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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Box_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Box office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Home media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Critical response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="إنديانا جونز والحملة الأخيرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنديانا جونز والحملة الأخيرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndiana_Cons_v%C9%99_son_s%C9%99lib_y%C3%BCr%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC_(film,_1989)" title="İndiana Cons və son səlib yürüşü (film, 1989) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İndiana Cons və son səlib yürüşü (film, 1989)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="ইন্ডিয়ানা জোন্স অ্যান্ড দ্য লাস্ট ক্রুসেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্ডিয়ানা জোন্স অ্যান্ড দ্য লাস্ট ক্রুসেড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Індыяна Джонс і апошні крыжовы паход – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індыяна Джонс і апошні крыжовы паход" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Индиана Джоунс и последният кръстоносен поход – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индиана Джоунс и последният кръстоносен поход" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_i_l%27%C3%BAltima_croada" title="Indiana Jones i l'última croada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indiana Jones i l'última croada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_a_posledn%C3%AD_k%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEov%C3%A1_v%C3%BDprava" title="Indiana Jones a poslední křížová výprava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indiana Jones a poslední křížová výprava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_og_det_sidste_korstog" title="Indiana Jones og det sidste korstog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indiana Jones og det sidste korstog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_und_der_letzte_Kreuzzug" title="Indiana Jones und der letzte Kreuzzug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indiana Jones und der letzte Kreuzzug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_ja_viimane_ristiretk" title="Indiana Jones ja viimane ristiretk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indiana Jones ja viimane ristiretk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F_%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%B7_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ο Ιντιάνα Τζόουνς και η Τελευταία Σταυροφορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ο Ιντιάνα Τζόουνς και η Τελευταία Σταυροφορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_y_la_%C3%BAltima_cruzada" title="Indiana Jones y la última cruzada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Indiana Jones y la última cruzada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_kaj_la_Lasta_Krucmilito" title="Indiana Jones kaj la Lasta Krucmilito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indiana Jones kaj la Lasta Krucmilito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ایندیانا جونز و آخرین جنگ صلیبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایندیانا جونز و آخرین جنگ صلیبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_et_la_Derni%C3%A8re_Croisade" title="Indiana Jones et la Dernière Croisade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indiana Jones et la Dernière Croisade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_e_a_%C3%BAltima_cruzada" title="Indiana Jones e a última cruzada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Indiana Jones e a última cruzada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EB%82%98_%EC%A1%B4%EC%8A%A4:_%EC%B5%9C%ED%9B%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%84" title="인디아나 존스: 최후의 성전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인디아나 존스: 최후의 성전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A8_%D6%87_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A8" title="Ինդիանա Ջոնսը և խաչակրաց վերջին արշավանքը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինդիանա Ջոնսը և խաչակրաց վերջին արշավանքը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_i_posljednji_kri%C5%BEarski_pohod" title="Indiana Jones i posljednji križarski pohod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indiana Jones i posljednji križarski pohod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_e_l%27ultima_crociata" title="Indiana Jones e l'ultima crociata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indiana Jones e l'ultima crociata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אינדיאנה ג'ונס ומסע הצלב האחרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינדיאנה ג'ונס ומסע הצלב האחרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ინდიანა ჯოუნსი და უკანასკნელი ჯვაროსნული ლაშქრობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდიანა ჯოუნსი და უკანასკნელი ჯვაროსნული ლაშქრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_D%C5%BEonss_un_p%C4%93d%C4%93jais_krustakar%C5%A1" title="Indiana Džonss un pēdējais krustakarš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indiana Džonss un pēdējais krustakarš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_D%C5%BEounsas_ir_paskutinis_kry%C5%BEiaus_%C5%BEygis" title="Indiana Džounsas ir paskutinis kryžiaus žygis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indiana Džounsas ir paskutinis kryžiaus žygis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_%C3%A9s_az_utols%C3%B3_kereszteslovag" title="Indiana Jones és az utolsó kereszteslovag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indiana Jones és az utolsó kereszteslovag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81:_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Индијана Џонс: Последната крстоносна војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индијана Џонс: Последната крстоносна војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്ത്യാനാ ജോൺസ് ആൻഡ് ദി ലാസ്റ്റ് ക്രൂസൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യാനാ ജോൺസ് ആൻഡ് ദി ലാസ്റ്റ് ക്രൂസൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="इंडियाना जोन्स अँड द लास्ट क्रुसेड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंडियाना जोन्स अँड द लास्ट क्रुसेड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ინდიანა ჯოუნსი დო ეკონია ჯვაროსნული ლაშქარუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდიანა ჯოუნსი დო ეკონია ჯვაროსნული ლაშქარუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="انديانا جونز والحملة الاخيره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انديانا جونز والحملة الاخيره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA/%E6%9C%80%E5%BE%8C%E3%81%AE%E8%81%96%E6%88%A6" title="インディ・ジョーンズ/最後の聖戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インディ・ジョーンズ/最後の聖戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_og_det_siste_korstog" title="Indiana Jones og det siste korstog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indiana Jones og det siste korstog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_i_ostatnia_krucjata" title="Indiana Jones i ostatnia krucjata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indiana Jones i ostatnia krucjata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_%C8%99i_ultima_cruciad%C4%83" title="Indiana Jones și ultima cruciadă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Indiana Jones și ultima cruciadă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Индиана Джонс и последний крестовый поход – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индиана Джонс и последний крестовый поход" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_e_l%27%C3%B9rtima_cruciata" title="Indiana Jones e l'ùrtima cruciata – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Indiana Jones e l'ùrtima cruciata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ئیندیانا جۆنز و دوایین خاچپەرستی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیندیانا جۆنز و دوایین خاچپەرستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Индијана Џоунс и последњи крсташки поход – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијана Џоунс и последњи крсташки поход" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_ja_viimeinen_ristiretki" title="Indiana Jones ja viimeinen ristiretki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indiana Jones ja viimeinen ristiretki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones_och_det_sista_korst%C3%A5get" title="Indiana Jones och det sista korståget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indiana Jones och det sista korståget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2_3_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94" title="ขุมทรัพย์สุดขอบฟ้า 3 ตอน ศึกอภินิหารครูเสด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขุมทรัพย์สุดขอบฟ้า 3 ตอน ศึกอภินิหารครูเสด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones:_Son_Macera" title="Indiana Jones: Son Macera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Indiana Jones: Son Macera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Індіана Джонс і останній хрестовий похід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індіана Джонс і останній хрестовий похід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (disambiguation)">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Last Crusade" redirects here. For the card game, see <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Crusade" title="The Last Crusade">The Last Crusade</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade.png/220px-Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8c/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade.png 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="394" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster by <a href="/wiki/Drew_Struzan" title="Drew Struzan">Drew Struzan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Screenplay by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Boam" title="Jeffrey Boam">Jeffrey Boam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Story by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Meyjes" title="Menno Meyjes">Menno Meyjes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Jones_characters" title="List of Indiana Jones characters">Characters</a> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display: inline"><ul style="display: inline"><li style="display: inline">George Lucas</li><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kaufman" title="Philip Kaufman">Philip Kaufman</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Watts" title="Robert Watts">Robert Watts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denholm_Elliott" title="Denholm Elliott">Denholm Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Doody" title="Alison Doody">Alison Doody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies" title="John Rhys-Davies">John Rhys-Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Glover" title="Julian Glover">Julian Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Slocombe" title="Douglas Slocombe">Douglas Slocombe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kahn_(film_editor)" title="Michael Kahn (film editor)">Michael Kahn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production company</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Lucasfilm Ltd.">Lucasfilm Ltd.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>May 24, 1989 (1989-05-24) (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">128 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$48 million<a href="#cite_note-BOM-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Box office</th><td class="infobox-data">$474.2 million<a href="#cite_note-BOM-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 American <a href="/wiki/Action_adventure_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Action adventure film">action adventure film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> from a screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Boam" title="Jeffrey Boam">Jeffrey Boam</a>, based on a story by <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menno_Meyjes" title="Menno Meyjes">Menno Meyjes</a>. It is the third installment in the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones film series</a> and the sequel to <a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> (1981). <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> returned in <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">the title role</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Jones, Sr.">his father</a> is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>. Other cast members featured include <a href="/wiki/Alison_Doody" title="Alison Doody">Alison Doody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denholm_Elliott" title="Denholm Elliott">Denholm Elliott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Glover" title="Julian Glover">Julian Glover</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Phoenix" title="River Phoenix">River Phoenix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies" title="John Rhys-Davies">John Rhys-Davies</a>. In the film, set in 1938, Indiana Jones searches for his father, a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> scholar, who has been kidnapped and held hostage by the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> while on a journey to find the Holy Grail. After the criticism that <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</a> (1984) received, Spielberg chose to make a more lighthearted film for the next installment, as well as bringing back several elements from Raiders of the Lost Ark. During the five years between Temple of Doom and The Last Crusade, he and executive producer Lucas reviewed several scripts before accepting Jeffrey Boam's. Filming locations included Spain, Italy, West Germany, Jordan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was released in the United States on May 24, 1989, by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>. The film received positive reviews, especially for the humor, direction, musical score, story, emotional themes, and performances (particularly those of Ford and Connery), and was a financial success, earning over $474 million worldwide, making it the <a href="/wiki/1989_in_film" title="1989 in film">highest-grossing film of 1989</a>. It also won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Sound Editing">Best Sound Effects Editing</a> and was nominated for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound" title="Academy Award for Best Sound">Best Sound</a> at the <a href="/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards" title="62nd Academy Awards">62nd Academy Awards</a>. Although Spielberg and Lucas originally intended for The Last Crusade to be the end of the series, a sequel, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a>, followed in May 2008, while a fifth and final film, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Dial_of_Destiny" title="Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny">Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny</a>, was released in June 2023. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</div> In 1912, <a href="/wiki/Scouts_BSA" title="Scouts BSA">Boy Scout</a> <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">Indiana Jones</a> lives with his father <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones_Sr." title="Henry Jones Sr.">Henry Jones Sr.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moab,_Utah" title="Moab, Utah">Moab, Utah</a>. One day, while undergoing a cave exploration, Indy takes a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Coronado</a> from a group of graverobbers led by a man named Garth, and after a brief horse chase, flees to his home, where Garth and his men find him and retrieve the crucifix. Garth, however, admits his respect towards Indiana and gives him his <a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">fedora</a> before leaving. In 1938, Indy successfully takes back the crucifix from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Jones_characters#Panama_Hat" title="List of Indiana Jones characters">employer of the graverobbers</a> off the Portuguese coast. After returning to the United States, Indy learns Henry has disappeared while searching for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Jones_characters#Walter_Donovan" title="List of Indiana Jones characters">Walter Donovan</a>, his father's financial backer, tasks Indy with finding both Henry and the Grail. Indy receives a package containing Henry's diary, which includes his research on the Grail, and travels to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Jones_characters#Marcus_Brody" title="List of Indiana Jones characters">Marcus Brody</a> to meet Henry's associate <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Jones_characters#Elsa_Schneider" title="List of Indiana Jones characters">Elsa Schneider</a>. Beneath the library where Henry was last seen, Indy and Elsa discover a <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">catacomb</a> containing an inscribed shield which reveals that the path to the Grail begins in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">Alexandretta</a>. The two are subsequently attacked by a mysterious group who reveal themselves to be the secret Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword, dedicated to protecting the Grail. After saving the group's leader Kazim, Indy learns that Henry is being held at a castle in <a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria</a>. Indy entrusts Marcus with a map from the diary detailing a route to the Grail and sends him to <a href="/wiki/Alexandretta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a> to rendezvous with their old friend <a href="/wiki/Sallah" title="Sallah">Sallah</a>. Discovering their rooms have been ransacked, Indy reveals the diary's existence to Elsa before they sleep together. In Austria, Indy and Elsa infiltrate the castle, discovering it to be under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> control. Indy finds Henry and tries to escape, but surrenders after Elsa is held captive by the Nazis. She reveals herself to be a Nazi collaborator and takes the diary, and Indy and Henry are tied up and learn that Donovan is also working with the Nazis. After arriving in Alexandretta, Marcus is captured by the Nazis as well. Elsa returns to Germany, while Indy and Henry escape the castle before traveling to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to retrieve the diary. After recovering it from Elsa, Indy and Henry flee on a <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">zeppelin</a> before evading two <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> planes pursuing them. Once Indy and Henry arrive in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay</a>, Sallah informs them that the Nazis have also traveled there using the map. While they are following the trail, the Nazis are attacked by the Brotherhood but defeat them. Henry takes advantage of the distraction to try to rescue Marcus but is captured; Indy attacks the Nazi convoy in response and is eventually able to destroy it with help from Henry and Marcus. Indy, Henry, Marcus and Sallah proceed to a temple containing the Grail, where they observe the Nazis attempting to overcome the temple's traps before being captured. Donovan forces Indy to find safe passage for them by mortally wounding Henry; a drink from the Grail can heal him. With the help of the diary, Indy overcomes the traps and finds a room with many cups and an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Jones_characters#Grail_Knight" title="List of Indiana Jones characters">ancient knight</a>, who explains that only one cup is the true Grail. Donovan and Elsa enter the room, and Elsa deliberately gives him the wrong cup, killing Donovan after he drinks from it. Indy identifies the true Grail and rescues Henry. Elsa falls to her death when her attempt to leave with the Grail causes the temple to collapse, and Indy nearly suffers the same fate before Henry saves him. The Grail falls into an abyss as Indy and his companions escape and ride off into the sunset. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Jones_characters" title="List of Indiana Jones characters">List of Indiana Jones characters</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> as <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">Henry "Indiana" Jones Jr.</a>: An archaeologist, professor and adventurer who seeks to rescue his father and find the Holy Grail. Ford said he loved the idea of introducing Indiana's father because it allowed him to explore another side to Indiana's personality: "These are men who have never made any accommodation to each other. Indy behaves differently in his father's presence. Who else would dare call Indy 'junior'?"<a href="#cite_note-hattrick-3">[3]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Phoenix" title="River Phoenix">River Phoenix</a> as a younger Indiana Jones. Phoenix had portrayed the son of Ford's character in <a href="/wiki/The_Mosquito_Coast_(film)" title="The Mosquito Coast (film)">The Mosquito Coast</a> (1986). Ford recommended Phoenix for the part; he said that of the young actors working at the time, Phoenix looked the most like him when he was around that age.<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones_Sr." title="Henry Jones Sr.">Henry Jones Sr.</a>: Indiana's father, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literature</a> who cared more about looking for the Grail than raising his son. Spielberg had Connery in mind when he suggested introducing Indiana's father, though he did not tell Lucas at first. Consequently, Lucas wrote the role as "a crazy, eccentric" professor resembling <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, whose relationship with Indiana is "strict schoolmaster and student rather than a father and son".<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> Spielberg had been a fan of Connery's work as <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> and felt that no one else could perform the role as well.<a href="#cite_note-time-6">[6]</a> Spielberg biographer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McBride_(writer)" title="Joseph McBride (writer)">Joseph McBride</a> wrote, "Connery was already the father of Indiana Jones since the series had sprung from the desire of Lucas and Spielberg to rival (and outdo) Connery's <a href="/wiki/Production_of_the_James_Bond_films" title="Production of the James Bond films">James Bond films</a>."<a href="#cite_note-faber-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> was also considered for the role.<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a> Connery, who had eschewed major franchise films since his work on the James Bond series, as he found those roles dull and wanted to avoid paparazzi attention, initially turned the role down (as he was only twelve years older than Ford) but eventually relented. Connery—a student of history—began to reshape the character, and revisions were made to the script to address his concerns. "I wanted to play Henry Jones as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a>," Connery commented. "I was bound to have fun with the role of a gruff, Victorian Scottish father."<a href="#cite_note-time-6">[6]</a> Connery believed Henry should be a match for his son, telling Spielberg that "whatever Indy'd done my character has done and my character has done it better".<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a> Connery signed to the film on March 25, 1988.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> He improvised the line, "She talks in her sleep", which was left in because it made everyone laugh;<a href="#cite_note-twenty-five-8">[8]</a> in Boam's scripts, Henry telling Indiana that he slept with Elsa occurs later.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Hyde-White" title="Alex Hyde-White">Alex Hyde-White</a> plays Henry in the film's prologue, though his face is never shown and his lines were dubbed by Connery.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denholm_Elliott" title="Denholm Elliott">Denholm Elliott</a> as <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Brody" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Brody">Marcus Brody</a>: Indiana's bumbling English colleague. Elliott returned after Spielberg sought to recapture the tone of <a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> (1981), following the actor's absence in the darker <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Temple of Doom</a> (1984).<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Doody" title="Alison Doody">Alison Doody</a> as <a href="/wiki/Dr._Elsa_Schneider" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Elsa Schneider">Dr. Elsa Schneider</a>: An <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian</a> art professor and Indy's love interest, who is in league with the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>. She seduces the Joneses to trick them but seems to be in love with Indy. While the character of Elsa is in her 30s during the film, Doody was 21 when she auditioned and was one of the first actresses who met for the part.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Redman" title="Amanda Redman">Amanda Redman</a> was offered the role, but declined.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies" title="John Rhys-Davies">John Rhys-Davies</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sallah" title="Sallah">Sallah</a>: A friend of Indiana and a professional <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavator</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Like Elliott's, Rhys-Davies's return was an attempt to recapture the spirit of Raiders of the Lost Ark.<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Glover" title="Julian Glover">Julian Glover</a> as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Donovan">Walter Donovan</a>: An American businessman who sends the Joneses on their quest for the Holy Grail out of a desire for <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> while secretly working with the Nazis for the same goal. Glover previously appeared as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Star_Wars_characters#V" title="List of Star Wars characters">General Veers</a> in Lucas's <a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a>. He originally auditioned for the role of Vogel. Glover, who is English, adopted an American accent for the film,<a href="#cite_note-Hearn-10">[10]</a> but was dissatisfied with the result.<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Byrne_(actor)" title="Michael Byrne (actor)">Michael Byrne</a> portrays Ernst Vogel, a brutal <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> colonel. Byrne and Ford had previously starred in <a href="/wiki/Force_10_from_Navarone_(film)" title="Force 10 from Navarone (film)">Force 10 from Navarone</a> (1978), in which they also respectively played a German and an American.<a href="#cite_note-castingcrusaders-11">[11]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Kevork_Malikyan" title="Kevork Malikyan">Kevork Malikyan</a> portrays Kazim, the leader of the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword, an organization that protects the Holy Grail. Malikyan had impressed Spielberg with his performance in <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Express_(film)" title="Midnight Express (film)">Midnight Express</a> (1978) and would have auditioned for the role of Sallah in Raiders of the Lost Ark had a traffic jam not delayed his meeting with the director.<a href="#cite_note-castingcrusaders-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eddison" title="Robert Eddison">Robert Eddison</a> appears as the Grail Knight, the guardian of the Grail who drank from the cup of Christ during the Crusades. Eddison was a stage and television veteran only appearing in a few films since the 1930s (including a supporting role in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a>'s 1948 comedy <a href="/wiki/Vice_Versa_(1948_film)" title="Vice Versa (1948 film)">Vice Versa</a>). Glover recalled Eddison was excited and nervous for his return to film, often asking if he had performed correctly.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> was originally considered to play the Grail Knight,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but he was too ill and died the same year in which the film was released. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sheard" title="Michael Sheard">Michael Sheard</a> appears as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, whom Jones briefly encounters at the book-burning rally in Berlin. Although a non-speaking role, Sheard could speak German and had already portrayed Hitler three times during his career. He had also appeared as <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ozzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Ozzel">Admiral Ozzel</a> in The Empire Strikes Back and as Oskar Schomburg in Raiders of the Lost Ark. In the same scene, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lacey" title="Ronald Lacey">Ronald Lacey</a>, who played <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Toht" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Toht">Toht</a> in Raiders of the Lost Ark, cameos as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Sayle" title="Alexei Sayle">Alexei Sayle</a> played the sultan of Hatay. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Maxwell" title="Paul Maxwell">Paul Maxwell</a> portrayed "the man with the Panama Hat" who took possession of the Cross of Coronado. Wrestler and stuntman <a href="/wiki/Pat_Roach" title="Pat Roach">Pat Roach</a>, who played three roles in the previous two films, made a short <a href="/wiki/Cameo_appearance" title="Cameo appearance">cameo</a> as the Nazi who accompanies Vogel to the Zeppelin. Roach was set to film a fight with Ford, but it was cut. In a deleted scene, Roach's agent boards the second biplane on the Zeppelin with a World War I flying ace (played by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jaeger" title="Frederick Jaeger">Frederick Jaeger</a>), only for the pair to fall to their deaths after the flying ace makes an error. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Young_(actor)" title="Richard Young (actor)">Richard Young</a> played Garth, the leader of the tomb robbers who chased young Indiana Jones and then gives him his hat. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lipinski" title="Eugene Lipinski">Eugene Lipinski</a> portrayed the mysterious agent G-Man, while <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dobtcheff" title="Vernon Dobtcheff">Vernon Dobtcheff</a> appeared as the butler of Castle Brunwald. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> had intended to make a trilogy of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a> films since Lucas had first <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">pitched</a> <a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> to Spielberg in 1977,<a href="#cite_note-Pre-14">[14]</a> though they signed for five films with <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> by 1979.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> After the mixed critical and public reaction to <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</a>, Spielberg decided to complete the trilogy to fulfill his promise to Lucas, with the intent to invoke the film with the spirit and tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Temple of Doom writers <a href="/wiki/Willard_Huyck" title="Willard Huyck">Willard Huyck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Katz" title="Gloria Katz">Gloria Katz</a> chose not to return due to both having other commitments and feeling satisfied with their work in the second film.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Throughout the film's development and <a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">pre-production</a>, Spielberg admitted he was "consciously regressing" in making the film.<a href="#cite_note-faber-7">[7]</a> Due to his commitment to the film, the director had to drop out of directing <a href="/wiki/Big_(film)" title="Big (film)">Big</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rain_Man" title="Rain Man">Rain Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pre-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_(7659583966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg/170px-Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg/255px-Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg/340px-Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Grail diary of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones_Sr." title="Henry Jones Sr.">Henry Jones Sr.</a> as seen in the film</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiyou.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Xiyou.PNG/170px-Xiyou.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Xiyou.PNG/255px-Xiyou.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Xiyou.PNG/340px-Xiyou.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Chris Columbus's script featured the Monkey King in Africa.</figcaption></figure> Lucas initially suggested making the film "a <a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">haunted mansion</a> movie", for which <a href="/wiki/Romancing_the_Stone" title="Romancing the Stone">Romancing the Stone</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Diane_Thomas" title="Diane Thomas">Diane Thomas</a> wrote a script. Spielberg rejected the idea because of the similarity to <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist_(1982_film)" title="Poltergeist (1982 film)">Poltergeist</a>, which he had co-written and produced.<a href="#cite_note-faber-7">[7]</a> Lucas first introduced the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> in an idea for the film's prologue, which was to be set in Scotland. He intended the Grail to have a <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> basis, with the rest of the film revolving around a separate Christian artifact in Africa. Spielberg did not care for the Grail idea, which he found too esoteric,<a href="#cite_note-hattrick-3">[3]</a> even after Lucas suggested giving it healing powers and the ability to grant immortality (much like the fictional magical power given to the Ark in the first film of the trilogy). In September 1984, Lucas completed an eight-page treatment titled Indiana Jones and the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Wukong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Wukong">Monkey King</a>, which he soon followed with an 11-page outline. The story saw Indiana battling a ghost in Scotland before finding the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Columbus_(filmmaker)" title="Chris Columbus (filmmaker)">Chris Columbus</a>—who had written the Spielberg-produced <a href="/wiki/Gremlins" title="Gremlins">Gremlins</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Goonies" title="The Goonies">The Goonies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Young_Sherlock_Holmes" title="Young Sherlock Holmes">Young Sherlock Holmes</a>—was hired to write the script. His first draft, dated May 3, 1985, changed the main plot device to a <a href="/wiki/Peaches_of_Immortality" title="Peaches of Immortality">Garden of Immortal Peaches</a>. It begins in 1937, with Indiana battling the murderous ghost of Baron Seamus Seagrove III in Scotland. Indiana travels to <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> to aid Dr. Clare Clarke (a <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>-type according to Lucas), who has found a 200-year-old <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">pygmy</a>. The pygmy is kidnapped by the Nazis during a boat chase, and Indiana, Clare and Scraggy Brier—an old friend of Indiana—travel up the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> river to rescue him. Indiana is killed in the climactic battle but is resurrected by the Monkey King. Other characters include a cannibalistic African tribe; Nazi Sergeant Gutterbuhg, who has a mechanical arm; Betsy, a stowaway student who is suicidally in love with Indiana; and a pirate leader named Kezure (described as a <a href="/wiki/Toshiro_Mifune" title="Toshiro Mifune">Toshiro Mifune</a>-type), who dies eating a peach because he is not pure of heart.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> Columbus's second draft, dated August 6, 1985, removed Betsy and featured Dash—an <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> bar owner for whom the Nazis work—and the Monkey King as villains. The Monkey King forces Indiana and Dash to play chess with real people and disintegrates each person who is <a href="/wiki/Capture_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture (chess)">captured</a>. Indiana subsequently battles the undead, destroys <a href="/wiki/Ruyi_Jingu_Bang" title="Ruyi Jingu Bang">the Monkey King's rod</a>, and marries Clare.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Location_scouting" title="Location scouting">Location scouting</a> commenced in Africa but Spielberg and Lucas abandoned Monkey King because of its negative depiction of African natives,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and because the script was too unrealistic.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> Spielberg acknowledged that it made him "... feel very old, too old to direct it."<a href="#cite_note-hattrick-3">[3]</a> Columbus's script was leaked onto the Internet in 1997, and many believed it was an early draft for <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">the fourth film</a> because it was mistakenly dated to 1995.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Dissatisfied, Spielberg suggested introducing Indiana's father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Jones, Sr.">Henry Jones, Sr.</a> Lucas was dubious, believing the Grail should be the story's focus, but Spielberg convinced him that the father–son relationship would serve as a great metaphor in Indiana's search for the artifact.<a href="#cite_note-faber-7">[7]</a> Spielberg hired <a href="/wiki/Menno_Meyjes" title="Menno Meyjes">Menno Meyjes</a>, who had worked on Spielberg's <a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(1985_film)" title="The Color Purple (1985 film)">The Color Purple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sun_(film)" title="Empire of the Sun (film)">Empire of the Sun</a>, to begin a new script on January 1, 1986. Meyjes completed his script ten months later. It depicted Indiana searching for his father in <a href="/wiki/Monts%C3%A9gur" title="Montségur">Montségur</a>, where he meets a nun named Chantal. Indiana travels to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, takes the <a href="/wiki/Orient_Express" title="Orient Express">Orient Express</a> to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, and continues by train to <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, where he meets <a href="/wiki/Sallah" title="Sallah">Sallah</a> and reunites with his father. Together they find the grail. At the climax, a Nazi villain touches the Grail and explodes; when Henry touches it, he ascends a stairway to <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>. Chantal chooses to stay on Earth because of her love for Indiana. In a revised draft dated two months later, Indiana finds his father in <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a>, the Nazi leader is a woman named Greta von Grimm, and Indiana battles a demon at the Grail site, which he defeats with a dagger inscribed with "God is King". The prologue in both drafts has Indiana in Mexico battling for possession of <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Montezuma</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> with a man who owns gorillas as pets.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiana_Jones_and_the_Cross_of_Coronado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Cross_of_Coronado.jpg/220px-Indiana_Jones_and_the_Cross_of_Coronado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Cross_of_Coronado.jpg/330px-Indiana_Jones_and_the_Cross_of_Coronado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Cross_of_Coronado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a> (<a href="/wiki/River_Phoenix" title="River Phoenix">River Phoenix</a>) finds the Cross of Coronado as a 13-year-old Boy Scout. Spielberg suggested making Indiana a Boy Scout as both he and Harrison Ford were former Scouts.</figcaption></figure> Spielberg suggested <a href="/wiki/Innerspace" title="Innerspace">Innerspace</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Boam" title="Jeffrey Boam">Jeffrey Boam</a> perform the next rewrite. Boam spent two weeks reworking the story with Lucas, which yielded a treatment that is largely similar to the final film.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> Boam told Lucas that Indiana should find his father in the middle of the story. "Given the fact that it's the third film in the series, you couldn't just end with them obtaining the object. That's how the first two films ended," he said, "So I thought, let them lose the Grail, and let the father–son relationship be the main point. It's an archaeological search for Indy's own identity and coming to accept his father is more what it's about [than the quest for the Grail]."<a href="#cite_note-faber-7">[7]</a> Boam said he felt there was not enough character development in the previous films.<a href="#cite_note-hattrick-3">[3]</a> In Boam's first draft, dated September 1987, the film is set in 1939. The prologue has adult Indiana retrieving an Aztec relic for a museum curator in Mexico and features the circus train. Henry and Elsa (who is described as having dark hair) were searching for the Grail on behalf of the Chandler Foundation, before Henry went missing. The character of Kazim is here named Kemal, and is an agent of the Republic of Hatay, which seeks the grail for its own. Kemal shoots Henry and dies drinking from the wrong chalice. The Grail Knight battles Indiana on horseback, while Vogel is crushed by a boulder while attempting to steal the Grail.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Organ_at_Arches_National_Park_Utah_Corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Organ_at_Arches_National_Park_Utah_Corrected.jpg/220px-The_Organ_at_Arches_National_Park_Utah_Corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Organ_at_Arches_National_Park_Utah_Corrected.jpg/330px-The_Organ_at_Arches_National_Park_Utah_Corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Organ_at_Arches_National_Park_Utah_Corrected.jpg/440px-The_Organ_at_Arches_National_Park_Utah_Corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Organ_(Arches_National_Park)" title="The Organ (Arches National Park)">The Organ</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> Boam's February 23, 1988, rewrite used many of Connery's comic suggestions. It included the prologue that was eventually filmed; because of the mixed response to Empire of the Sun, which was about a young boy, Lucas had to convince Spielberg to show Indiana as a boy.<a href="#cite_note-hattrick-3">[3]</a> Spielberg—who was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a>—had the idea of making Indiana a <a href="/wiki/Scouts_BSA_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouts BSA (Boy Scouts of America)">Boy Scout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pre-14">[14]</a> The 1912 prologue as seen in the film refers to events in the lives of Indiana's creators. When Indiana cracks the bullwhip to defend himself against a lion, he accidentally lashes and scars his chin. Ford gained this scar in a car accident as a young man.<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a> Indiana taking his nickname from his pet <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Malamute" title="Alaskan Malamute">Alaskan Malamute</a> is a reference to the character being named after Lucas's dog.<a href="#cite_note-viewingguide-20">[20]</a> The train carriage Indiana enters is named "Doctor Fantasy's Magic Caboose", which was the name producer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Marshall (producer)">Frank Marshall</a> used when performing magic tricks. Spielberg suggested the idea, Marshall came up with the false-bottomed box through which Indiana escapes,<a href="#cite_note-salvo-21">[21]</a> and production designer Elliott Scott suggested the trick be done in a single, uninterrupted shot.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> Spielberg intended the shot of Henry with his umbrella—after he causes the bird strike on the German plane—to evoke <a href="/wiki/Ryan%27s_Daughter" title="Ryan's Daughter">Ryan's Daughter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-viewingguide-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Indiana_Jones_series#Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="List of characters in the Indiana Jones series">Indiana's mother</a>, named Margaret in this version, dismisses Indiana when he returns home with the Cross of Coronado, while his father is on a long-distance call. Walter Chandler of the Chandler Foundation features, but is not the main villain; he plunges to his death in the tank. Elsa introduces Indiana and Brody to a large Venetian family that knows Henry. <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> appears at the Nazi rally in Berlin. Vogel is beheaded by the traps guarding the Grail. Kemal tries to blow up the Grail Temple during a comic fight in which gunpowder is repeatedly lit and extinguished. Elsa shoots Henry, then dies drinking from the wrong Grail, and Indiana rescues his father from falling into the chasm while grasping for the Grail. Boam's revision of March 1 showed Henry causing the seagulls to strike the plane, and has Henry saving Indiana at the end.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> During an undated "<a href="/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment" title="Amblin Entertainment">Amblin</a>" revision and a rewrite by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a> (under the pen name Barry Watson) dated May 8, 1988,<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a> further changes were made. Stoppard polished most of the dialogue,<a href="#cite_note-twenty-five-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and created the "Panama Hat" character to link the prologue's segments featuring the young and adult Indianas. The Venetian family is cut. Kemal is renamed Kazim and now wants to protect the grail rather than find it. Chandler is renamed Donovan. The scene of Brody being captured is added. Vogel now dies in the tank, while Donovan shoots Henry and then drinks from the false grail, and Elsa falls into the chasm. The Grail trials are expanded to include the stone-stepping and leap of faith.<a href="#cite_note-monkeyking-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_Arch.jpg/220px-Double_Arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_Arch.jpg/330px-Double_Arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Double_Arch.jpg/440px-Double_Arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Double Arch in the Arches National Park in Utah, United States</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filming">Filming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Filming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiesa_di_San_Barnaba_-_Venezia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chiesa_di_San_Barnaba_-_Venezia.jpg/220px-Chiesa_di_San_Barnaba_-_Venezia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chiesa_di_San_Barnaba_-_Venezia.jpg/330px-Chiesa_di_San_Barnaba_-_Venezia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chiesa_di_San_Barnaba_-_Venezia.jpg/440px-Chiesa_di_San_Barnaba_-_Venezia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5877" data-file-height="3979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Barnaba_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Barnaba di Venezia">San Barnaba di Venezia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, whose exterior served as a library</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a> began on May 16, 1988, in the <a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas Desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Almería (province)">Almería province</a>. Spielberg originally had planned the chase to be a short sequence shot over two days, but he drew up storyboards to make the scene an action-packed centerpiece.<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a> Thinking he would not surpass the truck chase from Raiders of the Lost Ark (because the truck was much faster than the tank), he felt this sequence should be more story-based and needed to show Indiana and Henry helping each other. He later said he had more fun storyboarding the sequence than filming it.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_unit" title="Second unit">second unit</a> had begun filming two weeks before.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> After approximately ten days, the production moved to the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_de_Arte_de_Almer%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Escuela de Arte de Almería">Escuela de Arte de Almería</a>, to film the scenes set in the Sultan of Hatay's palace. <a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park" title="Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park">Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park</a> was used for the road, tunnel and beach sequence (at <a href="/wiki/Playa_de_M%C3%B3nsul" title="Playa de Mónsul">Playa de Mónsul</a>) in which birds strike the plane. The shoot's Spanish portion wrapped on June 2, 1988, in <a href="/wiki/Guadix" title="Guadix">Guadix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada (province)">Granada</a>, with filming of Brody's capture at Alexandretta train station.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> The filmmakers built a mosque near the station for atmosphere, rather than adding it as a visual effect.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buerresheim_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buerresheim_1.jpg/220px-Buerresheim_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buerresheim_1.jpg/330px-Buerresheim_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Buerresheim_1.jpg/440px-Buerresheim_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrresheim_Castle" title="Bürresheim Castle">Bürresheim Castle</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mayen" title="Mayen">Mayen</a>, in the then-<a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, served as "Brunwald Castle" in Austria near the German border.</figcaption></figure> The exteriors of "Brunwald Castle" were filmed at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrresheim_Castle" title="Bürresheim Castle">Bürresheim Castle</a> in West Germany. In the movie the image of the castle has been flipped and the building was expanded with a <a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painting</a> depicting a copy of the right facade to the left of the main tower. Filming for the castle interiors took place in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from June 5 to 10, 1988, at <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. On June 16, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hall,_London" title="Lawrence Hall, London">Lawrence Hall, London</a>, was used as the interior of <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Berlin Tempelhof Airport</a>. Filming returned to Elstree the next day to capture the motorcycle escape, continuing at the studio for interior scenes until July 18. One day was spent at <a href="/wiki/North_Weald_Airfield" title="North Weald Airfield">North Weald Airfield</a> on June 29 to film Indiana leaving for Venice.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> Ford and Connery acted much of the Zeppelin table conversation without trousers on because of the overheated set.<a href="#cite_note-viewingguide-20">[20]</a> Spielberg, Marshall and Kennedy interrupted the shoot to make a plea to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> to support the economically "depressed" British studios. July 20–22 was spent filming the temple interiors. The temple set, which took six weeks to build, was supported on 80 feet (24 m) of hydraulics and ten <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbals</a> for use during the earthquake scene. Resetting between takes took twenty minutes while the hydraulics were put to their starting positions and the cracks filled with plaster. The shot of the Grail falling to the temple floor—causing the first crack to appear—was attempted on the full-size set, but proved too difficult. Instead, crews built a separate floor section that incorporated a pre-scored crack sealed with plaster. It took several takes to throw the Grail from 6 feet (1.8 m) onto the right part of the crack.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> July 25–26 was spent on night shoots at <a href="/wiki/Stowe_School" title="Stowe School">Stowe School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stowe,_Buckinghamshire" title="Stowe, Buckinghamshire">Stowe, Buckinghamshire</a>, for the Nazi rally.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> Filming resumed two days later at Elstree, where Spielberg swiftly filmed the library, Portuguese freighter, and catacombs sequences.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> The steamship fight in the prologue's 1938 portion was filmed in three days on a sixty-by-forty-feet (eighteen-by-twelve-meter) deck built on gimbals at Elstree. A dozen dump tanks – each holding three hundred imperial gallons (360 U.S. gallons; 3000 lb.; 1363 liters) of water – were used in the scene.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> Henry's house was filmed at <a href="/wiki/Mill_Hill" title="Mill Hill">Mill Hill</a>, London. Indiana and Kazim's fight in Venice in front of a ship's propeller was filmed in a water tank at Elstree. Spielberg used a <a href="/wiki/Long_focus_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Long focus lens">long focus lens</a> to make it appear the actors were closer to the propeller than they really were.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> Two days later, on August 4, another portion of the boat chase using <a href="/wiki/Hacker_Craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker Craft">Hacker Craft</a> sport boats, was filmed at <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">Tilbury Docks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> The shot of the boats passing between two ships was achieved by first cabling the ships off so they would be safe. The ships were moved together while the boats passed between, close enough that one of the boats scraped the sides of the ships. An empty speedboat containing dummies was launched from a floating platform between the ships amid fire and smoke that helped obscure the platform. The stunt was performed twice because the boat landed too short of the camera in the first attempt.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> The following day, filming in England wrapped at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Masonic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Masonic School">Royal Masonic School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a>, which doubled for Indiana's college (as it had in Raiders of the Lost Ark).<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%BCste_bei_Monsul14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/K%C3%BCste_bei_Monsul14.jpg/220px-K%C3%BCste_bei_Monsul14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/K%C3%BCste_bei_Monsul14.jpg/330px-K%C3%BCste_bei_Monsul14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/K%C3%BCste_bei_Monsul14.jpg/440px-K%C3%BCste_bei_Monsul14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3710" data-file-height="2698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Playa_de_M%C3%B3nsul" title="Playa de Mónsul">Playa de Mónsul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park" title="Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park">Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></figcaption></figure> Shooting in Venice took place on August 8.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> For scenes such as Indiana and Brody greeting Elsa, shots of the boat chase, and Kazim telling Indiana where his father is,<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Watts" title="Robert Watts">Robert Watts</a> gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Grand Canal</a> from 7 am to 1 pm, sealing off tourists for as long as possible. Cinematographer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Slocombe" title="Douglas Slocombe">Douglas Slocombe</a> positioned the camera to ensure no satellite dishes would be visible.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Barnaba_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Barnaba di Venezia">San Barnaba di Venezia</a> served as the library's exterior.<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a> The next day, filming moved to the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Al_Khazneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khazneh">Al Khazneh</a> (The Treasury) stood in for the temple housing the Grail. The cast and crew became guests of <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">King Hussein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Noor_of_Jordan" title="Queen Noor of Jordan">Queen Noor</a>. The Treasury had previously appeared in <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_and_the_Eye_of_the_Tiger" title="Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger">Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger</a>. The main cast completed their scenes that week, after 63 days of filming.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> The second unit filmed part of the prologue's 1912 segment from August 29 to September 3. The main unit began two days later with the circus train sequence at <a href="/wiki/Alamosa,_Colorado" title="Alamosa, Colorado">Alamosa, Colorado</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Cumbres_and_Toltec_Scenic_Railroad" title="Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad">Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad</a>. They filmed at <a href="/wiki/Pagosa_Springs,_Colorado" title="Pagosa Springs, Colorado">Pagosa Springs</a> on September 7, and then at <a href="/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado" title="Cortez, Colorado">Cortez</a> on September 10. From September 14 to 16, filming of Indiana falling into the train carriages took place in Los Angeles. The production then moved to Utah's <a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches National Park</a> to shoot more of the opening. A house in Antonito, Colorado was used for the Jones family home.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The production had intended to film at <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde National Park</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> representatives had religious objections to its use.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> When Spielberg and editor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kahn_(film_editor)" title="Michael Kahn (film editor)">Michael Kahn</a> viewed a <a href="/wiki/Rough_cut" title="Rough cut">rough cut</a> of the film in late 1988, they felt it suffered from a lack of action. The motorcycle chase was shot during <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais" title="Mount Tamalpais">Mount Tamalpais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_California" title="Fairfax, California">Fairfax</a> near <a href="/wiki/Skywalker_Ranch" title="Skywalker Ranch">Skywalker Ranch</a>. The closing shot of Indiana, Henry, Sallah and Brody riding into the sunset was filmed in <a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo, Texas</a> in early 1989 by the second unit, directed by Frank Marshall.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hearn-10">[10]</a> Filming ended on September 16, 1988 after 123 days of filming. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LastCrusadeTank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/LastCrusadeTank.jpg/220px-LastCrusadeTank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/LastCrusadeTank.jpg/330px-LastCrusadeTank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/LastCrusadeTank.jpg/440px-LastCrusadeTank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Composite photograph of the tank on location</figcaption></figure> Mechanical effects supervisor <a href="/wiki/George_Gibbs_(special_effects_artist)" title="George Gibbs (special effects artist)">George Gibbs</a> said the film was the most difficult one of his career.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> He visited a museum to negotiate renting a small French <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">World War I tank</a>, but decided he wanted to make one.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> The tank was based on the <a href="/wiki/Tank_Mark_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank Mark VIII">Tank Mark VIII</a>, which was 11 metres (36 ft) long and weighed 28 short tons (25 t). However, some liberties were taken with the design.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Gibbs built the tank over the framework of a 28-short-ton (25 t) <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavator</a> and added 7-short-ton (6.4 t) <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">tracks</a> that were driven by two automatic <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_pump" title="Hydraulic pump">hydraulic pumps</a>, each connected to a <a href="/wiki/Range_Rover" title="Range Rover">Range Rover</a> <a href="/wiki/Rover_V8_engine" title="Rover V8 engine">V8 engine</a>. Gibbs built the tank from steel rather than aluminum or fiberglass because it would allow the realistically <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspensionless</a> vehicle to endure the rocky surfaces. Unlike its historic counterpart, which had only the two side guns, the tank had a turret gun added as well. It took four months to build and was transported to Almería on a <a href="/wiki/Short_Belfast" title="Short Belfast">Short Belfast</a> plane and then a low loader truck.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> The tank broke down twice. The <a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">distributor</a>'s rotor arm broke and a replacement had to be sourced from <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. Then two of the device's valves used to cool the oil exploded, due to <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> melting and mixing with the oil. It was very hot in the tank, despite the installation of ten fans, and the lack of suspension meant the driver was unable to stop shaking during filming breaks.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> The tank only moved at 10 to 12 miles per hour (16 to 19 km/h), which <a href="/wiki/Vic_Armstrong" title="Vic Armstrong">Vic Armstrong</a> said made it difficult to film Indiana riding a horse against the tank while making it appear faster.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> A smaller section of the tank's top made from aluminum and which used rubber tracks was used for close-ups. It was built from a searchlight trailer, weighed eight tons, and was towed by a four-wheel drive truck. It had safety nets on each end to prevent injury to those falling off.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> A quarter-scale model by Gibbs was driven over a 15-metre (50 ft) cliff on location; <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> created further shots of the tank's destruction with models and miniatures.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almeria_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Almeria_02.jpg/220px-Almeria_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Almeria_02.jpg/330px-Almeria_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Almeria_02.jpg/440px-Almeria_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The tank chase was filmed in the <a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas Desert</a> in Almería, Spain.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lantieri" title="Michael Lantieri">Michael Lantieri</a>, mechanical effects supervisor for the 1912 scenes, noted the difficulty in shooting the train sequence. "You can't just stop a train," he said, "If it misses its mark, it takes blocks and blocks to stop it and back up." Lantieri hid handles for the actors and stuntmen to grab onto when leaping from carriage to carriage. The carriage interiors shot at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Hollywood" title="Universal Studios Hollywood">Universal Studios Hollywood</a> were built on tubes that inflated and deflated to create a rocking motion.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> For the close-up of the rhinoceros that strikes at (and misses) Indiana, a foam and fiberglass animatronic was made in London. When Spielberg decided he wanted it to move, the prop was sent to <a href="/wiki/John_Carl_Buechler" title="John Carl Buechler">John Carl Buechler</a> in Los Angeles, who resculpted it over three days to blink, snarl, snort and wiggle its ears. The giraffes were also created in London. Because steam locomotives are very loud, Lantieri's crew would respond to <a href="/wiki/Assistant_director#Sub-roles" title="Assistant director">first assistant director</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Tomblin" title="David Tomblin">David Tomblin</a>'s radioed directions by making the giraffes nod or shake their heads to his questions, which amused the crew.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> For the villains' cars, Lantieri selected a 1914 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>, a 1919 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> truck and a 1916 <a href="/wiki/Saxon_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon (automobile)">Saxon</a> Model 14, fitting each with a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Pinto" title="Ford Pinto">Ford Pinto</a> <a href="/wiki/V6_engine" title="V6 engine">V6 engine</a>. Sacks of dust were hung under the cars to create a dustier environment.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escuela_de_Arte_de_Almer%C3%ADa,_patio_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escuela_de_Arte_de_Almer%C3%ADa%2C_patio_02.jpg/220px-Escuela_de_Arte_de_Almer%C3%ADa%2C_patio_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escuela_de_Arte_de_Almer%C3%ADa%2C_patio_02.jpg/330px-Escuela_de_Arte_de_Almer%C3%ADa%2C_patio_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escuela_de_Arte_de_Almer%C3%ADa%2C_patio_02.jpg/440px-Escuela_de_Arte_de_Almer%C3%ADa%2C_patio_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3286" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>The courtyard of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almer%C3%ADa_Art_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almería Art School (page does not exist)">Almería Art School</a>, served as the palace of the "Sultan of Hatay".</figcaption></figure> Spielberg used doves for the seagulls that Henry scares into striking the German plane because the real gulls used in the first take did not fly.<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a> In December 1988, Lucasfilm ordered 1,000 disease-free gray rats for the catacombs scenes from the company that supplied the snakes and bugs for the previous films. Within five months, 5,000 rats had been bred for the sequence;<a href="#cite_note-making-4">[4]</a> 1,000 mechanical rats stood in for those that were set on fire. Several thousand snakes of five breeds—including a <a href="/wiki/Boa_constrictor" title="Boa constrictor">boa constrictor</a>—were used for the train scene, in addition to rubber ones onto which Phoenix could fall. The snakes would slither from their crates, requiring the crew to dig through sawdust after filming to find and return them. Two lions were used, which became nervous because of the rocking motion and flickering lights.<a href="#cite_note-familybonds-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2.jpg/170px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2.jpg/255px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2.jpg/340px-Al_Khazneh_Petra_edit_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Khazneh" title="Al-Khazneh">Al Khazneh</a> (The Treasury) at Petra, Jordan was used for the entrance to the temple housing the Holy Grail.</figcaption></figure> Costume designer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Powell_(designer)" title="Anthony Powell (designer)">Anthony Powell</a> found it a challenge to create Connery's costume because the script required the character to wear the same clothes throughout. Powell thought about his own grandfather and incorporated <a href="/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweed (cloth)">tweed</a> suits and fishing hats. Powell felt it necessary for Henry to wear glasses, but did not want to hide Connery's eyes, so chose rimless ones. He could not find any suitable, so he had them specially made. The Nazi costumes were genuine and were found in Eastern Europe by Powell's co-designer Joanna Johnston, to whom he gave research pictures and drawings for reference.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> The motorcycles used in the chase from the castle were a mixed bag: the scout model with sidecar in which Indy and Henry escape was an original <a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(motorcycle)" title="Dnepr (motorcycle)">Dnepr</a>, complete with machine gun <a href="/wiki/Pintle_mount#Pintle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintle mount">pintle</a> on the sidecar, while the pursuing vehicles were more modern machines dressed up with equipment and logos to make them resemble German army models. Gibbs used two Swiss <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_P-2" title="Pilatus P-2">Pilatus P-2</a> air force training planes standing in as pursuing Luftwaffe <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_96" title="Arado Ar 96">Arado Ar 96s</a> for the Zeppelin biplane escape sequence. He built a device based on an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> to simulate gunfire, which was safer and less expensive than firing <a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">blanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> Baking soda was applied to Connery to create Henry's bullet wound. Vinegar was applied to create the foaming effect as the water from the Grail washes it away.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> At least one reproduction <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen" title="Volkswagen Kübelwagen">Kübelwagen</a> was used during filming despite the film being set two years prior to manufacture of said vehicles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> (ILM) built an 8-foot (2.4 m) foam model of the Zeppelin to complement shots of Ford and Connery climbing into the <a href="/wiki/Gotha_Go_145C" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotha Go 145C">Gotha Go 145C</a> biplane. A biplane model with a 2-foot (0.61 m) wingspan was used for the shot of the biplane detaching. <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a> animation was used for the shot of the German fighter's wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel. The tunnel was a 210 feet (64 m) model that occupied 14 of ILM's parking spaces for two months. It was built in eight-foot sections, with hinges allowing each section to be opened to film through. Ford and Connery were filmed against <a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">bluescreen</a>; the sequence required their car to have a dirty windscreen, but to make the integration easier this was removed and later <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composited</a> into the shot. Dust and shadows were animated onto shots of the plane miniature to make it appear as if it disturbed rocks and dirt before it exploded. Several hundred <a href="/wiki/Tim-bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim-bird">tim-birds</a> were used in the background shots of the seagulls striking the other plane; for the closer shots, ILM dropped feather-coated crosses onto the camera. These only looked convincing because the scene's quick cuts merely required shapes that suggested gulls.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> ILM's <a href="/wiki/Wes_Takahashi" title="Wes Takahashi">Wes Takahashi</a> supervised the film's effects sequences.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leapoffaith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Leapoffaith.jpg/220px-Leapoffaith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Leapoffaith.jpg/330px-Leapoffaith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Leapoffaith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Indiana discovers a bridge hidden by <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. Ford was filmed in front of a bluescreen for the scene, which was completed by a model of the bridge filmed against a matte painting.</figcaption></figure> Spielberg devised the three trials that guard the Grail.<a href="#cite_note-hattrick-3">[3]</a> For the first, the blades under which Indiana ducks like a penitent man were a mix of practical and miniature blades created by Gibbs and ILM. For the second trial, in which Indiana spells "<a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Iehova</a>" on stable stepping stones, it was intended to have a tarantula crawl up Indiana after he mistakenly steps on "J". This was filmed and deemed unsatisfactory, so ILM filmed a stuntman hanging through a hole that appears in the floor, 30 feet (9.1 m) above a cavern. As this was dark, it did not matter that the matte painting and models were rushed late in production. The third trial, the leap of faith that Indiana makes over an apparently impassable ravine after discovering a bridge hidden by <a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">forced perspective</a>, was created with a model bridge and painted backgrounds. This was cheaper than building a full-size set. A puppet of Ford was used to create a shadow on the 9-foot-tall (2.7 m) by 13-foot-wide (4.0 m) model because Ford had filmed the scene against bluescreen, which did not incorporate the shaft of light from the entrance.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> Spielberg wanted Donovan's death shown in one shot, so it would not look like an actor having makeup applied between takes. Inflatable pads were applied to <a href="/wiki/Julian_Glover" title="Julian Glover">Julian Glover</a>'s forehead and cheeks by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Dudman" title="Nick Dudman">Nick Dudman</a> that made his eyes seem to recede during the character's initial decomposition, as well as a mechanical wig that grew his hair. The shot of Donovan's death was the first all-digital composite scene in a movie,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and was created over three months by <a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">morphing</a> together three puppets of Donovan created by <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Dupuis" title="Stephan Dupuis">Stephan Dupuis</a> in separate stages of decay, a technique ILM mastered on <a href="/wiki/Willow_(1988_film)" title="Willow (1988 film)">Willow</a> (1988).<a href="#cite_note-viewingguide-20">[20]</a> A fourth puppet was used for the decaying clothes, because the puppet's torso mechanics had been exposed. Complications arose because <a href="/wiki/Alison_Doody" title="Alison Doody">Alison Doody</a>'s double had not been filmed for the scene's latter two elements, so the background and hair from the first shot had to be used throughout, with the other faces <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">mapped</a> over it. Donovan's skeleton was hung on wires like a <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionette</a>; it required several takes to film it crashing against the wall because not all the pieces released upon impact.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Burtt" title="Ben Burtt">Ben Burtt</a> designed the sound effects. He recorded chickens for the sounds of the rats,<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> and digitally manipulated the noise made by a Styrofoam cup for the castle fire. He rode in a biplane to record the sounds for the dogfight sequence, and visited the demolition of a <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> for the plane crashes.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> Burtt wanted an echoing gunshot for Donovan wounding Henry, so he fired a <a href="/wiki/.357_Magnum" title=".357 Magnum">.357 Magnum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skywalker_Ranch" title="Skywalker Ranch">Skywalker Ranch</a>'s underground car park, just as Lucas drove in.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> A rubber balloon was used for the earthquake tremors at the temple.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The film was released in selected theaters in the 70 mm Full-Field Sound format, which allowed sounds to not only move from side to side, but also from the theater's <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound" title="Quadraphonic sound">front to its rear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasure_Island_Administration_Building_(2),_August_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Treasure_Island_Administration_Building_%282%29%2C_August_2021.jpg/220px-Treasure_Island_Administration_Building_%282%29%2C_August_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Treasure_Island_Administration_Building_%282%29%2C_August_2021.jpg/330px-Treasure_Island_Administration_Building_%282%29%2C_August_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Treasure_Island_Administration_Building_%282%29%2C_August_2021.jpg/440px-Treasure_Island_Administration_Building_%282%29%2C_August_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Administration_Building,_Treasure_Island" title="Administration Building, Treasure Island">Administration Building</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure Island, California">Treasure Island</a>, in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, served as the "Berlin Airport".</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte paintings</a> of the Austrian castle and the Berlin airport were based on real buildings; the Austrian castle "Schloss Brunwald" is <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrresheim_Castle" title="Bürresheim Castle">Bürresheim Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mayen" title="Mayen">Mayen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, that was made to look larger. Rain was created by filming granulated <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Borax</a> soap against black at high speed. It was only lightly <a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure#Double_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">double exposed</a> into the shots so it would not resemble snow. The lightning was animated. The <a href="/wiki/Administration_Building,_Treasure_Island" title="Administration Building, Treasure Island">Administration Building</a> at San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure Island (California)">Treasure Island</a> was used as the exterior of <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Berlin Tempelhof Airport</a>. The structure already had period-appropriate <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> architecture, as it had been constructed in 1938 for planned use as an airport terminal. ILM added a control tower, Nazi banners, vintage automobiles and a sign stating "Berlin Flughafen". The establishing shot of the Hatayan city at dusk was created by filming silhouetted cutouts that were backlit and obscured by smoke. Matte paintings were used for the sky and to give the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Fill_light" title="Fill light">fill light</a> in the shadows and <a href="/wiki/Backlighting_(lighting_design)" title="Backlighting (lighting design)">rim light</a> on the edges of the buildings.<a href="#cite_note-completion-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> A son's relationship with his estranged father is a common theme in Spielberg's films, including <a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hook_(film)" title="Hook (film)">Hook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faber-7">[7]</a> The film's exploration of fathers and sons coupled with its use of religious imagery is comparable to two other 1989 films, <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_V:_The_Final_Frontier" title="Star Trek V: The Final Frontier">Star Trek V: The Final Frontier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_of_Dreams" title="Field of Dreams">Field of Dreams</a>. Writing for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, Caryn James felt the combination in these films reflected <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> concerns, where the worship of God was equated to searching for fathers. James felt that neither Indiana nor his father is preoccupied with finding the Grail or defeating the Nazis, but that, rather, both seek professional respect for one another in their <a href="/wiki/Boy%27s_Own_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy's Own Paper">boys' own</a> adventure. James contrasted the temple's biblically epic destruction with the more effective and quiet conversation between the Joneses at the film's end. James noted that Indiana's mother does not appear in the prologue, being portrayed as already having died before the film's events began.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release">Release</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Release">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marketing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade_(soundtrack)" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (soundtrack)">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (soundtrack)</a></div> The film's <a href="/wiki/Teaser_trailer" title="Teaser trailer">teaser trailer</a> debuted in November 1988 with <a href="/wiki/Scrooged" title="Scrooged">Scrooged</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun:_From_the_Files_of_Police_Squad!" title="The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!">The Naked Gun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Rob MacGregor wrote the <a href="/wiki/Tie-in" title="Tie-in">tie-in</a> novelization that was released in June 1989;<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> it sold enough copies to be included on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Best Seller list">New York Times Best Seller list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> MacGregor went on to write the first six <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones#Novels" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones prequel novels</a> during the 1990s. Following the film's release, Ford donated Indiana's fedora and jacket to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apoth-36">[36]</a> No toys were made to promote the film; Indiana Jones "never happened on the toy level", said Larry Carlat, senior editor of the journal Children's Business. Rather, Lucasfilm promoted Indiana as a lifestyle symbol, selling tie-in fedoras, shirts, jackets and watches.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Two video games based on the film were released by <a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">LucasArts</a> in 1989: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade:_The_Graphic_Adventure" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade:_The_Action_Game" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade_(1991_video_game)" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1991 video game)">A third game</a> was produced by <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a> and released in 1991 for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ryder_Windham" title="Ryder Windham">Ryder Windham</a> wrote another novelization, released in April 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic</a>, to coincide with the release of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hasbro" title="Hasbro">Hasbro</a> released toys based on The Last Crusade in July 2008.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box_office">Box office</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Box office">edit</a>]</div> The film was released in the United States and Canada on Wednesday, May 24, 1989, in 2,327 theaters, earning a record $37,031,573 over the 4-day <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> weekend.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The gross was boosted by high ticket prices in some venues ($7 a ticket).<a href="#cite_note-week-40">[40]</a> Its 3-day opening weekend figure of $29,355,021<a href="#cite_note-box-41">[41]</a> was surpassed later that year by <a href="/wiki/Ghostbusters_II" title="Ghostbusters II">Ghostbusters II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">Batman</a>, which grossed more in its opening 3 days than The Last Crusade in 4.<a href="#cite_note-dom-42">[42]</a> The film would hold the record for having the highest Memorial Day weekend gross until 1994 when <a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones_(film)" title="The Flintstones (film)">The Flintstones</a> took it.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Harrison Ford film for eight years until <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One_(film)" title="Air Force One (film)">Air Force One</a> surpassed it in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Its Saturday gross of $11,181,429 was the first time a film had made over $10 million in one day. It broke the record for the best seven-day performance with a gross of $50.2 million,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> beating the $45.7 million grossed by Temple of Doom in 1984 on 1,687 screens.<a href="#cite_note-week-40">[40]</a> It added another record with $77 million after twelve days, and earned $100 million in a record nineteen days.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In France, the film broke a record by selling a million admissions within two and a half weeks.<a href="#cite_note-apoth-36">[36]</a> In the UK it opened in three London theaters before opening two days later on 361 screens nationally, setting an opening weekend record of £1,811,542 ($2,862,200), breaking the one set the year before by <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Dundee_II" title="Crocodile Dundee II">Crocodile Dundee II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> It spent six weeks at <a href="/wiki/List_of_1989_box_office_number-one_films_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of 1989 box office number-one films in the United Kingdom">number one in the UK</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The film eventually grossed $197,171,806 in the United States and Canada and $277 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $474,171,806.<a href="#cite_note-BOM-1">[1]</a> At the time of its release, the film was the 11th highest-grossing film of all time. Despite competition from Batman, The Last Crusade became the highest-grossing film worldwide in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In North America, Batman took top position.<a href="#cite_note-dom-42">[42]</a> Behind <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a> and Raiders, The Last Crusade is the third-highest grossing <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a> film in the United States and Canada, though it is also behind Temple of Doom when adjusting for inflation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a> estimates that the film sold over 49 million tickets in North America.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The film was re-released in 1992 earning $139,000.<a href="#cite_note-BOM-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_media">Home media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Home media">edit</a>]</div> The film was released along with its two predecessors as part of a trilogy <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> box set in 2003. It contained extra materials and a special documentary covering the production of the films. Sales figures for the box set were extremely successful and 600,000 copies were sold in the US on the first day of release.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2012, the film was released on Blu-ray along with the three other films in the Indiana Jones film series at the time.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2021, a remastered 4K version of the film was released on <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a>, produced using scans of the original negatives. It was released as part of a box set for the then four films in the Indiana Jones film series.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_response">Critical response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critical response">edit</a>]</div> On <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade has an approval rating of 84% based on 136 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Lighter and more comedic than its predecessor, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade returns the series to the brisk serial adventure of Raiders, while adding a dynamite double act between Harrison Ford and Sean Connery."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a> calculated a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Audiences polled by <a href="/wiki/CinemaScore" title="CinemaScore">CinemaScore</a> gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sean_Connery_(1983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sean_Connery_%281983%29.jpg/170px-Sean_Connery_%281983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sean_Connery_%281983%29.jpg/255px-Sean_Connery_%281983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sean_Connery_%281983%29.jpg/340px-Sean_Connery_%281983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> received Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations for his performance.</figcaption></figure> Jay Boyar of the <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a> said that while the film "lacks the novelty of Raiders, and the breathless pacing of Temple of Doom, it was an entertaining capper to the trilogy."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Travers" title="Peter Travers">Peter Travers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stone (magazine)">Rolling Stone</a> remarked the film was "the wildest and wittiest Indy of them all". <a href="/wiki/Richard_Corliss" title="Richard Corliss">Richard Corliss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ansen" title="David Ansen">David Ansen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> praised it, as did <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Vincent Canby</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> "Though it seems to have the manner of some magically reconstituted B-movie of an earlier era, The Last Crusade is an endearing original," Canby wrote, calling the revelation that Jones had a father who was not proud of him to be a "comic surprise". Canby believed that while the film did not match the previous two in its pacing, it still had "hilariously off-the-wall sequences" such as the circus train chase. He also said that Spielberg was maturing by focusing on the father–son relationship,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> a call echoed by McBride in Variety.<a href="#cite_note-variety-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> praised the sequence depicting Jones as a <a href="/wiki/Scouts_BSA_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouts BSA (Boy Scouts of America)">Boy Scout</a> with the Cross of Coronado, comparing it to the "style of illustration that appeared in the boys' adventure magazines of the 1940s". He said that Spielberg "must have been paging through his old issues of <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Boys' Life">Boys' Life</a> magazine...the feeling that you can stumble over astounding adventures just by going on a hike with your Scout troop. Spielberg lights the scene in the strong, basic colors of old pulp magazines."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a> felt Connery and Ford deserved Academy Award nominations.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> It was panned by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sarris" title="Andrew Sarris">Andrew Sarris</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Denby_(film_critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Denby (film critic)">David Denby</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a> magazine, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kauffmann" title="Stanley Kauffmann">Stanley Kauffmann</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> and Georgia Brown in <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pro-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Jonathan Rosenbaum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Reader" title="Chicago Reader">Chicago Reader</a> called the film "soulless".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reviewed the film twice; Hal Hinson's review on the day of the film's release was negative, describing it as "nearly all chases and dull exposition". Although he praised Ford and Connery, he felt the film's exploration of Jones's character took away his mystery and that Spielberg should not have tried to mature his storytelling.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Two days later, <a href="/wiki/Desson_Thomson" title="Desson Thomson">Desson Thomson</a> published a positive review praising the film's adventure and action, as well as the father–son relationship's thematic depth.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> The film won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Sound Editing">Academy Award for Best Sound Effects Editing</a>; it also received nominations for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound" title="Academy Award for Best Sound">Best Sound</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Burtt" title="Ben Burtt">Ben Burtt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Summers" title="Gary Summers">Gary Summers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Murphy_(sound_engineer)" title="Shawn Murphy (sound engineer)">Shawn Murphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Dawe" title="Tony Dawe">Tony Dawe</a>), but lost to <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glory_(1989_film)" title="Glory (1989 film)">Glory</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Oscars1990-66">[66]</a> Connery received a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe Award</a> nomination for <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture">Best Supporting Actor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Connery and the visual and sound effects teams were also nominated at the <a href="/wiki/43rd_British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="43rd British Academy Film Awards">43rd British Academy Film Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The film won the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and was nominated for Best Motion Picture Drama at the <a href="/wiki/Young_Artist_Award" title="Young Artist Award">Young Artist Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> John Williams's score won a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast Music Incorporated">Broadcast Music Incorporated</a> Award, and was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shops_near_Petra,_Jordan,_with_Indiana_Jones_signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two small shops offering Coca-Cola products and other soft drinks in glass-fronted refrigerated containers. In the middle is an umbrella with the Pepsi logo. Above them are signs referencing Indiana Jones and depicting him. A small group of people is walking past and in front of them on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shops_near_Petra%2C_Jordan%2C_with_Indiana_Jones_signs.jpg/220px-Shops_near_Petra%2C_Jordan%2C_with_Indiana_Jones_signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shops_near_Petra%2C_Jordan%2C_with_Indiana_Jones_signs.jpg/330px-Shops_near_Petra%2C_Jordan%2C_with_Indiana_Jones_signs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shops_near_Petra%2C_Jordan%2C_with_Indiana_Jones_signs.jpg/440px-Shops_near_Petra%2C_Jordan%2C_with_Indiana_Jones_signs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="2188" /></a><figcaption>Shops using imagery from this film and the fourth film to promote themselves outside the entrance to Petra</figcaption></figure> The prologue depicting Jones in his youth inspired Lucas to create <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a> television series, which featured <a href="/wiki/Sean_Patrick_Flanery" title="Sean Patrick Flanery">Sean Patrick Flanery</a> as the young adult Indiana and <a href="/wiki/Corey_Carrier" title="Corey Carrier">Corey Carrier</a> as the 8- to 10-year-old Indiana.<a href="#cite_note-Hearn-10">[10]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics" title="Dark Horse Comics">Dark Horse Comics</a> author <a href="/wiki/Lee_Marrs" title="Lee Marrs">Lee Marrs</a>, Lucasfilm considered for a while to make a continuation to the film series starring Phoenix as a younger Jones, but these plans were dropped after his untimely death.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The 13-year-old incarnation played by Phoenix in the film was the focus of a Young Indiana Jones series of young adult novels that began in 1990;<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> by the ninth novel, the series had become a tie-in to the television show.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> German author <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hohlbein" title="Wolfgang Hohlbein">Wolfgang Hohlbein</a> revisited the prologue in one of his novels, in which Jones encounters the lead grave robber—whom Hohlbein christens Jake—in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The film's ending begins the 1995 comic series <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Spear_of_Destiny" title="Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny">Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny</a>, which moves forward to depict Jones and his father searching for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a> in Ireland in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Spielberg intended to have Connery cameo as Henry in <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a> (2008), but Connery turned it down as he had retired.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Petra's use for the movie's climactic scenes greatly contributed to its popularity as an international tourist destination. Before the film's release, only a few thousand visitors per year made the trip; since then it has grown to almost a million annually.<a href="#cite_note-Petra_book-78">[78]</a> Shops and hotels near the site play up the connection, and it is mentioned prominently in itineraries of locations used in the film series.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News_page-79">[79]</a> Jordan's tourism board mentions the connection on its website.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_tourist_board_website-80">[80]</a> In 2012, the satirical news site <a href="/wiki/The_Pan-Arabia_Enquirer" title="The Pan-Arabia Enquirer">The Pan-Arabia Enquirer</a> ran a mock story claiming that the board had officially renamed Petra "That Place from Indiana Jones" to reflect how the world more commonly refers to it.<a href="#cite_note-Pan-Arabia_Enquirer-81">[81]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Award </th> <th scope="col">Category </th> <th scope="col">Recipient/Nominee </th> <th scope="col">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards" title="62nd Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a> </td> <td>John Williams </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound" title="Academy Award for Best Sound">Best Sound</a> </td> <td>Ben Burtt, Gary Summers, Shawn Murphy, Tony Dawe </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Sound Editing">Best Sound Editing</a> </td> <td>Richard Hymns, Ben Burtt </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/43rd_British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="43rd British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Supporting_Role" title="BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role">Best Actor in a Supporting Role</a> </td> <td>Sean Connery </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Sound" title="BAFTA Award for Best Sound">Best Sound</a> </td> <td>Richard Hymns, Tony Dawe, Ben Burtt, Gary Summers, Shawn Murphy </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Special_Visual_Effects" title="BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects">Best Special Visual Effects</a> </td> <td>George Gibbs, Michael J. McAlister, Mark Sullivan, John Ellis </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/47th_Golden_Globe_Awards" title="47th Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture">Best Supporting Actor</a> </td> <td>Sean Connery </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/17th_Saturn_Awards" title="17th Saturn Awards">Saturn Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Fantasy_Film" title="Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film">Best Fantasy Film</a> </td> <td>Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Saturn Award for Best Actor">Best Actor</a> </td> <td>Harrison Ford </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Writing" title="Saturn Award for Best Writing">Best Writing</a> </td> <td>Jeffrey Boam </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design" title="Saturn Award for Best Costume Design">Best Costume Design</a> </td> <td>Anthony Powell, Joanna Johnston </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Almer%C3%ADa" title="List of films shot in Almería">List of films shot in Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Otto Rahn</a>, German scholar and Holy Grail researcher.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved December 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=waymarking.com&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+House+-+%22Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade%22+-+Antonito%2C+CO+-+Movie+Locations+on+Waymarking.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWMGPRR_Indiana_Jones_House_Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade_Antonito_CO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/fictional-tanks-hatay-heavy-tank/">Hatay Heavy Tank (Fictional Tank)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-completion-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-completion_28-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theraider.net/films/crusade/making_4_postproduction.php">"A Quest's Completion"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agni-animation.com/fullerton/halloffame/Wes_Ford_Takahashi.html">the original</a> on August 12, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subject%3A+Wes+Ford+Takahashi&rft.pub=Animators%27+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agni-animation.com%2Ffullerton%2Fhalloffame%2FWes_Ford_Takahashi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilm.com/vfx/indiana-jones-and-the-last-crusade/">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade | Industrial Light & Magic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> (2003). The Sound of Indiana Jones (DVD). <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryn_James1989" class="citation news cs1">Caryn James (July 9, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEEDE143AF93AA35754C0A96F948260">"It's a New Age For Father–Son Relationships"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507082546/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/movies/film-view-it-s-a-new-age-for-father-son-relationships.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+New+Age+For+Father%E2%80%93Son+Relationships&rft.date=1989-07-09&rft.au=Caryn+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D950DEEDE143AF93AA35754C0A96F948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAljean_Harmetz1989" class="citation news cs1">Aljean Harmetz (January 18, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/18/movies/makers-of-jones-sequel-offer-teasers-and-tidbits.html">"Makers of 'Jones' Sequel Offer Teasers and Tidbits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525122653/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/18/movies/makers-of-jones-sequel-offer-teasers-and-tidbits.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Makers+of+%27Jones%27+Sequel+Offer+Teasers+and+Tidbits&rft.date=1989-01-18&rft.au=Aljean+Harmetz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F01%2F18%2Fmovies%2Fmakers-of-jones-sequel-offer-teasers-and-tidbits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_MacGregor1989" class="citation book cs1">Rob MacGregor (September 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/rhpg/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780345361615">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-36161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-36161-5"><bdi>978-0-345-36161-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507082554/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/105355/indiana-jones-and-the-last-crusade-by-rob-macgregor/9780345361615">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. 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Retrieved February 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Movie+Merchandise%3A+The+Rush+Is+On&rft.date=1989-06-14&rft.au=Aljean+Harmetz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D950DE2D71F31F937A25755C0A96F948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Douglas2008" class="citation news cs1">Edward Douglas (February 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=6807">"Hasbro Previews G.I. 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Retrieved September 16, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stone-age+comedy+rocks+the+box+office&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1994-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-courier-news-stone-age-comedy-rocks%2F130426444%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109139946/hjack-thriller-at-top/">"Hjack thriller at top"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iowa_City_Press-Citizen" title="Iowa City Press-Citizen">Iowa City Press-Citizen</a>. July 29, 1997. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907220251/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109139946/hjack-thriller-at-top/">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved September 7, 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iowa+City+Press-Citizen&rft.atitle=Hjack+thriller+at+top&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1997-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F109139946%2Fhjack-thriller-at-top%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gold1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Richard Gold (June 7, 1989). "Is 'Last Crusade' truly Indy's last hurrah?". <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Is+%27Last+Crusade%27+truly+Indy%27s+last+hurrah%3F&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1989-06-07&rft.au=Richard+Gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_McBride1989" class="citation news cs1">Joseph McBride (July 5, 1989). "'Batman' Tops $100-Million". <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Batman%27+Tops+%24100-Million&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1989-07-05&rft.au=Joseph+McBride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"More British b.o. records fall in 'Indiana's' wake; 'Licence' best Bond opener". <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. July 12, 1989. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=More+British+b.o.+records+fall+in+%27Indiana%27s%27+wake%3B+%27Licence%27+best+Bond+opener&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1989-07-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Groves, Don (July 12, 1989). "Summer of U.K. discontent is past; B.O. rebounds big". <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Summer+of+U.K.+discontent+is+past%3B+B.O.+rebounds+big&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1989-07-12&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Top Films". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Screen_International" title="Screen International">Screen International</a>. August 18, 1989. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Top+Films&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1989-08-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1989&p=.htm">"1989 Worldwide Grosses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902143040/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1989&p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=1989+Worldwide+Grosses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fyearly%2Fchart%2F%3Fview2%3Dworldwide%26yr%3D1989%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=indianajones.htm">"Indiana Jones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218221611/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=indianajones.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Ffranchises%2Fchart%2F%3Fid%3Dindianajones.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=indianajonesandthelastcrusade.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm">"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817082355/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=indianajonesandthelastcrusade.htm&adjust_yr=1&p=.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade+%281989%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dindianajonesandthelastcrusade.htm%26adjust_yr%3D1%26p%3D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3229887.stm">"Indiana Jones 'raids DVD record'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. October 31, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819130535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3229887.stm">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+Jones+%27raids+DVD+record%27&rft.pub=BBC+News+Online&rft.date=2003-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F3229887.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19704700">"Indiana Jones: How to enjoy the film as an adult"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_News_Magazine,_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC News Magazine, Washington (page does not exist)">BBC News Magazine, Washington</a>. October 4, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701203413/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19704700">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+Jones%3A+How+to+enjoy+the+film+as+an+adult&rft.pub=BBC+News+Magazine%2C+Washington&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-19704700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/indiana-jones-box-set-4k-uhd-blu-ray-is-up-for-preorder">"Indiana Jones Box Set 4K UHD Blu-Ray Preorders Down to $79.99"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a>. March 16, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319012737/https://www.ign.com/articles/indiana-jones-box-set-4k-uhd-blu-ray-is-up-for-preorder">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+Box+Set+4K+UHD+Blu-Ray+Preorders+Down+to+%2479.99&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2Findiana-jones-box-set-4k-uhd-blu-ray-is-up-for-preorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/indiana_jones_and_the_last_crusade">"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fandango_Media" title="Fandango Media">Fandango</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031110119/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/indiana_jones_and_the_last_crusade">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade+%281989%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Findiana_jones_and_the_last_crusade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185658#P444" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/movie/indiana-jones-and-the-last-crusade">"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Reviews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive">CBS Interactive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715101430/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/indiana-jones-and-the-last-crusade">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metacritic&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade+Reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Fmovie%2Findiana-jones-and-the-last-crusade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/">"Cinemascore :: Movie Title Search"</a>. December 20, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/">the original</a> on December 20, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinemascore+%3A%3A+Movie+Title+Search&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemascore.com%2Fpublicsearch%2Findex%2Ftitle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyar1989" class="citation news cs1">Boyar, Jay (May 28, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1989-05-28-8905280320-story.html">"'CRUSADE' FITS NEATLY INTO INDY TRILOGY"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605143627/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1989-05-28-8905280320-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=%27CRUSADE%27+FITS+NEATLY+INTO+INDY+TRILOGY&rft.date=1989-05-28&rft.aulast=Boyar&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fos-xpm-1989-05-28-8905280320-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Canby1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Vincent Canby</a> (June 18, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?res=950DEFDB1139F93BA25755C0A96F948260">"Spielberg's Elixir Shows Signs Of Mature Magic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spielberg%27s+Elixir+Shows+Signs+Of+Mature+Magic&rft.date=1989-06-18&rft.au=Vincent+Canby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Fmovies%2Freview.html%3Fres%3D950DEFDB1139F93BA25755C0A96F948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-variety-61"><a href="#cite_ref-variety_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_McBride1989" class="citation news cs1">Joseph McBride (May 24, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721004330/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117791934.html?categoryid=31&cs=1">"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117791934.html?categoryid=31&cs=1">the original</a> on July 21, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade&rft.date=1989-05-24&rft.au=Joseph+McBride&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2Freview%2FVE1117791934.html%3Fcategoryid%3D31%26cs%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Ebert1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> (May 24, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/indiana-jones-and-the-last-crusade-1989">"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade&rft.date=1989-05-24&rft.au=Roger+Ebert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Findiana-jones-and-the-last-crusade-1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Rosenbaum" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum" title="Jonathan Rosenbaum">Jonathan Rosenbaum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onfilm.chicagoreader.com/movies/capsules/4529_INDIANA_JONES_AND_THE_LAST_CRUSADE">"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Reader" title="Chicago Reader">Chicago Reader</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507082550/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/film/Section?oid=846987&path=">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Reader&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade&rft.au=Jonathan+Rosenbaum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonfilm.chicagoreader.com%2Fmovies%2Fcapsules%2F4529_INDIANA_JONES_AND_THE_LAST_CRUSADE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHal_Hinson1989" class="citation news cs1">Hal Hinson (May 24, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/indianajonesandthelastcrusadepg13hinson_a0a93b.htm">"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110102901/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/indianajonesandthelastcrusadepg13hinson_a0a93b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade&rft.date=1989-05-24&rft.au=Hal+Hinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Flongterm%2Fmovies%2Fvideos%2Findianajonesandthelastcrusadepg13hinson_a0a93b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesson_Thomson1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Desson_Thomson" title="Desson Thomson">Desson Thomson</a> (May 26, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/indianajonesandthelastcrusadepg13howe_a0b214.htm">"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724134715/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/indianajonesandthelastcrusadepg13howe_a0b214.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade&rft.date=1989-05-26&rft.au=Desson+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Flongterm%2Fmovies%2Fvideos%2Findianajonesandthelastcrusadepg13howe_a0b214.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oscars1990-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Oscars1990_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990">"The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners"</a>. oscars.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402002952/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oscars.org&rft.atitle=The+62nd+Academy+Awards+%281990%29+Nominees+and+Winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_O'Neil2008" class="citation news cs1">Tom O'Neil (May 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2008/05/will-indiana-jo.html">"Will 'Indiana Jones,' Steven Spielberg and Harrison Ford come swashbuckling back into the awards fight?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509050751/http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2008/05/will-indiana-jo.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Will+%27Indiana+Jones%2C%27+Steven+Spielberg+and+Harrison+Ford+come+swashbuckling+back+into+the+awards+fight%3F&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.au=Tom+O%27Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldderby.latimes.com%2Fawards_goldderby%2F2008%2F05%2Fwill-indiana-jo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221020837/http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1989">"Film Nominations 1989"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1989">the original</a> on December 21, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film+Nominations+1989&rft.pub=British+Academy+of+Film+and+Television+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafta.org%2Fawards%2Ffilm%2Fnominations%2F%3Fyear%3D1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/?page_id=30">"1990 Hugo Awards"</a>. Thehugoawards.org. July 26, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526232547/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1990-hugo-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1990+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=Thehugoawards.org&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409024401/http://www.youngartistawards.org/pastnoms11.htm">"Eleventh Annual Youth in Film Awards 1988–1989"</a>. Youngartistawards.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youngartistawards.org/pastnoms11.htm">the original</a> on April 9, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eleventh+Annual+Youth+in+Film+Awards+1988%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Youngartistawards.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youngartistawards.org%2Fpastnoms11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029013359/http://www.gsamusic.com/Composers/WLLMS-JN.pdf">"John Williams"</a> (PDF). The Gorfaine/Schwartz Agency, Inc. February 5, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsamusic.com/Composers/WLLMS-JN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 29, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Williams&rft.pub=The+Gorfaine%2FSchwartz+Agency%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsamusic.com%2FComposers%2FWLLMS-JN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEd_Dolista2023" class="citation podcast cs1">Ed Dolista (February 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theindycast.com/indycast-episode-330/">"INDYCAST: EPISODE 330"</a>. IndyCast (Podcast). IndyCast. Retrieved May 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDYCAST%3A+EPISODE+330&rft.pub=IndyCast&rft.date=2023-02-20&rft.au=Ed+Dolista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindycast.com%2Findycast-episode-330%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_McCay1990" class="citation book cs1">William McCay (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679805793">Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-80579-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-80579-6"><bdi>0-679-80579-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Indiana+Jones+and+the+Plantation+Treasure&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-679-80579-6&rft.au=William+McCay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780679805793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLes_Martin1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Les_Martin" title="Les Martin">Les Martin</a> (1993). Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-84925-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-84925-4"><bdi>0-679-84925-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Indiana+Jones+and+the+Titanic+Adventure&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-679-84925-4&rft.au=Les+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Hohlbein1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hohlbein" title="Wolfgang Hohlbein">Wolfgang Hohlbein</a> (1991). Indiana Jones und das Verschwundene Volk. <a href="/wiki/Goldmann_(publisher)" title="Goldmann (publisher)">Goldmann Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-442-41028-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-442-41028-2"><bdi>3-442-41028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana+Jones+und+das+Verschwundene+Volk&rft.pub=Goldmann+Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3-442-41028-2&rft.au=Wolfgang+Hohlbein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Lee" title="Elaine Lee">Elaine Lee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">w</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dan_Spiegle" title="Dan Spiegle">Dan Spiegle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penciller" title="Penciller">p</a>). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Spear_of_Destiny" title="Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny">Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny</a>, no. 4 (April to July 1995). <a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_Comics" title="Dark Horse Comics">Dark Horse Comics</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucasfilm2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a> (June 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215124713/http://www.indianajones.com/site/index.html?deeplink=news%2Fn13">"The Indiana Jones Cast Expands"</a>. IndianaJones.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianajones.com/site/index.html?deeplink=news/n13">the original</a> on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Indiana+Jones+Cast+Expands&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.au=Lucasfilm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianajones.com%2Fsite%2Findex.html%3Fdeeplink%3Dnews%2Fn13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petra_book-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Petra_book_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComer2011" class="citation book cs1">Comer, Douglas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwrArFQGm0YC&pg=PA5">Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra: Driver to Development Or Destruction?</a>. Springer. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461414803" title="Special:BookSources/9781461414803"><bdi>9781461414803</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628102151/http://books.google.com/books?id=DwrArFQGm0YC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+and+Archaeological+Heritage+Management+at+Petra%3A+Driver+to+Development+Or+Destruction%3F&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781461414803&rft.aulast=Comer&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwrArFQGm0YC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC_News_page-79"><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_News_page_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulger2008" class="citation news cs1">Bulger, Adam (May 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24619007">"Indiana Jones' Favorite Destinations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228031626/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24619007/">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Indiana+Jones%27+Favorite+Destinations&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.aulast=Bulger&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna24619007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan_tourist_board_website-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_tourist_board_website_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133425/http://visitjordan.com/Default.aspx?tabid=63">"petra"</a>. Jordan Tourism Board. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitjordan.com/default.aspx?tabid=63">the original</a> on November 4, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=petra&rft.pub=Jordan+Tourism+Board&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitjordan.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan-Arabia_Enquirer-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Pan-Arabia_Enquirer_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarabiaenquirer.com/wordpress/petra-to-be-renamed-that-place-from-indiana-jones/">"Petra to be renamed 'That Place From Indiana Jones'"</a>. The Pan-Arabia Enquirer. May 18, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228034913/http://www.panarabiaenquirer.com/wordpress/petra-to-be-renamed-that-place-from-indiana-jones/">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petra+to+be+renamed+%27That+Place+From+Indiana+Jones%27&rft.pub=The+Pan-Arabia+Enquirer&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panarabiaenquirer.com%2Fwordpress%2Fpetra-to-be-renamed-that-place-from-indiana-jones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinzlerLaurent_Bouzereau2008" class="citation book cs1">Rinzler, J.W.; Laurent Bouzereau (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605170850/http://shop.indianajones.com/catalog/product.xml?product_id=417814">The Complete Making of Indiana Jones</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-192661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-192661-8"><bdi>978-0-09-192661-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.indianajones.com/catalog/product.xml?product_id=417814;category_id=408224">the original</a> on June 5, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Making+of+Indiana+Jones&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-09-192661-8&rft.aulast=Rinzler&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft.au=Laurent+Bouzereau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.indianajones.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct.xml%3Fproduct_id%3D417814%3Bcategory_id%3D408224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_McBride1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McBride_(writer)" title="Joseph McBride (writer)">Joseph McBride</a> (1997). Steven Spielberg: A Biography. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19177-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-19177-0"><bdi>0-571-19177-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steven+Spielberg%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-571-19177-0&rft.au=Joseph+McBride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Brode1995" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Brode (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/filmsofstevenspi0000brod">The Films of Steven Spielberg</a>. Citadel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-1540-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-1540-6"><bdi>0-8065-1540-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Steven+Spielberg&rft.pub=Citadel&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8065-1540-6&rft.au=Douglas+Brode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffilmsofstevenspi0000brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theraider.net/films/crusade/making_6_bibliography.php">"Bibliography"</a>. TheRaider.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bibliography&rft.pub=TheRaider.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theraider.net%2Ffilms%2Fcrusade%2Fmaking_6_bibliography.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndiana+Jones+and+the+Last+Crusade" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lucasfilm.com/productions/indiana-jones-and-the-last-crusade/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185658#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097576/">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indiana_Jones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indiana_Jones" title="Template:Indiana Jones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indiana_Jones" title="Template talk:Indiana Jones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana_Jones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana Jones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indiana_Jones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> (1981) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark_(soundtrack)" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">The Temple of Doom</a> (1984) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom_(soundtrack)" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Last Crusade</a> (1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade_(soundtrack)" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a> (2008) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull_(soundtrack)" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Dial_of_Destiny" title="Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny">The Dial of Destiny</a> (2023) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Dial_of_Destiny_(soundtrack)" title="Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a> (1992–96) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles_episodes" title="List of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indiana_Jones_characters" title="List of Indiana Jones characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">Indiana Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Ravenwood" title="Marion Ravenwood">Marion Ravenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallah" title="Sallah">Sallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones_Sr." title="Henry Jones Sr.">Henry Jones Sr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark_(video_game)" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark (video game)">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_in_the_Lost_Kingdom" title="Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom">The Lost Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom_(1985_video_game)" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1985 video game)">The Temple of Doom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom_(1988_video_game)" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1988 video game)">NES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_in_Revenge_of_the_Ancients" title="Indiana Jones in Revenge of the Ancients">Revenge of the Ancients</a></li> <li>The Last Crusade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade:_The_Action_Game" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade:_The_Graphic_Adventure" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade_(1991_video_game)" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1991 video game)">NES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Fate_of_Atlantis" title="Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis">The Fate of Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles_(video_game)" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (video game)">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_Chaos_starring_Young_Indiana_Jones" title="Instruments of Chaos starring Young Indiana Jones">Instruments of Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones%27_Greatest_Adventures" title="Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures">Greatest Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_His_Desktop_Adventures" title="Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures">His Desktop Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Infernal_Machine" title="Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine">The Infernal Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Emperor%27s_Tomb" title="Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb">The Emperor's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_Indiana_Jones:_The_Original_Adventures" title="Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures">Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Staff_of_Kings" title="Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings">The Staff of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_Indiana_Jones_2:_The_Adventure_Continues" title="Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues">Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lego_Indiana_Jones_2:_The_Adventure_Continues_(handheld_video_game)" title="Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues (handheld video game)">handheld</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_Adventure_World" title="Indiana Jones Adventure World">Adventure World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Great_Circle" title="Indiana Jones and the Great Circle">The Great Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabletop RPGs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Indiana_Jones_Role-Playing_Game" title="The Adventures of Indiana Jones Role-Playing Game">The Adventures of Indiana Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Indiana_Jones" title="The World of Indiana Jones">The World of Indiana Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Rising_Sun" title="Indiana Jones and the Rising Sun">The Rising Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pinball machines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones:_The_Pinball_Adventure" title="Indiana Jones: The Pinball Adventure">The Pinball Adventure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Peril_at_Delphi" title="Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi">The Peril at Delphi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Dance_of_the_Giants" title="Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants">The Dance of the Giants</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Seven_Veils" title="Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils">The Seven Veils</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone">The Philosopher's Stone</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(comics)" title="Indiana Jones (comics)">Comics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Iron_Phoenix" title="Indiana Jones and the Iron Phoenix">The Iron Phoenix</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Spear_of_Destiny" title="Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny">The Spear of Destiny</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Tomb_of_the_Gods" title="Indiana Jones and the Tomb of the Gods">The Tomb of the Gods</a> (2008–09)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_Epic_Stunt_Spectacular!" title="Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!">Epic Stunt Spectacular!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_et_le_Temple_du_P%C3%A9ril" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril">Temple du Péril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_Adventure" title="Indiana Jones Adventure">Indiana Jones Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_Summer_of_Hidden_Mysteries" title="Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries">Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unofficial works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_a_Chr%C3%A1m_zk%C3%A1zy" title="Indiana Jones a Chrám zkázy">Chrám zkázy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark:_The_Adaptation" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Adaptation">Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indyfans_and_the_Quest_for_Fortune_and_Glory" title="Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory">Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders!:_The_Story_of_the_Greatest_Fan_Film_Ever_Made" title="Raiders!: The Story of the Greatest Fan Film Ever Made">Raiders!: The Story of the Greatest Fan Film Ever Made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Origins" title="Star Wars: Origins">Star Wars: Origins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lego_Indiana_Jones" title="Lego Indiana Jones">Lego Indiana Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Idol" title="Golden Idol">Golden Idol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Jones" title="Montana Jones">Montana Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas:_The_Quest" title="Veritas: The Quest">Veritas: The Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_%26_Magic_(TV_series)" title="Light & Magic (TV series)">Light & Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Magic_Kingdoms" title="Disney Magic Kingdoms">Disney Magic Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/References_and_parodies_of_Indiana_Jones" title="References and parodies of Indiana Jones">References and parodies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_Jones" title="Category:Indiana Jones">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Steven_Spielberg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steven_Spielberg" title="Template:Steven Spielberg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steven_Spielberg" title="Template talk:Steven Spielberg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steven_Spielberg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steven Spielberg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Steven_Spielberg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Steven_Spielberg" title="List of awards and nominations received by Steven Spielberg">Accolades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_works_on_Steven_Spielberg" title="Bibliography of works on Steven Spielberg">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg_filmography" title="Steven Spielberg filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg%27s_unrealized_projects" title="Steven Spielberg's unrealized projects">Unrealized projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firelight_(1964_film)" title="Firelight (1964 film)">Firelight</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipstream_(unfinished_film)" title="Slipstream (unfinished film)">Slipstream</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblin%27" title="Amblin'">Amblin'</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Gallery_(film)" title="Night Gallery (film)">Night Gallery</a> (1969; segment "Eyes")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel_(1971_film)" title="Duel (1971 film)">Duel</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_Evil" title="Something Evil">Something Evil</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_(1973_TV_film)" title="Savage (1973 TV film)">Savage</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sugarland_Express" title="The Sugarland Express">The Sugarland Express</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaws_(film)" title="Jaws (film)">Jaws</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_(film)" title="1941 (film)">1941</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twilight_Zone:_The_Movie" title="Twilight Zone: The Movie">Twilight Zone: The Movie</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(1985_film)" title="The Color Purple (1985 film)">The Color Purple</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sun_(film)" title="Empire of the Sun (film)">Empire of the Sun</a> (1987)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_(1989_film)" title="Always (1989 film)">Always</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(film)" title="Hook (film)">Hook</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schindler%27s_List" title="Schindler's List">Schindler's List</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World:_Jurassic_Park" title="The Lost World: Jurassic Park">The Lost World: Jurassic Park</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amistad_(film)" title="Amistad (film)">Amistad</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence" title="A.I. Artificial Intelligence">A.I. Artificial Intelligence</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_Me_If_You_Can" title="Catch Me If You Can">Catch Me If You Can</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Terminal" title="The Terminal">The Terminal</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Worlds_(2005_film)" title="War of the Worlds (2005 film)">War of the Worlds</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_(2005_film)" title="Munich (2005 film)">Munich</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin_(film)" title="The Adventures of Tintin (film)">The Adventures of Tintin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Horse_(film)" title="War Horse (film)">War Horse</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(film)" title="Lincoln (film)">Lincoln</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Spies_(film)" title="Bridge of Spies (film)">Bridge of Spies</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_BFG_(2016_film)" title="The BFG (2016 film)">The BFG</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)" title="Ready Player One (film)">Ready Player One</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(2021_film)" title="West Side Story (2021 film)">West Side Story</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fabelmans" title="The Fabelmans">The Fabelmans</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Eli_and_Rodger_of_the_Skies" title="Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies">Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist_(1982_film)" title="Poltergeist (1982 film)">Poltergeist</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goonies" title="The Goonies">The Goonies</a> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films produced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail:_Fievel_Goes_West" title="An American Tail: Fievel Goes West">An American Tail: Fievel Goes West</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Geisha_(film)" title="Memoirs of a Geisha (film)">Memoirs of a Geisha</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Our_Fathers_(film)" title="Flags of Our Fathers (film)">Flags of Our Fathers</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_Iwo_Jima" title="Letters from Iwo Jima">Letters from Iwo Jima</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_8_(2011_film)" title="Super 8 (2011 film)">Super 8</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred-Foot_Journey_(film)" title="The Hundred-Foot Journey (film)">The Hundred-Foot Journey</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_(2023_film)" title="Maestro (2023 film)">Maestro</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple_(2023_film)" title="The Color Purple (2023 film)">The Color Purple</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_by_John_Williams" title="Music by John Williams">Music by John Williams</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_(film)" title="Hamnet (film)">Hamnet</a> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/L.A._2017" title="L.A. 2017">L.A. 2017</a>" (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories_(1985_TV_series)" title="Amazing Stories (1985 TV series)">Amazing Stories</a> (1985–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Incident" title="High Incident">High Incident</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_America" title="Invasion America">Invasion America</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dig_(video_game)" title="The Dig (video game)">The Dig</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg%27s_Director%27s_Chair" title="Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair">Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_(1999_video_game)" title="Medal of Honor (1999 video game)">Medal of Honor</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor:_Allied_Assault" title="Medal of Honor: Allied Assault">Medal of Honor: Allied Assault</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_Blox" title="Boom Blox">Boom Blox</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_Blox_Bash_Party" title="Boom Blox Bash Party">Boom Blox Bash Party</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Irving" title="Amy Irving">Amy Irving</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Capshaw" title="Kate Capshaw">Kate Capshaw</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destry_Spielberg" title="Destry Spielberg">Destry Spielberg</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Spielberg" title="Sasha Spielberg">Sasha Spielberg</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Spielberg" title="Arnold Spielberg">Arnold Spielberg</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Spielberg" title="Anne Spielberg">Anne Spielberg</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblin_Partners" title="Amblin Partners">Amblin Partners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment" title="Amblin Entertainment">Amblin Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblin_Television" title="Amblin Television">Amblin Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Television" title="DreamWorks Television">DreamWorks Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblimation" title="Amblimation">Amblimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks Pictures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USC_Shoah_Foundation" title="USC Shoah Foundation">USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg_Jewish_Film_Archive" title="Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive">Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Fabelman" title="Sammy Fabelman">Sammy Fabelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spielberg_(film)" title="Spielberg (film)">Spielberg</a> (2017)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cannibal_(Marcus_Mumford_song)" title="Cannibal (Marcus Mumford song)">Cannibal</a>" (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Lucas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Lucas" title="Template:George Lucas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Lucas" title="Template talk:George Lucas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Lucas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Lucas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Lucas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas_filmography" title="George Lucas filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas_bibliography" title="George Lucas bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_George_Lucas" title="List of awards and nominations received by George Lucas">Awards and nominations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THX_1138" title="THX 1138">THX 1138</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Graffiti" title="American Graffiti">American Graffiti</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones" title="Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones">Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Look_at_Life_(film)" title="Look at Life (film)">Look at Life</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie_(film)" title="Herbie (film)">Herbie</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiheit_(film)" title="Freiheit (film)">Freiheit</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:42.08" title="1:42.08">1:42.08</a> (1966, documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyone_Lived_in_a_Pretty_How_Town_(film)" title="Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town (film)">Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_(film)" title="The Emperor (film)">The Emperor</a> (1967, documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Labyrinth:_THX_1138_4EB" title="Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB">Electronic Labyrinth: THX 1138 4EB</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-18-67" title="6-18-67">6-18-67</a> (1967, documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaker_(film)" title="Filmmaker (film)">Filmmaker</a> (1968, documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravan_of_Courage:_An_Ewok_Adventure" title="Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure">The Ewok Adventure</a> (1984, TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewoks:_The_Battle_for_Endor" title="Ewoks: The Battle for Endor">Ewoks: The Battle for Endor</a> (1985, TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a> (1986, short attraction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_(1988_film)" title="Willow (1988 film)">Willow</a> (1988)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioland_Murders" title="Radioland Murders">Radioland Murders</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_Magic_(film)" title="Strange Magic (film)">Strange Magic</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a> (1992–96 / 1999–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)" title="Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)">Star Wars: The Clone Wars</a> (2008–14; 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Detours" title="Star Wars Detours">Star Wars Detours</a> (unaired)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_From_the_Adventures_of_Luke_Skywalker" title="Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker">Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker</a> (1976, credit only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Moon" title="Shadow Moon">Shadow Moon</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Dawn" title="Shadow Dawn">Shadow Dawn</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Star_(novel)" title="Shadow Star (novel)">Shadow Star</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Franchises created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willow (franchise)">Willow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bald:_The_Making_of_THX_1138" title="Bald: The Making of THX 1138">Bald: The Making of THX 1138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_%26_Magic_(TV_series)" title="Light & Magic (TV series)">Light & Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zoetrope" title="American Zoetrope">American Zoetrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">ILM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">LucasArts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm_Animation" title="Lucasfilm Animation">Lucasfilm Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skywalker_Sound" title="Skywalker Sound">Skywalker Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Museum_of_Narrative_Art" title="Lucas Museum of Narrative Art">Lucas Museum of Narrative Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skywalker_Ranch" title="Skywalker Ranch">Skywalker Ranch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Star_Wars_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Star Wars Corporation">The Star Wars Corporation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THX" title="THX">THX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edutopia" title="Edutopia">Edutopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lucasfilm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lucasfilm" title="Template:Lucasfilm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lucasfilm" title="Template talk:Lucasfilm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lucasfilm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lucasfilm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lucasfilm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>A subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)" title="Walt Disney Studios (division)">Walt Disney Studios</a>, a division of <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lucasfilm_productions" title="List of Lucasfilm productions">Productions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Graffiti" title="American Graffiti">American Graffiti</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_American_Graffiti" title="More American Graffiti">More American Graffiti</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twice_Upon_a_Time_(1983_film)" title="Twice Upon a Time (1983 film)">Twice Upon a Time</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_(film)" title="Latino (film)">Latino</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishima:_A_Life_in_Four_Chapters" title="Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters">Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)" title="Labyrinth (1986 film)">Labyrinth</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_the_Duck_(film)" title="Howard the Duck (film)">Howard the Duck</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker:_The_Man_and_His_Dream" title="Tucker: The Man and His Dream">Tucker: The Man and His Dream</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_(1988_film)" title="Willow (1988 film)">Willow</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_Before_Time_(film)" title="The Land Before Time (film)">The Land Before Time</a> (1988)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioland_Murders" title="Radioland Murders">Radioland Murders</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones" title="Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones">Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_III_%E2%80%93_Revenge_of_the_Sith" title="Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith">Episode III – Revenge of the Sith</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Kingdom_of_the_Crystal_Skull" title="Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull">Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)">Star Wars: The Clone Wars</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tails" title="Red Tails">Red Tails</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_Magic_(film)" title="Strange Magic (film)">Strange Magic</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens" title="Star Wars: The Force Awakens">Star Wars: The Force Awakens</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_One" title="Rogue One">Rogue One: A Star Wars Story</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Last_Jedi" title="Star Wars: The Last Jedi">Star Wars: The Last Jedi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo:_A_Star_Wars_Story" title="Solo: A Star Wars Story">Solo: A Star Wars Story</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Rise_of_Skywalker" title="Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker">Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Dial_of_Destiny" title="Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny">Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mandalorian_%26_Grogu" title="The Mandalorian & Grogu">The Mandalorian & Grogu</a> (2026)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Unproduced" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unproduced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Duel_of_the_Fates" title="Star Wars: Duel of the Fates">Star Wars: Duel of the Fates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Droids" title="Star Wars: Droids">Star Wars: Droids</a> (1985–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewoks_(TV_series)" title="Ewoks (TV series)">Ewoks</a> (1985–86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniac_Mansion_(TV_series)" title="Maniac Mansion (TV series)">Maniac Mansion</a> (1990–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a> (1992–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Clone_Wars_(2003_TV_series)" title="Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)">Star Wars: Clone Wars</a> (2003–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)" title="Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)">The Clone Wars</a> (2008–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Rebels" title="Star Wars Rebels">Rebels</a> (2014–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars:_The_Freemaker_Adventures" title="Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures">Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures</a> (2016–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Forces_of_Destiny" title="Star Wars Forces of Destiny">Star Wars Forces of Destiny</a> (2017–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Resistance" title="Star Wars Resistance">Resistance</a> (2018–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mandalorian" title="The Mandalorian">The Mandalorian</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Visions" title="Star Wars: Visions">Visions</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Boba_Fett" title="The Book of Boba Fett">The Book of Boba Fett</a> (2021–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Bad_Batch" title="Star Wars: The Bad Batch">Star Wars: The Bad Batch</a> (2021–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi_(miniseries)" title="Obi-Wan Kenobi (miniseries)">Obi-Wan Kenobi</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_%26_Magic_(TV_series)" title="Light & Magic (TV series)">Light & Magic</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andor_(TV_series)" title="Andor (TV series)">Andor</a> (2022–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Wars: Tales">Star Wars: Tales</a> (2022–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_(TV_series)" title="Willow (TV series)">Willow</a> (2022–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Young_Jedi_Adventures" title="Star Wars: Young Jedi Adventures">Star Wars: Young Jedi Adventures</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahsoka_(TV_series)" title="Ahsoka (TV series)">Ahsoka</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Acolyte_(TV_series)" title="The Acolyte (TV series)">The Acolyte</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Skeleton_Crew" title="Star Wars: Skeleton Crew">Skeleton Crew</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Unaired" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Detours" title="Star Wars Detours">Star Wars Detours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caravan_of_Courage:_An_Ewok_Adventure" title="Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure">Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewoks:_The_Battle_for_Endor" title="Ewoks: The Battle for Endor">Ewoks: The Battle for Endor</a> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theme park films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_EO" title="Captain EO">Captain EO</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Tours" title="Star Tours">Star Tours</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExtraTERRORestrial_Alien_Encounter" class="mw-redirect" title="ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter">ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Tours_%E2%80%93_The_Adventures_Continue" title="Star Tours – The Adventures Continue">Star Tours – The Adventures Continue</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Franchises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_(1988_film)#Other_media" title="Willow (1988 film)">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Graffiti" title="American Graffiti">American Graffiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related productions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THX_1138" title="THX 1138">THX 1138</a> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skywalker_Sound" title="Skywalker Sound">Skywalker Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm_Animation" title="Lucasfilm Animation">Lucasfilm Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm_Games" title="Lucasfilm Games">Lucasfilm Games</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former_divisions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Droid Works <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EditDroid" title="EditDroid">EditDroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundDroid" title="SoundDroid">SoundDroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerner_Optical" title="Kerner Optical">Kerner Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THX" title="THX">THX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> (Founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_(producer)" title="Kathleen Kennedy (producer)">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (President)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Roffman" title="Howard Roffman">Howard Roffman</a> (EVP, Franchise Management)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/StageCraft" title="StageCraft">StageCraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Tower" title="The Seventh Tower">The Seventh Tower</a> (2000−01)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Editing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Award_Best_Sound_Editing" title="Template:Academy Award Best Sound Editing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Award_Best_Sound_Editing" title="Template talk:Academy Award Best Sound Editing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Award_Best_Sound_Editing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Award Best Sound Editing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound_Editing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound" title="Academy Award for Best Sound">Academy Award for Best Sound Editing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Sound Effects 1963–1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliott_(sound_editor)" title="Walter Elliott (sound editor)">Walter Elliott</a> - <a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Mad,_Mad,_Mad,_Mad_World" title="It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World">It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wanstall" title="Norman Wanstall">Norman Wanstall</a> - <a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)" title="Goldfinger (film)">Goldfinger</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treg_Brown" title="Treg Brown">Treg Brown</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Race" title="The Great Race">The Great Race</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Daniel" title="Gordon Daniel">Gordon Daniel</a> - <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_(1966_film)" title="Grand Prix (1966 film)">Grand Prix</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Poyner" title="John Poyner">John Poyner</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Dozen" title="The Dirty Dozen">The Dirty Dozen</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Sound Effects Editing 1982–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Campbell" title="Charles L. Campbell">Charles L. Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Burtt" title="Ben Burtt">Ben Burtt</a> - <a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Boekelheide" title="Jay Boekelheide">Jay Boekelheide</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)" title="The Right Stuff (film)">The Right Stuff</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Rose" title="Kay Rose">Kay Rose</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_River_(1984_film)" title="The River (1984 film)">The River</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Campbell" title="Charles L. Campbell">Charles L. Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rutledge" title="Robert Rutledge">Robert Rutledge</a> - <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Sharpe" title="Don Sharpe">Don Sharpe</a> - <a href="/wiki/Aliens_(film)" title="Aliens (film)">Aliens</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hunter_Flick" title="Stephen Hunter Flick">Stephen Hunter Flick</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Pospisil" title="John Pospisil">John Pospisil</a> - <a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Campbell" title="Charles L. Campbell">Charles L. Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Edemann" title="Louis Edemann">Louis Edemann</a> - <a href="/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Burtt" title="Ben Burtt">Ben Burtt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hymns" title="Richard Hymns">Richard Hymns</a> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecelia_Hall_(sound_editor)" title="Cecelia Hall (sound editor)">Cecelia Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Watters_II" title="George Watters II">George Watters II</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October_(film)" title="The Hunt for Red October (film)">The Hunt for Red October</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Rydstrom" title="Gary Rydstrom">Gary Rydstrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Borders" title="Gloria Borders">Gloria Borders</a> - <a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McCarthy_(sound_editor)" title="Tom McCarthy (sound editor)">Tom McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_E._Stone" title="David E. Stone">David E. Stone</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula_(1992_film)" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992 film)">Bram Stoker's Dracula</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Rydstrom" title="Gary Rydstrom">Gary Rydstrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hymns" title="Richard Hymns">Richard Hymns</a> - <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hunter_Flick" title="Stephen Hunter Flick">Stephen Hunter Flick</a> - <a href="/wiki/Speed_(1994_film)" title="Speed (1994 film)">Speed</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_Bender" title="Lon Bender">Lon Bender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Per_Hallberg" title="Per Hallberg">Per Hallberg</a> - <a href="/wiki/Braveheart" title="Braveheart">Braveheart</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Stambler" title="Bruce Stambler">Bruce Stambler</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_and_the_Darkness" title="The Ghost and the Darkness">The Ghost and the Darkness</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bellfort" title="Tom Bellfort">Tom Bellfort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boyes" title="Christopher Boyes">Christopher Boyes</a> - <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Rydstrom" title="Gary Rydstrom">Gary Rydstrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hymns" title="Richard Hymns">Richard Hymns</a> - <a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_Davis" title="Dane Davis">Dane Davis</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">Sound Editing 2000–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Johnson" title="Jon Johnson">Jon Johnson</a> - <a href="/wiki/U-571_(film)" title="U-571 (film)">U-571</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Watters_II" title="George Watters II">George Watters II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boyes" title="Christopher Boyes">Christopher Boyes</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Hopkins_(sound_editor)" title="Mike Hopkins (sound editor)">Mike Hopkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Van_der_Ryn" title="Ethan Van der Ryn">Ethan Van der Ryn</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_King_(sound_designer)" title="Richard King (sound designer)">Richard King</a> - <a href="/wiki/Master_and_Commander:_The_Far_Side_of_the_World" title="Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World">Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Silvers" title="Michael Silvers">Michael Silvers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randy_Thom" title="Randy Thom">Randy Thom</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Incredibles" title="The Incredibles">The Incredibles</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Hopkins_(sound_editor)" title="Mike Hopkins (sound editor)">Mike Hopkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Van_der_Ryn" title="Ethan Van der Ryn">Ethan Van der Ryn</a> - <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bub_Asman" title="Bub Asman">Bub Asman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Robert_Murray" title="Alan Robert Murray">Alan Robert Murray</a> - <a href="/wiki/Letters_from_Iwo_Jima" title="Letters from Iwo Jima">Letters from Iwo Jima</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Baker_Landers" title="Karen Baker Landers">Karen Baker Landers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Per_Hallberg" title="Per Hallberg">Per Hallberg</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Bourne_Ultimatum_(film)" title="The Bourne Ultimatum (film)">The Bourne Ultimatum</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_King_(sound_designer)" title="Richard King (sound designer)">Richard King</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_N._J._Ottosson" title="Paul N. J. Ottosson">Paul N. J. Ottosson</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_King_(sound_designer)" title="Richard King (sound designer)">Richard King</a> - <a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gearty" title="Eugene Gearty">Eugene Gearty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Stockton" title="Philip Stockton">Philip Stockton</a> - <a href="/wiki/Hugo_(film)" title="Hugo (film)">Hugo</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Hallberg" title="Per Hallberg">Per Hallberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karen_Baker_Landers" title="Karen Baker Landers">Karen Baker Landers</a> - <a href="/wiki/Skyfall" title="Skyfall">Skyfall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_N._J._Ottosson" title="Paul N. J. Ottosson">Paul N. J. Ottosson</a> - <a href="/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty" title="Zero Dark Thirty">Zero Dark Thirty</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Freemantle" title="Glenn Freemantle">Glenn Freemantle</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Robert_Murray" title="Alan Robert Murray">Alan Robert Murray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bub_Asman" title="Bub Asman">Bub Asman</a> - <a href="/wiki/American_Sniper" title="American Sniper">American Sniper</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mangini" title="Mark Mangini">Mark Mangini</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_White_(sound_editor)" title="David White (sound editor)">David White</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mad_Max:_Fury_Road" title="Mad Max: Fury Road">Mad Max: Fury Road</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Bellemare" title="Sylvain Bellemare">Sylvain Bellemare</a> - <a href="/wiki/Arrival_(film)" title="Arrival (film)">Arrival</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_King_(sound_designer)" title="Richard King (sound designer)">Richard King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Gibson_(sound_editor)" title="Alex Gibson (sound editor)">Alex Gibson</a> - <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)" title="Dunkirk (2017 film)">Dunkirk</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warhurst_(sound_editor)" title="John Warhurst (sound editor)">John Warhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nina_Hartstone" title="Nina Hartstone">Nina Hartstone</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody_(film)" title="Bohemian Rhapsody (film)">Bohemian Rhapsody</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Sylvester" title="Donald Sylvester">Donald Sylvester</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ford_v_Ferrari" title="Ford v Ferrari">Ford v Ferrari</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DBD7D2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Template:Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Template talk:Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C0C0C0">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1958: <a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Shrinking_Man" title="The Incredible Shrinking Man">The Incredible Shrinking Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C0C0C0">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1960: <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Dr._Strangelove" title="Dr. Strangelove">Dr. Strangelove</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a> – "<a href="/wiki/The_Menagerie_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)" title="The Menagerie (Star Trek: The Original Series)">The Menagerie</a>"</li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a> – "<a href="/wiki/The_City_on_the_Edge_of_Forever" title="The City on the Edge of Forever">The City on the Edge of Forever</a>"</li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="2001: A Space Odyssey">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C0C0C0">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970: News coverage of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse-Five_(film)" title="Slaughterhouse-Five (film)">Slaughterhouse-Five</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Sleeper_(1973_film)" title="Sleeper (1973 film)">Sleeper</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Dog_(1975_film)" title="A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)">A Boy and His Dog</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)" title="Star Wars (film)">Star Wars</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C0C0C0">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact" title="2010: The Year We Make Contact">2010: The Year We Make Contact</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Aliens_(film)" title="Aliens (film)">Aliens</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Bride_(film)" title="The Princess Bride (film)">The Princess Bride</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit" title="Who Framed Roger Rabbit">Who Framed Roger Rabbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C0C0C0">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Scissorhands" title="Edward Scissorhands">Edward Scissorhands</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a> – "<a href="/wiki/The_Inner_Light_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)" title="The Inner Light (Star Trek: The Next Generation)">The Inner Light</a>"</li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a> – "<a href="/wiki/All_Good_Things..._(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)" title="All Good Things... (Star Trek: The Next Generation)">All Good Things...</a>"</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a> – "<a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_Shadows" title="The Coming of Shadows">The Coming of Shadows</a>"</li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a> – "<a href="/wiki/Severed_Dreams" title="Severed Dreams">Severed Dreams</a>"</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Contact_(1997_American_film)" title="Contact (1997 American film)">Contact</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/The_Truman_Show" title="The Truman Show">The Truman Show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #C0C0C0">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Quest" title="Galaxy Quest">Galaxy Quest</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon" title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon">Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185658#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185658#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185658#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/229017678">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98015504">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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