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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="حلزون بی‌صدف دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حلزون بی‌صدف دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limace_de_mer" title="Limace de mer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Limace de mer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintah_laut" title="Lintah laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lintah laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the missile of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Seaslug_(missile)" title="Seaslug (missile)">Seaslug (missile)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snail</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nembrotha_aurea_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nembrotha_aurea_B.jpg/220px-Nembrotha_aurea_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nembrotha_aurea_B.jpg/330px-Nembrotha_aurea_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nembrotha_aurea_B.jpg/440px-Nembrotha_aurea_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranch</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nembrotha_aurea" title="Nembrotha aurea">Nembrotha aurea</a></i> is a gastropod.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish3923_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fish3923_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Fish3923_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fish3923_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Fish3923_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fish3923_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Fish3923_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumber</a> also looks slug-like and is sometimes loosely called a "sea slug", but it is <i>not</i> a gastropod.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sea slug</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> for some <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> with varying levels of resemblance to terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>. Most creatures known as sea slugs are <a href="/wiki/Gastropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropods">gastropods</a>, i.e. they are <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snails</a> (marine gastropod <a href="/wiki/Mollusks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusks">mollusks</a>) that, over evolutionary time, have either entirely lost their shells or have seemingly lost their shells due to having a significantly reduced or internal shell.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "sea slug" is often applied to <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> set of other marine gastropods without apparent <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea slugs have an enormous variation in body shape, color, and size. Most are partially translucent. The often bright colors of <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">reef</a>-dwelling species imply that these animals are under constant threat of predators. Still, the color can warn other animals of the sea slug's toxic stinging cells (<a href="/wiki/Nematocysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematocysts">nematocysts</a>) or offensive taste. Like all <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a>, they have small, razor-sharp teeth called <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radulas</a>. Most sea slugs have a pair of <a href="/wiki/Rhinophore" title="Rhinophore">rhinophores</a>—sensory <a href="/wiki/Tentacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentacles">tentacles</a> used primarily for the sense of smell—on their head, with a small eye at the base of each rhinophore. Many have feathery structures (<a href="/wiki/Cerata" title="Cerata">cerata</a>) on the back, often in a contrasting color, which act as gills. All species of genuine sea slugs have a selected prey animal on which they depend for food, including certain <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryozoans">bryozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemones" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea anemones">sea anemones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, and other species of sea slugs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea slugs have brains. For example, <i>Aplysia californica</i> has a brain of about 20,000 nerve cells.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shell-less_marine_gastropods">Shell-less marine gastropods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_slug&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Shell-less marine gastropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "sea slug" is often applied to numerous different evolutionary lineages of marine <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snails</a>, specifically those gastropods that are either not conchiferous (shell-bearing) or appear not to be.<sup id="cite_ref-Frontiers_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frontiers-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In evolutionary terms, losing the shell altogether, having a small internal shell, or having a shell so small that the soft parts of the animal cannot retract into it, are all features that have evolved many times independently within the class Gastropoda, on land and in the sea; these features often cause a gastropod to be labeled with the common name "slug". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glossodoris_atromarginata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glossodoris_atromarginata.jpg/220px-Glossodoris_atromarginata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glossodoris_atromarginata.jpg/330px-Glossodoris_atromarginata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Glossodoris_atromarginata.jpg/440px-Glossodoris_atromarginata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> The nudibranch <i><a href="/wiki/Glossodoris_atromarginata" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossodoris atromarginata">Glossodoris atromarginata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Nudibranchs (clade <b><a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">Nudibranchia</a></b>) are a large group of marine gastropods that have no shell at all. These may be the most familiar sort of sea slug. Although most nudibranchs are not large, they are often very eye-catching because so many species have brilliant coloration. In addition to nudibranchs, a number of other <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> of marine gastropods (some easily mistaken for nudibranchs) are also often called "sea slugs".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastropod_groups">Gastropod groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_slug&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gastropod groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lettuce_Sea_Slug_11-03-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lettuce_Sea_Slug_11-03-2006.jpg/220px-Lettuce_Sea_Slug_11-03-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lettuce_Sea_Slug_11-03-2006.jpg/330px-Lettuce_Sea_Slug_11-03-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lettuce_Sea_Slug_11-03-2006.jpg/440px-Lettuce_Sea_Slug_11-03-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The sacoglossan <i><a href="/wiki/Elysia_crispata" title="Elysia crispata">Elysia crispata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelidonura_varians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chelidonura_varians.jpg/220px-Chelidonura_varians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chelidonura_varians.jpg/330px-Chelidonura_varians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chelidonura_varians.jpg/440px-Chelidonura_varians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1631" /></a><figcaption>The cephalaspidean <i><a href="/wiki/Chelidonura_varians" title="Chelidonura varians">Chelidonura varians</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aplysia_dactylomela_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aplysia_dactylomela_2.jpg/220px-Aplysia_dactylomela_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aplysia_dactylomela_2.jpg/330px-Aplysia_dactylomela_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aplysia_dactylomela_2.jpg/440px-Aplysia_dactylomela_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sea_hare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea hare">sea hare</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aplysia_dactylomela" title="Aplysia dactylomela">Aplysia dactylomela</a></i>, photographed out of water</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the various groups of gastropods that are called "sea slugs", numerous families are within the informal taxonomic group <b><a href="/wiki/Opisthobranchia" title="Opisthobranchia">Opisthobranchia</a></b>. The term "sea slug" is perhaps most often applied to <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a>, many of which are brightly patterned and conspicuously ornate. The name "sea slug" is also often applied to the sacoglossans (clade <b><a href="/wiki/Sacoglossa" title="Sacoglossa">Sacoglossa</a></b>), the so-called sap-sucking or solar-powered sea slugs which are frequently a shade of green. </p><p>Another group of main gastropods that are often labeled as "sea slugs" are the various families of headshield slugs and <a href="/wiki/Bubble_snails" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble snails">bubble snails</a> within the clade <b><a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidea" title="Cephalaspidea">Cephalaspidea</a></b>. The <a href="/wiki/Sea_hares" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea hares">sea hares</a>, clade <b><a href="/wiki/Aplysiomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplysiomorpha">Aplysiomorpha</a></b>, have a small, flat, <a href="/wiki/Proteinaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteinaceous">proteinaceous</a> internal shell. The clades <b><a href="/wiki/Thecosomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Thecosomata">Thecosomata</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Gymnosomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosomata">Gymnosomata</a></b> are small <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> gastropods known as "sea butterflies" and "sea angels". Many species of sea butterflies retain their shells. These are commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Pteropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropods">pteropods</a>" but are also sometimes called sea slugs; especially the Gymnosomata, which have no shell as adults. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onchidella_celtica_0377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Onchidella_celtica_0377.jpg/220px-Onchidella_celtica_0377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Onchidella_celtica_0377.jpg/330px-Onchidella_celtica_0377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Onchidella_celtica_0377.jpg/440px-Onchidella_celtica_0377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="2131" /></a><figcaption>The marine pulmonate <i><a href="/wiki/Onchidella_celtica" title="Onchidella celtica">Onchidella celtica</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>There is also one group of "sea slugs" within the informal group <b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonata" title="Pulmonata">Pulmonata</a></b>. One very unusual group of marine gastropods that are shell-less are the pulmonate (air-breathing) species in the family <a href="/wiki/Onchidiidae" title="Onchidiidae">Onchidiidae</a>, within the clade <b><a href="/wiki/Systellommatophora" title="Systellommatophora">Systellommatophora</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fresh_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fresh-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity_in_sea_slugs">Diversity in sea slugs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_slug&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diversity in sea slugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many nudibranchs, <i><a href="/wiki/Glaucus_atlanticus" title="Glaucus atlanticus">Glaucus atlanticus</a></i> can store and use stinging cells, or <a href="/wiki/Nematocysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematocysts">nematocysts</a>, from its prey (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_man_o%27_war" title="Portuguese man o' war">Portuguese man o' war</a>) in its finger-like <a href="/wiki/Cerata" title="Cerata">cerata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species, like the Pyjama slug <i><a href="/wiki/Chromodoris_quadricolor" title="Chromodoris quadricolor">Chromodoris quadricolor</a></i>, may use their striking colors to advertise their foul chemical taste. </p><p>The lettuce sea slug (<i><a href="/wiki/Elysia_crispata" title="Elysia crispata">Elysia crispata</a></i>) has lettuce-like ruffles that line its body. This slug, like other <a href="/wiki/Sacoglossa" title="Sacoglossa">Sacoglossa</a>, uses <a href="/wiki/Kleptoplasty" title="Kleptoplasty">kleptoplasty</a>, a process in which the slug absorbs <a href="/wiki/Chloroplasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloroplasts">chloroplasts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> it eats, and uses "stolen" cells to <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesize</a> sugars. The ruffles of the lettuce sea slug increase the slug's surface area, allowing the cells to absorb more light. </p><p>Headshield slugs, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Chelidonura_varians" title="Chelidonura varians">Chelidonura varians</a></i>, use their shovel-shaped heads to dig into the sand, where they spend most of their time. The shield also protects sand from entering the mantle during burrowing. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Peronia_indica" title="Peronia indica">Peronia indica</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of air-breathing sea slug, a shell-less <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulmonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonate">pulmonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Onchidiidae" title="Onchidiidae">Onchidiidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest species of sea hare, the California black sea hare, <i><a href="/wiki/Aplysia_vaccaria" title="Aplysia vaccaria">Aplysia vaccaria</a></i> can reach a length of 75 centimetres (30 in) and a weight of 14 kilograms (31 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most sea hares have several defenses; in addition to being naturally toxic, they can eject a foul ink or secrete a viscous slime to deter predators. </p><p>Some species of <a href="/wiki/Acochlidiacea" title="Acochlidiacea">acochlidian</a> sea slugs have made evolutionary transitions to living in freshwater streams<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is at least one evolutionary transition to land.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sea_slug&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYonow2015" class="citation cs2">Yonow, Nathalie (2015), Rasul, Najeeb M.A.; 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