHanak2011-132"><a href="#cite_ref-PhilippidesHanak2011_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarios_PhilippidesWalter_K._Hanak2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marios_Philippides" title="Marios Philippides">Marios Philippides</a>; Walter K. Hanak (2011). The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography, and Military Studies. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 255–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1064-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+and+the+Fall+of+Constantinople+in+1453%3A+Historiography%2C+Topography%2C+and+Military+Studies&rft.pages=255-256&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1064-5&rft.au=Marios+Philippides&rft.au=Walter+K.+Hanak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113062747/https://www.guncelkaynak.com/kimdir/memlukler-2/">"Memlûkler"</a>. Güncel Kaynağın Merkezi (in Turkish). 6 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guncelkaynak.com/kimdir/memlukler-2/">the original</a> on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%BCncel+Kayna%C4%9F%C4%B1n+Merkezi&rft.atitle=Meml%C3%BBkler&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guncelkaynak.com%2Fkimdir%2Fmemlukler-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/turkey/fatih-mosque">"Fatih Mosque"</a>. Islamic Landmarks. 26 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225151311/https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/turkey/fatih-mosque">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Landmarks&rft.atitle=Fatih+Mosque&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamiclandmarks.com%2Fturkey%2Ffatih-mosque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2009" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Colin (2009). "Mehmed II". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mehmed+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=368&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> The Grand Turk: John Freely, p. 180, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Minorities and the destruction of the Ottoman Empire, Salâhi Ramadan Sonyel, p. 14, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992432-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992432_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> تاريخ الدولة العليّة العثمانية، تأليف: الأستاذ محمد فريد بك المحامي، تحقيق: الدكتور إحسان حقي، دار النفائس، الطبعة العاشرة: 1427 هـ – 2006 م، صفحة:178–177 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9953-18-084-9" title="Special:BookSources/9953-18-084-9">9953-18-084-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060512/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Archived</a> 15 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – One Thousand Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/268.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616144640/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/268.htm">Archived</a> 16 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/270.htm">II. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616144818/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/270.htm">Archived</a> 16 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommasini2012" class="citation news cs1">Tommasini, Anthony (30 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/arts/music/a-rossini-masterwork-ahead-of-its-time.html">"A Rossini Masterwork Ahead of Its Time"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424140845/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/arts/music/a-rossini-masterwork-ahead-of-its-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Rossini+Masterwork+Ahead+of+Its+Time&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.aulast=Tommasini&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F31%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fa-rossini-masterwork-ahead-of-its-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gzt.com/infografik/derin-tarih/kizilelma-bir-fetih-oykusu-25759">"Kızılelma: Bir Fetih Öyküsü"</a>. 11 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203124648/https://www.gzt.com/infografik/derin-tarih/kizilelma-bir-fetih-oykusu-25759">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma%3A+Bir+Fetih+%C3%96yk%C3%BCs%C3%BC&rft.date=2023-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gzt.com%2Finfografik%2Fderin-tarih%2Fkizilelma-bir-fetih-oykusu-25759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnturk.com/magazin/mehmed-fetihler-sultani-mehmed-kimdir-serkan-cayoglu-kac-yasinda-hangi-dizilerde-oynadi-2089325">"Mehmed: Fetihler Sultanı Mehmed kimdir? Serkan Çayoğlu kaç yaşında, hangi dizilerde oynadı?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307221059/https://www.cnnturk.com/magazin/mehmed-fetihler-sultani-mehmed-kimdir-serkan-cayoglu-kac-yasinda-hangi-dizilerde-oynadi-2089325">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mehmed%3A+Fetihler+Sultan%C4%B1+Mehmed+kimdir%3F+Serkan+%C3%87ayo%C4%9Flu+ka%C3%A7+ya%C5%9F%C4%B1nda%2C+hangi+dizilerde+oynad%C4%B1%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnturk.com%2Fmagazin%2Fmehmed-fetihler-sultani-mehmed-kimdir-serkan-cayoglu-kac-yasinda-hangi-dizilerde-oynadi-2089325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milliyet.com.tr/cadde/en-cok-fatih-e-duygulaniyor-1772988">"En çok 'Fatih'e duygulanıyor"</a>. 5 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307221059/https://www.milliyet.com.tr/cadde/en-cok-fatih-e-duygulaniyor-1772988">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+%C3%A7ok+%27Fatih%27e+duygulan%C4%B1yor&rft.date=2013-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2Fcadde%2Fen-cok-fatih-e-duygulaniyor-1772988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2001" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Thomas (2001). The Renaissance at War. Cassell & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35270-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35270-5"><bdi>0-304-35270-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+at+War&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-304-35270-5&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2000" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2000). Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-091-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-091-9"><bdi>1-84176-091-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople+1453%3A+The+End+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-84176-091-9&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Babinger, Franz</a> (1992) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC">Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</a>. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Ralph Manheim</a>. Edited, with a preface, by William C. Hickman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09900-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09900-6"><bdi>0-691-09900-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/716361786">716361786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Bollingen+Series+96&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F716361786&rft.isbn=0-691-09900-6&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxC6rO7vvsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4"><bdi>0-472-08260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-472-08260-4&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dyer, T. H., & Hassall, A. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glwMAAAAYAAJ">A history of modern Europe From the fall of Constantinople</a>. London: G. Bell and Sons.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02396-7"><bdi>978-0-465-02396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fredet, Peter (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWsqAAAAYAAJ">Modern History; From the Coming of Christ and Change of the Roman Republic into an Empire, to the Year of Our Lord 1888</a>. Baltimore: J. Murphy & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWsqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA383">383 pp</a></li> <li>Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. New Haven CT and London: Yale University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11786-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11786-8">978-0-300-11786-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013230/http://www.inalcik.com/images/pdfs/54847543MEHMEDTHECONQUEROR.pdf">İnalcık; Halil, Review of Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time</a></li> <li>Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power. 2nd Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-57451-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-57451-9">978-0-230-57451-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamboury1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mamboury" title="Ernest Mamboury">Mamboury, Ernest</a> (1953). The Tourists' Istanbul. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tourists%27+Istanbul&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=%C3%87ituri+Biraderler+Bas%C4%B1mevi&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Mamboury&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Wiener1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_M%C3%BCller-Wiener" title="Wolfgang Müller-Wiener">Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang</a> (1977). Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh (in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8030-1022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8030-1022-3"><bdi>978-3-8030-1022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bildlexikon+zur+Topographie+Istanbuls%3A+Byzantion%2C+Konstantinupolis%2C+Istanbul+bis+zum+Beginn+d.+17+Jh.&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Wasmuth&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-3-8030-1022-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Wiener&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu1991" class="citation book cs1">Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Architectural History Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+Ceremonial%2C+and+Power%3A+The+Topkapi+Palace+in+the+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Architectural+History+Foundation&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Philippides, Marios, Emperors, Patriarchs, and Sultans of Constantinople, 1373–1513: An Anonymous Greek Chronicle of the Sixteenth Century. Brookline MA: Hellenic College Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917653-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-917653-16-5">0-917653-16-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC">The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century</a>. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2"><bdi>0-87169-127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87169-127-2&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Silburn, P. A. B. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRpCAAAAIAAJ">The evolution of sea-power</a>. London: Longmans, Green and Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrides2001" class="citation book cs1">Stavrides, Théoharis (2001). The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474). Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12106-5"><bdi>978-90-04-12106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan+of+Vezirs%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Ottoman+Grand+Vezir+Mahmud+Pasha+Angelovic+%281453%E2%80%931474%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12106-5&rft.aulast=Stavrides&rft.aufirst=Th%C3%A9oharis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMehmed+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article about "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mohammed_(sultans)" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Mohammed (sultans)">Mohammed II</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mehmed_II" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121172919/http://nauplion.net/M2-MEHMED-ElFatih-1.html">Contemporary portraits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305040011/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume2/chap68.htm">Chapter LXVIII: "Reign of Mahomet the Second, Extinction of Eastern Empire"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0038xbd">Constantinople Siege & Fall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104173556/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0038xbd">Archived</a> 4 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roger Crowley, Judith Herrin & Colin Imber (<a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a>, 28 December 2006)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Mehmed II </div><div><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">House of Osman</a></div>Born: 30 March 1432 Died: 3 May 1481 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Sultan</a> August 1444 ‒ September 1446 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Sultan</a> 3 February 1451 – 3 May 1481 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style 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href="/wiki/Template:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_sultans_/_caliphs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">sultans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_tree" title="Ottoman family tree">Family tree (detailed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_tree_(simplified)" title="Ottoman family tree (simplified)">Family tree (simplified)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty#Succession_practices" title="Ottoman dynasty">Line of succession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_%C3%87elebi" title="İsa Çelebi">İsa Çelebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Süleyman Çelebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa Çelebi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%87elebi" title="Mustafa Çelebi">Mustafa Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Cem Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire">Suleiman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_II" title="Ahmed II">Ahmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a>§§</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>§ First Ottoman caliph • §§ Caliph only <ul><li><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px_Ottoman_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a> Ottoman princes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Pasha" title="Alaeddin Pasha">Alaeddin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="23" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha_(son_of_Orhan)" title="Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)">Süleyman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halil_Bey_(son_of_Orhan)" title="Halil Bey (son of Orhan)">Şehzade Halil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savc%C4%B1_Bey" title="Savcı Bey">Savcı Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_%C3%87elebi" title="Yakub Çelebi">Yakub Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Süleyman Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sa_%C3%87elebi" title="İsa Çelebi">İsa Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%87elebi" title="Mustafa Çelebi">Mustafa Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Mustafa" title="Küçük Mustafa">Küçük Mustafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mehmed II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi" title="Orhan Çelebi">Orhan Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_Sultan" title="Cem Sultan">Cem Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehzade Ahmet">Şehzade Ahmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut" title="Şehzade Korkut">Şehzade Korkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah_(son_of_Bayezid_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Abdullah (son of Bayezid II) (page does not exist)">Şehzade Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_(son_of_Bayezid_II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Mahmud (son of Bayezid II) (page does not exist)">Şehzade Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Murad_(son_of_Cem_Sultan)" title="Şehzade Murad (son of Cem Sultan)">Şehzade Murad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Murad" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehzade Murad">Şehzade Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cveys_Pasha" title="Üveys Pasha">Üveys Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Şehzade Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Mehmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah" title="Şehzade Abdullah">Şehzade Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Şehzade Bayezid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Cihangir" title="Şehzade Cihangir">Şehzade Cihangir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Yahya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Yahya">Sultan Yahya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_(son_of_Mehmed_III)" title="Şehzade Mahmud (son of Mehmed III)">Şehzade Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_(son_of_Ahmed_I)" title="Şehzade Mehmed (son of Ahmed I)">Şehzade Mehmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid_(son_of_Ahmed_I)" title="Şehzade Bayezid (son of Ahmed I)">Şehzade Bayezid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_S%C3%BCleyman" title="Şehzade Süleyman">Şehzade Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Kas%C4%B1m" title="Şehzade Kasım">Şehzade Kasım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer" title="Şehzade Ömer">Şehzade Ömer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire">Suleiman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_II" title="Ahmed II">Ahmed II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehzade_Selim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehzade Selim (page does not exist)">Şehzade Selim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Efendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Efendi (page does not exist)">Mustafa Efendi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Kemaleddin" title="Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin">Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin_(son_of_Abdulmejid_I)" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdulmejid I)">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nureddin_(son_of_Abdulmejid_I)" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdulmejid I)">Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Yusuf_Izzeddin" title="Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin">Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Selim_S%C3%BCleyman" title="Şehzade Selim Süleyman">Şehzade Selim Süleyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Celaleddin" title="Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin">Şehzade Mahmud Celaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_%C5%9Eevket" title="Şehzade Mehmed Şevket">Şehzade Mehmed Şevket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Seyfeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selaheddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin">Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selim">Şehzade Mehmed Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Ziyaeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ibrahim_Tevfik" title="Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik">Şehzade Ibrahim Tevfik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkadir" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Necmeddin" title="Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin">Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nuri" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nuri">Şehzade Ahmed Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Hilmi" title="Şehzade Ömer Hilmi">Şehzade Ömer Hilmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Cemaleddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin">Şehzade Mehmed Cemaleddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdurrahim_Hayri" title="Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri">Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClhalim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülhalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Faruk" title="Şehzade Ömer Faruk">Şehzade Ömer Faruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nureddin_(son_of_Abdul_Hamid_II)" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)">Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Abdulaziz">Mehmed Abdulaziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_%C5%9Eevket" title="Şehzade Mahmud Şevket">Şehzade Mahmud Şevket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_%C5%9Eerafeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Şerafeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Tevhid" title="Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid">Şehzade Ahmed Tevhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abid" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abid">Şehzade Mehmed Abid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Nizameddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin">Şehzade Mehmed Nizameddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul">Şehzade Mehmed Ertuğrul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">22nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Nihad" title="Şehzade Ahmed Nihad">Şehzade Ahmed Nihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Osman_Fuad" title="Şehzade Osman Fuad">Şehzade Osman Fuad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkerim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Orhan" title="Mehmed Orhan">Mehmed Orhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul_Osman" title="Ertuğrul Osman">Ertuğrul Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_Nam%C4%B1k" title="Şehzade Mahmud Namık">Şehzade Mahmud Namık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_Osman" title="Bayezid Osman">Bayezid Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">23rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ali_Vasib" title="Şehzade Ali Vasib">Şehzade Ali Vasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCndar_Ali_Osman" title="Dündar Ali Osman">Dündar Ali Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harun Osman">Harun Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maturidi_school_of_Sunni_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #03C03C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maturidi" title="Template:Maturidi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maturidi" title="Template talk:Maturidi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maturidi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maturidi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maturidi_school_of_Sunni_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidi school of Sunni theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCFF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ash%27aris_and_Maturidis#Maturidis" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ash'aris and Maturidis">Maturidi scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd AH/9th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</a> (d. 333 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a> (d. 342 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi" title="Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi">Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi</a> (d. 379 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a> (d. 396 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th AH/10th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Dabusi" title="Abu Zayd al-Dabusi">Abu Zayd al-Dabusi</a> (d. 429 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Hujwiri">Ali Hujwiri</a> (d. 464 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABsuf_Balasaguni" title="Yūsuf Balasaguni">Yūsuf Balasaguni</a> (d. 469 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi</a> (d. 482 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a> (d. 483 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a> (d. 493 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th AH/11th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a> (d. 508 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a> (d. 534 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hamadani" title="Yusuf Hamadani">Yusuf Hamadani</a> (d. 535 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmad-e_Jami" title="Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami">Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami</a> (d. 536 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Nasafi" title="Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi">Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi</a> (d. 537 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Yasawi" title="Ahmad Yasawi">Ahmad Yasawi</a> (d. 561 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Nur al-Din Zengi</a> (d. 569 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a> (d. 575 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a> (d. 580 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_al-Samarqandi" title="Fatima al-Samarqandi">Fatima al-Samarqandi</a> (d. 581 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasani" title="Al-Kasani">Al-Kasani</a> (d. 587 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a> (d. 593 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th AH/12th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thana%27_al-Lamishi" title="Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi">Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi</a> (d. beginning of the 6th century AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27azzam_Isa" title="Al-Mu'azzam Isa">Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa</a> (d. 624 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki" title="Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki">Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki</a> (d. 632 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Chishti" title="Mu'in al-Din Chishti">Mu'in al-Din Chishti</a> (d. 633 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_ed-Din_al-Boharsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi">Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi</a> (d. 659 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Farid" title="Baba Farid">Baba Farid</a> (d. 664 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> (d. 671 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a> (d. after 690 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th AH/13th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Barakat_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi">Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi</a> (d. 710 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a> (d. 711 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a> (d. 725 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Shari%27a_al-Asghar" title="Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar">Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar</a> (d. 747 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a> (d. 786 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Din_Naqshband" title="Baha' al-Din Naqshband">Baha' al-Din Naqshband</a> (d. 791 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din" title="Kadi Burhan al-Din">Kadi Burhan al-Din</a> (d. 800 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th AH/14th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bande_Nawaz" title="Bande Nawaz">Bande Nawaz</a> (d. 825 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Fanari" title="Shams al-Din al-Fanari">Shams al-Din al-Fanari</a> (d. 834 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a> (d. 841 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Charkhi" title="Yaqub al-Charkhi">Yaqub al-Charkhi</a> (d. 851 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Arabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Arabshah">Ahmad ibn Arabshah</a> (d. 861 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Din_al-Ayni" title="Badr al-Din al-Ayni">Badr al-Din al-'Ayni</a> (d. 855 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kamal_ibn_al-Humam" title="Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam">Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam</a> (d. 861 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a> (d. 863 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Bistami" title="Ali al-Bistami">Ali al-Bistami</a> (d. 874 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">'Ali al-Qushji</a> (d. 879 AH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mehmed II</a> (d. 886 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahrar" title="Khwaja Ahrar">Khwaja Ahrar</a> (d. 895 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th AH/15th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a> (d. 906 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_Kashifi" title="Husayn Kashifi">Husayn Kashifi</a> (d. 910 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a> (d. 940 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Quddus_Gangohi" title="Abdul Quddus Gangohi">Abdul Quddus Gangohi</a> (d. 943 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-%E1%B8%A4alab%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī">Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī</a> (d. 955 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BCzade" title="Taşköprüzade">Taşköprüzade</a> (d. 968 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Birgivi" title="Muhammad Birgivi">Muhammad Birgivi</a> (d. 980 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebussuud_Efendi" title="Ebussuud Efendi">Ebussuud Efendi</a> (d. 982 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th AH/16th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Baqi_Billah" title="Khwaja Baqi Billah">Khwaja Baqi Billah</a> (d. 1011 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">'Ali al-Qari</a> (d. 1014 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Kafi_Pru%C5%A1%C4%8Dak" title="Hasan Kafi Pruščak">Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari</a> (d. 1025 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a> (d. 1034 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Mahmud Hudayi</a> (d. 1037 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Haqq_al-Dehlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi">'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi</a> (d. 1052 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Mahmud_Jaunpuri" title="Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri">Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri</a> (d. 1061 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Sialkoti" title="Abdul Hakim Sialkoti">'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti</a> (d. 1067 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daiyu" title="Wang Daiyu">Wang Daiyu</a> (d. around 1068 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Kâtip Çelebi</a> (d. 1068 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Khafaji" title="Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji">Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji</a> (d. 1069 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayr_al-Din_al-Ramli" title="Khayr al-Din al-Ramli">Khayr al-Din al-Ramli</a> (d. 1081 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th AH/17th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (d. 1118 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhu" title="Ma Zhu">Ma Zhu</a> (d. around 1123 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haqqi_Bursevi" title="Ismail Haqqi Bursevi">Ismail Haqqi Bursevi</a> (d. 1127 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdur_Rahim" title="Shah Abdur Rahim">Shah Abdur Rahim</a> (d. 1131 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)" title="Liu Zhi (scholar)">Liu Zhi of Nanjing</a> (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Sihalivi" title="Nizamuddin Sihalivi">Nizamuddin Sihalivi</a> (d. 1161 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhdoom_Muhammad_Hashim_Thattvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi">Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi</a> (d. 1174 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a> (d. 1176 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a> (d. 1176 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Hakk%C4%B1_Erzurumi" title="İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi">İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi</a> (d. 1193 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mazhar_Jan-e-Janaan" title="Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan">Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan</a> (d. 1195 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th AH/18th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gelenbevi_Ismail_Efendi" title="Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi">Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi</a> (d. 1204 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a> (d. 1205 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Panipati" title="Sanaullah Panipati">Sanaullah Panipati</a> (d. 1225 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabdennasir_Qursawi" title="Ghabdennasir Qursawi">Ghabdennasir Qursawi</a> (d. 1226 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ali_Dehlavi" title="Ghulam Ali Dehlavi">Ghulam Ali Dehlavi</a> (d. 1239 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a> (d. 1239 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Shah Ismail Dehlvi</a> (d. 1246 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Barelvi" title="Syed Ahmad Barelvi">Syed Ahmad Barelvi</a> (d. 1246 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abidin" title="Ibn Abidin">Ibn 'Abidin</a> (d. 1252 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_%27Abid_al-Sindi" title="Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi">Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi</a> (d. 1257 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Ali_Nanautawi" title="Mamluk Ali Nanautawi">Mamluk Ali Nanautawi</a> (d. 1267 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> (d. 1278 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ma_Dexin" title="Yusuf Ma Dexin">Yusuf Ma Dexin</a> (d. 1291 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> (d. 1297 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqi_Ali_Khan" title="Naqi Ali Khan">Naqi Ali Khan</a> (d. 1297 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani</a> (d. 1298 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th AH/19th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hayy_al-Lucknawi" title="Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi">'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi</a> (d. 1304 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eihabetdin_M%C3%A4rcani" title="Şihabetdin Märcani">Shihab al-Din al-Marjani</a> (d. 1306 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi</a> (d. 1308 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giritli_S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Pasha" title="Giritli Sırrı Pasha">Giritli Sırrı Pasha</a> (d. 1312 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevdet Pasha">Ahmed Cevdet Pasha</a> (d. 1312 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imdadullah_Muhajir_Makki" title="Imdadullah Muhajir Makki">Imdadullah Muhajir Makki</a> (d. 1317 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abai_Qunanbaiuly" title="Abai Qunanbaiuly">Abai Qunanbaiuly</a> (d. 1321 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> (d. 1323 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Amrohi" title="Ahmad Hasan Amrohi">Ahmad Hasan Amrohi</a> (d. 1330 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Anwaarullah_Farooqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui">Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui</a> (d. 1335 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hasan_Deobandi" title="Mahmud Hasan Deobandi">Mahmud Hasan Deobandi</a> (d. 1338 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi</a> (d. 1340 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakarim_Qudayberdiuli" title="Shakarim Qudayberdiuli">Shakarim Qudayberdiuli</a> (d. 1344 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Mungeri" title="Muhammad Ali Mungeri">Muhammad Ali Mungeri</a> (d. 1346 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a> (d. 1346 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a> (d. 1352 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhit_al-Muti%27i" title="Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i">Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Aliye_Topuz" title="Fatma Aliye Topuz">Fatma Aliye Topuz</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Ali_Shah" title="Meher Ali Shah">Meher Ali Shah</a> (d. 1356 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Hamdi_Yaz%C4%B1r" title="Muhammed Hamdi Yazır">Muhammed Hamdi Yazır</a> (d. 1361 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a> (d. 1361 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a> (d. 1364 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a> (d. 1368 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Bigiev" title="Musa Bigiev">Musa Bigiev</a> (d. 1368 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kawthari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kawthari">Al-Kawthari</a> (d. 1371 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kifayatullah_Dehlawi" title="Kifayatullah Dehlawi">Kifayatullah Dehlawi</a> (d. 1371 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Sabri" title="Mustafa Sabri">Mustafa Sabri</a> (d. 1373 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani" title="Hussain Ahmed Madani">Husayn Ahmad al-Madani</a> (d. 1377 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan</a> (d. 1378 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Nasuhi_Bilmen" title="Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen">Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen</a> (d. 1391 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a> (d. 1394 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi%27_Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi">Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi</a> (d. 1395 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Wafa_Al_Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Wafa Al Afghani">Abul Wafa Al Afghani</a> (d. 1395 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Daryabadi" title="Abdul Majid Daryabadi">Abdul Majid Daryabadi</a> (d. 1397 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th AH/20th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariyya_al-Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi</a> (d. 1402 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tayyib_Qasmi" title="Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi">Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi</a> (d. 1403 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_Akorwi" title="Abdul Haq Akorwi">Abdul Haq Akorwi</a> (d. 1409 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_al-Rahman_al-%27Azmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi">Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi</a> (d. 1412 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Ali" title="Ayub Ali">Muhammad Ayyub Ali</a> (d. 1415 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anzar Shah Kashmiri">Anzar Shah Kashmiri</a> (d. 1428 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli" title="Wahbah al-Zuhayli">Wahbah al-Zuhayli</a> (d. 1436 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Salim_Qasmi" title="Muhammad Salim Qasmi">Muhammad Salim Qasmi</a> (d. 1439 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Ahmad_Palanpuri" title="Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri">Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri</a> (d. 1441 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_al-Sabuni" title="Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni">Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni</a> (d. 1442 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Hossain_Kasemi" title="Nur Hossain Kasemi">Nur Hossain Kasemi</a> (d. 1442 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usmankhan_Alimov" title="Usmankhan Alimov">Usmankhan Alimov</a> (d. 1443 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafi%27_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rafi' Usmani">Muhammad Rafi' Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tahir-ul-Qadri" title="Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri">Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husein_Kavazovi%C4%87" title="Husein Kavazović">Husein Kavazović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Mezhiev" title="Salah Mezhiev">Salah Mezhiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Imammaturidi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imammaturidi.jpg/150px-Imammaturidi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imammaturidi.jpg/225px-Imammaturidi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Imammaturidi.jpg/300px-Imammaturidi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCFF;">Theology books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fiqh_al-Akbar" title="Al-Fiqh al-Akbar">Al-Fiqh al-Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Maturidi" title="Tafsir al-Maturidi">Tafsir al-Maturidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharh_al-%27Aqa%27id_al-Nasafiyya" title="Sharh al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya">'Aqa'id al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkhis_al-Adilla" title="Talkhis al-Adilla">Talkhis al-Adilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kitab" title="Han Kitab">Han Kitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingzhen_Zhinan" title="Qingzhen Zhinan">Qingzhen Zhinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutadgu_Bilig" title="Kutadgu Bilig">Kutadgu Bilig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mazhari" title="Tafsir al-Mazhari">Tafsir al-Mazhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhar_ul-Haqq" title="Izhar ul-Haqq">Izhar ul-Haqq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhannad_ala_al-Mufannad" title="Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad">Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_D%C4%ABni_Kur%27an_Dili" title="Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili">Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #CCCCFF;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_international_conference_on_Sunni_Islam_in_Grozny" title="2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny">2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Maturidi_Conference" title="2020 International Maturidi Conference">2020 International Maturidi Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedimu" title="Gedimu">Gedimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firangi_Mahal" title="Firangi Mahal">Firangi Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Maturidi-related templates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ash%27ari" title="Template:Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufi" title="Template:Sufi">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sufism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufi" title="Template:Sufi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufi" title="Template talk:Sufi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqshbandiyya">Naqshbandiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Din_Naqshband" title="Baha' al-Din Naqshband">Baha' al-Din Naqshband</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishtiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chishtiyya">Chishtiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Chishti" title="Mu'in al-Din Chishti">Mu'in al-Din Chishti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Suhrawardi" title="Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi">Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27iyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'iyya">Rifa'iyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Badawi" title="Ahmad al-Badawi">Ahmad al-Badawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Desuqi" title="Ibrahim al-Desuqi">Ibrahim al-Desuqi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhiliyya">Shadhiliyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili">Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbariyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwatiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalwatiyya">Khalwatiyya</a> ('Umar al-Khalwati)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmaniyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayramiyya">Bayramiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayram_Wali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayram Wali">Bayram Wali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Faqih_al-Muqaddam" title="Muhammad al-Faqih al-Muqaddam">Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyya">Tijaniyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Idris_al-Fasi" title="Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi">Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Maghribi_Kufic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg/150px-Maghribi_Kufic.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg/225px-Maghribi_Kufic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="328" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Zuhd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">Tazkiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">Tabarruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">Wajd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya" title="Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya">Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilyat_al-Awliya%27" title="Hilyat al-Awliya'">Hilyat al-Awliya'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Mahjub" title="Kashf al-Mahjub">Kashf al-Mahjub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemy_of_Happiness" title="The Alchemy of Happiness">The Alchemy of Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revival_of_the_Religious_Sciences" title="The Revival of the Religious Sciences">The Revival of the Religious Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burda" title="Al-Burda">Al-Burda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dala%27il_al-Khayrat" title="Dala'il al-Khayrat">Dala'il al-Khayrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazail-e-Amaal" title="Fazail-e-Amaal">Fadha'il al-'Amal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable Sufis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd AH/8th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Al-Hasan al-Basri</a> (d. 110 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ibn Dinar">Malik ibn Dinar</a> (d. 128 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Adham" title="Ibrahim ibn Adham">Ibrahim ibn Adham</a> (d. 160 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a> (d. 161 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Ta%27i" title="Dawud al-Ta'i">Dawud al-Ta'i</a> (d. 165 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_ibn_Zaid" title="Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid">'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid</a> (d. 177 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabia of Basra">Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya</a> (d. 180 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Mubarak">Ibn al-Mubarak</a> (d. 181 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fudayl_ibn_%27Iyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad">Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad</a> (d. 188 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqiq_al-Balkhi" title="Shaqiq al-Balkhi">Shaqiq al-Balkhi</a> (d. 194 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf_al-Karkhi" title="Ma'ruf al-Karkhi">Ma'ruf al-Karkhi</a> (d. 200 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd AH/9th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darani" title="Al-Darani">Al-Darani</a> (d. 205 or 215 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishr_al-Hafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishr al-Hafi">Bishr al-Hafi</a> (d. 227 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_al-Muhasibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Harith al-Muhasibi">Al-Harith al-Muhasibi</a> (d. 243 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Nun_al-Misri" title="Dhul-Nun al-Misri">Dhul-Nun al-Misri</a> (d. 245 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari_al-Saqati" title="Sari al-Saqati">Sari al-Saqati</a> (d. 253 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mu%27adh_al-Razi" title="Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi">Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi</a> (d. 258 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Kharraz" title="Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz">Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz</a> (d. 277 or 286 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahl_al-Tustari" title="Sahl al-Tustari">Sahl al-Tustari</a> (d. 283 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi">Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi</a> (d. 295 or 320 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husain_al-Nuri" title="Abu al-Husain al-Nuri">Abu al-Husain al-Nuri</a> (d. 295 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th AH/10th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruwaym" title="Ruwaym">Ruwaym</a> (d. 303 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Shibli" title="Abu Bakr al-Shibli">Abu Bakr al-Shibli</a> (d. 334 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_al-Makki" title="Abu Talib al-Makki">Abu Talib al-Makki</a> (d. 386 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi" title="Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi">Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi</a> (d. 380 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE4E1">Sufi leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi</a> (d. 589 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri</a> (d. 630 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag" title="Yusuf Abu al-Haggag">Yusuf Abu al-Haggag</a> (d. 642 AH)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad al-Fateh</a> (d. 886 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (d. 1118 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> (d. 1277 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> (d. 1278 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> (d. 1287 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdel-Kader</a> (d. 1300 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a> (d. 1302/1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a> (d. 1350 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">'Izz al-Din al-Qassam</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34503#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34503#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34503#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010851459X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/86538783">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/57826/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbpyXWt7F4fMrqwK8XBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118583166">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80090247">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13328343j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13328343j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00692633">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35602354">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20100113005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/74881">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071409084">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90638895">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=68348">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm148497019nnhj">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810624628505606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/16564">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007568443405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060913816006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14521706">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500253063">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ba01c2d1-0170-4a0a-8761-98013af51990">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1010856">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118583166.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118583166">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/074562835">IdRef</a></li><li><a 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