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href="#Modern_and_historical_understandings_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern and historical understandings of the term</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_and_historical_understandings_of_the_term-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern and historical understandings of the term subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_historical_understandings_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taylorian_secularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taylorian_secularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Taylorian secularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taylorian_secularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Secularity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ধর্মনিরপেক্ষতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মনিরপেক্ষতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Секуларност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Секуларност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularitat" title="Secularitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Secularitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تعلمين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تعلمين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laicidad" title="Laicidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laicidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikeco" title="Laikeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laikeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikotasun" title="Laikotasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laikotasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87" title="سکولاریته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکولاریته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laicit%C3%A0" title="Laicità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laicità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="علمانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علمانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97" title="世俗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世俗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekul%C3%A6r" title="Sekulær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sekulær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularidade" title="Secularidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Secularidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Секулярность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Секулярность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekullariteti" title="Shekullariteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekullariteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Secularity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularnost" title="Sekularnost – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sekularnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekularnost" title="Sekularnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sekularnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek%C3%BClerite" title="Sekülerite – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sekülerite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Світський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_t%E1%BB%A5c" title="Thế tục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế tục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97" title="世俗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="世俗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97" title="世俗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世俗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about secularity in the sense of being unrelated to religion. For clergy who are not monks, see <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">Secular clergy</a>. For the legal status of countries in relation to religion, see <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a>.</div> <p><b>Secularity</b>, also <b>the secular</b> or <b>secularness</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">saeculum</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">worldly</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">of a generation</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. The origins of secularity can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> itself. The concept was fleshed out through <a href="/wiki/Christian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian history">Christian history</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, there were even secular clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brillRPP124156_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillRPP124156-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, secular and religious entities were not separated in the medieval period, but coexisted and interacted naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>secular</i> has a meaning very similar to <a href="/wiki/Profane_(religion)" title="Profane (religion)">profane</a> as used in a religious context. </p><p>Today, anything that is not directly connected with religion may be considered secular, in other words, neutral to religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201531–37_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201531–37-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secularity does not mean <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">anti-religious</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, but <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">unrelated to religion</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Many activities in religious bodies are secular, and though there are multiple types of secularity or secularization, most do not lead to irreligiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-Eller_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistically, a process by which anything becomes secular is named <i>secularization</i>, though the term is mainly reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization of society</a>; and any concept or ideology promoting the secular may be termed <i><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a></i>, a term generally applied to the ideology dictating <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">no religious influence on the public sphere</a>. Scholars recognize that secularity is structured by Protestant models of Christianity, shares a parallel language to religion, and intensifies Protestant features such as iconoclasm, skepticism towards rituals, and emphasizes beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_para_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec_para-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, secularism perpetuates Christian traits under a different name.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_para_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec_para-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cultures around the world do not have tension or dichotomous views of religion and secularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201631_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201631-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <i>religion</i> and <i>secular</i> are both Western concepts that were formed under the influence of Christian theology, other cultures do not necessarily have words or concepts that resemble or are equivalent to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer2017ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016ch.&nbsp;2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer2017ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016ch.&nbsp;2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the word <i>secular</i> was not related or linked to religion, but was a freestanding term in Latin that would relate to any mundane endeavour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanShook20174–5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanShook20174–5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/In_saecula_saeculorum" class="mw-redirect" title="In saecula saeculorum">saecula saeculorum</a></i></span> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saeculorum" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:saeculorum"><i>saeculōrum</i></a> being the genitive plural of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">saeculum</i></span>) as found in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> translation (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 410</span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">original Koine Greek</a> phrase <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eis toùs aionas ton aiṓnōn</i></span>), e.g. at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/vul/gal001.htm">Galatians 1:5</a>, was used in the early Christian church (and is still used today), in the <a href="/wiki/Doxology#Gloria_Patri" title="Doxology">doxologies</a>, to denote the coming and going of the ages, the grant of eternal life, and the long duration of created things from their beginning to <i>forever and ever</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Secular</i> and <i>secularity</i> derive from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">saeculum</i></span></i> which meant <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">of a generation, belonging to an age</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or denoted a period of about one hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanShook20174–5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanShook20174–5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> doctrine that God exists <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">outside time</a> led <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> to use <i>secular</i> to indicate separation from specifically religious affairs and involvement in temporal ones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_and_historical_understandings_of_the_term">Modern and historical understandings of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern and historical understandings of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Secular</i> does not necessarily imply hostility or rejection of God or religion, though some use the term this way (see "<a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>", below); Martin Luther used to speak of "secular work" as a vocation from God for most Christians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Secular</i> has been a part of the Christian church's history, which even developed in the medieval period <i><a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a></i>, priests who were defined as the Church's geographically-delimited diocesan clergy and not a part of the diasporal monastic orders. This arrangement continues today.<sup id="cite_ref-sec_cler_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec_cler-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brillRPP124156_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillRPP124156-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> advocated for secularity by separation of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnier_2022_p._51_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnier_2022_p._51-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropologists</a> such as Jack David Eller, secularity is best understood not as being "anti-religious", but as being "religiously neutral" since many activities in religious bodies are secular themselves, and most versions of secularity do not lead to irreligiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-Eller_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a dichotomy between religion and the secular originated in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">European Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer201774–79_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer201774–79-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, since <i>religion</i> and <i>secular</i> are both Western concepts that were formed under the influence of Christian theology, other cultures do not necessarily have words or concepts that resemble or are equivalent to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer2017ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016ch.&nbsp;2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer2017ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016ch.&nbsp;2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One can regard eating and bathing as examples of secular activities, because there may not be anything inherently religious about them. Nevertheless, some religious traditions see both eating and bathing as <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>, therefore making them religious activities within those <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world views</a>. Saying a <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> derived from religious text or doctrine, <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worshipping</a> through the context of a religion, performing corporal and spiritual <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>, and attending a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">religious seminary school or monastery</a> are examples of religious (non-secular) activities. </p><p>In many cultures, there is little dichotomy between "natural" and "supernatural", "religious" and "not-religious", especially since people have beliefs in other supernatural or spiritual things irrespective of belief in God or gods. Other cultures stress practice of ritual rather than belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201631_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201631-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceptions of both "secular" and "religious", while sometimes having some parallels in local cultures, were generally imported along with Western worldviews, often in the context of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. Attempts to define either the "secular" or the "religious" in non-Western societies, accompanying local modernization and Westernization processes, were often and still are fraught with tension.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to all these factors, <i>secular</i> as a general term of reference was much deprecated in social sciences, and is used carefully and with qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201619,_51_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201619,_51-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taylorian_secularity">Taylorian secularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taylorian secularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> in his 2007 book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Secular_Age" title="A Secular Age">A Secular Age</a></i> understands and discusses the secularity of Western societies less in terms of how much of a role religion plays in public life (<i>secularity 1</i>), or how religious a society's individual members are (<i>secularity 2</i>), than as a "backdrop" or social context in which religious belief is no longer taken as a given (<i>secularity 3</i>). For Taylor, this third sense of secularity is the unique historical condition in which virtually all individuals – religious or not – have to contend with the fact that their <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">sense of life's meaning</a> are no longer underpinned by communally-accepted religious facts. All religious beliefs or irreligious philosophical positions are, in a secular society, held with an awareness that there are a wide range of other contradictory positions available to any individual; belief in general becomes a different type of experience when all particular beliefs are optional. A plethora of competing religious and irreligious worldviews open up, each rendering the other more "fragile". This condition in turn entails for Taylor that even clearly religious beliefs and practices are experienced in a qualitatively different way when they occur in a secular social context. In Taylor's sense of the term, a society could in theory be highly "secular" even if nearly all of its members believed in a deity or even subscribed to a particular religious creed; secularity here has to do with the conditions, not the prevalence, of belief, and these conditions are understood to be shared across a given society, irrespective of belief or lack thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taylor's thorough account of secularity as a socio-historical condition, rather than the absence or diminished importance of religion, has been highly influential in subsequent <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a>, particularly as older sociological narratives about <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desecularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecularisation">desecularisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a> have come under increased criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerlinerblau2022" class="citation book cs1">Berlinerblau, Jacques (2022). <i>Secularism: The Basics</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367691585" title="Special:BookSources/9780367691585"><bdi>9780367691585</bdi></a>. <q>In the first part of this book we will chart the slow, unsteady development of political secularism (Set 2) across time and space. You might be surprised to see that we'll trace its origins to the Bible. From there we will watch how secularism's core principles emerged, in dribs and drabs, during the Christian Middle Ages, the Protestant Reformation, and the Enlightenment. Secularism, some might be surprised to learn, has a religious genealogy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism%3A+The+Basics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780367691585&rft.aulast=Berlinerblau&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh M. (2014). <i>The Secular Clergy in England, 1066-1216</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198702566" title="Special:BookSources/9780198702566"><bdi>9780198702566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secular+Clergy+in+England%2C+1066-1216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780198702566&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2022" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2022). <i>Introducing Anthropology of Religion : Culture to the Ultimate</i> (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032023045" title="Special:BookSources/9781032023045"><bdi>9781032023045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Anthropology+of+Religion+%3A+Culture+to+the+Ultimate&rft.pages=282&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781032023045&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brillRPP124156-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brillRPP124156_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillRPP124156_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228214048/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/religion-past-and-present/secular-priest-SIM_124156">"Secular Priest"</a>. <i>Religion Past and Present Online</i>. Brill. April 2011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_SIM_124156">10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_124156</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/religion-past-and-present/secular-priest-SIM_124156">the original</a> on December 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Past+and+Present+Online&rft.atitle=Secular+Priest&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1877-5888_rpp_SIM_124156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Freligion-past-and-present%2Fsecular-priest-SIM_124156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney1988" class="citation book cs1">Tierney, Brian (1988). <i>The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300 : With Selected Documents</i>. Toronto: Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802067012" title="Special:BookSources/9780802067012"><bdi>9780802067012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Church+and+State%2C+1050-1300+%3A+With+Selected+Documents&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Published+by+University+of+Toronto+Press+in+association+with+the+Medieval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780802067012&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrayer2016" class="citation book cs1">Strayer, Joseph R. (2016). <i>On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691169330" title="Special:BookSources/9780691169330"><bdi>9780691169330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Modern+State&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780691169330&rft.aulast=Strayer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201531–37-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201531–37_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2015">Lee 2015</a>, pp. 31–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eller-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eller_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eller_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2010" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack (2010). "What is Atheism?". In Zuckerman, Phil (ed.). <i>Atheism and Secularity</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313351839" title="Special:BookSources/9780313351839"><bdi>9780313351839</bdi></a>. <q>The point is that the sacred/secular dichotomy is, like most dichotomies, false. "Secular" certainly does not mean "atheistic" or without religion, definitely not anti-religion; in fact, as I illustrate in a chapter in the second volume of this collection, there is a proud tradition of "Islamic secularism." Despite the predictions of the "secularization theorists" like Marx and Weber, "modern" or secular processes have not meant the demise of religion and have actually proved to be quite compatible with religion—have even led, at least in the short term, to a surprising revival of religion. The problem with earlier secularization theories is that they presumed that secularization was a single, all-encompassing, and unidirectional phenomenon. However, as Peter Glasner has more recently shown, "secular" and "secularization" embrace a variety of diverse processes and responses, not all of which—indeed, few of which—are inherently antithetical to religion, Glasner identifies ten different versions of secularization, organized in terms of whether their thrust is primarily institutional, nonnative, or cognitive... The upshot of this analysis is that secularism most assuredly does not translate simply and directly into atheism. Many good theists support the secularization of the American government in the form of the "separation of church and state," and all of them go about at least part of their day without doing religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Atheism%3F&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Secularity&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313351839&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sec_para-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sec_para_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sec_para_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankholm2022" class="citation book cs1">Blankholm, Joseph (2022). <i>The Secular Paradox : On the Religiosity of the Not Religious</i>. New York: New York University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479809509" title="Special:BookSources/9781479809509"><bdi>9781479809509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secular+Paradox+%3A+On+the+Religiosity+of+the+Not+Religious&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781479809509&rft.aulast=Blankholm&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201631-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201631_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201631_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuckermanGalenPasquale2016">Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer2017ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016ch.&nbsp;2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer2017ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016ch.&nbsp;2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer2017ZuckermanGalenPasquale2016ch.&nbsp;2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuergensmeyer2017">Juergensmeyer 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFZuckermanGalenPasquale2016">Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016</a>, ch. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanShook20174–5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanShook20174–5_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanShook20174–5_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuckermanShook2017">Zuckerman & Shook 2017</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103234.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Against Heresies, II.34.3 (St. Irenaeus)"</a>. <i>New Advent, Fathers of the Church</i>. 1885. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403041851/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103234.htm">Archived</a> from the original on Apr 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent%2C+Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Against+Heresies%2C+II.34.3+%28St.+Irenaeus%29&rft.date=1885&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103234.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sec_cler-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sec_cler_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh M. (2014). <i>The Secular Clergy in England, 1066–1216</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198702566" title="Special:BookSources/9780198702566"><bdi>9780198702566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secular+Clergy+in+England%2C+1066%E2%80%931216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780198702566&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2022" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2022). <i>Introducing Anthropology of Religion : Culture to the Ultimate</i> (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032023045" title="Special:BookSources/9781032023045"><bdi>9781032023045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Anthropology+of+Religion+%3A+Culture+to+the+Ultimate&rft.pages=282&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781032023045&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnier_2022_p._51-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garnier_2022_p._51_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnier2022" class="citation book cs1">Garnier, T. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7--hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51"><i>From God to Climate Change: The journey of Albert Garnier's 30-year mission in China to scientist son Ben's fight with the riddle of the world</i></a>. Paragon Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78222-969-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78222-969-8"><bdi>978-1-78222-969-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+God+to+Climate+Change%3A+The+journey+of+Albert+Garnier%27s+30-year+mission+in+China+to+scientist+son+Ben%27s+fight+with+the+riddle+of+the+world&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Paragon+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-78222-969-8&rft.aulast=Garnier&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7--hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer201774–79-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyer201774–79_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuergensmeyer2017">Juergensmeyer 2017</a>, pp. 74–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFAsad2003">Asad 2003</a>, esp. pp. 205–210; <a href="#CITEREFWalzer2015">Walzer 2015</a>, esp. pp. ix–xiv, 65, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201619,_51-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuckermanGalenPasquale201619,_51_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuckermanGalenPasquale2016">Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016</a>, pp. 19, 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Charles (2007). <i>A Secular Age</i>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secular+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhounJeurgensmeyerVan_Antwerpen2011" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, Craig; Jeurgensmeyer, Mark; Van Antwerpen, Jonathan (2011). <i>Rethinking Secularism</i>. Oxford: Oxford UP. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Secularism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Jeurgensmeyer%2C+Mark&rft.au=Van+Antwerpen%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsad2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Asad, Talal</a> (2003). <i>Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity</i>. Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formations+of+the+Secular%3A+Christianity%2C+Islam%2C+Modernity&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Asad&rft.aufirst=Talal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2010" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2010). "What Is Atheism?". In <a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a> (ed.). <i>Atheism and Secularity. Volume 1: Issues, Concepts, Definitions</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35183-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35183-9"><bdi>978-0-313-35183-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+Atheism%3F&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Secularity.+Volume+1%3A+Issues%2C+Concepts%2C+Definitions&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35183-9&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2017" class="citation book cs1"> <span style="letter-spacing:-.25em;">———</span>  (2017). "Varieties of Secular Experience". In <a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Shook, John R. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Secularism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 499ff. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.31">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7"><bdi>978-0-19-998845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+Secular+Experience&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Secularism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=499ff&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.31&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998845-7&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2015" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Lois (2015). <i>Recognizing the Non-religious: Reimagining the Secular</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recognizing+the+Non-religious%3A+Reimagining+the+Secular&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Lois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Juergensmeyer" title="Mark Juergensmeyer">Juergensmeyer, Mark</a> (2017). "The Imagined War Between Secularism and Religion". In <a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Shook, John R. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Secularism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.5">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7"><bdi>978-0-19-998845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Imagined+War+Between+Secularism+and+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Secularism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.5&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998845-7&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor, Charles</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/A_Secular_Age" title="A Secular Age"><i>A Secular Age</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02676-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02676-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02676-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secular+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02676-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalzer2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer, Michael</a> (2015). <i>The Paradox of Liberation</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paradox+of+Liberation&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Walzer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermanGalenPasquale2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Galen, Luke W.; Pasquale, Frank L. (2016). "Secularity Around the World". <i>The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199924950.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992494-3"><bdi>978-0-19-992494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Secularity+Around+the+World&rft.btitle=The+Nonreligious%3A+Understanding+Secular+People+and+Societies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199924950.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992494-3&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Galen%2C+Luke+W.&rft.au=Pasquale%2C+Frank+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermanShook2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Shook, John R. (2017). "Introduction: The Study of Secularism". In <a href="/wiki/Phil_Zuckerman" title="Phil Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Phil</a>; Shook, John R. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Secularism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.1">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-998845-7"><bdi>978-0-19-998845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Study+of+Secularism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Secularism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199988457.013.1&rft.isbn=978-0-19-998845-7&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Shook%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIversen2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Iversen, Hans Raun (2013). "Secularization, Secularity, Secularism". In Runehov, Anne L. C.; Oviedo, Lluis (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions</i>. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">2116–</span>2121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8265-8_1024">10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8265-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8265-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-8265-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Secularization%2C+Secularity%2C+Secularism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sciences+and+Religions&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2116-%3C%2Fspan%3E2121&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8265-8_1024&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8265-8&rft.aulast=Iversen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Raun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_K._A._Smith" title="James K. A. Smith">Smith, James K. A.</a> (2014). <i>How (Not) to Be Secular: Reading Charles Tayor</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6761-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6761-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-6761-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+%28Not%29+to+Be+Secular%3A+Reading+Charles+Tayor&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6761-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+K.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor, Charles</a> (2009). "The Polysemy of the Secular". <i>Social Research</i>. <b>76</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1143–</span>1166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2009.0046">10.1353/sor.2009.0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-768X">1944-768X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40972206">40972206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140869368">140869368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research&rft.atitle=The+Polysemy+of+the+Secular&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1143-%3C%2Fspan%3E1166&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1944-768X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140869368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40972206%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2009.0046&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecularity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/secular" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:secular"><i>secular</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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