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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Precautions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cohort_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cohort_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cohort studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cohort_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematic_reviews_and_meta-analyses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematic_reviews_and_meta-analyses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematic_reviews_and_meta-analyses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expert_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expert_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Expert bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expert_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>History and debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnographic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnographic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ethnographic research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnographic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASD_Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASD_Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>ASD Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASD_Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="متعدد الفيتامينات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متعدد الفيتامينات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="মাল্টিভিটামিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাল্টিভিটামিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suplement_vitam%C3%ADnic" title="Suplement vitamínic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suplement vitamínic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suplemento_vitam%C3%ADnico" title="Suplemento vitamínico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suplemento vitamínico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multibitamina" title="Multibitamina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Multibitamina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مولتی‌ویتامین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولتی‌ویتامین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мултивитамин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мултивитамин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="مالتی ویتامن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مالتی ویتامن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitamine" title="Multivitamine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Multivitamine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitam%C3%ADnico" title="Multivitamínico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Multivitamínico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Поливитаминные препараты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поливитаминные препараты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Multivitamin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فرەڤیتامین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرەڤیتامین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Multivitamin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Multivitamin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Vitamin tổng hợp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vitamin tổng hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="复合维生素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="复合维生素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172395#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Multivitamin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dietary supplement containing vitamins</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Multivitamins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/220px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/330px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg/440px-B_vitamin_supplement_tablets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Multivitamins contain multiple <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micro-nutrients</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">dietary minerals</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>multivitamin</b> is a preparation intended to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">dietary minerals</a>, and other nutritional elements. Such preparations are available in the form of tablets, capsules, <a href="/wiki/Pastille" title="Pastille">pastilles</a>, powders, liquids, or injectable formulations. Other than injectable formulations, which are only available and administered under medical supervision, multivitamins are recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Alimentarius Commission">Codex Alimentarius Commission</a> (the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' authority on food standards) as a category of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In healthy people, most scientific evidence indicates that multivitamin supplements do not prevent <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">heart disease</a>, or other ailments, and regular supplementation is not necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:Bjelakovic2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Bjelakovic2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ods_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ods-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philly_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jourcardio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jourcardio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aha_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aha-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aoim_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoim-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, specific groups of people may benefit from multivitamin supplements, for example, people with poor nutrition or those at high risk of <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ods_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ods-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HHS2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHS2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no standardized scientific definition for multivitamin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, a multivitamin/mineral supplement is defined as a supplement containing three or more vitamins and minerals that does not include <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, where each vitamin and mineral is included at a dose below the tolerable upper intake level as determined by the Food and Drug Board, and does not present a risk of adverse health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_components">Products and components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Products and components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many multivitamin <i>formulas</i> contain <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">B<sub>1</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B2">B<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B3" title="Vitamin B3">B<sub>3</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B5">B<sub>5</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">B<sub>6</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B7">B<sub>7</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B9">B<sub>9</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">B<sub>12</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D2">D<sub>2</sub></a> (or <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D3">D<sub>3</sub></a>), <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">borate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carotene">beta carotene</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. Multivitamins are typically available in a variety of formulas based on age and sex, or (as in prenatal vitamins) based on more specific nutritional needs; a multivitamin for men might include less iron, while a multivitamin for seniors might include extra vitamin D. Some formulas make a point of including extra <a href="/wiki/Antioxidants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioxidants">antioxidants</a>. </p><p>Some nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium, are rarely included at 100% of the recommended allowance because the pill would become too large in size. Most multivitamins come in capsule form; tablets, powders, liquids, and injectable formulations also exist. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> requires any product marketed as a "multivitamin" to contain at least three vitamins and minerals; furthermore, the dosages must be below a "tolerable upper limit", and a multivitamin may not include herbs, hormones, or drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For certain people, particularly for older people, supplementing the diet with additional vitamins and minerals can have health impacts; however, the majority will not benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with dietary imbalances may include those on restrictive diets and those who cannot or will not eat a nutritious diet. Pregnant women and elderly adults have different nutritional needs compared to other adults, and a multivitamin may be indicated by a physician. Generally, medical advice is to avoid multivitamins during pregnancy, particularly those containing vitamin A, unless they are recommended by a health care professional. However, the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a> recommends 10μg of Vitamin D per day throughout the pregnancy and while breastfeeding, and 400μg of folic acid during the first trimester (first 12 weeks of pregnancy).<sup id="cite_ref-nhs_vitamins_pregnancy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs_vitamins_pregnancy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some women may need to take iron, vitamin C, or calcium supplements during pregnancy, but only on the advice of a doctor. </p><p>In the 1999–2000 <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey" title="National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</a>, 52% of adults in the United States reported taking at least one dietary supplement in the last month and 35% reported regular use of multivitamin-multimineral supplements. Women versus men, older adults versus younger adults, non-Hispanic whites versus non-Hispanic blacks, and those with higher education levels versus lower education levels (among other categories) were more likely to take multivitamins. Individuals who use dietary supplements (including multivitamins) generally report higher dietary nutrient intakes and healthier diets. Additionally, adults with a history of prostate and breast cancers were more likely to use dietary and multivitamin supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precautions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_curve_of_intake_versus_health_effect.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bell_curve_of_intake_versus_health_effect.svg/210px-Bell_curve_of_intake_versus_health_effect.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bell_curve_of_intake_versus_health_effect.svg/315px-Bell_curve_of_intake_versus_health_effect.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bell_curve_of_intake_versus_health_effect.svg/420px-Bell_curve_of_intake_versus_health_effect.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The amounts of each vitamin type in multivitamin formulations are generally adapted to correlate with what is believed to result in optimal health effects in large population groups. However, these standard amounts may not correlate with what is optimal in certain subpopulations, such as in children, pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions and medication. </p><p>The health benefit of vitamins generally follows a biphasic <a href="/wiki/Dose-response_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose-response relationship">dose-response curve</a>, taking the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_function" title="Gaussian function">bell curve</a>, with the area in the middle being the safe-intake range and the edges representing deficiency and <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> recommends that adults on a 2,000 calorie diet get between 60 and 90 milligrams of vitamin C per day.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the middle of the bell curve. The upper limit is 2,000 milligrams per day for adults, which is considered potentially dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, pregnant women should consult their doctors before taking any multivitamins. For example, either an excess or deficiency of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> can cause birth defects.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-term use of <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, vitamin A, and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> supplements may shorten life,<sup id="cite_ref-:Bjelakovic2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Bjelakovic2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and increase the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke (especially those smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day), former smokers, people exposed to asbestos, and those who use alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many common brand supplements in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> contain levels above the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">DRI</a>/RDA amounts for some vitamins or minerals. </p><p>Severe vitamin and mineral deficiencies require medical treatment and can be very difficult to treat with common over-the-counter multivitamins. In such situations, special vitamin or mineral forms with much higher potencies are available, either as individual components or as specialized formulations. </p><p>Multivitamins in large quantities may pose a risk of an acute <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a> due to the toxicity of some components, principally <a href="/wiki/Iron_poisoning" title="Iron poisoning">iron</a>. However, in contrast to iron tablets, which can be lethal to children,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> toxicity from overdoses of multivitamins are very rare.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There appears to be little risk to supplement users of experiencing acute side effects due to excessive intakes of micronutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also are strict limits on the retinol content for vitamin A during pregnancies that are specifically addressed by prenatal formulas. </p><p>As noted in dietary guidelines from Harvard School of Public Health in 2008, multivitamins should not replace healthy eating or make up for unhealthy eating.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force</a> analyzed studies that included data for about 450,000 people. The analysis found no clear evidence that multivitamins prevent cancer or heart disease, helped people live longer, or "made them healthier in any way."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Provided that precautions are taken (such as adjusting the vitamin amounts to what is believed to be appropriate for children, pregnant women or people with certain medical conditions), multivitamin intake is generally safe, but research is still ongoing with regard to what health effects multivitamins have. </p><p>Evidence of health effects of multivitamins comes largely from <a href="/wiki/Prospective_cohort_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospective cohort studies">prospective cohort studies</a>, which evaluate health differences between groups that take multivitamins and groups that do not. Correlations between multivitamin intake and health found by such studies may not result from multivitamins themselves, but may reflect underlying characteristics of multivitamin-takers. For example, it has been suggested that multivitamin-takers may, overall, have more underlying diseases (making multivitamins appear as less beneficial in prospective cohort studies).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, it has also been suggested that multivitamin users may, overall, be more health-conscious (making multivitamins appear as more beneficial in prospective cohort studies).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neuhouser_ML_2008_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuhouser_ML_2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomized controlled studies">Randomized controlled studies</a> have been encouraged to address this uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-chan2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cohort_studies">Cohort studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cohort studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyeth_Centrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wyeth_Centrum.jpg/250px-Wyeth_Centrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wyeth_Centrum.jpg/375px-Wyeth_Centrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Wyeth_Centrum.jpg/500px-Wyeth_Centrum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Centrum multivitamins produced by <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, which were used in Physicians' Health Study II</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2009, a study conducted in 161,808 <a href="/wiki/Postmenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmenopausal">postmenopausal</a> women from the Women's Health Initiative clinical trials concluded that after eight years of follow-up "multivitamin use has little or no influence on the risk of common cancers, cardiovascular disease, or total mortality".<sup id="cite_ref-Neuhouser_ML_2008_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuhouser_ML_2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 2010 study in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Oncology" title="Journal of Clinical Oncology">Journal of Clinical Oncology</a></i> suggested that multivitamin use during <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> for stage III colon cancer had no effect on the outcomes of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very large prospective cohort study published in 2011, including more than 180,000 participants, found no significant association between multivitamin use and mortality from all causes. The study also found no impact of multivitamin use on the risk of cardiovascular disease or cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cohort study that received widespread media attention<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20121017_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20121017-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winslow_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winslow-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the Physicians' Health Study II (PHS-II).<sup id="cite_ref-JAMA-20121017_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMA-20121017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PHS-II was a double-blind study of 14,641 male U.S. physicians initially aged 50 years or older (mean age of 64.3) that ran from 1997 to June 1, 2011. The mean time that the men were followed was 11 years. The study compared total cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) for participants taking a daily multivitamin (<a href="/wiki/Centrum_(multivitamin)" title="Centrum (multivitamin)">Centrum</a> Silver by <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>) versus a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>. Compared with the placebo, men taking a daily multivitamin had a small but <a href="/wiki/Statistically_significant" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistically significant">statistically significant</a> reduction in their total incidence of cancer. In absolute terms, the difference was just 1.3 cancer diagnoses per 1000 years of life. The <a href="/wiki/Hazard_ratio" title="Hazard ratio">hazard ratio</a> for cancer diagnosis was 0.92 with a 95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a> spanning 0.86–0.998 (P = .04); this implies a benefit of between 14% and .2% over placebo in the confidence interval. No statistically significant effects were found for any specific cancers or for cancer mortality. As pointed out in an editorial in the same issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></i>, the investigators observed no difference in the effect whether the study participants were or were not adherent to the multivitamin intervention, which diminishes the <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">dose–response relationship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bach_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bach-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same editorial argued that the study did not properly address the <a href="/wiki/Multiple_comparisons_problem" title="Multiple comparisons problem">multiple comparisons problem</a>, in that the authors neglected to fully analyze all 28 possible associations in the study—they argue if this had been done, the statistical significance of the results would be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Bach_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bach-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the same PHS-II study, researchers concluded that taking a daily multivitamin did not have any effect in reducing <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a> and other major cardiovascular events, MI, stroke, and CVD mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-JAMA-20121107_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAMA-20121107-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematic_reviews_and_meta-analyses">Systematic reviews and meta-analyses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One major <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> published in 2011, including previous cohort and case-control studies, concluded that multivitamin use was not significantly associated with the risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>. It noted that one Swedish cohort study has indicated such an effect, but with all studies taken together, the association was not statistically significant.<sup id="cite_ref-chan2011_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 meta-analysis of ten randomized, placebo-controlled trials published in the <i>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</i> found that a daily multivitamin may improve immediate recall memory, but did not affect any other measure of cognitive function.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another meta-analysis, published in 2013, found that multivitamin-multimineral treatment "has no effect on mortality risk",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> found that multivitamin supplementation did not increase mortality and might slightly decrease it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2014 meta-analysis reported that there was "sufficient evidence to support the role of dietary multivitamin/mineral supplements for the decreasing the risk of age-related cataracts."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 meta-analysis argued that the positive result regarding the effect of vitamins on cancer incidence found in Physicians' Health Study II (discussed above) should not be overlooked despite the neutral results found in other studies. </p><p>Looking at 2012 data, a study published in 2018 presented meta-analyses on cardiovascular disease outcomes and all-cause mortality. It found that "conclusive evidence for the benefit of any supplement across all dietary backgrounds (including deficiency and sufficiency) was not demonstrated; therefore, any benefits seen must be balanced against possible risks." The study dismissed the benefits of routinely taking supplements of vitamins C and D, beta-carotene, calcium, and selenium. Results indicated taking niacin may actually be harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-philly_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jourcardio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jourcardio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, another meta-analysis of 24 interventions in 277 trials was conducted and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Internal_Medicine" title="Annals of Internal Medicine">Annals of Internal Medicine</a></i>, including a total of almost 1,000,000 participants.<sup id="cite_ref-aoim_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoim-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study generally concluded that the vast majority of multivitamins had no significant effect on survival or heart attack risk.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found a significant effect on heart health in a low-salt diet, and a small effect due to <a href="/wiki/Omega-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3">omega-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This analysis supports the results of two early 2018 studies that found no conclusive benefits from multivitamins for healthy adults.<sup id="cite_ref-aha_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aha-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expert_bodies">Expert bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expert bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2006 report by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> concluded that "regular supplementation with a single nutrient or a mixture of nutrients for years has no significant benefits in the primary prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataract, age-related macular degeneration or cognitive decline."<sup id="cite_ref-HHS2006_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHS2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the report noted that multivitamins have beneficial effects for certain sub-populations, such as people with poor nutritional status, that vitamin D and calcium can help prevent fractures in older people, and that zinc and antioxidants can help prevent age-related <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a> in high-risk individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-HHS2006_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHS2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 Cochrane Systematic Review found that multivitamins including vitamin E or beta carotene will not delay the onset of macular degeneration or prevent the disease,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, some people with macular degeneration may benefit from multivitamin supplementation as there is evidence that it may delay the progression of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_2017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Updated version https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37702300 (October 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Including lutein and zeaxanthin supplements in with a multivitamin does not improve progression of macular degeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_2017_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for high-quality studies looking at the safety of taking multivitamins has been highlighted.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_2017_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans_2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard School of Public Health">Harvard School of Public Health</a>: "... many people don't eat the healthiest of diets. That's why a multivitamin can help fill in the gaps, and may have added health benefits."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, suggests that multivitamin supplements might be helpful for some people with specific health problems (for example, <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>). However, the Office concluded that "most research shows that healthy people who take an MVM [multivitamin] do not have a lower chance of diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, or diabetes. Based on current research, it's not possible to recommend for or against the use of MVMs to stay healthier longer."<sup id="cite_ref-ods_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ods-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2024 study of 390,124 healthy adults found that use of multivitamins did not extend life expectancy.<sup id="cite_ref-jama24_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jama24-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_debate">History and debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History and debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of multivitamins begins in the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">early 20th</a> century when advancements in nutritional science led to the discovery of essential <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins and minerals</a>. Initially, multivitamins were designed to respond to widespread nutritional deficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These supplements were seen as a practical solution to combat malnutrition, improving public health by providing vital nutrients that were otherwise scarce. </p><p>As the 20th century progressed, the use of multivitamins expanded beyond addressing <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">deficiencies</a>. With the rise of the wellness industry,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they became popularized as a convenient way to enhance overall health, even for those with access to sufficient nutrition. However, as marketing strategies evolved, the emphasis shifted from necessity to preventative health and general well-being,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often without sound scientific backing. </p><p>The role of multivitamins has since been increasingly questioned. Some still view them as beneficial, especially in cases of specific deficiencies. A growing body of research suggests that for many people, multivitamins act more as a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> than a necessary supplement. This indicates a shift in the <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> of vitamins, where people are generally more aware of them and their properties but there is a gap in their knowledge of the scientific research surrounding them </p><p>Studies have shown that multivitamins can have positive effects on mood and energy,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is little evidence to support an increase in general health and life expectancy.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), passed in 1994 in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is not responsible for testing the risks and efficacy of dietary supplements. Manufacturers are not required to present data on the effectiveness of multivitamins or disclose known side effects to the FDA. Furthermore, manufacturers are not required to test human safety of dietary supplements.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnographic_research">Ethnographic research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethnographic research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic research</a> has investigated possible reasons behind the widespread use of multivitamins in societies where scientific knowledge is dominant, despite the limited empirical evidence supporting new products.<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe_2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe_2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nichter_2006_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichter_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings reveal various socio-cultural factors contributing to their common use, including: </p> <ul><li>Harm reduction: The cultural belief that multivitamins can mitigate risks associated with unhealthy lifestyles, conventional medicines, deficient diets, harmful environmental influences, or genetic predispositions.<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe_2012_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe_2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Personal agency: The desire to gain control over one’s body and well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe_2012_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe_2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nichter_2006_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichter_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Social proof: The perception of multivitamins’ effectiveness based on the experiences and behavior of friends, family and community members.<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe_2012_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe_2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nichter_2006_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichter_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Social belonging: Marketing strategies that promote identity-building by targeting specific age groups, genders, or personal interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichter_2006_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichter_2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">Biopolitics</a>: The pursuit of productivity and reliability, as framed by capitalist societal expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe_2012_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe_2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>From anthropological and psychological perspectives, the widespread consumption of multivitamins can be seen as an example of 'magical thinking,' a form of reasoning that seeks to explain phenomena through non-scientific means, distinct from 'irrational thinking’.<sup id="cite_ref-McCabe_2012_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCabe_2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASD_Research">ASD Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ASD Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationship between ‘maternal multivitamin supplementation’ and children being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was published in <i>Nutritional Research</i>. The research was conducted in the previous year and involved using the ‘random effects’ model on 9 independent trials consisting of 231,163 children across 4459 cases. The results of this study indicated that pregnant women using multivitamin supplements during the prenatal period reduced the risk of their children being diagnosed with autism compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, the systematic review and meta-analysis found that women who took multivitamins prior to becoming pregnant saw a further reduced risk. The authors recommend further study. <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, a similar systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationship between prenatal multivitamins and children being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was published in <i>Nutrients</i>. The study involved 904,947 children encompassing 8159 cases. The study concluded that while no distinct association was found, there was substantial evidence of reduced risk in high quality studies, multivitamin use during early pregnancy, tested prospective studies and evidence following the removal of a single outlier study. <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first person to formulate vitamins in the US was Dr. Forrest C. Shaklee.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaklee introduced a product he dubbed "Shaklee's Vitalized Minerals" in 1915, which he sold until adopting the now ubiquitous term "vitamin" in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of their categorization as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), most multivitamins sold in the U.S. are not required to undergo the testing procedures typical of pharmaceutical drugs. However, some multivitamins contain very high doses of one or several vitamins or minerals, or are specifically intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease, and therefore require a prescription or medicinal license in the U.S. Since such drugs contain no new substances, they do not require the same testing as would be required by a <a href="/wiki/New_Drug_Application" title="New Drug Application">New Drug Application</a>, but were allowed on the market as drugs due to the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Efficacy_Study_Implementation" title="Drug Efficacy Study Implementation">Drug Efficacy Study Implementation</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vitamins are classed as low-risk medications by the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a> (TGA), and are therefore not assessed for efficacy, unlike most medicines sold in Australia. They require that the product is safe and that claims of efficacy can only be made in regards to minor ailments. No claims can be made about serious conditions. The TGA does not examine the contents of the product and whether it is what the label says it is, but they claim to carry out "targeted and random surveillance of products on the market."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They encourage people to report any unsafe products to them. </p><p>The TGA, however, has been criticized, by people such as <a href="/wiki/Allan_Asher" title="Allan Asher">Allan Asher</a>, a regulatory expert and former deputy chair of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Competition_%26_Consumer_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Competition & Consumer Commission">Australian Competition & Consumer Commission</a>, for allowing more than a thousand types of claim, 86% of which are not supported by scientific evidence, including "softens hardness", "replenishes gate of vitality" and "moistens dryness in the triple burner".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrient">Essential nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Food fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal vitamins">Prenatal vitamins</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/input/download/standards/10206/cxg_055e.pdf">"Guidelines for Vitamin and Mineral Food Supplements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2005. CAC/GL 55 - 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425084829/http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10206/cxg_055e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+Vitamin+and+Mineral+Food+Supplements&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Finput%2Fdownload%2Fstandards%2F10206%2Fcxg_055e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultivitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Bjelakovic2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Bjelakovic2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Bjelakovic2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjelakovicNikolovaGluudSimonetti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8407395">"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2012</b> (3): CD007176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007176.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F136201">10138/136201</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8407395">8407395</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22419320">22419320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antioxidant+supplements+for+prevention+of+mortality+in+healthy+participants+and+patients+with+various+diseases&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD007176&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8407395%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22419320&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F136201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007176.pub2&rft.aulast=Bjelakovic&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Nikolova%2C+D&rft.au=Gluud%2C+LL&rft.au=Simonetti%2C+RG&rft.au=Gluud%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8407395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultivitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ods-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ods_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ods_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ods_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-QuickFacts/">"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Multivitamin/mineral Supplements"</a>. Office of Dietary Supplements, <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218082959/http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-QuickFacts/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dietary+Supplement+Fact+Sheet%3A+Multivitamin%2Fmineral+Supplements&rft.pub=Office+of+Dietary+Supplements%2C+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fods.od.nih.gov%2Ffactsheets%2FMVMS-QuickFacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultivitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philly-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philly_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philly_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitman2018" class="citation news cs1">Litman RS (June 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709233520/http://www.philly.com/philly/health/new-study-on-supplemental-vitamins-proves-theyre-useless-and-a-waste-of-money-20180605.html">"New study on supplemental vitamins proves they're useless and a waste of money"</a>. <i>Philly.com</i>. 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Reg.</a></i> 6843 (Apr. 9, 1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tga.gov.au/behind-news/watched-vitamania-heres-how-tga-regulates-vitamins-australia">"Watched Vitamania? Here's how the TGA regulates vitamins in Australia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">Therapeutic Goods Administration</a></i>. 2018-08-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121607/https://www.tga.gov.au/behind-news/watched-vitamania-heres-how-tga-regulates-vitamins-australia">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Goods+Administration&rft.atitle=Watched+Vitamania%3F+Here%27s+how+the+TGA+regulates+vitamins+in+Australia&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fbehind-news%2Fwatched-vitamania-heres-how-tga-regulates-vitamins-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultivitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/healthcare/softens-hardness-tga-under-fire-for-health-claim-list-that-endorses-pseudoscience-20180207-h0vfst.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Softens hardness': TGA under fire for health claim list that critics say endorses pseudoscience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. 2018-02-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174225/https://www.smh.com.au/healthcare/softens-hardness-tga-under-fire-for-health-claim-list-that-endorses-pseudoscience-20180207-h0vfst.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=%27Softens+hardness%27%3A+TGA+under+fire+for+health+claim+list+that+critics+say+endorses+pseudoscience&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fhealthcare%2Fsoftens-hardness-tga-under-fire-for-health-claim-list-that-endorses-pseudoscience-20180207-h0vfst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultivitamin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multivitamin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-Consumer/">Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Multivitamin/mineral Supplements</a>, from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203033834/http://cot.food.gov.uk/pdfs/vitmin2003.pdf">Safe upper levels for vitamins and minerals</a> – Report of the UK Food Standards Agency Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vitamins" title="Template talk:Vitamins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vitamins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vitamins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vitamins_(A11)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A11" title="ATC code A11">A11</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fat <br />soluble</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Carotene" title="Α-Carotene">α-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene" title="Β-Carotene">β-Carotene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">Retinol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretinoin" title="Tretinoin">Tretinoin</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>D<sub>2</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergosterol" title="Ergosterol">Ergosterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">Ergocalciferol</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li>D<sub>3</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Previtamin_D3" title="Previtamin D3">Previtamin D<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcifediol" title="Calcifediol">25-hydroxycholecalciferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitroic_acid" title="Calcitroic acid">Calcitroic acid</a></li></ul></li> <li>D<sub>4</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22-Dihydroergocalciferol" title="22-Dihydroergocalciferol">Dihydroergocalciferol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D5" title="Vitamin D5">D<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li>D analogues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfacalcidol" title="Alfacalcidol">Alfacalcidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotachysterol" title="Dihydrotachysterol">Dihydrotachysterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcipotriol" title="Calcipotriol">Calcipotriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacalcitol" title="Tacalcitol">Tacalcitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paricalcitol" title="Paricalcitol">Paricalcitol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">E</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocopherol" title="Tocopherol">Tocopherol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Tocopherol" title="Α-Tocopherol">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Tocopherol" title="Β-Tocopherol">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Tocopherol" title="Γ-Tocopherol">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-Tocopherol" title="Δ-Tocopherol">Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocotrienol" title="Tocotrienol">Tocotrienol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Tocotrienol" title="Α-Tocotrienol">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Tocotrienol" title="Β-Tocotrienol">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Tocotrienol" title="Γ-Tocotrienol">Gamma</a></li> <li>Delta</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocofersolan" title="Tocofersolan">Tocofersolan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">K</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,4-Naphthoquinone" title="1,4-Naphthoquinone">Naphthoquinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomenadione" title="Phytomenadione">Phylloquinone (K<sub>1</sub>)</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K2" title="Vitamin K2">Menaquinones (K<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menadione" title="Menadione">Menadione (K<sub>3</sub>)</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K4" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin K4">Various (K<sub>4</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol" title="4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol">4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K<sub>5</sub>)</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine" title="2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine">2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol" title="4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol">4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K<sub>7</sub>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water <br />soluble</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>B<sub>1</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1_analogues" title="Vitamin B1 analogues">B<sub>1</sub> analogues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acefurtiamine" title="Acefurtiamine">Acefurtiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allithiamine" title="Allithiamine">Allithiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfotiamine" title="Benfotiamine">Benfotiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursultiamine" title="Fursultiamine">Fursultiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octotiamine" title="Octotiamine">Octotiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosultiamine" title="Prosultiamine">Prosultiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulbutiamine" title="Sulbutiamine">Sulbutiamine</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>2</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B3" title="Vitamin B3">B<sub>3</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Niacinamide</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>5</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthenol" title="Panthenol">Dexpanthenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantethine" title="Pantethine">Pantethine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">B<sub>6</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">Pyridoxine</a><sup>#</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Pyridoxal_phosphate" title="Pyridoxal phosphate">Pyridoxal phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxamine" title="Pyridoxamine">Pyridoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyritinol" title="Pyritinol">Pyritinol</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>7</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>9</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolic_acid" title="Dihydrofolic acid">Dihydrofolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folinic_acid" title="Folinic acid">Folinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomefolic_acid" title="Levomefolic acid">Levomefolic acid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">B<sub>12</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosylcobalamin" title="Adenosylcobalamin">Adenosylcobalamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin" title="Hydroxocobalamin">Hydroxocobalamin</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">Methylcobalamin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroascorbic_acid" title="Dehydroascorbic acid">Dehydroascorbic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multivitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dietary_supplements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dietary_supplement" title="Template talk:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dietary_supplements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal 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