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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Catholic response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massacre_of_Mérindol_(1545)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_of_Mérindol_(1545)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Massacre of Mérindol (1545)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_of_Mérindol_(1545)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piedmont_Easter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piedmont_Easter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Piedmont Easter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piedmont_Easter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes_and_the_"Glorious_Return"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes_and_the_"Glorious_Return""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the "Glorious Return"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes_and_the_"Glorious_Return"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_freedom_after_the_French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_freedom_after_the_French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Religious freedom after the French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_freedom_after_the_French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_modern_Waldensian_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_the_modern_Waldensian_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Characteristics of the modern Waldensian Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_modern_Waldensian_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appraisal_by_Protestants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appraisal_by_Protestants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Appraisal by Protestants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appraisal_by_Protestants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waldensians_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waldensians_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Waldensians by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Waldensians_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Waldensians by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Waldensians_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Waldensians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldense" title="Waldense – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waldense" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenser" title="Waldenser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Waldenser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ولدينيسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولدينيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdenses" title="Valdenses – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Valdenses" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Валденси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валденси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliz_Valdo" title="Iliz Valdo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iliz Valdo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdesos" title="Valdesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valdesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valden%C5%A1t%C3%AD" title="Valdenští – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valdenští" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdesere" title="Valdesere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valdesere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenser" title="Waldenser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Waldenser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Βαλδένσιοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλδένσιοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdense" title="Valdense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valdense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdanoj" title="Valdanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valdanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="والدوسی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والدوسی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald%C3%A9isme" title="Valdéisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valdéisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%8F%84%ED%8C%8C" title="발도파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발도파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վալդենսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալդենսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdenzi" title="Valdenzi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valdenzi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensini" title="Waldensini – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Waldensini" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldens_(Aliran_Kristen)" title="Waldens (Aliran Kristen) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Waldens (Aliran Kristen)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdismo" title="Valdismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valdismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התנועה הוולדנסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנועה הוולדנסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვალდენსები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალდენსები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavaldo" title="Wavaldo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wavaldo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdenses" title="Valdenses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Valdenses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2d%C3%AAximo" title="Vâdêximo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vâdêximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdensek" title="Valdensek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Valdensek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdisma" title="Valdisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Valdisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="വാൾഡെൻഷന്മാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാൾഡെൻഷന്മാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldens" title="Waldens – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Waldens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldenzen" title="Waldenzen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waldenzen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E6%B4%BE" title="ヴァルド派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァルド派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdensere" title="Valdensere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valdensere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdensarar" title="Valdensarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Waldensian" redirects here. For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/SS_Waldensian" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Waldensian">SS Waldensian</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Waldensians</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldenser-Wappen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Waldenser-Wappen.png/200px-Waldenser-Wappen.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Waldenser-Wappen.png/300px-Waldenser-Wappen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Waldenser-Wappen.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="459" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Waldensian symbol <i>Lux lucet in tenebris</i> ("A light shines in the darkness")</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data">Theology of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> and other Waldensian theologians, nowadays also that of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and other Reformed theologians</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Argentina, United States, Uruguay, and elsewhere</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1173 <br /><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestant_Reformation" title="Category:Protestant Reformation">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/250px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/375px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/500px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="488" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in 1517</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Precursors</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Beginning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radicals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contributing factors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theologies of seminal figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Theology of Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman" title="François Hotman">François Hotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Languet" title="Hubert Languet">Hubert Languet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_Reformers" title="List of Protestant Reformers"><b>Many others</b></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By location</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Geneva#Reformation" title="History of Geneva">Geneva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Reformation in Zürich">Zürich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#The_Reformation" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Czech Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania#Reformation" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Early_modern_period" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden and Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia#The_Reformation" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#German_period,_1185–1561" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Austria_in_the_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation_(1517–1564)" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Italy" title="Reformation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Poland">Poland-Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major political leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Gaspard II de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskai" title="Stephen Bocskai">Stephen Bocskai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" title="Frederick V of the Palatinate">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I of Hesse</a></li></ul> <p><b>Electors of Saxony</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick I</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Counter-Reformation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation § Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_the_Bible#16th_century" title="Censorship of the Bible">Censorship of the Bible § 16th century</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Holy Roman Emperors</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Political and religious conflicts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel">Wars of Kappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Art and literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Painting and sculpture</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism#Northern_Mannerism,_politics_and_religion" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art#Reformation_era" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance#Art" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art#Renaissance_and_Baroque_art" title="Swedish art">Swedish art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_art#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_master_print#The_North_after_Dürer" title="Old master print">Woodcuts</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Building</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture#The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Influence on church architecture</a></li></ul> <p><b>Literature</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature#Early_modern_era" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature#The_manuscript_tradition" title="Irish literature">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature#German_Renaissance_and_Reformation" title="German literature">German</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature#Reformation" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature#Emergence_of_vernacular_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature#1500-1650" title="Slovak literature">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_literature" title="Sorbian literature">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature#Beginnings" title="Romanian literature">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature#Reformation_era" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature#"Four_Hundred_Years_of_Darkness"" title="Norwegian literature">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature#Reformation_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature#Pre-Nineteenth_century" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature#Middle_Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Low_Countries#In_folk_tales" title="Folklore of the Low Countries">Folklore of the Low Countries</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism#Sixteenth_century_and_beyond" title="Renaissance humanism">16th century Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_poetry" title="16th century in poetry">16th century in poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th century in literature</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Theater</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral#Pastoral_plays" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)#Early_Modern_Origins" title="History (theatrical genre)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy#Britain" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">Revenge</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Forms</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles#Reformation" title="Early music of the British Isles">Music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music#History" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland#Impact_of_the_Reformation" title="Church music in Scotland">Scottish church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_principle_of_worship" title="Normative principle of worship">Normative principle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsobordone" title="Falsobordone">Falsobordone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_anthem" title="Verse anthem">Verse anthem</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Liturgies</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_worship#General_principles_and_historical_overview" title="Reformed worship">Reformed worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship#John_Calvin's_Liturgy" title="Regulative principle of worship">Calvin's liturgy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)#Renaissance" title="Mass (music)">Lutheran and Anglican Mass</a> in music</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_mass" title="Cyclic mass">Cyclic mass</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase_mass" title="Paraphrase mass">Paraphrase mass</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Roman</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum</a> Rites</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">Sequence</a> (retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)</li></ul></div> <p><b>Hymnals</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Second</a></i> Lutheran hymnals</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">First Wittenberg hymnal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swenske_songer_eller_wisor_1536" title="Swenske songer eller wisor 1536">Swenske songer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomiss%C3%B8n%27s_hymnal" title="Thomissøn's hymnal">Thomissøn's hymnal</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Order" title="Book of Common Order">Book of Common Order</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Souterliedekens" title="Souterliedekens">Souterliedekens</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genevan_Psalter" title="Genevan Psalter">Genevan Psalter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymnbooks_of_the_Church_of_Scotland#Scottish_Psalter_(1564)" title="Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland">Scottish Psalter</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole Book of Psalms">Whole Book of Psalms</a></i></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Conclusion and commemorations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Conclusion</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christian_confessions_of_faith" title="Creed">Confessionalization</a> with subsequent <a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Century_Scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:17th Century Scholasticism">Protestant orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li>Simultaneous rise of <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism#Classical_rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Monuments</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Calendrical commemoration</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation" title="Template:Reformation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformation" title="Template talk:Reformation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Waldensians</b>, also known as <b>Waldenses</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>-/</a></span></span>), <b>Vallenses</b>, <b>Valdesi</b>, or <b>Vaudois</b>, are adherents of a church tradition that began as an <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> movement within <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> before the Reformation. Originally known as the <b>Poor of Lyon</b> in the late twelfth century,<sup id="cite_ref-Macy1984_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macy1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Advent_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Advent-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the movement spread to the <a href="/wiki/Cottian_Alps" title="Cottian Alps">Cottian Alps</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The founding of the Waldensians is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a>, a wealthy merchant who gave away his property around 1173,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Advent_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Advent-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preaching <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_poverty" title="Apostolic poverty">apostolic poverty</a> as the way to <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">perfection</a>. </p><p>Waldensian teachings came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and by 1215 the Waldensians were declared <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a>, not because they preached apostolic poverty, which the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> also preached, but because they were not willing to recognize the prerogatives of local bishops over the content of their preaching, nor to recognize standards about who was fit to preach. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> offered the Waldensians the chance to return to the Church, and many did, taking the name "<a href="/wiki/Poor_Catholics" title="Poor Catholics">Poor Catholics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many did not, and were subjected to intense persecution and were confronted with organised and general discrimination in the following centuries. In the sixteenth century, the Waldensians were absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> movement, under the influence of early Swiss reformer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a>. </p><p>In some aspects the Waldensians of the Middle Ages could be seen as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">proto-Protestants</a>, but they mostly did not raise the doctrinal objections characteristic of sixteenth-century Protestant leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They came to align themselves with Protestantism: with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Chanforan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synod of Chanforan (page does not exist)">Resolutions of Chanforan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synode_de_Chanforan" class="extiw" title="fr:Synode de Chanforan">fr</a>]</span> on 12 September 1532, they formally became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> tradition. They are members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Protestant_Churches_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Protestant Churches in Europe">Community of Protestant Churches in Europe</a> and its affiliates worldwide. They were <a href="/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars" title="Savoyard–Waldensian wars">nearly annihilated in the seventeenth century</a>. </p><p>The main denomination within the movement was the <a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church">Waldensian Evangelical Church</a>, the original church in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. In 1975, it <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">merged</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Evangelical_Church_in_Italy" title="Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy">Methodist Evangelical Church</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Methodist_and_Waldensian_Churches" title="Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches">Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches</a>—a majority Waldensian church, with a minority of Methodists.<sup id="cite_ref-chiesavaldese3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiesavaldese3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PDF2024229388_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF2024229388-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another large congregation is the Evangelical Waldensian Church of Río de la Plata in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congregations continue to be active in Europe (particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>), South America, and North America. Organizations, such as the American Waldensian Society,<sup id="cite_ref-waldensian.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldensian.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintain the history of the movement and declare their mission as "proclaiming the Christian Gospel, serving the marginalized, promoting <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, fostering <a href="/wiki/Inter-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-religious">inter-religious</a> work, and advocating respect for religious diversity and freedom of conscience."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worms_Lutherdenkmal_Petrus_Waldus_2012-02-21-18-24-52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Worms_Lutherdenkmal_Petrus_Waldus_2012-02-21-18-24-52.jpg/180px-Worms_Lutherdenkmal_Petrus_Waldus_2012-02-21-18-24-52.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Worms_Lutherdenkmal_Petrus_Waldus_2012-02-21-18-24-52.jpg/270px-Worms_Lutherdenkmal_Petrus_Waldus_2012-02-21-18-24-52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Worms_Lutherdenkmal_Petrus_Waldus_2012-02-21-18-24-52.jpg/360px-Worms_Lutherdenkmal_Petrus_Waldus_2012-02-21-18-24-52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument in Worms</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern knowledge of the medieval history of the Waldensians originates almost exclusively from the records and writings of the Roman Catholic Church, the same body that was condemning them as <a href="/wiki/Heretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretic">heretics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pita_2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pita_2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> Because of "the documentary scarcity and unconnectedness from which we must draw the description of Waldensian beliefs",<sup id="cite_ref-Pita_2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pita_2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> much of what is known about the early Waldensians comes from reports like the <i>Profession of faith of Valdo of Lyon</i> (1180); <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber antiheresis</i></span> by Durando d'Osca (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1187–1200); and the <i>Rescriptum</i> of Bergamo Conference (1218). </p><p>Earlier documents that provide information about early Waldensian history include the <i>Will of Stefano d'Anse</i> (1187); the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Manifestatio haeresis Albigensium et Lugdunensium</i></span> (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1206–1208); and the <i>Anonymous chronicle of Lyon</i> (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1220). There are also the two reports written for the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Inquisition</a> by Reinerius Saccho (died 1259), a former <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathar</a> who converted to Catholicism, published together in 1254 as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Summa de Catharis et Pauperibus de Lugduno</i></span> (<i>On the Cathars and the Poor of Lyon</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waldensians held and preached a number of doctrines as they read from the Bible. These included: </p> <ol><li>The atoning death and justifying righteousness of Christ;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a>;</li> <li>The fall of man;</li> <li>The incarnation of the Son;</li> <li>A denial of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> as the "invention of the Antichrist";<sup id="cite_ref-moreland_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moreland-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The value of <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary poverty">voluntary poverty</a>;</li> <li>Perhaps, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal priesthood">universal priesthood</a> of believers,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as according to de Bourbon they claimed that all good men are priests.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>They also rejected a number of concepts that were widely held in Christian Europe of the era. For example, the Waldensians held that temporal offices and dignities were not meant for preachers of the Gospel; that <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> were no different from any other bones and should not be regarded as special or holy; that <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> served only to spend one's money; that <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism#Partial_fasting_and_temporary_abstinence" title="Christian vegetarianism">meat might be eaten any day</a> if one's appetite served one; that <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> was no more efficacious than rain water; and that prayer was just as effectual if offered in a church or a barn. They were accused, moreover, of speaking blasphemously of the Catholic Church as the <a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">harlot of the Apocalypse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rejected what they perceived as the idolatry of the Catholic Church and considered the papacy as the Antichrist of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc"><a href="/wiki/La_nobla_leyczon" title="La nobla leyczon">La nobla leyczon</a></i></span> (<i>The Noble Lesson</i>), written in the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> language, gives a sample of the medieval Waldensian belief. Once it was believed that this poem dated between 1190 and 1240,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is evidence that it was written in the first part of the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem exists in four manuscripts: two are housed at the University of Cambridge, one at Trinity College in Dublin, and another in Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Waldensians taught certain doctrines also held by the Catholic Church, but came into conflict with the Catholic Church by denying some of its sacraments or the manner in which they were performed; The earliest Waldensians taught the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a> and affirmed the necessity of priests for the offering of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However they denied the right of sinful priests to give the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early forms of the Waldensian Mass sought to recover the early Christian liturgy and contained a sevenfold repetition of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, with the Eucharistic elements being consecrated through the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macy1984_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macy1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Waldensians observed the forty-day fast of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and practiced Friday abstinence.<sup id="cite_ref-Audisio2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audisio2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Waldensian and Catholic sources, however, imply that the Waldensians rejected infant baptism, at least to some extent. This is seen from <i>The Noble Lesson</i>, which refers to Christ specifically calling to baptize those who believed, and Reinerius Saccho mentioning how the Waldensians believed that the "ablution which is given to infants profits nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus there seems to have been an understanding among the Waldensians that infants could be saved without baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rejected confession to priests, the practice of venerating the saints, the use of oaths, secular courts and prayers for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They however accepted the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the earliest Waldensians staunchly defended the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at least some of them later began to develop a more symbolic view of the bread and wine.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reinerius_Saccho" title="Reinerius Saccho">Reinerius Saccho</a> gave the following charges against the Waldensians:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Pope is the head of all errors</li> <li>The Monks are Pharisees</li> <li>Christians should obey God instead of the Prelates</li> <li>That no one is above one another in the church</li> <li>No one should kneel before a priest</li> <li>Tithes should not be given</li> <li>Bishops should not have royal rights</li> <li>They condemn the Catholic sacraments</li> <li>The Church has erred by prohibiting the marriage of the clergy<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Waldensians were associated by councils and papal decrees with the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>; however they differed radically from them: the Waldensians never accepted <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> views, they did not reject the sacraments in total and did not believe in <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Waldensians saw themselves as a "church within the Church", likely not going further, although they were accused of seeing the Catholic church as the Babylonian harlot.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Waldensians would, later in their history, adopt a number of doctrines from the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed churches</a> due to the French Reformer <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">Guillaume Farel</a>, who introduced Reformation theology to Waldensian leaders. They officially adopted Reformed theology at a conference at Cianforan 1532. As a result of the conference, the Waldensians officially modified some of their previous positions such as their rejection of secular courts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to legend, Peter Waldo renounced his wealth as an encumbrance to preaching,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which led other members of the Catholic clergy to follow his example. Because of this shunning of wealth, the movement was early known as The Poor of Lyon and The Poor of Lombardy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they rose to prominence in the twelfth century, some evidence suggests that the Waldenses may have existed even before the time of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a>, perhaps as early as 1100.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan_2002_p._2031_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan_2002_p._2031-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1179, at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> lamented that the Waldenses were a "pest of long existence".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Inquisitor <a href="/wiki/Reinerius_Saccho" title="Reinerius Saccho">Reinerius Saccho</a> in the thirteenth century also spoke about the dangers of the Waldenses for among other reasons its antiquity "some say that it has lasted from the time of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester</a>, others, from the time of the Apostles."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the seventeenth century, Waldensian Pastor <a href="/wiki/Henri_Arnaud_(pastor)" title="Henri Arnaud (pastor)">Henri Arnaud</a> stated that "the Vaudois are, in fact, descended from those refugees from Italy, who, after St Paul had there preached the gospel abandoned their beautiful country, like the woman mentioned in the apocalypse and fled to those wild mountains where they have to this day, handed down the gospel from father to son in the same purity and simplicity as it was preached by St Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Waldensian movement was characterized from the beginning by lay preaching, voluntary poverty, and strict adherence to the Bible. Between 1175 and 1185, Waldo either commissioned a cleric from Lyon to translate the New Testament into the vernacular—the <a href="/wiki/Arpitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan">Arpitan</a> (Franco-Provençal) language<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—or was himself involved in this translation work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1179, Waldo and one of his disciples went to Rome, where Pope Alexander III and the Roman Curia welcomed them. They had to explain their faith before a panel of three clergymen, including issues that were then debated within the Church, such as the universal priesthood, the gospel in the vulgar tongue, and the issue of voluntary poverty. The results of the meeting were inconclusive; in that same year, the Third Lateran Council condemned Waldo's ideas, but not the movement itself, while the leaders of the movement were not <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> for the moment.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Waldensians proceeded to disobey the Third Lateran Council and continued to preach according to their own understanding of the Scriptures. In 1184, Waldo and his followers were excommunicated and forced from Lyon. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> declared them <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a>, stating that the group's principal error was contempt for <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> power. Rome also accused the Waldensians of teaching innumerable errors.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waldo and his followers developed a system whereby they would go from town to town and meet secretly with small groups of Waldensians. There they would confess sins and hold service. A traveling Waldensian preacher was known as a <i>barba</i>. The group would shelter the <i>barba</i> and help make arrangements to move on to the next town in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waldo possibly died in the early thirteenth<span class="nowrap"> </span>century, possibly in Germany; he was never captured, and his fate remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Waldensians belonged to one of three groups:<sup id="cite_ref-herberman_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herberman-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (May 2022)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Sandaliati</i> (those with sandals) received sacred orders and were to prove the <a href="/wiki/Heresiarch" title="Heresiarch">heresiarchs</a> wrong;</li> <li><i>Doctores</i> instructed and trained missionaries;</li> <li><i>Novellani</i> preached to the general population.</li></ul> <p>They were also called <i>Insabbatati</i>, <i>Sabati</i>, <i>Inzabbatati</i>, or <i>Sabotiers</i>—Some historians such as the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gretser" title="Jacob Gretser">Jacob Gretser</a> claimed this designation arose from the unusual type of <a href="/wiki/Clog_(shoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clog (shoe)">sabot</a> they used as footwear.<sup id="cite_ref-Herzog_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzog-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he admitted that his reasoning on this etymology did not have the support of the literature of his day because these sources, he said, contained many errors.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Damstegt_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damstegt-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup> Other historians such as <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Goldast" title="Melchior Goldast">Melchior Goldast</a> stated that the name insabbatati was because of Sabbath keeping in the manner of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Inquisitor" title="Inquisitor">Inquisitor</a> Francis Pegne cited in <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eymerich" title="Nicholas Eymerich">Nicholas Eymerich</a> famous work the <a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorium</a> stated that "many used to think it [insabbatati] came from Sabbath, and that they [Waldenses] observed the Sabbath according to the custom of the Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise in the twelfth century, Inquisitor Moneta of Cremona railed against the Waldenses for seventh day sabbath keeping after the manner of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johann Gottfried Hering in 1756 in his Compendieuses Church and Heretic Lexicon defined Sabbatati (a sect of the Waldenses) as those who kept the sabbath with the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early Waldenses prose tracts there existed an exposition on the 10 commandments which put forth their own explanation on the 4th commandment which defended sabbath keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many among the Waldensians claimed that people such as <a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a> were first representatives of the sect, but in modern times claims of the Waldenses to high antiquity are no longer accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One school of thought attempts to associate <a href="/wiki/Vigilantius" title="Vigilantius">Vigilantius</a> with proto-Waldensians in the European Alps.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_response">Catholic response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Catholic response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG/180px-Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG/270px-Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG/360px-Champion_des_dames_Vaudoises.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption> Illustrations depicting Waldensians as <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a> in <i>Le champion des dames</i>, by Martin Le France, 1451</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piedmontese_Children_Forced_from_their_parents_(October_1853,_X,_p.108).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Piedmontese_Children_Forced_from_their_parents_%28October_1853%2C_X%2C_p.108%29.jpg/180px-Piedmontese_Children_Forced_from_their_parents_%28October_1853%2C_X%2C_p.108%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Piedmontese_Children_Forced_from_their_parents_%28October_1853%2C_X%2C_p.108%29.jpg/270px-Piedmontese_Children_Forced_from_their_parents_%28October_1853%2C_X%2C_p.108%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Piedmontese_Children_Forced_from_their_parents_%28October_1853%2C_X%2C_p.108%29.jpg/360px-Piedmontese_Children_Forced_from_their_parents_%28October_1853%2C_X%2C_p.108%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Piedmontese children forced from their parents<sup id="cite_ref-Juvenile1853_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juvenile1853-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Catholic Church viewed the Waldensians as unorthodox, and in 1184 at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Verona" title="Synod of Verona">Synod of Verona</a>, under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Pope Lucius III</a>, they were excommunicated. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> went even further during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> in 1215, officially denouncing the Waldensians as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1211 more than 80 Waldensians were burned as heretics at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>; this action launched several centuries of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">persecution</a> that nearly destroyed the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waldensians <a href="/wiki/Buda_heresy" title="Buda heresy">briefly ruled</a> Buda, the capital of Hungary from 1304 to 1307. The Waldensians in turn excommunicated <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Pope Benedict XI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1487 Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a> issued a bull<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Id_Nostri_Cordis" title="Id Nostri Cordis">Id Nostri Cordis</a> for the extermination of the Vaudois. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_de%27_Capitanei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto de' Capitanei (page does not exist)">Alberto de' Capitanei</a>, archdeacon of <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a>, responded to the bull by organizing a crusade to fulfill its order and launched a military offensive in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles I, Duke of Savoy">Charles I, Duke of Savoy</a>, eventually interfered to save his territories from further turmoil and promised the Vaudois peace, but not before the offensive had devastated the area and many of the Vaudois had fled to <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> or south to Italy. </p><p>The theologian <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Carletti_di_Chivasso" title="Angelo Carletti di Chivasso">Angelo Carletti di Chivasso</a>, whom Innocent VIII in 1491 appointed Apostolic Nuncio and Commissary conjointly with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop_of_Mauriana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop of Mauriana (page does not exist)">Bishop of Mauriana</a>, was involved in reaching a peaceful agreement between Catholics and Waldensians.<sup id="cite_ref-Donovan_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donovan-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the news of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> reached the Waldensian Valleys, the Tavola Valdese decided to seek fellowship with the nascent Protestantism. At a meeting held in 1526 in Laus, a town in the Chisone valley, it was decided to send envoys to examine the new movement. In 1532, they met with German and Swiss Protestants and ultimately adapted their beliefs to those of the Reformed Church. </p><p>The Swiss and French Reformed churches sent <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Saunier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Saunier (page does not exist)">Anthony Saunier</a> to attend the meeting of Chanforan, which convened on 12<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 1532. Farel invited them to join the Reformation and to emerge from secrecy. A Confession of Faith, with Reformed doctrines, was formulated and the Waldensians decided to worship openly in French. </p><p>The French Bible, translated by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Robert_Oliv%C3%A9tan" title="Pierre Robert Olivétan">Pierre Robert Olivétan</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> and published at <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> in 1535, was based in part on a New Testament in the Waldensian vernacular. The churches in Waldensia collected 1500 gold crowns to cover the cost of its publication.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massacre_of_Mérindol_(1545)"><span id="Massacre_of_M.C3.A9rindol_.281545.29"></span>Massacre of Mérindol (1545)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Massacre of Mérindol (1545)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Mérindol">Massacre of Mérindol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/180px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/270px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/360px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Mérindol">Massacre of the Mérindol Waldensians</a> in 1545</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside the Piedmont, the Waldenses joined the local Protestant churches in Bohemia, France, and Germany. After they came out of seclusion and reports were made of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> on their part, French King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis<span class="nowrap"> </span>I</a> on 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1545 issued the "Arrêt de Mérindol", and assembled an army against the Waldensians of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>. The leaders in the 1545 massacres were <a href="/wiki/Jean_Maynier_d%27Opp%C3%A8de" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Maynier d'Oppède">Jean Maynier d'Oppède</a>, First President of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Aix-en-Provence" title="Parlement of Aix-en-Provence">parliament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, and the military commander <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Escalin_des_Aimars" title="Antoine Escalin des Aimars">Antoine Escalin des Aimars</a>, who was returning from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> with 2,000 veterans, the <i>Bandes de Piémont</i>. Deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Mérindol">Massacre of Mérindol</a> ranged from hundreds to thousands, depending on the estimates, and several villages were devastated.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty of 5 June 1561 granted amnesty to the Protestants of the Valleys, including liberty of conscience and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom to worship</a>. Prisoners were released and fugitives permitted to return home, but despite this treaty, the Vaudois, with the other French Protestants, still suffered during the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> in 1562–1598. </p><p>As early as 1631, Protestant scholars began to regard the Waldensians as early forerunners of the Reformation, in a manner similar to the way the followers of <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, also persecuted by authorities, were viewed. </p><p>Although the Waldensian church was granted some rights and freedoms under French King Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV, with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> in 1598, persecution rose again in the seventeenth<span class="nowrap"> </span>century, with an extermination of the Waldensians attempted by the Duke of Savoy in 1655. This led to the exodus and dispersion of the Waldensians to other parts of Europe and even to the Western Hemisphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piedmont_Easter">Piedmont Easter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Piedmont Easter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Easter" title="Piedmontese Easter">Piedmontese Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars" title="Savoyard–Waldensian wars">Savoyard–Waldensian wars</a></div> <p>In January 1655, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_II,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a> commanded the Waldensians to attend Mass or remove to the upper valleys of their homeland, giving them twenty days in which to sell their lands. Being in the midst of winter, the order was intended to persuade the Vaudois to choose the former; however, the bulk of the populace instead chose the latter, abandoning their homes and lands in the lower valleys and removing to the upper valleys. It was written that these targets of persecution, including old men, women, little children and the sick "waded through the icy waters, climbed the frozen peaks, and at length reached the homes of their impoverished brethren of the upper Valleys, where they were warmly received."<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe1874_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe1874-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-April, when it became clear that the Duke's efforts to force the Vaudois to conform to Catholicism had failed, he tried another approach. Under the guise of false reports of Vaudois uprisings, the Duke sent troops into the upper valleys to quell the local populace. He required that the local populace quarter the troops in their homes, which the local populace complied with. But the quartering order was a ruse to allow the troops easy access to the populace. On 24<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 1655, at 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m., the signal was given for a general massacre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnnaCharboniereTortured.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AnnaCharboniereTortured.jpg/180px-AnnaCharboniereTortured.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AnnaCharboniereTortured.jpg/270px-AnnaCharboniereTortured.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/AnnaCharboniereTortured.jpg/360px-AnnaCharboniereTortured.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Print illustrating the 1655 massacre in La Torre, from <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moreland" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Moreland">Samuel Moreland</a>'s <i>History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piedmont</i>, published in London in 1658</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duke's forces did not simply slaughter the inhabitants. They are reported to have unleashed an unprovoked campaign of looting, rape, torture, and murder. According to one report by a Peter Liegé: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Little children were torn from the arms of their mothers, clasped by their tiny feet, and their heads dashed against the rocks; or were held between two soldiers and their quivering limbs torn up by main force. Their mangled bodies were then thrown on the highways or fields, to be devoured by beasts. The sick and the aged were burned alive in their dwellings. Some had their hands and arms and legs lopped off, and fire applied to the severed parts to staunch the bleeding and prolong their suffering. Some were flayed alive, some were roasted alive, some disemboweled; or tied to trees in their own orchards, and their hearts cut out. Some were horribly mutilated, and of others the brains were boiled and eaten by these <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibals</a>. Some were fastened down into the furrows of their own fields, and ploughed into the soil as men plough manure into it. Others were buried alive. Fathers were marched to death with the heads of their sons suspended round their necks. Parents were compelled to look on while their children were first outraged [raped], then massacred, before being themselves permitted to die.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This massacre became known as the Piedmont Easter. An estimate of some 1,700 Waldensians were slaughtered; the massacre was so brutal it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Protestant rulers in northern Europe offered sanctuary to the remaining Waldensians. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Waldensians, writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England and threatening to send military forces to the rescue. The massacre prompted <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s poem on the Waldenses, "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Late_Massacre_in_Piedmont" title="On the Late Massacre in Piedmont">On the Late Massacre in Piedmont</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swiss and Dutch Calvinists set up an "underground railroad" to bring many of the survivors north to Switzerland and even as far as the Dutch Republic, where the councillors of the city of Amsterdam chartered three ships to take some 167 Waldensians to their City Colony in the New World (Delaware) on Christmas Day 1656.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those that stayed behind in France and the Piedmont formed a guerilla resistance movement led by a farmer, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Janavel" title="Joshua Janavel">Joshua Janavel</a>, which lasted into the 1660s.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesa_valdese_(Trinity_church)_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG/180px-Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG/270px-Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG/360px-Chiesa_valdese_%28Trinity_church%29_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Waldensian Church of Florence, Italy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes_and_the_"Glorious_Return""><span id="Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes_and_the_.22Glorious_Return.22"></span>Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the "Glorious Return"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the "Glorious Return""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1685 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> revoked the 1598 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, which had guaranteed freedom of religion to his Protestant subjects in France. French troops sent into the French Waldensian areas of the Chisone and Susa Valleys in the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a> forced 8,000 Vaudois to convert to Catholicism and another 3,000 to leave for Germany. </p><p>In the Piedmont, the cousin of Louis, the newly ascended <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia">Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II</a>, followed his uncle in removing the protection of Protestants in the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>. In the renewed persecution, and in an echo of the Piedmont Easter Massacre of only three decades earlier, the Duke issued an edict on 31 January 1686 that decreed the destruction of all the Vaudois churches and that all inhabitants of the Valleys should publicly announce their error in religion within fifteen days under penalty of death and banishment. But the Vaudois remained resistant. After the fifteen days, an army of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers invaded the Valleys against the estimated 2,500 Vaudois, but found that every village had organized a defense force that kept the French and Piedmontese soldiers at bay. </p><p>On 9 April, the Duke of Savoy issued a new edict, enjoining the Waldensians to put down their arms within eight days and go into exile between 21 and 23<span class="nowrap"> </span>April. If able, they were free to sell their land and possessions to the highest bidder. </p><p>Waldensian pastor <a href="/wiki/Henri_Arnaud_(pastor)" title="Henri Arnaud (pastor)">Henri Arnaud</a> (1641–1721), who had been driven out of the Piedmont in the earlier purges, returned from Holland. On 18 April he made a stirring appeal before an assembly at Roccapiatta, winning over the majority in favor of armed resistance. When the truce expired on 20<span class="nowrap"> </span>April, the Waldensians were prepared for battle. </p><p>They put up a brave fight over the next six weeks, but by the time the Duke retired to Turin on 8 June, the war seemed decided: 2,000 Waldensians had been killed; another 2,000 had "accepted" the Catholic theology of the Council of Trent. Another 8,000 had been imprisoned, more than half of whom died of deliberately imposed starvation, or of sickness within six months. </p><p>But about two or three hundred Vaudois fled to the hills and began carrying out a guerilla war over the next year against the Catholic settlers who arrived to take over the Vaudois lands. These "Invincibles" continued their assaults until the Duke finally relented and agreed to negotiate. The "Invincibles" won the right for the imprisoned Vaudois to be released from prison and to be provided safe passage to Geneva. But the Duke, granting that permission on 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1687, required that the Vaudois leave immediately or convert to Catholicism. This edict led to some 2,800 Vaudois leaving the Piedmont for Geneva, of whom only 2,490 survived the journey. </p><p>Arnaud and others now sought help of the allied European powers. He appealed to <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> directly from Geneva, while others, amongst whom was the young <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Sauni%C3%A8re_de_l%27Hermitage" title="René de Saunière de l'Hermitage">L'Hermitage</a>, were sent to England and other lands to canvas for support. Orange and the allies were glad of any excuse to antagonise France, whose territorial encroachments on all fronts were intolerable. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Augsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Augsburg">League of Augsburg</a> was formed in 1686 under Orange, who promised support to Arnaud. In August 1689, in the midst of the wars between the League of Augsburg and France, Arnaud led 1,000 Swiss exiles, armed with modern weaponry provided by the Dutch, back to the Piedmont. Over a third of the force perished during the 130-mile trek. They successfully re-established their presence in the Piedmont and drove out the Catholic settlers, but they continued to be besieged by French and Piedmontese troops. </p><p>By 2 May 1689, with only 300 Waldensian troops remaining, and cornered on a high peak called the <a href="/wiki/Balsiglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsiglia">Balsiglia</a>, by 4,000 French troops with cannons, the final assault was delayed by storm and then by cloud cover. The French commander was so confident of completing his job the next morning that he sent a message to Paris that the Waldensian force had already been destroyed. However, when the French awoke the next morning they discovered that the Waldensians, guided by one of their number familiar with the Balsiglia, had already descended from the peak during the night and were now miles away. </p><p>The French pursued, but only a few days later a sudden change of political alliance by the Duke, from France to the League of Augsburg, ended the French pursuit of the Waldensians. The Duke agreed to defend the Waldensians and called for all other Vaudois exiles to return home to help protect the Piedmont borders against the French, in what came to be known as the "Glorious Return".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_freedom_after_the_French_Revolution">Religious freedom after the French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious freedom after the French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iscrizione_tempio_valdese_4_novembre_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iscrizione_tempio_valdese_4_novembre_Roma.jpg/220px-Iscrizione_tempio_valdese_4_novembre_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iscrizione_tempio_valdese_4_novembre_Roma.jpg/330px-Iscrizione_tempio_valdese_4_novembre_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Iscrizione_tempio_valdese_4_novembre_Roma.jpg/440px-Iscrizione_tempio_valdese_4_novembre_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Waldensian Church entrance in Rome, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the Waldenses of Piedmont were assured liberty of conscience and, in 1848, the ruler of Savoy, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a>, granted them civil rights. </p><p>Enjoying religious freedom, the Waldensians began migrating outside their valleys. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, the Waldensian had congregations throughout the peninsula, some originated by preaching, others by migration.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, poverty, societal discrimination, and demographic pressure led the Waldensians to emigrate, first as seasonal workers to the French Riviera and Switzerland, and later to <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Valdense" title="Colonia Valdense">Colonia Valdense</a> in Uruguay, <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Ar%C3%A1uz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacinto Aráuz">Jacinto Aráuz</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Pampa_Province" title="La Pampa Province">La Pampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and ultimately, to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who remained in Italy have experienced upward social mobility. Waldensian companies dominated Turin's chocolate industry for the latter half of the nineteenth century and are generally credited with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Gianduja_(chocolate)" title="Gianduja (chocolate)">gianduja</a> (hazelnut chocolate).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waldensian scholarship also flourished in the nineteenth century. Copies of the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Romaunt</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> were preserved in Paris and Dublin. The manuscripts were used as the basis of a work by <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Gilly" title="William Stephen Gilly">William Stephen Gilly</a> published in 1848, in which he described the history of the New Testament in use by the Waldensians.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Waldensian College began training ministers in 1855, first in <a href="/wiki/Torre_Pellice" title="Torre Pellice">Torre Pellice</a>. A few years later, the Waldensian College relocated to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and, in 1922, to Rome. Economic and social integration have eased acceptance of ethnic Waldensians into Italian society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Are there any sources for Waldensians being an ethnoreligious group? (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Writers like <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> and politicians like <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Maselli" title="Domenico Maselli">Domenico Maselli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valdo_Spini" title="Valdo Spini">Valdo Spini</a> are of Waldensian background. The church has also attracted intellectuals as new adherents and supporters and enjoys significant financial support from non-adherent Italians. </p><p>In 2015, after a historic visit to a Waldensian Temple in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, in the name of the Catholic Church, asked Waldensian Christians for forgiveness for their persecution. The Pope apologized for the Church's "un-Christian and even inhumane positions and actions".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_the_modern_Waldensian_Church">Characteristics of the modern Waldensian Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the modern Waldensian Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></div> <p>The present Waldensian Church considers itself to be a Protestant church of the Reformed tradition originally framed by <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recognizes as its doctrinal standard the confession of faith published in 1655 and based on the Reformed confession of 1559. It admits only two ceremonies, baptism and the Lord's Supper.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supreme authority in the body is exercised by an annual synod, and the affairs of the individual congregations are administered by a <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)#Reformed_usage" title="Consistory (Protestantism)">consistory</a> under the presidency of the pastor.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the centuries, Waldensian churches have been established in countries as far away from France as Uruguay and the United States where the active Waldensian congregations continue the purpose of the Waldensian movement. The contemporary and historic Waldensian spiritual heritage describes itself as proclaiming the Gospel, serving the marginalized, promoting social justice, fostering inter-religious work, and advocating respect for religious diversity and freedom of conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-waldensian.org_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldensian.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the Waldensian Church is member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Evangelical_Churches_in_Italy" title="Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy">Federation of Evangelical Churches in Italy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Waldensians were influences to the <a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau Prophets</a> who came out in support of believer's baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Waldensians also influenced some in the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian reformation</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petr Chelčický was influenced by the Waldensians very early in his life, as there existed Waldensian congregations in the area of his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, on the other hand, some Hussites rejected Waldensian doctrines, including <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Mies" title="Jacob of Mies">Jacob of Miles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appraisal_by_Protestants">Appraisal by Protestants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Appraisal by Protestants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a 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Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Augsburg Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/File:Historical_Sketches_of_the_Foreign_Missions_-_The_Vaudois_taking_their_oath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Historical_Sketches_of_the_Foreign_Missions_-_The_Vaudois_taking_their_oath.jpg/220px-Historical_Sketches_of_the_Foreign_Missions_-_The_Vaudois_taking_their_oath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Historical_Sketches_of_the_Foreign_Missions_-_The_Vaudois_taking_their_oath.jpg/330px-Historical_Sketches_of_the_Foreign_Missions_-_The_Vaudois_taking_their_oath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Historical_Sketches_of_the_Foreign_Missions_-_The_Vaudois_taking_their_oath.jpg/440px-Historical_Sketches_of_the_Foreign_Missions_-_The_Vaudois_taking_their_oath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>The Vaudois taking their oath</i>. Anonymous illustration published in 1886.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Protestants have considered the Waldensians to be the oldest Non-Catholic Christian community in Western and Central Europe, and the oldest Protestant denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Adogame_Shankar_2012_p._208_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adogame_Shankar_2012_p._208-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prudlo_2016_p._59_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prudlo_2016_p._59-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim_Bush_2012_p._196_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim_Bush_2012_p._196-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Protestants felt a spiritual kinship to the Waldensians and wrote positively about them. <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, for example, wrote in his sonnet "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Late_Massacre_in_Piedmont" title="On the Late Massacre in Piedmont">On the Late Massacre in Piedmont</a>" of the 1655 massacre and persecution of the Waldensians. </p><p>It was once held that the Waldenses were first taught by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> who visited Spain and then allegedly traveled on to Piedmont. As the Catholic Church indulged in excesses in the time of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> (Roman Emperor from 306 to 337) – the account tells – the Waldenses held true to their apostolic faith of poverty and piety. These claims were discounted in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also other claims that the Waldensians predated Peter Waldo's activities in the late twelfth century. In his <i>A History of the Vaudois Church</i> (1859),<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antoine Monastier quotes Bernard, abbot of Foncald, who wrote at the end of the twelfth century that the Waldensians arose during the papacy of Lucius.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monastier takes Bernard to mean <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a>, in office from 1144 to 1145, and concludes that the Waldenses were active before 1145. Bernard also says that the same Pope Lucius condemned them as heretics, but they were condemned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Pope Lucius III</a> in 1184.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monastier also says that <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_of_B%C3%A9thune" title="Eberhard of Béthune">Eberard de Béthune</a>, writing in 1210 (although Monastier says 1160), claimed that the name <i>Vaudois</i> meant "valley dwellers" or those who "dwell in a vale of sorrow and tears", and was in use before the times of Peter Waldo. </p><p>Waldensians feature in the theories of <a href="/wiki/Baptist_successionism" title="Baptist successionism">Baptist successionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landmarkism" title="Landmarkism">Landmarkism</a> concerning an alleged <a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_Blood" title="The Trail of Blood">continuous tradition</a> of practices and beliefs from <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historical writers suggest Waldensian beliefs came from missionaries from the early church and that their history may have its origins in the apostolic age,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this idea itself stems from <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Successionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Successionism">Baptist Successionism</a>, an idea that was very popular among some nineteenth-century church historians but has been largely rejected by modern scholars in the field. The Roman Inquisitor Reinerus Sacho, writing c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1230, held the sect of the Vaudois to be of great antiquity, thus preceding Waldo by centuries. According to some early baptist sources there are also accounts of <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bruys" title="Peter of Bruys">Petrobusians</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasaginians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasaginians (page does not exist)">Pasaginians</a>, along with the Waldenses of the Alps, who kept Saturday as the Lord's day.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> authors have pointed to the Waldensians as an example of earlier Christians who were not a part of the Catholic Church, and who held beliefs they interpreted to be similar to their own. In the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, Dutch and German <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> writers like <a href="/wiki/Thieleman_J._van_Braght" title="Thieleman J. van Braght">van Braght</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i> (1660)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Steven Blaupot ten Cate, <i>Geschiedkundig onderzoek</i> (1844),<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> linked Anabaptist origins to the Waldensians. Baptist authors like John L. Waller also linked their origins to the Waldensians.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (May 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Aitken_Wylie" title="James Aitken Wylie">James Aitken Wylie</a> (1808–1890) likewise believed the Waldensians preserved the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">apostolic</a> faith and its practices during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still later, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a> taught that the Waldenses were preservers of biblical truth during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She claimed the Waldenses kept the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_and_Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath and Seventh-day Adventism">seventh-day Sabbath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engaged in widespread missionary activity, and "planted the seeds of the Reformation" in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the claims of that the Waldensians were observant of resting on the Sabbath, Waldensians historians like Emilio Comba, Giorgio Spini, and Gabriel Audisio<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have stated the confusion is due to either the name of shoes worn by their travelling preachers or of their accusation's of holding <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a>, as the inquisitors often charged heretics in general.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though other Waldenses sources do suggest there were groups who kept the sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-Damstegt_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damstegt-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar Michael W. Homer links the belief in an ancient origin of the Waldensians to three seventeenth-century pastors, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Perrin" title="Jean-Paul Perrin">Jean-Paul Perrin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_France" title="Reformed Church of France">Reformed Church of France</a> and the Waldensian pastors Pierre Gilles and Jean Léger, who posited that the Waldensians were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Primitive Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-seeking_primitive_christianity_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seeking_primitive_christianity-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> try to date a Reformation-era Waldensian confession of faith back into the Middle Ages in 1120 to assert their claim of doctrinal antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the current historiography from the Waldensians themselves it is asserted that this confession was drafted in 1531.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestant theology in Germany was interested in the doctrinal antiquity and apostolic continuity being expressed by the Waldensian faith. The high independence of the communities, lay preaching, voluntary poverty, and strict adherence to the Bible and its early translation through Peter Waldo have been credited to prove an ancient origin of Protestantism as the true interpretation of the faith. Mere anti-Catholic sentiments and controversies, for example in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i></span>, played a role. Heinrich Gottlieb Kreussler's 1830 <i>History of the Reformation</i> contains a ballade about the fate of the Waldensians and quotes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_L%C3%A9ger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Léger (page does not exist)">Jean Léger's</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9ger" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Léger">fr</a>]</span> <i>History of the Waldenians</i> (1750) (authored with <a href="/wiki/Siegmund_Jakob_Baumgarten" title="Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten">Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten</a>, published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Jacob_Korn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Jacob Korn (page does not exist)">Johann Jacob Korn</a>) as proof of an early origin of the Waldensians.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strong German Protestant support for the Waldensian diaspora community in Italy—leading staff of the <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus Union">Gustavus Adolphus Union</a> (GAW) praised them as one of the most interesting churches of all<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—was not confined to a theological fascination. It led to extensive financial support, loans, exchange of priesters and communities, aid missions and political interventions for the Italian Waldensians and their charitable efforts, starting from the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a> actively contributed to reconciliation efforts with Italy and France based on its relationship with the Waldensian community.<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GAW has ongoing links with the Waldensians in Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waldensians_by_region">Waldensians by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Waldensians by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg/180px-0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg/270px-0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg/360px-0660_-_Milano_-_Facciata_chiesa_valdese_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_5-May-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>The Waldensian Church in Milan, built in 1949, incorporates materials from the demolished gothic church of <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Conca" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni in Conca">San Giovanni in Conca</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1848, after many centuries of harsh persecution, the Waldensians acquired legal freedom in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia</a> as a result of the liberalising reforms which followed <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a>'s granting a constitution (the <a href="/wiki/Statuto_Albertino" title="Statuto Albertino">Statuto Albertino</a>). Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church">Waldensian Evangelical Church</a>, as it became known, developed and spread through the Italian peninsula. </p><p>The Waldensian church was able to gain converts by building schools in some of the poorer regions of Italy, including Sicily. There is still a Waldensian church in the town of <a href="/wiki/Grotte,_Agrigento" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotte, Agrigento">Grotte</a>, at the southwest of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German Protestants have been supportive of the Waldensians in Italy since the seventeenth century. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> occupation of North Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Italian Waldensians were active in saving <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> faced with imminent extermination, hiding many of them in the same mountain valley where their own Waldensian ancestors had found refuge in earlier generations.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Wurm" title="Theophil Wurm">Theophil Wurm</a> (who was also Bishop of Württemberg) issued the <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_Declaration_of_Guilt" title="Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt">Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt</a> and actively contributed to reconciliation efforts with Italy (and France) based on relationships with the diaspora. The 1948 centenary festivities of the Savoy civil rights declaration were used for efforts of EKD leading staff to support German Italian reconciliation after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A most fruitful cooperation was established at the community level, with Waldensian delegates from both sides pioneering.<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1949, Guglielmo Del Pesco (1889–1951), moderator of the Tavola Valdese (Waldensian round table), was invited back to <a href="/wiki/Maulbronn" title="Maulbronn">Maulbronn</a>, celebrating the 250th anniversary of the Waldensian emigration to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unable to come for reasons of health but sent A. Jalla, a teacher, described as being full of spite and hatred against all things German after 1945, but who joined in the effort for reconciliation 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these experiences, the first town-twinning partnership between Germany and France was signed 1950 between <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a> and the Protestant exclave <a href="/wiki/Montb%C3%A9liard" title="Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a>, again based on a special connection of the Württemberg Landeskirche. The German <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus Union">Gustavus Adolphus Union</a> is supportive of Waldesian projects and charitable efforts in Italy till the present.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the Waldensian Church joined the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Evangelical_Church_in_Italy" title="Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy">Methodist Evangelical Church in Italy</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Waldensian_and_Methodist_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Waldensian and Methodist Churches">Union of Waldensian and Methodist Churches</a>. It has 50,000 members (45,000 Waldensians, of whom 30,000 in Italy and some 15,000 divided between Argentina and Uruguay, and 5,000 Methodists). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">eight per thousand</a> tax (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">otto per mille</i>) introduced 1985 in Italy greatly helped the Waldensian community. The eight per thousand law allows taxpayers to choose to whom they devolve a compulsory 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>‰ = 0.8% ('eight per thousand') from their annual income tax return. They may choose an organised religion recognised by Italy or a social assistance scheme run by the Italian State. While the Waldensians have only about 25,000 enlisted members, more than 600,000 Italians are willing to support the Waldensian community and its charitable works.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> and, since 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_same-sex_unions_in_Christian_churches" title="Blessing of same-sex unions in Christian churches">blessing of same-sex unions</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are allowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festejos_en_Colonia_Valdense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Festejos_en_Colonia_Valdense.jpg/220px-Festejos_en_Colonia_Valdense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Festejos_en_Colonia_Valdense.jpg/330px-Festejos_en_Colonia_Valdense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Festejos_en_Colonia_Valdense.jpg/440px-Festejos_en_Colonia_Valdense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Festivities celebrating the 150th anniversary of Italian immigration to <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Valdense" title="Colonia Valdense">Colonia Valdense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Waldensian settlers from Italy arrived in South America in 1856. From that date there have been several migrations, especially to Argentina, such as the town of <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Ar%C3%A1uz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacinto Aráuz">Jacinto Aráuz</a> in the southern part of the province of La<span class="nowrap"> </span>Pampa, where they arrived around 1901. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Waldensian Church of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_La_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Río de La Plata">Río de La Plata</a> (which forms a united church with the Waldensian Evangelical Church) has approximately 40 congregations and 15,000 members shared between <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Uruguayan town of Colonia Valdense, in the <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Department" title="Colonia Department">department of Colonia</a>, is the administrative center of the Waldensian Evangelical Church of the River Plate. In 1969, the Church established a mission in Barrio Nuevo, which became a soup kitchen for Saturdays and Sundays, for 500 poor families. Missionary activity has led to the conversion of new people without Waldensian ancestry, who are called "new Waldensian".<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Uruguay or directly from Italy, some Waldensian families also found a home in Brazil. There, they ended up joining the local Protestant churches.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church.jpg/220px-Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church.jpg/330px-Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church.jpg/440px-Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church" title="Waldensian Presbyterian Church">Waldensian Presbyterian Church</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Valdese,_North_Carolina" title="Valdese, North Carolina">Valdese, North Carolina</a>. This congregation belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since colonial times there have been Waldensians who sailed to America, as marked by the presence of them in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>. Many Waldensians, having escaped persecution in their homelands by making their way to the tolerant Dutch Republic, crossed the Atlantic to start anew in the <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> colony, establishing the first church in North America on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> in 1670.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late nineteenth century many Italians, among them Waldensians, emigrated to the United States. They founded communities in New York City; Boston; <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago</a>; <a href="/wiki/Monett,_Missouri" title="Monett, Missouri">Monett, Missouri</a>; <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hunter,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter, Utah">Hunter, Utah</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Utah" title="Ogden, Utah">Ogden, Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brigham_Young_University_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brigham_Young_University-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Church_and_Cemetery_of_Stone_Prairie" title="Waldensian Church and Cemetery of Stone Prairie">Monett congregation</a> was among the first to be established in the United States, in 1875, by some 40 settlers who had formed the original South American settlement in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> in the 1850s. With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a> they had fled violence in the Uruguayan countryside, traveling first back to Europe then across the Northern Atlantic to New York and by train to southern Missouri. Waldensians living in the Cottian Alps region of Northern Italy continued to migrate to Monett until the early 1900s, augmenting the original colony, and founded another, larger settlement in <a href="/wiki/Valdese,_North_Carolina" title="Valdese, North Carolina">Valdese, North Carolina</a>, in 1893. The first Waldenses settled in North Carolina in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-this-day_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-this-day-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Monett and Valdese congregations use the name <a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Presbyterian_Church" title="Waldensian Presbyterian Church">Waldensian Presbyterian Church</a>. </p><p>In 1853 a group of approximately 70 Waldensians, including men, women, and children, left their homes in the Piedmont Valleys and migrated to Pleasant Green, Hunter, and Ogden, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, after being converted to Mormonism by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Snow" title="Lorenzo Snow">Lorenzo Snow</a>. These Waldensians maintained their cultural heritage, while passing on their mixture of Mormon and Waldensian faiths to their descendants. Their descendants still consider themselves both Mormon and Waldensian, and have met occasionally over the many decades to celebrate both heritages.<sup id="cite_ref-Mormon_Historic_Sites_Foundation_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mormon_Historic_Sites_Foundation-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_Institute_For_Religious_Scholarship_BYU_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell_Institute_For_Religious_Scholarship_BYU-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harold_B._Lee_Library_Digital_Collections_BYU_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harold_B._Lee_Library_Digital_Collections_BYU-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christianity_Today_Library_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christianity_Today_Library-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, through the initiative of church forces in New York City, Waldensian interest groups were invited to coalesce into a new entity, The American Waldensian Aid Society (AWS), organized "to collect funds and apply the same to the aid of the Waldensian Church in Italy and elsewhere ... and to arouse and maintain interest throughout the US in the work of said Church." Today, this organization continues as the American Waldensian Society. The American Waldensian Society recently marked its Centennial with a conference and celebrations in New York City. </p><p>By the 1920s most of the Waldensian churches and missions merged into the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church</a> due to the cultural assimilation of the second and third generations. </p><p>The work of the American Waldensian Society continues in the United States today. The American Waldensian Society aims to foster dialogue and partnership among Waldensian Churches in Italy and South America and Christian churches within North America in order to promote a compelling vision of Waldensian Christian witness for North America. Thus, the American Waldensian Society makes public the contemporary and historic heritage to which Waldensian spirituality is committed: Tell the Story; Encourage "Crossings"; and Provide Financial Support.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best known Waldensian Churches in America were in New York, Monett, Missouri and in Valdese, North Carolina. The church in New York City was disbanded by the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American Waldensian Society assists churches, organizations and families in the promotion of Waldensian history and culture. The society allies with those who work to preserve their millennial heritage among their descendants. For example, since 1968, the Old Colony Players in <a href="/wiki/Valdese,_North_Carolina" title="Valdese, North Carolina">Valdese, North Carolina</a>, have staged <i><a href="/wiki/From_This_Day_Forward_(play)" title="From This Day Forward (play)">From This Day Forward</a></i>, an outdoor drama telling the story of the Waldenses and the founding of Valdese.<sup id="cite_ref-this-day_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-this-day-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Waldensian Presbyterian churches in the United States and the American Waldensian Society have links with the Italian-based <a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church">Waldensian Evangelical Church</a>, but, unlike the South American Waldensian communities, today they are independent institutions from the European organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Neuhengstett.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wappen_Neuhengstett.png/180px-Wappen_Neuhengstett.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wappen_Neuhengstett.png/270px-Wappen_Neuhengstett.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wappen_Neuhengstett.png/360px-Wappen_Neuhengstett.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Le Bourcet (part of <a href="/wiki/Althengstett" title="Althengstett">Althengstett</a>) in Württemberg</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnaud_Brunnen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arnaud_Brunnen.JPG/180px-Arnaud_Brunnen.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arnaud_Brunnen.JPG/270px-Arnaud_Brunnen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arnaud_Brunnen.JPG/360px-Arnaud_Brunnen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Arnaud's fountain in <a href="/wiki/Rutesheim" title="Rutesheim">Perouse</a> (Württemberg)</figcaption></figure> <p>Several thousand Waldenses fled from Italy and France to Germany. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Arnaud_(pastor)" title="Henri Arnaud (pastor)">Henri Arnaud</a> (1641–1721), pastor and leader of the Piedmont Waldensians, rescued his co-religionists from their dispersion under the persecution of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia">Victor Amadeus II</a> the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Louis,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg">Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg</a> invited the Waldensians to his territory. When the Waldensians were exiled a second time, Arnaud accompanied them in their exile to <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tisheim" title="Ötisheim">Schönenberg</a>, and continued to act as their pastor until his death. </p><p>Those who remained in Germany were soon assimilated by the State Churches (Lutheran and Reformed) and they are a part of various <a href="/wiki/Landeskirche" title="Landeskirche">Landeskirchen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a>. The new settlers were free in their religious services, and kept holding them in French till the nineteenth century. The Waldensian community is often overlooked, as the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> were larger in number. Henri Arnaud's home in Schönenberg close to <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tisheim" title="Ötisheim">Ötisheim</a> is a Museum today. A memorial plate refers to the introduction of potatoes in Württemberg by the Waldensians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldenserstein_Neuhengstett.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Waldenserstein_Neuhengstett.JPG/220px-Waldenserstein_Neuhengstett.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Waldenserstein_Neuhengstett.JPG/330px-Waldenserstein_Neuhengstett.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Waldenserstein_Neuhengstett.JPG/440px-Waldenserstein_Neuhengstett.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The Waldensian stone was erected north of Le Bourcet (now part of <a href="/wiki/Althengstett" title="Althengstett">Althengstett</a>) to commemorate the original settler families.</figcaption></figure> <p>Main parts of the Waldensian refugees found a new home in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Hessen-Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homburg,_Saarland" title="Homburg, Saarland">Homburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Dillenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Dillenburg">Nassau-Dillenburg</a> and in the then Grand Duchée <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>. The founded new communities in Rohrbach, Wembach und Hahn (today part of <a href="/wiki/Ober-Ramstadt" title="Ober-Ramstadt">Ober-Ramstadt</a>), Walldorf (today <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rfelden-Walldorf" title="Mörfelden-Walldorf">Mörfelden-Walldorf</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bad_Homburg" title="Bad Homburg">Bad Homburg</a>-Dornholzhausen, Gottstreu and Gewissenruh (<a href="/wiki/Oberweser" title="Oberweser">Oberweser</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charlottenberg,_Germany" title="Charlottenberg, Germany">Charlottenberg</a>. Still today, French family names (Gille, Roux, Granget, Conle, Gillardon, Common, Jourdan, Piston, Richardon, Servay, Conte, Baral, Gay, Orcellet or Salen) show the <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoyard</a> background. Stuttgart hosts as well an Italian Waldensian community with about 100 members. </p><p>Municipality names like Pinache, Serres (both now part of <a href="/wiki/Wiernsheim" title="Wiernsheim">Wiernsheim</a>), Großvillars (part of <a href="/wiki/Oberderdingen" title="Oberderdingen">Oberderdingen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kleinvillars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleinvillars">Kleinvillars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutesheim" title="Rutesheim">Perouse</a> show the French heritage, the latter communities are close to <a href="/wiki/Maulbronn" title="Maulbronn">Maulbronn</a> and its UNESCO world heritage site monastery and school. Maulbronn was the place of the festivities for the 250th anniversary of the Waldensian emigration to Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which played as well an important role in German Italian reconciliation after World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II.<sup id="cite_ref-waldi_123-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waldi-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Waldensian community is active and has various associations maintaining the specific heritage and keep relationships with their counterparts in Italy and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That includes as well a close watch on the ecumene, with the Waldensian-influenced theologians being more doubtful about a stronger cooperation with the Catholic Church than others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li>Czech reformers <a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_of_Prague" title="Jerome of Prague">Jerome of Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussitism">Hussitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_of_Huesca" title="Durand of Huesca">Durand of Huesca</a> (later re-converted to Catholicism), early Spanish follower of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Snow_Pendleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Henry Snow Pendleton">Frederick Henry Snow Pendleton</a>, Anglican protector who worked with the Waldensians in South America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Arnaud_(pastor)" title="Henri Arnaud (pastor)">Henri Arnaud</a>, a Waldensian writer, pastor, and soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_religious_minority_politicians" title="List of Italian religious minority politicians">List of Italian religious minority politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church">Waldensian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Beckwith_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Charles Beckwith (British Army officer)">John Charles Beckwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luserna_San_Giovanni" title="Luserna San Giovanni">Luserna San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Pellice" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Pellice">Val Pellice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_Valleys" title="Occitan Valleys">Waldensian valleys</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Macy1984-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macy1984_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macy1984_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacy1984" class="citation book cs1">Macy, Gary (1984). <i>The Theologies of the Eucharist in the Early Scholastic Period: A Study of the Salvific Function of the Sacrament According to the Theologians, C. 1080-c. 1220</i>. Clarendon Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826669-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826669-3"><bdi>978-0-19-826669-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theologies+of+the+Eucharist+in+the+Early+Scholastic+Period%3A+A+Study+of+the+Salvific+Function+of+the+Sacrament+According+to+the+Theologians%2C+C.+1080-c.+1220&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826669-3&rft.aulast=Macy&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Advent-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Advent_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Advent_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1912" class="citation web cs1">Weber, N. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm">"Waldenses"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>The real founder of the sect was a wealthy merchant of Lyons who in the early documents is called Waldes (Waldo) ... On the feast of the Assumption, 1176, he disposed of the last of his earthly possessions and shortly after took the vow of poverty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Waldenses&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15527b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/a-history-of-the-waldensians/">"A History of the Waldensians"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Waldensians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museeprotestant.org%2Fen%2Fnotice%2Fa-history-of-the-waldensians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Waldenses">"Waldenses"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>little is known with certainty about the reputed founder, Valdes (also called Peter Waldo, or Valdo). As a layman, Valdes preached (1170–1176) in Lyon, France</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Waldenses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWaldenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Cameron, <i>Waldenses: Rejection of the Holy Church in Medieval Europe</i> (Oxford, 2000), pp. 49–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron 2000, pp. 264–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiesavaldese3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chiesavaldese3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224127/http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/archivi/index_commenti.php?id=1048">"Patto di integrazione globale tra le chiese metodiste e valdesi"</a>. Chiesa Evangelica Valdese – Unione delle chiese Metodiste e Valdesi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/archivi/index_commenti.php?id=1048">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patto+di+integrazione+globale+tra+le+chiese+metodiste+e+valdesi&rft.pub=Chiesa+Evangelica+Valdese+%E2%80%93+Unione+delle+chiese+Metodiste+e+Valdesi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiesavaldese.org%2Fpages%2Farchivi%2Findex_commenti.php%3Fid%3D1048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDF2024229388-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PDF2024229388_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224140/http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/archivi/mater_studio/patto_cv-ad.pdf">"Per un patto tra la Chiesa Assemblee di Dio e la Chiesa valdese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 20 September 2009. 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Henry Hills.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Evangelical+Churches+of+the+Valleys+of+Piedmont&rft.pub=Henry+Hills&rft.date=1658&rft.aulast=Moreland&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc788AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVos1996" class="citation journal cs1">Vos, J. G. (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opc.org/OS/html/V5/2e.html">"The Use and Abuse of Church History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ordained_Servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained Servant">Ordained Servant</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ordained+Servant&rft.atitle=The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Church+History&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996-04&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopc.org%2FOS%2Fhtml%2FV5%2F2e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.xii.vii.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049–1294 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1049%E2%80%931294+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc5.ii.xii.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inquisitor Reyenerious, A. D. 1250, and extracted by Allix (Chap. 22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorland1658" class="citation book cs1">Morland, Samuel (1658). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofevangel00morl"><i>The history of the Evangelical churches of the valleys of Piemont : containing a most exact geographical description of the place, and a faithfull account of the doctrine, life, and persecutions of the ancient inhabitants ; Together, with a most naked and punctual relation of the late bloudy massacre, 1655 ; And a narrative of all the following transactions, to the year of Our Lord, 1658 .</i></a> Princeton Theological Seminary Library. 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Third Edition</i></a>. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+of+the+Church+on+the+Coming+and+Kingdom+of+the+Redeemer%3B+Or%2C+a+History+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Reign+of+Christ+on+Earth.+Revised+and+Edited+with+a+Preface+by+H.+L.+Hastings.+Third+Edition&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=TAYLOR&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUFVAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montet, Edouard, <i>La noble leçon, texte original d'après le manuscrit de Cambridge</i>, 1888, pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>19–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montet, Edouard, <i>La noble leçon, texte original d'après le manuscrit de Cambridge</i>, 1888, p.<span class="nowrap"> </span>19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez2012_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez2012_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2012" class="citation web cs1">Alvarez, Sandra (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalists.net/2012/11/the-eucharist-and-the-negotiation-of-orthodoxy-in-the-high-middle-ages/">"The Eucharist and the Negotiation of Orthodoxy in the High Middle Ages"</a>. Medievalists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>The earliest Waldensian sources show a strong belief in the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. They drew on Peter Lombards' "Sentences" to respond to the Cathars and explain how evil men could consume the Eucharist. Nothing here was heretical or deviated from Orthodoxy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Eucharist+and+the+Negotiation+of+Orthodoxy+in+the+High+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Medievalists&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalists.net%2F2012%2F11%2Fthe-eucharist-and-the-negotiation-of-orthodoxy-in-the-high-middle-ages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation web cs1">Schaff, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.xii.vii.html">"History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049–1294 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1049%E2%80%931294+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc5.ii.xii.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Audisio2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Audisio2007_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudisio2007" class="citation book cs1">Audisio, Gabriel (2007). <i>Preachers by Night: The Waldensian Barbes (15th-16th Centuries)</i>. BRILL. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15454-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15454-4"><bdi>978-90-04-15454-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preachers+by+Night%3A+The+Waldensian+Barbes+%2815th-16th+Centuries%29&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15454-4&rft.aulast=Audisio&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonBellenger2013" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Roberta; Bellenger, Dominic (17 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xaKXWpSx-KcC&dq=%2C+they+condemn+all+the+Sacraments+of+the+Church%3B+in+the+first+place%2C+as+to+baptism%2C+they+say+that+the+Catechism+is+nothing+-+%2A%2Aalso%2C+that+the+ablution+which+is+given+to+infants+profits+nothing&pg=PA177"><i>Medieval Worlds: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-40513-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-40513-6"><bdi>978-1-136-40513-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Worlds%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-136-40513-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Bellenger%2C+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxaKXWpSx-KcC%26dq%3D%252C%2Bthey%2Bcondemn%2Ball%2Bthe%2BSacraments%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChurch%253B%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bplace%252C%2Bas%2Bto%2Bbaptism%252C%2Bthey%2Bsay%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BCatechism%2Bis%2Bnothing%2B-%2B%252A%252Aalso%252C%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Bablution%2Bwhich%2Bis%2Bgiven%2Bto%2Binfants%2Bprofits%2Bnothing%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam" class="citation book cs1">William, Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACpNCgAAQBAJ&dq=noble+lesson+infant+baptism&pg=PT31"><i>History of the Christian Church: From the Birth of Christ to the 18th Century</i></a>. Delmarva Publications, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%3A+From+the+Birth+of+Christ+to+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=Delmarva+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACpNCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnoble%2Blesson%2Binfant%2Bbaptism%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Waldenses">"Waldenses: Description, History, & Beliefs"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Waldenses%3A+Description%2C+History%2C+%26+Beliefs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWaldenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Waldenses">"Waldenses | Description, History, & Beliefs | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Waldenses+%7C+Description%2C+History%2C+%26+Beliefs+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWaldenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.xii.vii.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049–1294 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1049%E2%80%931294+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc5.ii.xii.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Waldenses">"Waldenses | Description, History, & Beliefs | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Waldenses+%7C+Description%2C+History%2C+%26+Beliefs+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWaldenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudisio2007" class="citation book cs1">Audisio, Gabriel (2007). <i>Preachers by Night – The Waldensian Barbes (15th – 16th Centuries)</i>. Leiden – Boston: Brill. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004154544" title="Special:BookSources/9789004154544"><bdi>9789004154544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preachers+by+Night+%E2%80%93+The+Waldensian+Barbes+%2815th+%E2%80%93+16th+Centuries%29&rft.place=Leiden+%E2%80%93+Boston&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004154544&rft.aulast=Audisio&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation web cs1">Schaff, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.xii.vii.html">"History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049–1294 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1049%E2%80%931294+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc5.ii.xii.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.xii.vii.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049–1294 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1049%E2%80%931294+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc5.ii.xii.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Waldenses">"Waldenses | Description, History, & Beliefs | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Waldenses+%7C+Description%2C+History%2C+%26+Beliefs+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWaldenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liber visionum et miraculorum</i>, Anonymous Chronicles of Lyon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tourn, Giorgio (1999). <i>Les Vaudois, l’étonnante aventure d’un peuple-église</i>. Claudiana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan_2002_p._2031-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan_2002_p._2031_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C&pg=PA2031"><i>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z</i></a>. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World. Greenwood Press. p. 2031. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32384-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32384-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+S-Z&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+Around+the+World&rft.pages=2031&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32384-3&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZu5GpDby9H0C%26pg%3DPA2031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeger1669" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leger, Jean (1669). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kItEJE3jb2kC"><i>Histoire générale des Eglises evangeliques des vallees de Piemont; ou vaudoises. divisée en deux livres,...par Jean Leger, Pasteur & Moderateur des Eglises des Vallées, & depuis la violence de la Persecution, appelé à l'Eglise Wallonne de Leyde. Le tout enrichi de Tailles douces</i></a> (in French). chez Jean Le Carpentier. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+Eglises+evangeliques+des+vallees+de+Piemont%3B+ou+vaudoises.+divis%C3%A9e+en+deux+livres%2C...par+Jean+Leger%2C+Pasteur+%26+Moderateur+des+Eglises+des+Vall%C3%A9es%2C+%26+depuis+la+violence+de+la+Persecution%2C+appel%C3%A9+%C3%A0+l%27Eglise+Wallonne+de+Leyde.+Le+tout+enrichi+de+Tailles+douces&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=chez+Jean+Le+Carpentier&rft.date=1669&rft.aulast=Leger&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkItEJE3jb2kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilly1831" class="citation book cs1">Gilly, William Stephen (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2UlwdHz0cAC&dq=waldenses+council+lateran+ancient&pg=PA45"><i>Waldensian Researches During a Second Visit to the Vaudois of Piemont: With an Introductory Inquiry Into the Antiquity and Purity of the Waldensian Church ...</i></a> C. J. G. & F. Rivington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waldensian+Researches+During+a+Second+Visit+to+the+Vaudois+of+Piemont%3A+With+an+Introductory+Inquiry+Into+the+Antiquity+and+Purity+of+the+Waldensian+Church+...&rft.pub=C.+J.+G.+%26+F.+Rivington&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Gilly&rft.aufirst=William+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2UlwdHz0cAC%26dq%3Dwaldenses%2Bcouncil%2Blateran%2Bancient%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuy1613" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tuy, Lucas de (1613). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yWDyvMCyE-EC"><i>Lucae Tudensis Episcopi scriptores aliquot succedanei contra sectam Waldensium: nunc primum in lucem editi cum prolegomenis et notis ...</i></a> (in Latin). excudebat Andreas Angermarius. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucae+Tudensis+Episcopi+scriptores+aliquot+succedanei+contra+sectam+Waldensium%3A+nunc+primum+in+lucem+editi+cum+prolegomenis+et+notis+...&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=excudebat+Andreas+Angermarius&rft.date=1613&rft.aulast=Tuy&rft.aufirst=Lucas+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyWDyvMCyE-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaud1710" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnaud, Henri (1710). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpCAAAAcAAJ&q=paul"><i>Histoire de la glorieuse rentrée des Vaudois</i></a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+glorieuse+rentr%C3%A9e+des+Vaudois&rft.date=1710&rft.aulast=Arnaud&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgpCAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dpaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. Roy (1984). "Old Waldensian: Some linguistic and editorial observations". <i>Romance Philology</i> 38(2), pp. 200–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm">"Waldenses"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. 1 October 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span> – via New Advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waldenses&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1912-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15527b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, Rosalind B. (1975), <i>The Coming of the Friars</i>, New York: Routledge, pp.<span class="nowrap"> </span>72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comba, Emilio (1978) <i>History of the Waldenses of Italy, from their origin to the Reformation</i>. New York: AMS Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4041-6119-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4041-6119-4">978-0-4041-6119-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiller2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Biller" title="Peter Biller">Biller, Peter</a> (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtl004">"Goodbye to Waldensianism?"</a>. <i>Past & Present</i> (192): 3–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtl004">10.1093/pastj/gtl004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125197">4125197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Goodbye+to+Waldensianism%3F&rft.issue=192&rft.pages=3-33&rft.date=2006-08&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4125197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtl004&rft.aulast=Biller&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fpastj%252Fgtl004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herberman-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herberman_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbermann, Charles George (1913). <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, p.<span class="nowrap"> </span>250. Universal Knowledge Foundation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herzog-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herzog_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gretser, J. (1738). Opera omnia antehac ab ipsomet auctore accurate recognita, opusculis multis, notis, et paralipomenis pluribus, propriis locis in hac editione insertis aucta et illustrata nunc selecto ordine ad certos titul: Lutherus academicus, et Waldenses sumptibus Joannis Conradi Peez. (p.112) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1utdyUTpKhsC">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGretser1738" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gretser, Jacob (1738). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkZfkeLgeqUC"><i>Opera omnia, antehac ab ipsomet auctore accurate recognita, opusculis multis, notis, et paralipomenis pluribus, propriis locis in hac editione insertis, aucta et illustrata, nunc selecto ordine ad certos titulos revocata</i></a> (in Latin). p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+omnia%2C+antehac+ab+ipsomet+auctore+accurate+recognita%2C+opusculis+multis%2C+notis%2C+et+paralipomenis+pluribus%2C+propriis+locis+in+hac+editione+insertis%2C+aucta+et+illustrata%2C+nunc+selecto+ordine+ad+certos+titulos+revocata&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1738&rft.aulast=Gretser&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkZfkeLgeqUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damstegt-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Damstegt_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damstegt_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamstegt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Damstegt, Gerard (Autumn 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3448&context=auss">"Decoding Ancient Waldenses Names: New Discoveries"</a>. <i>Andrews University Seminary Studies</i>. <b>54</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Andrews+University+Seminary+Studies&rft.atitle=Decoding+Ancient+Waldenses+Names%3A+New+Discoveries&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Damstegt&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3448%26context%3Dauss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldast1607" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goldast, Melchior (1607). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=du1TAAAAcAAJ&q=sabbato"><i>Melchioris Haiminsfeldii Goldasti Rationale Constitutionum Imperialium, Autoschediasthen Sive Extemporale: In quo cum ipsis Constitutionibus argumenta dicuntur, tum Sacri Romani Imperii iura aduersus Caesaris Baronii Cardinalis Romani Annales elenchos praescribuntur (p. 78)</i></a> (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melchioris+Haiminsfeldii+Goldasti+Rationale+Constitutionum+Imperialium%2C+Autoschediasthen+Sive+Extemporale%3A+In+quo+cum+ipsis+Constitutionibus+argumenta+dicuntur%2C+tum+Sacri+Romani+Imperii+iura+aduersus+Caesaris+Baronii+Cardinalis+Romani+Annales+elenchos+praescribuntur+%28p.+78%29&rft.date=1607&rft.aulast=Goldast&rft.aufirst=Melchior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddu1TAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dsabbato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEymerich_(O.P.)1595" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eymerich (O.P.), Nicolau (1595). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8ZJkWRUYSQC"><i>Directorium Inquisitorum</i></a> (in Latin). sumptibus Simeonis Vasalini. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directorium+Inquisitorum&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=sumptibus+Simeonis+Vasalini&rft.date=1595&rft.aulast=Eymerich+%28O.P.%29&rft.aufirst=Nicolau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8ZJkWRUYSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonetaRicchiniSintesFratta1743" class="citation book cs1">Moneta, of Cremona; Ricchini, Tommaso Agostino; Sintes, Giovanni Battista; Fratta, Domenico Maria; Pomarede, Silvio; Palearini, Nicolò; Palearini, Marco (1743). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/venerabilispatri00mone"><i>Venerabilis patris Monetae Cremonensis ordinis praedicatorum S.P. dominico aequalis Adversus Catharos et Valdenses libri quinque : quos ex manuscriptis codd. Vaticano, Bononiensi, ac Neapolitano</i></a>. Getty Research Institute. Romae : Ex typographia Palladis : Excudebant Nicolaus, et Marcus Palearini. pp. 475–476.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venerabilis+patris+Monetae+Cremonensis+ordinis+praedicatorum+S.P.+dominico+aequalis+Adversus+Catharos+et+Valdenses+libri+quinque+%3A+quos+ex+manuscriptis+codd.+Vaticano%2C+Bononiensi%2C+ac+Neapolitano&rft.pages=475-476&rft.pub=Romae+%3A+Ex+typographia+Palladis+%3A+Excudebant+Nicolaus%2C+et+Marcus+Palearini&rft.date=1743&rft.aulast=Moneta&rft.aufirst=of+Cremona&rft.au=Ricchini%2C+Tommaso+Agostino&rft.au=Sintes%2C+Giovanni+Battista&rft.au=Fratta%2C+Domenico+Maria&rft.au=Pomarede%2C+Silvio&rft.au=Palearini%2C+Nicol%C3%B2&rft.au=Palearini%2C+Marco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvenerabilispatri00mone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHering1756" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hering, Johann Gottfried (1756). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLYAAAAAcAAJ&q=sabbatati"><i>Compendieuses Kirchen- und Ketzer-Lexicon: In welchem Alle Ketzereyen und Secten, und deren Urheber und Stiffter, von derer Apostel Zeiten her, wie auch die meisten geistlichen Orden angezeiget und beschrieben, darnebst auch viele zur Kirchen-Historie dienende Termini und Sachen angeführet und erklähret werden</i></a> (in German). Fulde. p. 537.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendieuses+Kirchen-+und+Ketzer-Lexicon%3A+In+welchem+Alle+Ketzereyen+und+Secten%2C+und+deren+Urheber+und+Stiffter%2C+von+derer+Apostel+Zeiten+her%2C+wie+auch+die+meisten+geistlichen+Orden+angezeiget+und+beschrieben%2C+darnebst+auch+viele+zur+Kirchen-Historie+dienende+Termini+und+Sachen+angef%C3%BChret+und+erkl%C3%A4hret+werden&rft.pages=537&rft.pub=Fulde&rft.date=1756&rft.aulast=Hering&rft.aufirst=Johann+Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLYAAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dsabbatati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnattributed1524" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Unattributed (1524). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/concern/works/xw42nf17j?locale=en&fbclid=IwAR3_SiQ6eJ64fb2WRBC9-ksBXf8oR1N29UQXfB_PB8ZTHFRUUF8_SC0MZLE"><i>Waldensian prose tracts. IE TCD MS 260</i></a> (in Latin). France?: Dominique Vigneaux d’’Angrogne. pp. f.209 r.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waldensian+prose+tracts.+IE+TCD+MS+260&rft.place=France%3F&rft.pages=f.209+r&rft.pub=Dominique+Vigneaux+d%E2%80%99%E2%80%99Angrogne&rft.date=1524&rft.au=Unattributed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.tcd.ie%2Fconcern%2Fworks%2Fxw42nf17j%3Flocale%3Den%26fbclid%3DIwAR3_SiQ6eJ64fb2WRBC9-ksBXf8oR1N29UQXfB_PB8ZTHFRUUF8_SC0MZLE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1832" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Adam (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MtwRAAAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Waldenses: With an Introductory Sketch of the History of the Christian Churches in the South of France and North of Italy, Till These Churches Submitted to the Pope, when the Waldenses Continued as Formerly Independent of the Papal See</i></a>. A. Black. p. 527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Waldenses%3A+With+an+Introductory+Sketch+of+the+History+of+the+Christian+Churches+in+the+South+of+France+and+North+of+Italy%2C+Till+These+Churches+Submitted+to+the+Pope%2C+when+the+Waldenses+Continued+as+Formerly+Independent+of+the+Papal+See&rft.pages=527&rft.pub=A.+Black&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtwRAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm">"Waldenses"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2021</span> – via New Advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waldenses&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15527b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Accounts of the Waldenses". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mA9gAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sketches of the Waldenses</i></a>. Religious Tract Society. 1846. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-02-236632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-02-236632-9"><bdi>978-1-02-236632-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>[...] returning to the region of the Alps, he [Vigilantius] found a body of Christians like-minded with himself; with these he gladly united, and laboured.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accounts+of+the+Waldenses&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+the+Waldenses&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1846&rft.isbn=978-1-02-236632-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmA9gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juvenile1853-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juvenile1853_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil19socigoog">"Piedmontese Children Forced from their parents"</a>. <i>The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons</i>. <b>X</b>. Wesleyan Missionary Society: 108. October 1853<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wesleyan+Juvenile+Offering%3A+A+Miscellany+of+Missionary+Information+for+Young+Persons&rft.atitle=Piedmontese+Children+Forced+from+their+parents&rft.volume=X&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1853-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesleyanjuvenil19socigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudisio1999" class="citation book cs1">Audisio, Gabriel (1999). <i>The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival c. 1170 – c. 1570</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 14, 16, 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55984-3"><bdi>978-0-521-55984-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waldensian+Dissent%3A+Persecution+and+Survival+c.+1170+%E2%80%93+c.+1570&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=14%2C+16%2C+22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55984-3&rft.aulast=Audisio&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlainey2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Blainey, Geoffrey</a> (26 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DepQXhNVSk4C"><i>A Short History of Christianity</i></a>. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin (published 2011). p. 430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857962553" title="Special:BookSources/9780857962553"><bdi>9780857962553</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>. <q>The Waldensians eschewed the Cathars, who were busy in the same regions at the same time. While the Cathars were heretics, the Waldensians generally were not. Their real act of defiance was quietly to deny the existence of purgatory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=Camberwell%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.isbn=9780857962553&rft.aulast=Blainey&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDepQXhNVSk4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwoodAlles2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ellwood, R. S.; Alles, G. D. (2007). "Waldensians". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&pg=PA471"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. New York: Facts on File. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1038-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waldensians&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1038-7&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Alles%2C+G.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalambosi2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galambosi, Péter (2018). "A budai eretnekmozgalom (1304–1307)" [The Heretical Movement in Buda (1304–1307)]. In Kádas, István; Skorka, Renáta; Weisz, Boglárka (eds.). <i>Veretek, utak, katonák. Gazdaságtörténeti tanulmányok a magyar középkorról</i> (in Hungarian). MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont. pp. 223–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-416-124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-416-124-0"><bdi>978-963-416-124-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+budai+eretnekmozgalom+%281304%E2%80%931307%29&rft.btitle=Veretek%2C+utak%2C+katon%C3%A1k.+Gazdas%C3%A1gt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+tanulm%C3%A1nyok+a+magyar+k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkorr%C3%B3l&rft.pages=223-245&rft.pub=MTA+B%C3%B6lcs%C3%A9szettudom%C3%A1nyi+Kutat%C3%B3k%C3%B6zpont&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-963-416-124-0&rft.aulast=Galambosi&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnocent_VIII1669" class="citation book cs1">Innocent VIII (1669). <i>Id nostri cordis</i>. Histoire générale des Eglises Evangeliques des Vallées du Piemont ou Vaudoises. Vol. 2. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Id+nostri+cordis&rft.series=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+Eglises+Evangeliques+des+Vall%C3%A9es+du+Piemont+ou+Vaudoises&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1669&rft.au=Innocent+VIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaronio1663" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baronio, Cesare (1663). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzBQAAAAcAAJ&q=1487+V.Kal"><i>Annales ecclesiastici</i></a> (in Latin). Mascardus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+ecclesiastici&rft.pub=Mascardus&rft.date=1663&rft.aulast=Baronio&rft.aufirst=Cesare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzBQAAAAcAAJ%26q%3D1487%2BV.Kal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donovan-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donovan_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01484a.htm">"Bl. Angelo Carletti di Chivasso"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bl.+Angelo+Carletti+di+Chivasso&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01484a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1888" class="citation book cs1">Wylie, J. A. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TA7UDwAAQBAJ"><i>History of the Waldenses</i></a>. Dalcassian Publishing Company. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Waldenses&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Dalcassian+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA7UDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1984" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, R. J. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvEBMIIcHQkC&pg=PA405"><i>Francis I</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5212-4344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5212-4344-5"><bdi>978-0-5212-4344-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+I&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-5212-4344-5&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvEBMIIcHQkC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCabe1874-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCabe1874_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Dabney_McCabe1874" class="citation book cs1">James Dabney McCabe (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crosscrownorsuf00mcca"><i>Cross and crown: or, The sufferings and triumphs of the heroic men and women who were persecuted for the religion of Jesus Christ</i></a>. National Pub. Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crosscrownorsuf00mcca/page/66">66</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+and+crown%3A+or%2C+The+sufferings+and+triumphs+of+the+heroic+men+and+women+who+were+persecuted+for+the+religion+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=National+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1874&rft.au=James+Dabney+McCabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrosscrownorsuf00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Aitken_Wylie" title="James Aitken Wylie">Wylie, J. A.</a> (1996) [1860]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MCVNUFB7GQC&pg=PA132"><i>History of the Waldenses</i></a>. Hartland. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780923309305" title="Special:BookSources/9780923309305"><bdi>9780923309305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Waldenses&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Hartland&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780923309305&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MCVNUFB7GQC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725142232/http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Emilton/reading_room/sonnets/sonnet_18/index.shtml">"Milton: Sonnet 18"</a>. Dartmouth.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/sonnets/sonnet_18/index.shtml">the original</a> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton%3A+Sonnet+18&rft.pub=Dartmouth.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~milton%2Freading_room%2Fsonnets%2Fsonnet_18%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scharf, Thomas J. (1888), <i>History of Delaware, 1609–1888</i>, L. J. Richards & Co., Philadelphia <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IGk3AQAAMAAJ">Vol. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IGk3AQAAMAAJ">Vol. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regard.eu.org/Livres.11/Janavel/">"Janavel"</a>. Regard.eu.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janavel&rft.pub=Regard.eu.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regard.eu.org%2FLivres.11%2FJanavel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens, Prescot (1998), <i>The Waldensian Story: A Study in Faith, Intolerance and Survival</i>, Lewes, Sussex: Book Guild, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8577-6280-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8577-6280-8">978-1-8577-6280-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgio Spini (1971), <i>L'Evangelo e il berretto frigio</i> (Storia del movimento evangelico in Italia, Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>I), Claudiana, Turin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, George B. (1941), <i>Waldenses in the New World</i>, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bächstädt-Malan Camusso, Christian (2002), "Per Una Storia dell'Industria Dolciaria Torinese: il Caso Caffarel", p.<span class="nowrap"> </span>63, Doctoral thesis (Economics and Business), Universitá degli Studi di Torino</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilly1848" class="citation book cs1">Gilly, William Stephen (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NurxD-25FMYC"><i>The Romaunt Version of the Gospel According to St. John... with an Introductory History of the Version of the New Testament, Anciently in Use Among the Old Waldenses...</i></a> London: J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romaunt+Version+of+the+Gospel+According+to+St.+John...+with+an+Introductory+History+of+the+Version+of+the+New+Testament%2C+Anciently+in+Use+Among+the+Old+Waldenses...&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Gilly&rft.aufirst=William+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNurxD-25FMYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/francis-asks-forgiveness-waldensian-persecutions-killings">"Francis asks forgiveness for Waldensian persecutions, killings"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>. 22 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Francis+asks+forgiveness+for+Waldensian+persecutions%2C+killings&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fblogs%2Fncr-today%2Ffrancis-asks-forgiveness-waldensian-persecutions-killings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackney2012" class="citation book cs1">Brackney, William H. (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhUvxfkWW2oC&dq=Taborites+believer%27s+baptism&pg=PA332"><i>Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7365-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-7365-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Radical+Christianity&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7365-0&rft.aulast=Brackney&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhUvxfkWW2oC%26dq%3DTaborites%2Bbeliever%2527s%2Bbaptism%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2003" class="citation book cs1">David, Zdeněk V. (29 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYyyZl9baKQC&dq=Waldensians+Petr+Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD&pg=PA24"><i>Finding the Middle Way: The Utraquists' Liberal Challenge to Rome and Luther</i></a>. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7382-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-7382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+the+Middle+Way%3A+The+Utraquists%27+Liberal+Challenge+to+Rome+and+Luther&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press&rft.date=2003-07-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7382-9&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Zden%C4%9Bk+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYyyZl9baKQC%26dq%3DWaldensians%2BPetr%2BChel%25C4%258Dick%25C3%25BD%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2015" class="citation book cs1">Brock, Peter (8 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlR9BgAAQBAJ&dq=Waldensians+Petr+Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD&pg=PA33"><i>Pacifism in Europe to 1914</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6749-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6749-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-6749-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacifism+in+Europe+to+1914&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6749-3&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlR9BgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWaldensians%2BPetr%2BChel%25C4%258Dick%25C3%25BD%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adogame_Shankar_2012_p._208-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adogame_Shankar_2012_p._208_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdogameShankar2012" class="citation book cs1">Adogame, A.; Shankar, S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRMzAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA208"><i>Religion on the Move!: New Dynamics of Religious Expansion in a Globalizing World</i></a>. International Studies in Religion and Society. Brill. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24337-8"><bdi>978-90-04-24337-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+on+the+Move%21%3A+New+Dynamics+of+Religious+Expansion+in+a+Globalizing+World&rft.series=International+Studies+in+Religion+and+Society&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24337-8&rft.aulast=Adogame&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Shankar%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRMzAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prudlo_2016_p._59-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prudlo_2016_p._59_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrudlo2016" class="citation book cs1">Prudlo, D. S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ClUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59"><i>Certain Sainthood: Canonization and the Origins of Papal Infallibility in the Medieval Church</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0152-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0152-8"><bdi>978-1-5017-0152-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Certain+Sainthood%3A+Canonization+and+the+Origins+of+Papal+Infallibility+in+the+Medieval+Church&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0152-8&rft.aulast=Prudlo&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ClUCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_Bush_2012_p._196-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_Bush_2012_p._196_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimBush2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, E. J. F.; Bush, L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl5NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196"><i>The Rise of the Global South: The Decline of Western Christendom and the Rise of Majority World Christianity</i></a>. Wipf & Stock. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-970-2"><bdi>978-1-61097-970-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Global+South%3A+The+Decline+of+Western+Christendom+and+the+Rise+of+Majority+World+Christianity&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-970-2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=E.+J.+F.&rft.au=Bush%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTl5NAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weber, N. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm">"Waldenses"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>The first Waldensian congregations, it was maintained, were established by St. Paul who, on his journey to Spain, visited the valleys of Piedmont ... In the nineteenth century, however, it became evident to critics that the Waldensian documents had been tampered with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waldenses&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15527b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonastier1847" class="citation book cs1">Monastier, Antoine (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6s5yRjnHr14C"><i>A History of the Vaudois Church from Its Origin: And of the Vaudois of Piedmont to the Present Day</i></a> [<i>Histoire de l'Église vaudoise, depuis son origine et des vaudois du Piémont jusqu'à nos jours</i>] (translated from the French ed.). London: Religious Tract Society (published 1848)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vaudois+Church+from+Its+Origin%3A+And+of+the+Vaudois+of+Piedmont+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London&rft.edition=translated+from+the+French&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Monastier&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6s5yRjnHr14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonastier1859" class="citation book cs1">Monastier, Antoine (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvaudois00mona"><i>A History of the Vaudois Church from Its Origin</i></a>. London: Religious Tract Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvaudois00mona/page/58">58</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vaudois+Church+from+Its+Origin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Monastier&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofvaudois00mona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weber, N. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15527b.htm">"Waldenses"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New Advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>Pope Lucius III consequently included them among the heretics against whom he issued a Bull of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> at Verona in 1184.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waldenses&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15527b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Leo_Garrett_Jr." title="James Leo Garrett Jr.">Garrett, James Leo</a> (2009). "6: Baptist Landmarkism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=epEHq0mTsKgC"><i>Baptist Theology: A Four-century Study</i></a>. Baptist Series (reprint ed.). Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881461299" title="Special:BookSources/9780881461299"><bdi>9780881461299</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>George Herbert Orchard (1796–1861), an English Baptist pastor in Bedfordshire ... sought to trace Baptist churches from the time of John the Baptist through such groups as the Montanists, Novationists, Donatists, Paulicians, Patarines, Petrobrusians, Arnoldists, Albigenses, Waldenses, <i>Unitas Fratrum</i>, Lollards, and Anabaptists. Thereby Baptist church successionism was added to the body of Landmark beliefs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Baptist+Landmarkism&rft.btitle=Baptist+Theology%3A+A+Four-century+Study&rft.place=Macon%2C+Georgia&rft.series=Baptist+Series&rft.pages=216&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780881461299&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=James+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DepEHq0mTsKgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1876" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Eugene (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalstudie00lawr"><i>Historical Studies</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalstudie00lawr/page/199">199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Studies&rft.pages=199&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalstudie00lawr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1813" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, David (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8I4AAAAMAAJ"><i>A General History of the Baptist Denomination in America: And Other Parts of the World</i></a>. 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Orchard (1987), <i>A Concise History of Baptists</i>, p. 180, Texarkana: Bogard Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Armitage (1988), <i>A History of the Baptists</i>, pp. 302–303, Watertown, Wisconsin: Baptist Heritage Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Wilson1988" class="citation web cs1">Greg Wilson (1 September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcfl.com/articles/walden.htm#3-10">"Waldenses Were Independent Baptists"</a>. Landmark Independent Baptist Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lee Library</a> Digital Collections.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Mormon+Waldensians&rft.inst=Department+of+History%2C+Brigham+Young+University%3B+Harold+B.+Lee+Library+Digital+Collections&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Stoke&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.lib.byu.edu%2Fmormonmigration%2Farticles%2FMormonWaldensians.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christianity_Today_Library-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christianity_Today_Library_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatene1989" class="citation cs2">Platene, Giuseppe (1 April 1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173842/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1989/issue22/2232.html">"To A Home in the Land of the Free"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1989/issue22/2232.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=To+A+Home+in+the+Land+of+the+Free&rft.date=1989-04-01&rft.aulast=Platene&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctlibrary.com%2Fch%2F1989%2Fissue22%2F2232.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldensian.org/2-whoweare/">"Who We Are"</a>. Waldensian.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are&rft.pub=Waldensian.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldensian.org%2F2-whoweare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/halsall6.html">"Medieval New York: Waldensians in New York City"</a>. Fordham University. 3 May 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+New+York%3A+Waldensians+in+New+York+City&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft.date=1998-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmedny%2Fhalsall6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/622035661/?match=1&terms=%22from%20this%20day%20forward%22%20valdese">"Outdoor Drama At Valdese Has Long Run"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Observer">Charlotte Observer</a></i>. 3 June 1973. p. 17E.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charlotte+Observer&rft.atitle=Outdoor+Drama+At+Valdese+Has+Long+Run&rft.pages=17E&rft.date=1973-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F622035661%2F%3Fmatch%3D1%26terms%3D%2522from%2520this%2520day%2520forward%2522%2520valdese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waldenser.de/">"Deutsche Waldenservereinigung"</a>. <i>www.waldenser.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.waldenser.de&rft.atitle=Deutsche+Waldenservereinigung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldenser.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601105026/http://www.waldenserorte.palmbach.org/">"Deutsche Waldenserorte"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldenserorte.palmbach.org/">the original</a> on 1 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Waldenserorte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldenserorte.palmbach.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidenmann" class="citation web cs1">Weidenmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldenserort-nordhausen.de/">"Waldenserort Nordhausen"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waldenserort+Nordhausen&rft.au=Weidenmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldenserort-nordhausen.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldenserkirche.de/">"Waldenserkirche"</a>. <i>Evangelische Waldenser-Kirchengemeinde</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evangelische+Waldenser-Kirchengemeinde&rft.atitle=Waldenserkirche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldenserkirche.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnold, Eberhard (1984) <i>The Early Anabaptists</i>, Plough Publishing House <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87486-192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87486-192-1">978-0-87486-192-1</a></li> <li>Audisio, Gabriel (2007), <i>Preachers by Night The Waldensian Barbes (15th–16th Centuries)</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15454-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15454-4">978-90-04-15454-4</a></li> <li>Audisio, Gabriel (1999) <i>The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution and Survival, c.1170–c.1570</i>, Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55984-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55984-7">0-521-55984-7</a></li> <li>Bellito, Christopher M., (Ed.), <i>A Companion to the Waldenses in the Middle Ages</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004420410" title="Special:BookSources/9789004420410">9789004420410</a></li> <li>Bost, Ami (1848) <i>History of the Bohemian and Moravian Brethren</i>, pp. 4–5, Religious Tract Society of London</li> <li>Cameron, Euan (2001) <i>The Waldenses: Rejections of Holy Church in Medieval Europe</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22497-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22497-1">0-631-22497-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22497-6">978-0-631-22497-6</a></li> <li>Comba, Emilio (1978) <i>History of the Waldenses of Italy, from their origin to the Reformation</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-16119-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-16119-7">0-404-16119-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1816" class="citation cs2">Jones, William (1816), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywaldense04jonegoog"><i>The History of the Waldenses: Connected with a Sketch of the Christian Church from the Birth of Christ to the Eighteenth Century</i></a> (Vol. 2, 2nd ed.), London: Gale and Fenner</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Waldenses%3A+Connected+with+a+Sketch+of+the+Christian+Church+from+the+Birth+of+Christ+to+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Vol.+2%2C+2nd&rft.pub=Gale+and+Fenner&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorywaldense04jonegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldensians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Muston" title="Alexis Muston">Muston, Alexis</a> (1978) <i>The Israel of the Alps : a complete history of the Waldenses and their colonies : prepared in great part from unpublished documents</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-16140-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-16140-5">0-404-16140-5</a></li> <li>Sossi, Andrea (2010), <i>Medioevo Valdese 1173–1315. Povertà, Eucarestia e Predicazione: Tra identità minoritaria e rappresentazione cifrata del rapporto tra l'uomo e l'Assoluto</i>, UNI Service Editrice, Trento.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Aitken_Wylie" title="James Aitken Wylie">Wylie, James Aitken</a> (c.1860) <i>History of the Waldenses</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57258-185-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57258-185-9">1-57258-185-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformedreader.org/history/wylie/toc.htm">online ebook</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74084">Gutenberg</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldensians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" 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Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anabaptism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptists" title="Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptists" title="Template talk:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anabaptism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batenburgers" title="Batenburgers">Batenburgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abecedarian" title="Abecedarian">Abecedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptist–Jewish relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli#Eucharist" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Memorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> – <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />Anabaptists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rothmann" title="Bernhard Rothmann">Bernhard Rothmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Philips" title="Dirk Philips">Dirk Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich">Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118946&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548769405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011448">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proto-Protestantism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proto-Protestantism" title="Template:Proto-Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Proto-Protestantism" title="Template talk:Proto-Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Proto-Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Proto-Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proto-Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">400–1100 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jovinian" title="Jovinian">Jovinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wycliffe giving his bible to his Lollard followers"><img alt="John Wycliffe giving his bible to his Lollard followers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/150px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/225px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/300px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100–1400 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanchelm" title="Tanchelm">Tanchelm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bruys" title="Peter of Bruys">Peter of Bruys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henry of Lausanne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%AD%C4%8D_of_Krom%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Milíč of Kroměříž">Milíč of Kroměříž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_of_Janov" title="Matthias of Janov">Matthias of Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strigolniki" title="Strigolniki">Strigolniki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrobrusians" title="Petrobrusians">Petrobrusians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400–1500 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="People" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan Žižka">Jan Žižka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_of_Pelh%C5%99imov" title="Mikuláš of Pelhřimov">Mikuláš of Pelhřimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_of_Prague" title="Luke of Prague">Luke of Prague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">Utraquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Czech Brethren</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldcastle_Revolt" title="Oldcastle Revolt">Oldcastle Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compacts_of_Basel" title="Compacts of Basel">Compacts of Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_peace_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Religious peace of Kutná Hora">Peace of Kutná Hora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rindol_massacre" title="Mérindol massacre">Mérindol massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars" title="Savoyard–Waldensian wars">Savoyard–Waldensian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Easter" title="Piedmontese Easter">Piedmontese Easter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible">Wycliffe Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Bible" title="Hussite Bible">Hussite Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jistebnice_hymn_book" title="Jistebnice hymn book">Jistebnice hymn book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Regimen" title="Ecclesiae Regimen">Ecclesiae Regimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" title="Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Cross_(Girolamo_Savonarola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)">Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Catharism_and_Protestantism" title="Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism">Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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