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aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Straperlo</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Straperlo" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Straperlo" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button 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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Straperlo</b> was a scheme which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in the 1930s and was then introduced in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. In essence it was a fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Roulette" title="Roulette">roulette</a> which could be controlled electrically with the push of a button. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">scandal</a> was one of the several causes of the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a> and the polarization of the parliament, which finally led to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Scandal"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Scandal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Consequences"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Consequences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The name had its origin in the names of the Dutch partners, one of whom was Daniel Strauss, but sources differ on the exact name or names of the others. Some sources say that there was just one other, called Jules Perel. Others state that there was a third female partner, Lowann, the wife of Strauss,<sup id="cite_ref-DCEC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCEC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Paul Preston</a> holds Perlowitz as the second partner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to other sources, the name was in reference to the roulette machines (extra pearl).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Scandal">Scandal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scandal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png/170px-Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="877"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png/170px-Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png" data-width="170" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png/255px-Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png/340px-Rafael_Salazar_Alonso.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Rafael Salazar Alonso in 1934</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_(1_de_1)_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_%281_de_1%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_%281_de_1%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="645"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_%281_de_1%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_%281_de_1%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_%281_de_1%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/330px-Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_%281_de_1%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_%281_de_1%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/440px-Vistas_del_Casino_Gran_Kursaal_en_cuyas_paredes_se_anuncia_la_proyeccion_de_la_pelicula_%27El_Signo_del_Zorro%27_%281_de_1%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Partial view of the Kursaal Casino in San Sebastián</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Netherlands, Straperlo had been introduced at the <a href="/wiki/Kurhaus_of_Scheveningen" title="Kurhaus of Scheveningen">Kurhaus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scheveningen" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a> in June 1933. By October 1933, it had been banned by the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Security">Ministry of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Salazar_Alonso" title="Rafael Salazar Alonso">Rafael Salazar Alonso</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> Minister of Interior in Spain. He was one of several prominent <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a> figures to accept bribes in order to legalize the fixed roulette. He received a gold watch and 100,000 pesetas (€221,172 historic standard of living value in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Other high-ranking officials in his Ministry also accepted them. </p><p>Still, Salazar Alonso considered it too little, demanded more, and eventually arranged a police raid into the Grand Casino Kursaal of <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n#Contemporary_history" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a> on the inauguration day. To get back at him, the inventors leaked documents on the matter to President <a href="/wiki/Niceto_Alcal%C3%A1-Zamora" title="Niceto Alcalá-Zamora">Niceto Alcalá-Zamora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complementary version notes that since they had invested a lot of money in the venture, they tried to recover it by <a href="/wiki/Blackmailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackmailing">blackmailing</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a>, whose nephew was involved in the scheme and influence peddling. </p><p>Lerroux refused to get involved, and Strauss denounced the affair to President Alcalá-Zamora, who made it public. The matter was debated at the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spanish Cortes</a> in October 1935, which exonerated Salazar Alonso, with the help of <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a> went on to shout, "Long live the Straperlo!" However, the Radical Party was doomed and Salazar Alonso's reputation was over although he hung onto his position as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consequences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The reaction of the parties in the opposition, along with the reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Nombela_scandal" title="Nombela scandal">Nombela affair</a>, caused the fall of Lerroux and his <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">new elections</a> were won by the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> and supported by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a>, amid great instability, while the Radical Republicans collapsed. The election ultimately resulted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">coup d'état</a></i> promulgated by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a> in July 1936. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>After the scandal, especially after the Spanish Civil War, the word was incorporated as "estraperlo" into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>, with the meaning of any scheme which is illegal or corrupt, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DRAE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRAE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavisky_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavisky Affair">Stavisky Affair</a>, a 1934 scandal centered in Bayonne that shook the French republic.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DCEC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCEC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Estraperlo</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Diccionario_cr%C3%ADtico_etimol%C3%B3gico_de_la_lengua_castellana" title="Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana">Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Corominas" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Corominas">Joan Corominas</a>, pag. 445 (10), Francke-Bern, 1954. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-249-1361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-249-1361-8">978-84-249-1361-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2013102_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2013">Preston 2013</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Haarlems dagblad</i> 17-6-1933; <i>Eindhovensch dagblad</i> 24-10-1933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/spaincompare/relativevalue.php">"Measuring Worth - Results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Worth+-+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fcalculators%2Fspaincompare%2Frelativevalue.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraperlo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alejandro-Lerroux">"Alejandro Lerroux | prime minister of Spain | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Alejandro+Lerroux+%7C+prime+minister+of+Spain+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlejandro-Lerroux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraperlo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRAE_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?LEMA=estraperlo&TIPO_HTML=2&FORMATO=ampliado">estraperlo</a></i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Diccionario de la Real Academia Española">Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Garc%C3%ADa_Rodr%C3%ADguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Carlos García Rodríguez (page does not exist)">José Carlos García Rodríguez</a> <i>El Caso Strauss. El escándalo que precipitó el final de la II República</i> Editorial Akrón, Astorga (León), 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-936725-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-936725-0-8">978-84-936725-0-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Fontbona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Fontbona (page does not exist)">Marc Fontbona</a>, <i>El estraperlo, una ruleta política</i>, "La Aventura de la historia" (Madrid), núm. 120 (Octubre 2008), 36–40.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2013" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2013). <i>The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393345919" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393345919"><bdi>978-0393345919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Holocaust%3A+Inquisition+and+Extermination+in+Twentieth-Century+Spain&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0393345919&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStraperlo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&oldid=1242988863">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&oldid=1242988863</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Straperlo&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="37.29.166.49" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1724966530"> <span>Last edited on 29 August 2024, at 21:22</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88" title="فضيحة سترابرلو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فضيحة سترابرلو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estraperlo_(mercat_negre)" title="Estraperlo (mercat negre) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estraperlo (mercat negre)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estraperlo" title="Estraperlo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Estraperlo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estraperlo" title="Estraperlo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estraperlo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straperlo" title="Straperlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Straperlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estraperlo" title="Estraperlo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estraperlo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straperlo" title="Straperlo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Straperlo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estraperlo" title="Estraperlo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estraperlo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%95" title="פרשת סטרפרלו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרשת סטרפרלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straperlo" title="Straperlo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Straperlo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 August 2024, at 21:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC 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