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href="#Inner_ward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inner ward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_ward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chapel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_ward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_ward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Outer ward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_ward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frescoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frescoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Frescoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frescoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Krak des Chevaliers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%86_(%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B5)" title="قلعة الحصن (حمص) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلعة الحصن (حمص)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81_(%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD)" title="Ասպետներու ամրոց (Հոմս) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ասպետներու ամրոց (Հոմս)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac_de_los_Caballeros" title="Crac de los Caballeros – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crac de los Caballeros" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_de_%C5%9Eevalye" title="Krak de Şevalye – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Krak de Şevalye" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Крак-де-Шевалье – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Крак-де-Шевалье" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Крак дэ Шэвалье – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крак дэ Шэвалье" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Крак де Шевалие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крак де Шевалие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_dels_Cavallers" title="Krak dels Cavallers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Krak dels Cavallers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers_(kastilyo_sa_Sirya)" title="Krak des Chevaliers (kastilyo sa Sirya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers (kastilyo sa Sirya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Κρακ των Ιπποτών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρακ των Ιπποτών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac_de_los_Caballeros" title="Crac de los Caballeros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crac de los Caballeros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaldunen_Krak" title="Zaldunen Krak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zaldunen Krak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_Des_Chevaliers" title="Krak Des Chevaliers – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Krak Des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="حصن‌الاکراد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حصن‌الاکراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BD_%EB%8D%B0_%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90" title="크락 데 슈발리에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크락 데 슈발리에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC-%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Ալ-Հուսն ամրոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալ-Հուսն ամրոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_dei_Cavalieri" title="Krak dei Cavalieri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Krak dei Cavalieri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="קראק דה שבלייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קראק דה שבלייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94-%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94" title="კრაკ-დე-შევალიე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კრაკ-დე-შევალიე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Крак де Шевалье – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Крак де Шевалье" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keleha_Kurdan" title="Keleha Kurdan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keleha Kurdan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratum" title="Cratum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cratum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakde%C5%A1evalj%C4%93" title="Krakdeševaljē – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krakdeševaljē" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_de_%C5%A0evalj%C4%97" title="Krak de Ševaljė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krak de Ševaljė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2" title="क्रक देस महल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="क्रक देस महल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Крак де Шевалие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крак де Шевалие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2" title="क्रक देस महल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रक देस महल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8" title="クラック・デ・シュヴァリエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラック・デ・シュヴァリエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_deus_Cavali%C3%A8rs" title="Krak deus Cavalièrs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Krak deus Cavalièrs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_dij_Sivali%C3%A9" title="Krak dij Sivalié – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Krak dij Sivalié" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortaleza_dos_Cavaleiros" title="Fortaleza dos Cavaleiros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fortaleza dos Cavaleiros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crac_des_Chevaliers" title="Crac des Chevaliers – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crac des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Крак-де-Шевалье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крак-де-Шевалье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaja_e_Kalor%C3%ABsve" title="Kalaja e Kalorësve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kalaja e Kalorësve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_de_Chevaliers" title="Krak de Chevaliers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Krak de Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%E2%80%99a_al-Hisn" title="Kal’a al-Hisn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kal’a al-Hisn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قەڵای کوردان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەڵای کوردان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Крак де Шевалије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крак де Шевалије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2" title="ครักเดเชอวาลีเย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ครักเดเชอวาลีเย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%B6valyeler_Kalesi" title="Şövalyeler Kalesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şövalyeler Kalesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%94" title="Крак де Шевальє – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крак де Шевальє" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Krak des Chevaliers" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%A0%A1" title="骑士堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="骑士堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%A0%A1" title="騎士堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="騎士堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%A0%A1" title="骑士堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骑士堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krak_des_Chevaliers&params=34.757_N_36.2947_E_type:landmark_region:SY"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°45′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°17′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.7570°N 36.2947°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.7570; 36.2947</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Crusader castle near Homs, Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Krak des Chevaliers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="nickname"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قلعة الحصن</span></span></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label">by <a href="/wiki/Al-Husn,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husn, Syria">Al-Husn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talkalakh_District" title="Talkalakh District">Talkalakh District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KRAK_DES_CHEVALIERS_-_GAR_-_6-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/KRAK_DES_CHEVALIERS_-_GAR_-_6-00.jpg/300px-KRAK_DES_CHEVALIERS_-_GAR_-_6-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/KRAK_DES_CHEVALIERS_-_GAR_-_6-00.jpg/450px-KRAK_DES_CHEVALIERS_-_GAR_-_6-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/KRAK_DES_CHEVALIERS_-_GAR_-_6-00.jpg/600px-KRAK_DES_CHEVALIERS_-_GAR_-_6-00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6532" data-file-height="4376" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Krak des Chevaliers from the southwest</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krak des Chevaliers is located in Syria"><img alt="Krak des Chevaliers is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.768%;left:17.881%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Krak des Chevaliers"><img alt="Krak des Chevaliers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div>Krak des Chevaliers</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Krak_des_Chevaliers&params=34.757_N_36.2947_E_type:landmark_region:SY"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°45′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°17′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.7570°N 36.2947°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.7570; 36.2947</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Controlled by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> <small>(1031–1099)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/14px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/21px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a> (1110–1143)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/15px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/23px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/30px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> (1143–1271)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/23px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/35px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mameluke_Flag.svg/45px-Mameluke_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> (1271–1516)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">1516</a>–<a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">1918</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Alawite_State_%281920%E2%80%931936%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="530" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a> (1920–1936)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Republic_(1946%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Republic (1946–63)">Syrian Republic</a> (1936–1958)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (1958–1961)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian Arab Republic</a> (1961–2012)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic"><img alt="Second Syrian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian Arab Republic</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Open to<br />the public</th><td class="infobox-data">Accessible</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly good but damaged due to <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1031 (first castle)</li> <li>1142–1170 (second castle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shibl_al-Dawla_Nasr" title="Shibl al-Dawla Nasr">Shibl al-Dawla Nasr</a> (first castle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> (second castle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229-001">1229-001</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2006 (30th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2013–present</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">2.38 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">37.69 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Krak des Chevaliers</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kʁak<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ(ə)valje]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قلعة الحصن</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qalʿat al-Ḥiṣn</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈqalʕat<span class="wrap"> </span>alˈħisˤn]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>: <i lang="fro">Crac des Chevaliers</i> or <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Crac de l'Ospital</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><i>karak</i> [fortress] of the hospital</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܟܪܟܐ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">karəḵā</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">walled city</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a medieval castle in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world. The site was first inhabited in the 11th century by <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> troops garrisoned there by the <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a>. In 1142 it was given by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_II,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond II, Count of Tripoli">Raymond II, Count of Tripoli</a>, to the order of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>. It remained occupied by them until it was reconquered by the Muslims in 1271. </p><p>The Hospitallers began rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> in the 1140s and were finished by 1170 when an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> damaged the castle. The order controlled castles along the border of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">state</a> founded after the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. Krak des Chevaliers was among the most important and acted as a center of administration as well as a military base. After a second phase of building was undertaken in the 13th century, Krak des Chevaliers became a <a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">concentric castle</a>. This phase created the outer wall and gave the castle its current appearance. The first half of the century has been described as Krak des Chevaliers' "golden age". At its peak, Krak des Chevaliers housed a garrison of around 2,000. Such a large garrison allowed the Hospitallers to exact <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> from a wide area. From the 1250s the fortunes of the Knights Hospitaller took a turn for the worse and in 1271 the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Fall of Krak des Chevaliers">Mamluk Sultanate captured Krak des Chevaliers</a> after a siege lasting 36 days, supposedly by way of a forged letter purportedly from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Hospitallers' Grand Master</a> that caused the knights to surrender. </p><p>Renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles" title="List of Crusader castles">Crusader castles</a> in the 19th century led to the investigation of Krak des Chevaliers, and architectural plans were drawn up. In the late 19th or early 20th century a settlement had been created within the castle, causing damage to its fabric. The 500 inhabitants were moved in 1933 and the castle was given over to the French <a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a>, which carried out a program of clearing and restoration. When Syria declared independence in 1946, it assumed control. </p><p>Today, the village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Husn,_Homs" title="Al-Husn, Homs">al-Husn</a> exists around the castle and has a population of nearly 9,000. Krak des Chevaliers is approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, close to the border of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and is administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Governorate" title="Homs Governorate">Homs Governorate</a>. Since <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_year_of_inscription#2006_(30th_session)" title="List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription">2006</a>, the castles of Krak des Chevaliers and <a href="/wiki/Sahyun_Castle" title="Sahyun Castle">Qal'at Salah El-Din</a> have been recognised by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was partially damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> from <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">shelling</a> and recaptured by the Syrian government forces in 2014. Since then, reconstruction and conservation work on the site had begun. Reports by UNESCO and the Syrian government on the state of the site are produced yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Krak" is derived from <i>karak</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> word for a walled city or fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the arrival of the crusaders, the local Arab ruler had established a fortification on the site manned by <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, giving it the name, in Arabic, of <i>Ḥoṣn al-Akrād</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حصن الأكراد</span></span>), or "fort of the Kurds".<sup id="cite_ref-White_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the construction of the present castle, the crusaders (whose elite spoke either <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> or, in Tripoli, possibly <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) corrupted that name into <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Crat</i></span> and then, as a result of confusing it with <i>karak</i>, the name evolved into <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Crac</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its association with the Knights Hospitallers, it was known as <i>Crac de l'Ospital</i> (Fortress of the Hospital) during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was later romanticised<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to become Krak des Chevaliers in French in the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "Fortress of the Knights".<sup id="cite_ref-White_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak_des_Chevaliers_landscape_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Krak_des_Chevaliers_landscape_%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_landscape_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Krak_des_Chevaliers_landscape_%28cropped%29.jpg/465px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_landscape_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Krak_des_Chevaliers_landscape_%28cropped%29.jpg/620px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_landscape_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2825" /></a><figcaption>Krak des Chevaliers overlooking the surrounding area</figcaption></figure> <p>The castle sits atop a 650-metre-high (2,130 ft) hill east of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>, Syria, in the <a href="/wiki/Homs_Gap" title="Homs Gap">Homs Gap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepage_77_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepage_77-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other side of the gap, 27 kilometres (17 mi) away, was the 12th-century castle of <a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a> (Hisn Ibn Akkar).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The route through the strategically important Homs Gap connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> and Homs. To the north of the castle lies the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range" title="Syrian Coastal Mountain Range">Syrian Coastal Mountain Range</a>, and to the south, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The surrounding area is fertile,<sup id="cite_ref-Cathcart_King_83_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathcart_King_83-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> benefiting from streams and abundant rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy145-6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy145-6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, the other Crusader states had less land suitable for farming; however, the limestone peaks of Tripoli were well-suited to defensive sites.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Property in the County of Tripoli, granted to the Knights in the 1140s, included the Krak des Chevaliers, the towns of <a href="/wiki/Rhaphanaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaphanaea">Rafanea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baarin" title="Baarin">Montferrand</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqa'a plain</a> separating Homs and Tripoli. Homs was never under Crusader control, so the region around the Krak des Chevaliers was vulnerable to expeditions from the city. While its proximity caused the Knights problems with regard to defending their territory, it also meant Homs was close enough for them to raid. Because of the castle's command of the plain, it became the Knights' most important base in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy145-6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy145-6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:351px;max-width:351px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg/170px-Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg/255px-Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg/340px-Map_Crusader_states_1135-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/173px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/260px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/346px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Levant in 1135, with <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> marked by a red cross (left), and the region in 1190 (right)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapofTripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MapofTripoli.png/220px-MapofTripoli.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MapofTripoli.png/330px-MapofTripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/MapofTripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Position of the Krak des Chevaliers within the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_Crusader_period">Origins and Crusader period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins and Crusader period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 13th-century Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad">Ibn Shaddad</a>, in 1031, the <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid</a> emir of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and Homs, <a href="/wiki/Shibl_al-Dawla_Nasr" title="Shibl al-Dawla Nasr">Shibl ad-Dawla Nasr</a>, established a settlement of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> tribesmen at the site of the castle,<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi_27_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi_27-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was then known as "<i>Ḥiṣn al-Safḥ</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi_108_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi_108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasr restored Hisn al-Safh to help reestablish the Mirdasids' access to the coast of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> after they lost nearby <a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Hisn Ibn Akkar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> in 1029.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi_108_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi_108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Nasr's garrisoning of Kurdish troops at the site, the castle became known as "<i>Ḥiṣn al-Akrād</i>" (Fortress of the Kurds).<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi_27_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi_27-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salibi_108_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi_108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle was strategically located at the southern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range" title="Syrian Coastal Mountain Range">Jibal al-Alawiyin</a> mountain range and dominated the road between Homs and Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi_27_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi_27-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When building castles, engineers often chose elevated sites, such as hills and mountains, that provided natural obstacles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1099, on the journey to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, the company of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond IV of Toulouse">Raymond IV of Toulouse</a> came under attack from the garrison of Hisn al-Akrad, the forerunner of the Krak, who harried Raymond's foragers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, Raymond marched on the castle and found it deserted. The crusaders briefly occupied the castle in February of the same year but abandoned it when they continued their march towards Jerusalem. Permanent occupation began in 1110 when <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee" title="Tancred, Prince of Galilee">Tancred, Prince of Galilee</a> took control of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early castle was substantially different from the extant remains, and no trace of this first castle survives at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the order of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> are unclear, but it probably emerged around the 1070s in Jerusalem. It started as a <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious order</a> that cared for the sick, and later looked after pilgrims to the Holy Land. After the success of the First Crusade in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">capturing Jerusalem in 1099</a>, many Crusaders donated their new property in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to the Hospital of St John. Early donations were in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, but over time the order extended its holdings to the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader state">Crusader states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>. Evidence suggests that in the 1130s, the order became militarised<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolson3-10_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson3-10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem" title="Fulk, King of Jerusalem">Fulk, King of Jerusalem</a>, granted the newly built castle at <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Beth Gibelin</a> to the order in 1136.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> from between 1139 and 1143 may indicate the order hiring people to defend pilgrims. There were also other <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military orders</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, that offered protection to pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolson3-10_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolson3-10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castilla-de-Ulysses-el-Reyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Castilla-de-Ulysses-el-Reyes.jpg/220px-Castilla-de-Ulysses-el-Reyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Castilla-de-Ulysses-el-Reyes.jpg/330px-Castilla-de-Ulysses-el-Reyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Castilla-de-Ulysses-el-Reyes.jpg/440px-Castilla-de-Ulysses-el-Reyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Artist's rendering of Krak des Chevaliers as seen from the northeast. From Guillaume-Rey, <i>Étude sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre</i> (1871).</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1142 and 1144 <a href="/wiki/Raymond_II_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond II of Tripoli">Raymond II</a>, Count of Tripoli, granted property in the county to the order.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson11_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Jonathan Riley-Smith</a>, the Hospitallers effectively established a "palatinate" within Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The property included castles with which the Hospitallers were expected to defend Tripoli. Along with Krak des Chevaliers, the Hospitallers were given four other castles along the borders of the state, which allowed the order to dominate the area. The order's agreement with Raymond II stated that if he did not accompany knights of the order on campaign, the spoils belonged entirely to the order, and if he was present it was split equally between the count and the order. Further, Raymond II could not make peace with the Muslims without the permission of the Hospitallers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson11_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hospitallers made Krak des Chevaliers a center of administration for their new property, undertaking work at the castle that would make it one of the most elaborate Crusader fortifications in the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After acquiring the site in 1142, they began building a new castle to replace the former Kurdish fortification. This work lasted until 1170, when an earthquake damaged the castle. An Arab source mentions that the quake destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Castle%27s_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle's chapel">castle's chapel</a>, which was replaced by the present chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy150_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy150-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1163, the Crusaders emerged victorious over <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zengi">Nur ad-Din</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Buqaia" title="Battle of al-Buqaia">Battle of al-Buqaia</a> near Krak des Chevaliers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drought conditions between 1175 and 1180 prompted the Crusaders to sign a two-year truce with the Muslims, but without Tripoli included in the terms. During the 1180s, raids by Christians and Muslims into each other's territory became more frequent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1180, Saladin ventured into the County of Tripoli, ravaging the area. Unwilling to meet him in open battle, the Crusaders retreated to the relative safety of their fortifications. Without capturing the castles, Saladin could not secure control of the area, and once he retreated the Hospitallers were able to revitalise their damaged lands.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> in 1187 was a disastrous defeat for the Crusaders: <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a>, King of Jerusalem, was captured, as was the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, a relic discovered during the First Crusade. Afterwards, Saladin ordered the execution of the captured Templar and Hospitaller knights, such was the importance of the two orders in defending the Crusader states.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, the Hospitaller castles of <a href="/wiki/Suba,_Jerusalem" title="Suba, Jerusalem">Belmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Fortress_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvoir Fortress (Israel)">Belvoir</a>, and Bethgibelin fell to Muslim armies. Following these losses, the Order focused its attention on its castles in Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1188, Saladin led an army to attack Krak des Chevaliers, but on seeing the castle, decided it was too well defended and instead marched on the Hospitaller castle of <a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a>, which he also failed to capture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy147_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy147-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another earthquake <a href="/wiki/1202_Syria_earthquake" title="1202 Syria earthquake">struck in 1202</a>, and it may have been after this event that the castle was remodelled. The 13th-century work was the last period of building at Krak des Chevaliers and gave it its current appearance. An enclosing stone circuit was built between 1142 and 1170; the earlier structure became the castle's inner court or ward. If there was a circuit of walls surrounding the inner court that pre-dated the current outer walls, no trace of it has been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy152-153_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy152-153-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak_Cutaway.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cutaway section of the Krak from south to north"><img alt="Cutaway section of the Krak from south to north" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Krak_Cutaway.png/500px-Krak_Cutaway.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Krak_Cutaway.png/750px-Krak_Cutaway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Krak_Cutaway.png/1000px-Krak_Cutaway.png 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway section of the Krak from south to north</figcaption></figure> <p>The first half of the 13th century has been characterised as Krak des Chevaliers' "golden age". While other Crusader strongholds came under threat, Krak des Chevaliers and its garrison of 2,000 soldiers dominated the surrounding area. It was effectively the center of a principality which remained in Crusader hands until 1271, and was the only major inland area to remain constantly under Crusader control during this period. Crusaders who passed through the area would often stop at the castle, and probably made donations. King <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II of Hungary</a> visited in 1218 and proclaimed the castle the "key of the Christian lands". He was so impressed with the castle that he gave a yearly income of 60 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (money)">marks</a> to the Master and 40 to the brothers. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_V_of_Joinville" title="Geoffrey V of Joinville">Geoffroy de Joinville</a>, uncle of the noted chronicler of the Crusades <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville" title="Jean de Joinville">Jean de Joinville</a>, died at Krak des Chevaliers in 1203 or 1204 and was buried in the castle's chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main contemporary accounts relating to Krak des Chevaliers are of Muslim origin and tend to emphasise Muslim success while overlooking setbacks against the Crusaders, although they suggest that the Knights Hospitaller forced the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> and Homs to pay <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to the Order. This situation lasted as long as Saladin's successors warred between themselves. The proximity of Krak des Chevaliers to Muslim territories allowed it to take on an offensive role, acting as a base from which neighboring areas could be attacked. By 1203, the garrison was making raids on Montferrand (which was under Muslim control) and Hama, and in 1207 and 1208 the castle's soldiers took part in an attack on Homs. Krak des Chevaliers acted as a base for expeditions to Hama in 1230 and 1233 after the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">amir</a> refused to pay tribute. The former was unsuccessful, but the 1233 expedition was a show of force that demonstrated the importance of Krak des Chevaliers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy147_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy147-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak_des_chavaliers_plaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Krak_des_chavaliers_plaine.jpg/220px-Krak_des_chavaliers_plaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Krak_des_chavaliers_plaine.jpg/330px-Krak_des_chavaliers_plaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Krak_des_chavaliers_plaine.jpg/440px-Krak_des_chavaliers_plaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>The area between the inner and outer walls is narrow and was not used for accommodation.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1250s, the fortunes of the Hospitallers at Krak des Chevaliers took a turn for the worse. A Muslim army estimated to number 10,000 men ravaged the countryside around the castle in 1252, after which the Order's finances declined sharply. In 1268, Master <a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Revel" title="Hugues de Revel">Hugues Revel</a> complained that the area, previously home to around 10,000 people, now stood deserted and that the Order's property in the Kingdom of Jerusalem produced little income. He also noted that by this point there were only 300 of the Order's brethren left in the east. On the Muslim side, in 1260 <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> became Sultan of Egypt, following his overthrow of the incumbent ruler <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a>, and went on to unite Egypt and Syria. As a result, Muslim settlements that had previously paid tribute to the Hospitallers at Krak des Chevaliers no longer felt intimidated into doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for Hugues Revel, some of the castellans of this castle are identified: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Mirmande" title="Pierre de Mirmande">Pierre de Mirmande</a> (Grand Commander) and <a href="/wiki/Geoffroy_le_Rat" title="Geoffroy le Rat">Geoffroy le Rat</a> (Grand Master).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Baibars ventured into the area around Krak des Chevaliers in 1270 and allowed his men to graze their animals on the fields around the castle. When he received news that year of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a> led by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, Baibars left for <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to avoid a confrontation. After Louis died in 1271, Baibars returned to deal with Krak des Chevaliers. Before he marched on the castle, the Sultan captured the smaller castles in the area, including <a href="/wiki/Chastel_Blanc" title="Chastel Blanc">Chastel Blanc</a>. On 3 March, Baibars' army arrived at Krak des Chevaliers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Sultan appeared on the scene, the castle may already have been blockaded by <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> forces for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the three Arabic accounts of the siege, only one was contemporary, that of Ibn Shaddad, who was not present at the siege. Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. As soon as Baibars arrived, he erected <a href="/wiki/Mangonel" title="Mangonel">mangonels</a>, powerful siege weapons which he would later turn on the castle. In a probable reference to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance, Ibn Shaddad records that two days later the first line of defences fell to the besiegers.<sup id="cite_ref-King88-92_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King88-92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rain interrupted the siege, but on 21 March, immediately south of Krak des Chevaliers, Baibar's forces captured a triangular <a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">outwork</a> possibly defended by a timber <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a>. On 29 March, the attackers <a href="/wiki/Mining_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining (military)">undermined</a> a tower in the southwest corner, causing it to collapse whereupon Baibars' army attacked through the breach. In the outer ward, they encountered the peasants who had sought refuge in the castle. Though the outer ward had fallen, with a handful of the garrison killed in the process, the Crusaders retreated to the more formidable inner ward. After a lull of ten days, the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison, supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli, which granted permission, (<a href="/wiki/Musta%27min" title="Musta'min"><i>aman</i></a>), for them to surrender on 8 April 1271.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the letter was a forgery, the garrison capitulated and the Sultan spared their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-King88-92_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King88-92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> and two <i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrabs</a></i> (prayer niches) were added to the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-FFC179_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFC179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_01.jpg/220px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_01.jpg/330px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_01.jpg/440px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The east end of the castle's <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel-vaulted</a> chapel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak_des_Chevaliers_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Krak_des_Chevaliers_14.jpg/220px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Krak_des_Chevaliers_14.jpg/330px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Krak_des_Chevaliers_14.jpg/440px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption>The south face of the inner ward with its steep <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period (1516–1918), the castle housed a company of local <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a> and was the centre of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nahiye_(Ottoman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiye (Ottoman)">nahiye</a></i> (tax district) of Hisn al-Akrad, attached first to the Tripoli Sanjak and later <a href="/wiki/Homs_Sanjak" title="Homs Sanjak">Homs</a>, both part of the <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli Eyalet</a>. The castle itself was commanded by a <i>dizdar</i> (castle warden). Several <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Turkmen</a> and Kurdish tribes were settled in the area, and in the 18th century the district was mainly controlled by local notables from the Dandashi family. In 1894, the Ottoman government considered stationing a company of auxiliary soldiers there, but revised its plans after deciding the castle was too old and access too difficult. As a result, the capital of the district was then moved to nearby <a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Franks were driven from the Holy Land in 1291, European familiarity with the castles of the Crusades declined. It was not until the 19th century that interest in these buildings was renewed, so there are no detailed plans from before 1837. <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Guillaume-Rey" title="Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey">Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey</a> was the first European researcher to scientifically study Crusader castles in the Holy Land.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1871, he published the work <i>Etudes sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des Croisés en Syrie et dans l'ile de Chypre</i>; which included plans and drawings of the major Crusader castles in Syria, including Krak des Chevaliers. In some instances his drawings were inaccurate, however for Krak des Chavaliers they record features which have since been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Deschamps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Deschamps (page does not exist)">Paul Deschamps</a> visited the castle in February 1927. Since Rey had visited in the 19th century, a village of 500 people had been established within the castle. Renewed inhabitation had damaged the site: underground vaults had been used as rubbish tips and in some places the battlements had been destroyed. Deschamps and fellow architect François Anus attempted to clear some of the detritus; General <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gamelin" title="Maurice Gamelin">Maurice Gamelin</a> assigned 60 <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawite</a> soldiers to help. Deschamps left in March 1927, and work resumed when he returned two years later. The culmination of Deschamp's work at the castle was the publication of <i>Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte I: le Crac des Chevaliers</i> in 1934, with detailed plans by Anus.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey has been widely praised, described as "brilliant and exhaustive" by military historian D. J. Cathcart King in 1949<sup id="cite_ref-Cathcart_King_83_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathcart_King_83-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "perhaps the finest account of the archaeology and history of a single medieval castle ever written" by historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Hugh Kennedy</a> in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_note4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_note4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1929, there were suggestions that the castle should be taken under French control. On 16 November 1933, Krak des Chevaliers was given into the control of the French state, and cared for by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts" title="Académie des Beaux-Arts">Académie des Beaux-Arts</a>. The villagers were moved and paid <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">F</a>1 million between them in compensation. Over the following two years, a programme of cleaning and restoration was carried out by a force of 120 workers. Once finished, Krak des Chevaliers was one of the key tourist attractions in the French Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre Coupel, who had undertaken similar work at the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion Tower">Tower of the Lions</a> and the two castles at <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, supervised the work.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the restoration, no <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">archaeological excavations</a> were carried out. The <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a>, which had been established in 1920, ended in 1946 with the declaration of Syrian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle was made a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Salah Ed-Din">Qal'at Salah El-Din</a>, in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-WHS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is owned by the Syrian government. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak_des_Chavaliers_under_fire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Krak_des_Chavaliers_under_fire.JPG/220px-Krak_des_Chavaliers_under_fire.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Krak_des_Chavaliers_under_fire.JPG/330px-Krak_des_Chavaliers_under_fire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Krak_des_Chavaliers_under_fire.JPG/440px-Krak_des_Chavaliers_under_fire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Smoke coming from the castle in August 2013, during the Syrian Civil War</figcaption></figure> <p>Several of the castle's former residents built their houses outside the fortress and a village called <a href="/wiki/Al-Husn,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husn, Syria">al-Husn</a> has since developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Darke198-9_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke198-9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the al-Husn's roughly 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> residents benefit economically from the tourism generated by the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Darke198-9_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke198-9-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBS_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> began in 2011, prompting UNESCO to raise concerns that the war might damage cultural sites including Krak des Chevaliers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castle was shelled in August 2012 by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Arab Army</a>, damaging the Crusader chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was damaged again in July 2013 by an airstrike conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Air Force">Syrian Arab Air Force</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Air_strike_2013_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Air_strike_2013-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once more on 18 August 2013.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Army">Syrian Arab Army</a> captured the castle and village after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a> in March 2014. Since then, UNESCO has published periodic reports about the state of the site, reconstruction and conservation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak_des_chevaliers_-_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Krak_des_chevaliers_-_plan.jpg/220px-Krak_des_chevaliers_-_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Krak_des_chevaliers_-_plan.jpg/330px-Krak_des_chevaliers_-_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Krak_des_chevaliers_-_plan.jpg/440px-Krak_des_chevaliers_-_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Krak des Chevaliers from Guillaume-Rey <i>Étude sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre</i> (1871). North is on the right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Writing in the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a>, popularly known as Lawrence of Arabia, remarked that Krak des Chevaliers was "perhaps the best preserved and most wholly admirable castle in the world, [a castle which] forms a fitting commentary on any account of the Crusading buildings of Syria".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castles in Europe provided lordly accommodation for their owners and were centers of administration; in the Levant the need for defence was paramount and was reflected in castle design. Kennedy suggests that "The castle scientifically designed as a fighting machine surely reached its apogee in great buildings like <a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a> and Crac des Chevaliers."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak_des_Chevaliers_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Krak_des_Chevaliers_22.jpg/220px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Krak_des_Chevaliers_22.jpg/330px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Krak_des_Chevaliers_22.jpg/440px-Krak_des_Chevaliers_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3089" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>The inner court seen from the south</figcaption></figure> <p>Krak des Chevaliers can be classified both as a <a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">spur castle</a>, due to its site, and after the 13th-century expansion a fully developed <a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">concentric castle</a>. It was similar in size and layout to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jacob's Ford">Vadum Jacob</a>, a Crusader castle built in the late 1170s.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margat has also been cited as Krak des Chevaliers' sister castle.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main building material at Krak des Chevaliers was <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> facing is so fine that the <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> is barely noticeable.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the castle's entrance was a "walled suburb" known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">burgus</a></i>, no trace of which remains. To the south of the outer ward was a triangular <a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">outwork</a> and the Crusaders may have intended to build stone walls and towers around it. It is unknown how it was defended at the time of the 1271 siege, though it has been suggested it was surrounded by a timber <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King88_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King88-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South of the castle, the spur on which it stands is connected to the next hill, so that <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a> can approach on level ground. The inner defences are strongest at this point, with a cluster of towers connected by a thick wall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_ward">Inner ward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inner ward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1142 and 1170, the Knights Hospitaller undertook a building programme on the site. The castle was defended by a stone <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> studded with square towers which projected slightly. The main entrance was between two towers on the eastern side, and there was a <a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">postern</a> gate in the northwest tower. At the center was a courtyard surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaulted</a> chambers. The lay of the land dictated the castle's irregular shape. A site with natural defences was a typical location for Crusader castles and steep slopes provided Krak des Chevaliers with defences on all sides bar one, where the castle's defences were concentrated. This phase of building was incorporated into the later castle's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy150_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy150-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall_of_the_Knights_-_Krak_des_Chevaliers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hall_of_the_Knights_-_Krak_des_Chevaliers.jpg/220px-Hall_of_the_Knights_-_Krak_des_Chevaliers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hall_of_the_Knights_-_Krak_des_Chevaliers.jpg/330px-Hall_of_the_Knights_-_Krak_des_Chevaliers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hall_of_the_Knights_-_Krak_des_Chevaliers.jpg/440px-Hall_of_the_Knights_-_Krak_des_Chevaliers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Hall of the knights, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>When Krak des Chevaliers was remodelled in the 13th century, new walls surrounding the inner court were built. They followed the earlier walls, with a narrow gap between them in the west and south, which was turned into a gallery from which defenders could unleash missiles. In this area, the walls were supported by a steeply sloping <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a> which provided additional protection against both siege weapons and earthquakes. Four large, round towers project vertically from the glacis; they were used as accommodation for the Knights of the garrison, about 60 at its peak. The southwest tower was designed to house the rooms of the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller. Though the defences which once crested the walls of the inner wards no longer survive in most places, it seems that they did not extend for the entire circuit. Machicolations were absent from the southern face. The area between the inner court and the outer walls was narrow and not used for accommodation. In the east, where the defences were weakest, there was an open <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> filled by an aqueduct. It acted both as a moat and water supply for the castle.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the north end of the small courtyard is a chapel and at the southern end is an <a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">esplanade</a>. The esplanade is raised above the rest of the courtyard; the vaulted area beneath it would have provided storage and could have acted as stabling and shelter from missiles. Lining the west of the courtyard is the hall of the Knights. Though probably first built in the 12th century, the interior dates from the 13th-century remodelling. The <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a> and delicate decoration is a sophisticated example of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, probably dating from the 1230s.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel">Chapel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chapel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_05.jpg/170px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_05.jpg/255px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_05.jpg/340px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The west end of the chapel</figcaption></figure> <p>The current <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> was probably built to replace the one destroyed by an earthquake in 1170.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy150_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy150-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the east end of the original chapel, which housed the apse, and a small part of the south wall survive from the original chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-FFC179_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFC179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later chapel had a <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vault</a> and an uncomplicated <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a>; its design would have been considered outmoded by contemporary standards in France, but bears similarities to that built around 1186 at Margat.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy150_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy150-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was divided into three roughly equal bays. A <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> runs round the chapel at the point where the vault ends and the wall begins. Oriented roughly east to west, it was 21.5 metres (71 ft) long and 8.5 metres (28 ft) wide with the main entrance from the west and a second smaller one in the north wall. When the castle was remodelled in the early 13th century, the entrance was moved to the south wall. The chapel was lit by windows above the cornice, one at the west end, one on either side of the east bay, and one on the south side of the central bay, and the apse at the east end had a large window. In 1935, a second chapel was discovered outside the castle's main entrance, however it no longer survives.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_ward">Outer ward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Outer ward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak_des_chevaliers_inscription_latine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Krak_des_chevaliers_inscription_latine.jpg/220px-Krak_des_chevaliers_inscription_latine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Krak_des_chevaliers_inscription_latine.jpg/330px-Krak_des_chevaliers_inscription_latine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Krak_des_chevaliers_inscription_latine.jpg/440px-Krak_des_chevaliers_inscription_latine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption><i>Sit tibi copia, sit sapientia, formaque detur; inquinat omnia sola superbia, si comitetur.</i><br /> Translation:<br />You may have bounty, you may have wisdom, you may be granted beauty; pride alone defiles all [these things] if it accompanies [them].</figcaption></figure> <p>The second phase of building work undertaken by the Hospitallers began in the early 13th century and lasted decades. The outer walls were built in the last major construction on the site, lending the Krak des Chevaliers its current appearance. Standing 9 metres (30 ft) high, the outer circuit had towers that projected strongly from the wall. While the towers of the inner court had a square plan and did not project far beyond the wall, the towers of the 13th-century outer walls were rounded. This design was new and even contemporary Templar castles did not have rounded towers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy152-153_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy152-153-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique was developed at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard" title="Château Gaillard">Château Gaillard</a> in France by <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> between 1196 and 1198.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extension to the southeast is of lesser quality than the rest of the circuit and was built at an unknown date. Probably around the 1250s, a postern was added to the north wall.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arrow_slit" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow slit">Arrow slits</a> in the walls and towers were distributed to minimise the amount of <a href="/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade" title="Enfilade and defilade">dead ground</a> around the castle. <a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolations</a> crowned the walls, offering defenders a way to hurl projectiles towards enemies at the foot of the wall. They were so cramped, archers would have had to crouch inside them. The box machicolations were unusual: those at Krak des Chevaliers were more complex that those at <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Salah Ed-Din">Saône</a> or Margat, and there were no comparable features amongst Crusader castles. However, they bore similarities to Muslim work, such as the contemporary defences at the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a>. It is unclear which side imitated the other, as the date they were added to Krak des Chevaliers is unknown, but it does provide evidence for the diffusion of military ideas between the Muslim and Christian armies. These defences were accessed by a wall-walk known as a <a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">chemin de ronde</a>. In the opinion of historian Hugh Kennedy, the defences of the outer wall were "the most elaborate and developed anywhere in the Latin east ... the whole structure is a brilliantly designed and superbly built fighting machine".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the outer walls were built in the 13th century the main entrance was enhanced. A vaulted corridor led uphill from the outer gate in the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-King87_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King87-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corridor made a hairpin turn halfway along its length, making it an example of a <a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">bent entrance</a>. Bent entrances were a Byzantine innovation, but that at Krak des Chevaliers was a particularly complex example.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy157-8_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy157-8-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It extended for 137 metres (450 ft), and along its length were <a href="/wiki/Murder-hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder-hole">murder-holes</a> which allowed defenders to shower attackers with missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-King87_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King87-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anyone going straight ahead rather than following the hairpin turn would emerge in the area between the castle's two circuits of walls. To access the inner ward, the passage had to be followed round.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy157-8_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy157-8-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frescoes">Frescoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Frescoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_04.jpg/220px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_04.jpg/330px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_04.jpg/440px-Chapel_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Remains of medieval frescoes in the castle's chapel</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite its predominantly military character, the castle is one of the few sites where <a href="/wiki/Crusader_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader art">Crusader art</a> (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>) has been preserved. In 1935, 1955, and 1978, medieval frescoes were discovered within Krak des Chevaliers after later plaster and white-wash had decayed. The frescos were painted on the interior and exterior of the main chapel and the chapel outside the main entrance, which no longer survives. Writing in 1982, historian <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Folda" title="Jaroslav Folda">Jaroslav Folda</a> noted that at the time there had been little investigation of Crusader frescoes that would provide a comparison for the fragmentary remains found at Krak des Chevaliers. Those in the chapel were painted on the masonry from the 1170–1202 rebuild. Mold, smoke, and moisture have made it difficult to preserve the frescoes. The fragmentary nature of the red and blue frescoes inside the chapel makes them difficult to assess. The one on the exterior of the chapel depicted the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg/700px-Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg" decoding="async" width="700" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg/1050px-Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg 1.5x, 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229"><i>Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202123107/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229">archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crac+des+Chevaliers+and+Qal%27at+Salah+El-Din&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229/documents/">"UNESCO and Syrian government documents related to the monument site"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127045035/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229/documents/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, pp. 3–4, 8–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber1995">Barber 1995</a>, pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson11-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson11_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson11_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson2001">Nicholson 2001</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarber1995">Barber 1995</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28CBS%29&rft.atitle=General+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+2004&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssyr.org%2Fnew%2520web%2520site%2FGeneral_census%2Fcensus_2004%2FNH%2FTAB04-17-2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithRobinson1841" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Eli; Robinson, Edward (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt0uAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA181"><i>Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838</i></a>. Vol. 3. Crocker and Brewster. p. 181. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091126/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt0uAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+Mount+Sinai+and+Arabia+Petraea%3A+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+Year+1838&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Crocker+and+Brewster&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVt0uAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/862">"Director-General of UNESCO appeals for protection of Syria's cultural heritage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 30 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018221904/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/862">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Director-General+of+UNESCO+appeals+for+protection+of+Syria%27s+cultural+heritage&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Fisk, Robert</a> (5 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-syrias-ancient-treasures-pulverised-8007768.html">"Robert Fisk: Syria's ancient treasures pulverised"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806002452/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-syrias-ancient-treasures-pulverised-8007768.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Robert+Fisk%3A+Syria%27s+ancient+treasures+pulverised&rft.date=2012-08-05&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fcommentators%2Ffisk%2Frobert-fisk-syrias-ancient-treasures-pulverised-8007768.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Air_strike_2013-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Air_strike_2013_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002030458/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=60073">"Latest victim of Syria air strikes: Famed Krak des Chevaliers castle"</a>. <i>Middle East Online</i>. 13 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=60073">the original</a> on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Online&rft.atitle=Latest+victim+of+Syria+air+strikes%3A+Famed+Krak+des+Chevaliers+castle&rft.date=2013-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middle-east-online.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D60073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229/documents/">"Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402060813/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229/documents/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Crac+des+Chevaliers+and+Qal%27at+Salah+El-Din&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1229%2Fdocuments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVries1992">DeVries 1992</a>, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoas1999">Boas 1999</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King88-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King88_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1949">King 1949</a>, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, pp. 158–161, 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, pp. 161–162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoldaFrenchCoupel1982">Folda, French & Coupel 1982</a>, pp. 178–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2004">Brown 2004</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, pp. 153–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King87-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King87_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King87_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1949">King 1949</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy157-8-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy157-8_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy157-8_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1994">Kennedy 1994</a>, pp. 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoldaFrenchCoupel1982">Folda, French & Coupel 1982</a>, pp. 178–183</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1936" class="citation cs2">Albright, W. F. (1936), "Archaeological Exploration and Excavation in Palestine and Syria, 1935", <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>, <b>40</b> (1), Archaeological Institute of America: 154–167, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F498307">10.2307/498307</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/498307">498307</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191392990">191392990</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Exploration+and+Excavation+in+Palestine+and+Syria%2C+1935&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=154-167&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191392990%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F498307%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F498307&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslanov2012" class="citation book cs1">Aslanov, Cyril (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ypFmkJ95AsAC&dq=Crusaders+spoke+%22old+french%22&pg=PA206">"Crusaders' Old French"</a>. In Arteaga, Deborah L (ed.). <i>Research on Old French: The State of the Art</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4768-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4768-5"><bdi>978-94-007-4768-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091127/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypFmkJ95AsAC&dq=Crusaders+spoke+%22old+french%22&pg=PA206">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crusaders%27+Old+French&rft.btitle=Research+on+Old+French%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-007-4768-5&rft.aulast=Aslanov&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DypFmkJ95AsAC%26dq%3DCrusaders%2Bspoke%2B%2522old%2Bfrench%2522%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1995" class="citation cs2">Barber, Malcolm (1995), <i>The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55872-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55872-3"><bdi>978-0-521-55872-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Knighthood%3A+A+History+of+the+Order+of+the+Temple&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55872-3&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1999" class="citation cs2">Boas, Adrian J. (1999), <i>Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17361-2"><bdi>978-0-415-17361-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusader+Archaeology%3A+The+Material+Culture+of+the+Latin+East&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17361-2&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Adrian+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation cs2">Brown, R. Allen (2004) [1954], <i>Allen Brown's English Castles</i>, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781846152429">10.1017/9781846152429</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-069-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-069-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen+Brown%27s+English+Castles&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781846152429&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-069-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=R.+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_DeVries" title="Kelly DeVries">DeVries, Kelly</a> (1992), <i>Medieval Military Technology</i>, Hadleigh: Broadview Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921149-74-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-921149-74-3"><bdi>978-0-921149-74-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Military+Technology&rft.place=Hadleigh&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-921149-74-3&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenblum2007" class="citation cs2">Ellenblum, Roni (2007), <i>Crusader Castles and Modern Histories</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86083-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86083-3"><bdi>978-0-521-86083-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusader+Castles+and+Modern+Histories&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86083-3&rft.aulast=Ellenblum&rft.aufirst=Roni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2018" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Avner (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-6DsDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22des+chevaliers%22+krak+syriac+-syrian&pg=PT156"><i>Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-91392-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-91392-1"><bdi>978-0-429-91392-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091127/https://books.google.com/books?id=-6DsDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22des+chevaliers%22+krak+syriac+-syrian&pg=PT156">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franks+and+Saracens%3A+Reality+and+Fantasy+in+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-91392-1&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-6DsDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522des%2Bchevaliers%2522%2Bkrak%2Bsyriac%2B-syrian%26pg%3DPT156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoldaFrenchCoupel1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Folda" title="Jaroslav Folda">Folda, Jaroslav</a>; French, Pamela; Coupel, Pierre (1982), "Crusader Frescoes at Crac des Chevaliers and Marqab Castle", <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>, <b>36</b>, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 177–210, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291467">10.2307/1291467</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291467">1291467</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Crusader+Frescoes+at+Crac+des+Chevaliers+and+Marqab+Castle&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=177-210&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Folda&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft.au=French%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Coupel%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance1997" class="citation cs2">France, John (1997), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victoryineast00john"><i>Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade</i></a></span>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58987-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58987-1"><bdi>978-0-521-58987-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+East%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+First+Crusade&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58987-1&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictoryineast00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh</a> (1994), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521420686"><i>Crusader Castles</i></a></span>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42068-6"><bdi>978-0-521-42068-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusader+Castles&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42068-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521420686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1949" class="citation cs2">King, D. J. Cathcart (1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223032437/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/023/Ant0230083.htm">"The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>, <b>23</b> (90): 83–92, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X0002007X">10.1017/S0003598X0002007X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164061795">164061795</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/023/Ant0230083.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Taking+of+Le+Krak+des+Chevaliers+in+1271&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=90&rft.pages=83-92&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X0002007X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164061795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=D.+J.+Cathcart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F023%2FAnt0230083.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepage2002" class="citation cs2">Lepage, Jean-Denis (2002), <i>Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History</i>, McFarland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1092-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1092-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-1092-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+and+Fortified+Cities+of+Medieval+Europe%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1092-7&rft.aulast=Lepage&rft.aufirst=Jean-Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2001" class="citation cs2">Nicholson, Helen J. (2001), <i>The Knights Hospitaller</i>, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-845-7"><bdi>978-0-85115-845-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Hospitaller&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-845-7&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Helen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume-Rey1871" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Guillaume-Rey" title="Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey">Guillaume-Rey, Emmanuel</a> (1871), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tudesurlesmonum01reygoog"><i>Etudes sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des Croisés en Syrie et dans l'ile de Chypre</i></a> (in French), Paris: Impr. nationale</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etudes+sur+les+monuments+de+l%27architecture+militaire+des+Crois%C3%A9s+en+Syrie+et+dans+l%27ile+de+Chypre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Impr.+nationale&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Guillaume-Rey&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftudesurlesmonum01reygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1977" class="citation cs2">Salibi, Kamal S. (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XzWCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Syria Under Islam: Empire on Trial, 634–1097, Volume 1</i></a>, Delmar: Caravan Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88206-013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88206-013-2"><bdi>978-0-88206-013-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806025815/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzWCAAAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+Under+Islam%3A+Empire+on+Trial%2C+634%E2%80%931097%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Delmar&rft.pub=Caravan+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-88206-013-2&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXzWCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettonHazard1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a>; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vP6jA-9S2MYC&dq=krak+des+chevaliers&pg=PA152"><i>A History of the Crusades, Volume V: The Art And Architecture of the Crusader</i></a>, Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-06820-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-06820-2"><bdi>978-0-299-06820-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091227/https://books.google.com/books?id=vP6jA-9S2MYC&dq=krak+des+chevaliers&pg=PA152">archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+Art+And+Architecture+of+the+Crusader&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-299-06820-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvP6jA-9S2MYC%26dq%3Dkrak%2Bdes%2Bchevaliers%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiteri2001" class="citation cs2">Spiteri, Stephen (2001), <i>Fortresses of the Knights</i>, Malta: Book Distributors, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99909-72-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-99909-72-06-1"><bdi>978-99909-72-06-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortresses+of+the+Knights&rft.place=Malta&rft.pub=Book+Distributors&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-99909-72-06-1&rft.aulast=Spiteri&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschen-Emmons2016" class="citation cs2">Tschen-Emmons, James B. (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsNHDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Crac+de+l%27Ospital%22+krak&pg=PA149"><i>Buildings and Landmarks of Medieval Europe</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4182-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-4182-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091131/https://books.google.com/books?id=AsNHDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Crac+de+l%27Ospital%22+krak&pg=PA149">archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buildings+and+Landmarks+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4182-8&rft.aulast=Tschen-Emmons&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsNHDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Crac%2Bde%2Bl%2527Ospital%2522%2Bkrak%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation cs2">White, Richard (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22des+chevaliers%22+krak+name+%22fortress+of+the+knights%22&pg=PA439">"Krak des Chevaliers"</a>, in Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul; Ring, Trudy (eds.), <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa</i>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 439–443, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25986-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25986-1"><bdi>978-1-134-25986-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923094202/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XMBAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22des+chevaliers%22+krak+name+%22fortress+of+the+knights%22&pg=PA439">archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krak+des+Chevaliers&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Middle+East+and+Africa&rft.pages=439-443&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25986-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XMBAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522des%2Bchevaliers%2522%2Bkrak%2Bname%2B%2522fortress%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bknights%2522%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2019" class="citation cs2">Winter, Stefan (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40438393">"Le district de Ḥiṣn al-Akrād (Syrie) sous les Ottomans"</a>, <i>Journal Asiatique</i>, <b>307</b>: 227–234, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408032957/https://www.academia.edu/40438393">archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Le+district+de+%E1%B8%A4i%E1%B9%A3n+al-Akr%C4%81d+%28Syrie%29+sous+les+Ottomans&rft.volume=307&rft.pages=227-234&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40438393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeschamps1934" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deschamps, Paul (1934), <i>Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte I: le Crac des Chevaliers</i> (in French), Paris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Ch%C3%A2teaux+des+Crois%C3%A9s+en+Terre+Sainte+I%3A+le+Crac+des+Chevaliers&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Deschamps&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiller2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biller, Thomas (2006), <i>Der Crac des Chevaliers. Die Baugeschichte einer Ordensburg der Kreuzfahrerzeit</i> (in German), Regensburg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Crac+des+Chevaliers.+Die+Baugeschichte+einer+Ordensburg+der+Kreuzfahrerzeit&rft.place=Regensburg&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Biller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRépublique_arabe_syrienne2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">République arabe syrienne (January 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1229.pdf"><i>Chateaux de Syrie: Dossier de Presentation en vue de l'inscription sur la Liste du Patrimoine Mondial de l'UNESCO</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French), UNESCO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206082806/http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1229.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chateaux+de+Syrie%3A+Dossier+de+Presentation+en+vue+de+l%27inscription+sur+la+Liste+du+Patrimoine+Mondial+de+l%27UNESCO&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2005-01&rft.au=R%C3%A9publique+arabe+syrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fuploads%2Fnominations%2F1229.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmail1973" class="citation cs2">Smail, R. C. (1973), <i>The Crusaders in Syria and the Holy Land</i>, London: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02080-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02080-7"><bdi>978-0-500-02080-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusaders+in+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-500-02080-7&rft.aulast=Smail&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak+des+Chevaliers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mesqui" title="Jean Mesqui">Jean Mesqui</a> and Maxime Goepp, <i>Le Crac des Chevaliers (Histoire et architecture)</i> [in French], Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (AIBL) (coll. "Mémoires de l'AIBL"), 462 p. 890 ill., 2019 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aibl.fr/publications-99/collections-479/memoires-de-l-academie-des-498/article/nouvelle-traduction-54-tome-54-le">presentation on the Academy website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629052123/http://www.aibl.fr/publications-99/collections-479/memoires-de-l-academie-des-498/article/nouvelle-traduction-54-tome-54-le">Archived</a> 2021-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Krak_des_Chevaliers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li>Ancient City of <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_city_of_Damascus" title="Old city of Damascus">Ancient City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Ancient Villages of Northern Syria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crac des Chevaliers</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Salah Ed-Din">Qal’at Salah El-Din</a></li> <li><small>Site of </small><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_topics_20px&#124;Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Template:Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Template talk:Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_topics_20px&#124;Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> topics <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">order of chivalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign subject</a> of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, founded in 1099 in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Governance" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_the_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Council of the Order of Malta">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_General_of_the_Order_of_Malta" title="Chapter General of the Order of Malta">Chapter General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">Grand Priories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commanderies_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Commanderies of the Order of Saint John">Commanderies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_(Knights_Hospitaller)" title="Langue (Knights Hospitaller)">Langues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Diplomatic missions of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Diplomatic missions to</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_permanent_observers_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of permanent observers of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix-de-Malte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/15px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/23px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/30px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Malteser_International" title="Malteser International">Malteser International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Malta_Ambulance_Corps" title="Order of Malta Ambulance Corps">Order of Malta Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Hospitalier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/15px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/23px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/30px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Military_Corps" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Military Corps</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_SMOM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/15px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/23px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/30px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Air_force" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Air Force</a> <i>(Historically: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/15px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/23px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/30px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Navy of the Order of Saint John">Navy</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="List of ships of the line of the Order of Saint John">Ships of the line</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cross" title="Maltese cross">Maltese cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Flag and coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Flag and coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Crux_Alba" title="Ave Crux Alba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_passport" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_scudo" title="Maltese scudo">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Postal system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">History</a>,<br />including<br />major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Hospitaller_sites" title="List of Knights Hospitaller sites">sites</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Commanderies_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Commanderies of the Order of Saint John">commanderies</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_and_fortifications_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Castles and fortifications of the Knights Hospitaller">premises</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Battles involving the Knights Hospitaller">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">capital</a></i>) (1869)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Priorato_di_Malta" title="Villa del Priorato di Malta">Villa del Priorato di Malta</a> (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Malta</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Malta" title="Fortifications of Malta">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Birgu" title="Fortifications of Birgu">Birgu</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Angelo" title="Fort St. Angelo">Fort St Angelo</a> (2001))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Senglea" title="Fortifications of Senglea">Senglea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael" title="Fort Saint Michael">Fort St Michael</a>)<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Mdina" title="Fortifications of Mdina">Mdina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Valletta" title="Fortifications of Valletta">Valletta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo" title="Fort Saint Elmo">Fort St Elmo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittadella_(Gozo)" title="Cittadella (Gozo)">Cittadella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriana_Lines" title="Floriana Lines">Floriana Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Margherita_Lines" title="Santa Margherita Lines">Santa Margherita Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_Lines" title="Cottonera Lines">Cottonera Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ricasoli" title="Fort Ricasoli">Fort Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Manoel" title="Fort Manoel">Fort Manoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Chambray" title="Fort Chambray">Fort Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Tign%C3%A9" title="Fort Tigné">Fort Tigné</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications_in_Malta" title="List of fortifications in Malta">others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster%27s_Palace_(Valletta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)">Grand Master's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhena_Palace" title="Vilhena Palace">Vilhena Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdala_Palace" title="Verdala Palace">Verdala Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Anton_Palace" title="San Anton Palace">San Anton Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Co-Cathedral" title="Saint John's Co-Cathedral">St John (Conventual Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Liesse" title="Church of Our Lady of Liesse">Our Lady of Liesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Pilar,_Valletta" title="Church of Our Lady of Pilar, Valletta">Our Lady of Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_(Valletta)" title="Church of Our Lady of Victory (Valletta)">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Barbara,_Valletta" title="Church of Saint Barbara, Valletta">St Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine_of_Italy,_Valletta" title="Church of Saint Catherine of Italy, Valletta">St Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_Saint_Lawrence,_Vittoriosa" title="Collegiate Church of Saint Lawrence, Vittoriosa">St Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auberges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Allemagne,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Allemagne, Birgu">Allemagne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Angleterre" title="Auberge d'Angleterre">Angleterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Aragon,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Aragon, Birgu">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Auvergne_et_Provence" title="Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence">Auvergne et Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Castille_et_Portugal" title="Auberge de Castille et Portugal">Castille et Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_France,_Birgu" title="Auberge de France, Birgu">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Italie,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Italie, Birgu">Italie</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Allemagne" title="Auberge d'Allemagne">Allemagne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Aragon" title="Auberge d'Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Auvergne" title="Auberge d'Auvergne">Auvergne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Bavi%C3%A8re" title="Auberge de Bavière">Bavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Castille" title="Auberge de Castille">Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_France" title="Auberge de France">France</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Italie" title="Auberge d'Italie">Italie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Provence" title="Auberge de Provence">Provence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller Rhodes">Rhodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Rhodes" title="Fortifications of Rhodes">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes" title="Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes">Palace of the Grand Master</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Saint John d'Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvoir Fortress">Belvoir Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastel_Rouge" title="Chastel Rouge">Chastel Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist,_Ein_Karem,_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem, Jerusalem">Church of Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Germans" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Germans">Church of Saint Mary of the Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krak des Chevaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli" title="Hospitaller Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Heitersheim" title="Principality of Heitersheim">Principality of Heitersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Colonization of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military<br />history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade" title="Lord Edward's crusade">9th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Battles involving the Knights Hospitaller">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Siege of Jerusalem (1187)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Siege of Acre (1291)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_conquest_of_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes">Conquest of Rhodes (1306–1310)</a></li> <li>Sieges of Rhodes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1444)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1444)">1444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1480)">1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">1522</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Damietta_(1732)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Damietta (1732) (page does not exist)">Battle of Damietta (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">Loss of Malta (1798)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Extant <i><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a></i> (with year of proclamation)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span> Demolished or sparse remains</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Castles_in_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#C19A6B;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Castles_in_Syria" title="Template:Castles in Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Castles_in_Syria" title="Template talk:Castles in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Castles_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Castles in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Castles_in_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Syria" title="List of castles in Syria">Castles in Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qubays,_Syria" title="Abu Qubays, Syria">Abu Qubays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleika_Castle" title="Aleika Castle">Aleika Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_al-Al" title="Castle of al-Al">Castle of al-Al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sheikh_Deeb_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sheikh Deeb Castle">Al-Sheikh Deeb Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Areimeh_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Areimeh Castle (page does not exist)">Areimeh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Qahtan_Castle" title="Bani Qahtan Castle">Bani Qahtan Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourzey_castle" title="Bourzey castle">Bourzey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burj_al-Sabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burj al-Sabi (page does not exist)">Burj al-Sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastel_Blanc" title="Chastel Blanc">Chastel Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastel_Rouge" title="Chastel Rouge">Chastel Rouge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krak des Chevaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Homs" title="Citadel of Homs">Citadel of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_Castle" title="Hama Castle">Hama Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf_Castle" title="Al-Kahf Castle">Al-Kahf Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khariba_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khariba Castle (page does not exist)">Khariba Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawabi" title="Khawabi">Khawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniqa" title="Maniqa">Maniqa Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_Castle" title="Masyaf Castle">Masyaf Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montferrand_(crusader_castle)" title="Montferrand (crusader castle)">Montferrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Castle" title="Nimrod Castle">Nimrod Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Castle" title="Palmyra Castle">Palmyra Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Ja%27bar" title="Qal'at Ja'bar">Qal'at Ja'bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Najm" title="Qal'at Najm">Qal'at Najm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Gharbi" title="Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi">Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Hayr_al-Sharqi" title="Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi">Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_Ibn_Wardan" title="Qasr Ibn Wardan">Qasr Ibn Wardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulay%27a" title="Qulay'a">Qulay'a Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rahba" title="Al-Rahba">Al-Rahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahyun_Castle" title="Sahyun Castle">Sahyun Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaizar" title="Shaizar">Shaizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmemis" title="Shmemis">Shmemis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qalaat_al-Shaghur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qalaat al-Shaghur (page does not exist)">Qalaat al-Shaghur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qal%27at_Sukkara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qal'at Sukkara (page does not exist)">Qal'at Sukkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tartus" title="Citadel of Tartus">Citadel of Tartus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG/125px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG/188px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG/250px-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3296" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#C19A6B;"><div><b>Also See:</b> <a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles in Syria">Castles in Syria</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177549#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177549#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177549#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131564033">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1867290/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4422128-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006048674">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13336061c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13336061c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Krak des Chevaliers (Sýrie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20191046739&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007287130605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20001000">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/587486981">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035781912">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&oldid=1259346510">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krak_des_Chevaliers&oldid=1259346510</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="Category:World Heritage 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