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<div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class="">资助维基百科</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class="">登录</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 名称 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 历史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关历史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-君士坦丁堡的崛起和陷落" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#君士坦丁堡的崛起和陷落"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 君士坦丁堡的崛起和陷落 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-君士坦丁堡的崛起和陷落-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鄂圖曼和土耳其时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鄂圖曼和土耳其时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 鄂圖曼和土耳其时期 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鄂圖曼和土耳其时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 地理 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-地理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关地理子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-氣候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氣候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 氣候 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氣候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-市貌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#市貌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 市貌 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-市貌-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关市貌子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-市貌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-建筑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建筑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 建筑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建筑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人口" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 人口 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-人口-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关人口子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-人口-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 宗教 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 交通 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-交通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 政治 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 經濟 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-經濟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 文化 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关文化子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文化古迹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化古迹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 文化古迹 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化古迹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-艺术活动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#艺术活动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 艺术活动 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-艺术活动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-土耳其浴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#土耳其浴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 土耳其浴 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-土耳其浴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公共設施" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公共設施"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 公共設施 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公共設施-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-友好城市" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#友好城市"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 友好城市 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-友好城市-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 注释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 参考文献 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关参考文献子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 引用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 来源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">伊斯坦堡</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。227种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-227" aria-hidden="true" > 227种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Сҭампыл – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Сҭампыл" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89seutamu" title="Éseutamu – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Éseutamu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Истамбыл – 阿迪格语" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Истамбыл" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪格语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A1%E1%88%8D" title="ኢስታንቡል – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢስታንቡል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="إسطنبول – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسطنبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%92%DC%98%DC%A0_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="إسطنبول – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسطنبول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استانبول – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استانبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="ইষ্টানবুল – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইষ্টানবুল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="ایستانبول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستانبول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambols" title="Stambols – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stambols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तांबुल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इस्तांबुल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 班巴拉语" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="ইস্তাম্বুল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্তাম্বুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Истмала – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Истмала" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%B5" title="ئەستەمبوڵ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستەمبوڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztamb%C3%B9l" title="Sztambùl – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sztambùl" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%84%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Цѣсар҄ь Градъ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Цѣсар҄ь Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estamol" title="Estamol – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estamol" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Κωνσταντινούπολη – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνσταντινούπολη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulo" title="Istanbulo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Istanbulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استانبول – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استانبول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboul" title="Istanboul – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Istanboul" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanb%C3%BBl" title="Istanbûl – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Istanbûl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iostanb%C3%BAl" title="Iostanbúl – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iostanbúl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="伊斯坦布爾 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊斯坦布爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8A%D9%84" title="ايستامبۊل – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايستامبۊل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="איסטנבול – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסטנבול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तांबुल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्तांबुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboul" title="Istanboul – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Istanboul" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isztambul" title="Isztambul – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isztambul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Ստամբուլ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստամբուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Իսթանպուլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իսթանպուլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Истмале – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Истмале" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanb%C3%BAl" title="Istanbúl – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Istanbúl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="イスタンブール – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスタンブール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტამბოლი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტამბოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Истамбыл – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Истамбыл" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitambuli" title="Isitambuli – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Isitambuli" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itambut" title="Itambut – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Itambut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%BB" title="Ыстанбұл – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ыстанбұл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಸ್ತಾಂಬುಲ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಸ್ತಾಂಬುಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EB%B6%88" title="이스탄불 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스탄불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stembol" title="Stembol – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stembol" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambol" title="Estambol – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estambol" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99" title="ອິສະຕັນບູນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອິສະຕັນບູນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambulas" title="Stambulas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stambulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambula" title="Stambula – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stambula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81nipuru" title="Itānipuru – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Itānipuru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇസ്താംബുൾ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്താംബുൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तंबूल – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्तंबूल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အစ်စတန်ဘူလ်မြို့ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ်စတန်ဘူလ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Стамбул ош – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Стамбул ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استامبول – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استامبول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तान्बुल – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इस्तान्बुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coustantinobles" title="Coustantinobles – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Coustantinobles" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82ch%CA%BC%C4%AF%CA%BC_N%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%A1" title="Ałchʼįʼ Nááʼáhá – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałchʼįʼ Nááʼáhá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambol" title="Istambol – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istambol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2" title="ਇਸਤਾਨਬੁਲ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਤਾਨਬੁਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istamboul" title="Istamboul – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Istamboul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbuel" title="Istanbuel – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Istanbuel" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambu%C5%82" title="Stambuł – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stambuł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanpul" title="Istanpul – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Istanpul" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Істанбул – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Істанбул" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඉස්තාන්බුල් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්තාන්බුල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carigrad" title="Carigrad – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carigrad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbuul" title="Istanbuul – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Istanbuul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambolli" title="Stambolli – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stambolli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambu%C5%82" title="Stambuł – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Stambuł" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுதான்புல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுதான்புல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇస్తాంబుల్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇస్తాంబుల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="อิสตันบูล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิสตันบูล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Stambul" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%87%D9%84" title="ئىستانبۇل – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىستانبۇل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stambul" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="伊斯坦布尔 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊斯坦布尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტამბოლი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტამბოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="סטאמבול – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטאמבול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="伊斯坦布爾 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊斯坦布爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li 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.hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>此條目介紹的是土耳其城市。关于巴基斯坦首都，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯兰堡">伊斯兰堡</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap">伊斯坦堡 İstanbul</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83%E5%B8%82" title="土耳其都會市">都会市</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=";font-weight:bold;">伊斯坦堡都會市 İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dolmabahçe Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace.JPG/184px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace.JPG" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace.JPG/276px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace.JPG/368px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="669" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img47_Galata_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Galata Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img47_Galata_Tower.jpg/146px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img47_Galata_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img47_Galata_Tower.jpg/219px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img47_Galata_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img47_Galata_Tower.jpg/292px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img47_Galata_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7834" data-file-height="5223" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Levent at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/138px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/207px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/276px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2106" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div>自上而下順時針：連接歐亞的<a href="/wiki/7%E6%9C%8815%E6%97%A5%E7%83%88%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B" title="7月15日烈士大橋">7月15日烈士大橋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E5%A1%94_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="少女塔 (伊斯坦布尔)">少女塔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E7%91%AA%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%87%E5%AE%AE" title="多爾瑪巴赫切宮">多爾瑪巴赫切宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9" title="莱文特">萊文特</a>商務區、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E7%9F%B3%E5%A1%94" title="加拉达石塔">加拉達石塔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%94%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="奥塔科伊清真寺">奥塔科伊清真寺</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿亞索菲亞">阿亞索菲亞</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r66786032">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="伊斯坦堡在土耳其的位置"><img alt="伊斯坦堡在土耳其的位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/300px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/450px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/600px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="721" /></a><div class="od notheme mw-no-invert" style="top:21.286%;left:18.165%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="伊斯坦堡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div>伊斯坦堡</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">在土耳其的位置</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">坐标：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82757201"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&params=41.01_N_28.9603_E_">41°00′36″N 28°57′37″E / 41.01°N 28.9603°E / 41.01; 28.9603</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其大区">大区</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾馬拉大區">馬爾馬拉大區</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="土耳其行政区划">省</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E7%9C%81" title="伊斯坦堡省">伊斯坦堡省</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">前660年<a href="#cite_note-byz-date-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">330年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> - 伊斯坦堡</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1930年（正式更名）<a href="#cite_note-name-1930-3">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1_%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯坦堡分区列表（页面不存在）">39个区</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Istanbul" class="extiw" title="en:List of districts of Istanbul">List of districts of Istanbul</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">政府</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 市长</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E9%A9%AC%E5%A7%86%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="埃克雷姆·伊马姆奥卢">埃克雷姆·伊馬姆奧盧</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8_(%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6)" title="共和人民黨 (土耳其)">共和人民黨</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">面积</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 陸地</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">5,196 平方公里（2,006 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 水域</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">147 平方公里（57 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 都會區<a href="#cite_note-city-area-4">[c]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">5,343 平方公里（2,063 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">人口（2021年12月31日）<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-5">[2]</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83%E5%B8%82" title="土耳其都會市">都会市</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">15,149,358人</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 排名</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="土耳其城市列表">土耳其第1大</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="全球城市人口排名">世界第6大</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="人口密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2,767人/平方公里（7,170人/平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%8C%BA" title="时区">时区</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="欧洲东部时间">欧洲东部时间</a>（<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%88%B6" title="夏时制">夏时制</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%9C%E9%83%A8%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="欧洲东部时间">欧洲东部夏令时间</a>（<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AE%E6%94%BF%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81" title="邮政编码">邮政编码</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr" style="">34000至34850</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%B7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="国际电话区号列表">電話區號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0212（欧洲部分） 0216（亚洲部分）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%9B%E8%99%9F%E7%89%8C" title="車輛號牌">車輛號牌</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">34</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">網站</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx">伊斯坦堡都會市</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 伊斯坦堡（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其語">土耳其語</a>：İstanbul <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:土耳其語國際音標">[isˈtanbuɫ]</a> （<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg\/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Istanbul pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Istanbul pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>））是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>最大城市，亦是该国的经济、文化和历史中心。它坐落于土耳其西北部的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯坦布尔海峡">博斯普鲁斯海峡</a>之滨，位于<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="马尔马拉海">马尔马拉海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海">黑海</a>之间，横跨<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="欧亚大陆">欧亚大陆</a>，经济和历史中心位于欧洲一侧，有三分之一人口居住于亚洲一侧<a href="#cite_note-wctr281-6">[3]</a>。其人口达到1440万，为全欧洲最大的城市群，亦是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C" title="中东">中东</a>最大和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="全球城市人口排名">全球第六大</a>城市<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-mocljo145-7">[4]</a>。全市辖区面积5,343平方公里（2,063平方英里），其覆盖范围和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E7%9C%81" title="伊斯坦堡省">伊斯坦堡省</a>相同，亦是该省的行政中心<a href="#cite_note-city-area-4">[c]</a>和世界上唯一横跨兩大洲的城市<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a>。 西元前660年左右，该市以“<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>”之名建立于<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E8%A7%92" title="萨拉基里奥角">萨拉基里奥角</a>，并在此后逐渐发展为历史上最为重要的城市之一。西元330年该市重建为<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：Κωνσταντινούπολις，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="希臘語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：Konstantinoúpolis；<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：Constantinopolis）或新罗马（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：Νέα Ῥώμη，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="希臘語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：Nea Romē；<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：Nova Roma），并在此后的近十六个世纪内先后成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a>（330年–1204年及1261年–1453年）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="拉丁帝国">拉丁帝国</a>（1204年–1261年）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">鄂圖曼帝国</a>（1453年–1922年）的帝国首都<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a>。在罗马和拜占庭帝国时代，它对<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>的发展產生重要的作用，而在1453年鄂圖曼帝国<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">征服该城</a>之后，它成为了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>的中心和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="奥斯曼帝国哈里发">鄂圖曼帝国哈里发</a>的驻地<a href="#cite_note-maag1145-10">[7]</a>。 伊斯坦堡是古<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路">丝绸之路</a>的途经地<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a>，也是欧洲和中东的铁路网络之间、黑海和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>间海路的必经之地，使得伊斯坦堡的战略地位十分重要，由此也哺育了兼收并蓄的人口和文化，虽然在1923年共和国成立之后这一状况略不如前。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期">战间期</a>伊斯坦堡未能成为新首都，受到忽视，但此后其影响力逐步恢复。自1950年代以来，该市的人口已翻了十倍，来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="安那托利亚">安那托利亚</a>各地的人口涌入，城市的界限也为此逐渐扩张<a href="#cite_note-tu224-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-ecoc-popdem-13">[10]</a>。20世纪末艺术节开始得到兴办，而随着基础设施的改善，复杂的交通网络也由此建立起来。 2012年，在当选<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%83%BD" title="欧洲文化之都">欧洲文化之都</a>两年之后，近1160万外国游客造访伊斯坦堡，使其成为世界第五受欢迎的旅游目的地<a href="#cite_note-Mastercard-14">[11]</a>。该市最重要的景点仍是其历史城区，部分被列为联合国教科文组织<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">世界遗产</a>，而位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="贝伊奥卢">贝伊奥卢</a>区的天然港<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%A7%92%E6%B9%BE_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="金角湾 (伊斯坦布尔)">金角湾</a>则是其文化和娱乐的中心。伊斯坦堡还被认为是一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="全球城市">全球城市</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a>，亦是全球发展速度最快的都市经济区之一<a href="#cite_note-Berube-16">[13]</a>。诸多土耳其公司及媒体将总部设于此，全市<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">国内生产总值</a>超过全国的四分之一<a href="#cite_note-oecd-17">[14]</a>。伊斯坦堡希望借助其复苏和快速扩张的契机，在二十年内五次申请举办<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="夏季奥林匹克运动会">夏季奥林匹克运动会</a><a href="#cite_note-olympic.org-18">[15]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称">名称</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯坦布尔的名称（页面不存在）">伊斯坦布尔的名称</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Istanbul" class="extiw" title="en:Names of Istanbul">Names of Istanbul</a>）</div> 伊斯坦布尔的最初名称为“拜占庭”（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：Βυζάντιον），为约西元前660年<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E4%BC%BD%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="墨伽拉">墨伽拉</a>殖民者建城时所取<a href="#cite_note-byz-date-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-roo177-2">[1]</a>。此名称被认为是来源于人名“<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E6%96%AF" title="拜占斯">拜占斯</a>”，根据古希腊传统，此为殖民者的领袖和传说中的一位王侯的名字。但现代学者亦认为“拜占斯”可能来源于色雷斯或伊利里亚，由此则要早于墨伽拉建城<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a>。330年<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁大帝</a>将其定为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a>的新东部首都，此地也开始被称作“<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>”（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：Constantinopolis；<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：Κωνσταντινούπολις），意为君士坦丁之城<a href="#cite_note-roo177-2">[1]</a>。君士坦丁亦试图推广“新罗马”（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：Nova Roma；<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：Νέα Ῥώμη）之名，但这一名称未获得广泛使用<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a>。在西方，“君士坦丁堡”为此城最通常的称呼，直至土耳其共和国的建立；在奥斯曼帝国时期，“科斯坦丁尼耶”（<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="鄂圖曼土耳其語">鄂圖曼土耳其語</a>：قسطنطينيه‎）和“伊斯坦布尔”为通用名称<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a>。即便如此，如今土耳其人认为将此时期（自15世纪中期始）的该城称为“君士坦丁堡”在政治上是不正确的，虽然在历史上这并无错误<a href="#cite_note-maag286-27">[24]</a>。 至19世纪，该城亦在外国人和土耳其人中有了一些其他的称呼。欧洲人将全城称作“君士坦丁堡”，但与土耳其人一同将<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%A7%92%E6%B9%BE_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="金角湾 (伊斯坦布尔)">金角湾</a>和马尔马拉海间筑有城墙的半岛称作“士坦堡”<a href="#cite_note-maag286-27">[24]</a>。“佩拉”（希腊语意“横跨”）亦被用于描述金角湾和博斯普鲁斯海峡间的地带，而土耳其人则称之为“<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="贝伊奥卢">贝伊奥卢</a>”（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其語">土耳其語</a>：Beyoğlu；此亦为今伊斯坦布尔一个区的正式名称）<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a>。“伊斯兰堡”（意为伊斯兰之城）有时亦被用于称呼此城，甚至还被印刻于一些奥斯曼钱币之上<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a>；有人认为这是今“伊斯坦布尔”的来源，但事实上“伊斯坦布尔”出现得要更早，甚至在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">奥斯曼帝国征服该城</a>前即受到使用<a href="#cite_note-roo177-2">[1]</a>。 “伊斯坦布尔”（土耳其語發音：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:土耳其語國際音標">[isˈtanbuɫ]</a> （<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fa\/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg\/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Istanbul pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg/Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Istanbul pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>），口语發音：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:土耳其語國際音標">[ɯsˈtambuɫ]</a>）时常被认为来源于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="中古希腊语">中古希腊语</a>短语“εἰς τὴν <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">Πόλιν</a>”，意为“进城去”<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a>。这反映了该城为这一区域中的唯一主要城市，就如今日人们时常将临近的城市中心称作“城”或“城里”一般。另一种观点认为该名称直接来源于“君士坦丁堡”，只将此名称的第一和第三个音节去除<a href="#cite_note-roo177-2">[1]</a>。在现代<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a>中，该名称写作“İstanbul”，其中“İ”带一点（在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其语字母">土耳其语字母</a>中带点与不带点的“I”为不同字母）。此外在英语中重音位于第一音节，而在土耳其语中则位于第二音节<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a>。“伊斯坦布尔”于1930年正式成为该市的唯一名称<a href="#cite_note-Room-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gokturk-33">[30]</a>。来自伊斯坦布尔的人被称为“İstanbullu”（复数为İstanbullular），而在英语中则称“Istanbulite”<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a>。 在东罗马灭亡前，突厥人已将君士坦丁堡称为伊斯坦布尔。但在官方语境中，诸如君士坦丁堡的阿拉伯语名称君士坦丁尼耶（阿拉伯语：قسطنطينية‎）更受青睐。奥斯曼宫廷将君士坦丁尼耶这一名称用来表示公文来源。19世纪土耳其语书籍出版时也以君士坦丁尼耶作为出版地地名。同时，“伊斯坦布尔”也是官方名称之一。比如该城最高行政长官的官衔为“伊斯坦布尔埃凡迪”<a href="#cite_note-Dic-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="伊斯坦布尔历史">伊斯坦布尔历史</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯坦布尔历史年表">伊斯坦布尔历史年表</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG/240px-Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG/360px-Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG/480px-Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="卫城">卫城</a>的拜占庭柱，位于现今<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="托卡比皇宮">托卡比皇宮</a>中</figcaption></figure> 21世纪初考古学家发掘的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="新石器时代">新石器时代</a>文物表明，伊斯坦布尔所在的半岛早在西元前7000纪即有人定居<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a>。这一定居点对于<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命">新石器革命</a>由近东传播至欧洲產生十分重要的作用；其存在了近一千年，直至被上涨的水面淹没<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a>。在此考古发现之前，传统认为<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="色雷斯人">色雷斯人</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="弗里吉亚人">弗里吉亚人</a>，在西元前6000纪末开始定居于萨拉基里奥角<a href="#cite_note-fre10-23">[20]</a>。亚洲部分，在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E6%9F%AF%E4%BC%8A" title="卡德柯伊">卡德柯伊</a>区出土了近西元前4000纪前的文物<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a>。这一地点亦是西元前1000纪<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基">腓尼基</a>贸易点的所在地，亦是于西元前约680年建立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%A2%A9" title="迦克墩">迦克墩</a>的所在地<a href="#cite_note-byz-date-1">[a]</a>。 西元前660年<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-byz-date-1">[a]</a>，来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E4%BC%BD%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="墨伽拉">墨伽拉</a>的希腊殖民者于博斯普鲁斯海峡的欧洲一侧建立了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>，伊斯坦布尔的历史被认为在此时才正式开始。殖民者在金角湾色雷斯人定居点附近建起了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="卫城">卫城</a>，推动了新城经济的发展<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a>。拜占庭于前5世纪之交经历了短暂的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">波斯</a>统治，但在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波希战争">波希战争</a>后希腊人夺回了这座城市<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a>。它此后成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="提洛同盟">雅典同盟</a>及其继承者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅典第二帝国（页面不存在）">雅典第二帝国</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Athenian_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Second Athenian Empire">Second Athenian Empire</a>）的一部分，在前355年最终获得独立<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a>。拜占庭长期为罗马盟友，而在西元73年正式成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a>的一部分<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a>。 拜占庭在篡位者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%88%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%94" title="佩斯切尼乌斯·奈哲尔">佩斯切尼乌斯·奈哲尔</a>与罗马皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E7%B1%B3%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E9%B2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁">塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁</a>的战争中支持前者，为此付出了惨重的代价；在195年末投降时，两年的围城已几乎将之摧毁<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a>。不过在五年之后，塞维鲁开始重建拜占庭，拜占庭也恢复了甚至超越了其过往的荣光<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="君士坦丁堡的崛起和陷落">君士坦丁堡的崛起和陷落</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：君士坦丁堡的崛起和陷落">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Constantinople_(1422)_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg/200px-Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg/300px-Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg/400px-Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>1422年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BF%81%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E8%92%99%E8%92%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯托弗罗·布翁德尔蒙蒂（页面不存在）">克里斯托弗罗·布翁德尔蒙蒂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Buondelmonti" class="extiw" title="en:Cristoforo Buondelmonti">Cristoforo Buondelmonti</a>）所作地图，亦是现存最早的君士坦丁堡地图。</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁大帝</a>于324年9月成为全罗马帝国的皇帝<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a>。两个月后，他订立方案建立一座新的基督教城市以取代拜占庭。作为帝国的东部首都，该城被称作“新罗马”，然而多数人将之称作君士坦丁堡，而这一名称也一直流传至了20世纪<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a>。六年之后，于330年5月11日，君士坦丁堡宣告成为全帝国首都，而帝国的这一部分日后也成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭帝国</a>或东罗马帝国<a href="#cite_note-ba222-48">[45]</a>。 君士坦丁堡的建立是君士坦丁最为恒久的成就之一，将罗马帝国的权力重心东移，该城也成为了希腊文化和基督教的中心<a href="#cite_note-ba222-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-gr63-49">[46]</a>。许多教堂在城中建立起来，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="查士丁尼一世">查士丁尼一世</a>统治期间建造的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="圣索菲亚大教堂">圣索菲亚大教堂</a>，其在此后一千年为世界最大的教堂<a href="#cite_note-klwa171-50">[47]</a>。君士坦丁的其他举措包括改造和扩建<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%AB%9E%E6%8A%80%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="君士坦丁堡竞技场">君士坦丁堡竞技场</a>：它能够容纳成千上万的观众，成为了公民生活的中心，而在5世纪和6世纪则成为了一系列骚乱的始发点，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%A8" title="尼卡暴动">尼卡暴动</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a>。君士坦丁堡的地理位置亦保证其能够经受历史的考验：在数个世纪内，其城墙和海区保护欧洲免受东面入侵者的侵袭和伊斯兰教的推进<a href="#cite_note-gr63-49">[46]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>的大部分时间内和拜占庭时代的下半叶，君士坦丁堡是欧洲大陆最大和最富裕的城市，并时为世界最大的城市<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第四次十字军东征">第四次十字军东征</a>中君士坦丁堡受到劫掠和破坏，此后开始衰落<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a>。天主教十字军建立起<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="拉丁帝国">拉丁帝国</a>以取代东正教的拜占庭帝国，君士坦丁堡也成为了这一帝国的中心<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a>。然而拉丁帝国存在时间不长，拜占庭帝国很快于1261年重建起来，但其实力大不如前<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a>。君士坦丁堡的教堂、城防和基础设施失修荒废<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a>，其人口由8世纪时的50万下降至此时的3万5千。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="安德洛尼卡二世">安德洛尼卡二世</a>的经济和军事政策，包括裁减军备，使帝国进一步衰落并使其在面对入侵时更为脆弱<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a>。14世纪中期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="土耳其人">奥斯曼土耳其人</a>开始战略性地夺取小城镇和城市，由此阻断了君士坦丁堡的补给，逐渐将之扼杀<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a>。最终于1453年5月29日，在八周的围城之后（其间最后一任罗马皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="君士坦丁十一世">君士坦丁十一世</a>阵亡），<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="穆罕默德二世 (奥斯曼帝国)">穆罕默德二世</a>“征服者”<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">攻陷了君士坦丁堡</a>，并宣告其为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a>的新首都。数小时后，由于该城拒绝和平投降，苏丹驾马前往圣索菲亚大教堂，召来<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8E%9B%E7%9B%AE" title="伊玛目">伊玛目</a>诵读<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="清真言">清真言</a>，将教堂转变为帝国清真寺<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a>。穆罕默德自称为新的“罗姆凯撒”（Kaysar-i Rûm；<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="奥斯曼土耳其语">奥斯曼土耳其语</a>中的“罗马凯撒”），并将奥斯曼国重整为帝国<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鄂圖曼和土耳其时期">鄂圖曼和土耳其时期</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：鄂圖曼和土耳其时期">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Aivazovsky_-_View_of_Constantinople_and_the_Bosphorus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aivazovsky_-_View_of_Constantinople_and_the_Bosphorus.jpg/200px-Aivazovsky_-_View_of_Constantinople_and_the_Bosphorus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aivazovsky_-_View_of_Constantinople_and_the_Bosphorus.jpg/300px-Aivazovsky_-_View_of_Constantinople_and_the_Bosphorus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Aivazovsky_-_View_of_Constantinople_and_the_Bosphorus.jpg/400px-Aivazovsky_-_View_of_Constantinople_and_the_Bosphorus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2509" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Dusk_on_the_Golden_Horn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Dusk_on_the_Golden_Horn.JPG/200px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Dusk_on_the_Golden_Horn.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Dusk_on_the_Golden_Horn.JPG/300px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Dusk_on_the_Golden_Horn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Dusk_on_the_Golden_Horn.JPG/400px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Dusk_on_the_Golden_Horn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1238" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_constantinople_by_evening_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/View_of_constantinople_by_evening_light.jpg/200px-View_of_constantinople_by_evening_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/View_of_constantinople_by_evening_light.jpg/300px-View_of_constantinople_by_evening_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/View_of_constantinople_by_evening_light.jpg/400px-View_of_constantinople_by_evening_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E7%93%A6%E4%BD%90%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伊凡·康斯坦丁诺维奇·艾瓦佐夫斯基">伊凡·康斯坦丁诺维奇·艾瓦佐夫斯基</a>所作三幅奥斯曼时期伊斯坦布尔的画作。</div></div></div></div></div> 在征服君士坦丁堡后，穆罕默德二世立即开始试图复苏该城。他号召在围城期间逃离该城的居民回归，并从安纳托利亚其他地区请来穆斯林、犹太人和基督徒定居。他还邀请全欧洲人民移居至此，创立一座世界性的城市，这一境况在鄂圖曼时期得到基本的維持<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a>。同时穆罕默德还修缮该城的公共设施，开始建造<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%8E_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="大巴扎 (伊斯坦布尔)">大巴扎</a>，并建造了苏丹居所<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="托卡比皇宮">托卡比皇宫</a><a href="#cite_note-holale307-64">[61]</a>。他将首都由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%BF%AA%E7%88%BE%E5%85%A7" title="埃迪爾內">埃迪尔内</a>（前阿德里安堡）迁至此，并宣告奥斯曼帝国为罗马帝国的继承者和延续<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a>。 奥斯曼土耳其人迅速将伊斯坦布尔由基督教堡垒变为了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰文化">伊斯兰文化</a>的象征。<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%90%88%E7%94%AB" title="瓦合甫">宗教基金</a>为帝国清真寺、学校、医院和公共浴场的建造提供资金<a href="#cite_note-holale307-64">[61]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="奧斯曼王朝">奥斯曼王朝</a>于1517年宣布其为<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="哈里发国">哈里发国</a>，伊斯坦布尔亦成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="奥斯曼帝国哈里发">史上最后一个哈里发国</a>最后四个世纪的首都<a href="#cite_note-maag1145-10">[7]</a>。1520年至1566年<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%8E%B1%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="苏莱曼一世 (奥斯曼帝国)">苏莱曼大帝</a>在位，这一时期艺术和建筑成就十分重大；首席建筑师<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="科查·米馬爾·希南">米马尔·希南</a>设计城内的多座象徵性建筑，奥斯曼<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊兹尼克陶器（页面不存在）">陶艺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0znik_pottery" class="extiw" title="en:İznik pottery">İznik pottery</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%AA%97%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="花窗玻璃">花窗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯兰书法">书法</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%B0%E5%AF%86%E7%95%AB" title="鄂圖曼細密畫">细密画</a>得到繁荣<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a>。伊斯坦布尔的总人口到18世纪末达到570,000人<a href="#cite_note-chfo-67">[64]</a>。 19世纪初帝国发生一系列叛乱，革新派的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%88%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="馬哈茂德二世">马哈茂德二世</a>开始执政，此后<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%BF%97%E9%BA%A6%E7%89%B9" title="坦志麦特">坦志麦特</a>时代到来，政治改革开始，新科技也被引进了该城<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a>。桥梁在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%A7%92%E6%B9%BE_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="金角湾 (伊斯坦布尔)">金角湾</a>上建立起来<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a>，而到1880年代，伊斯坦布尔也与欧洲的铁路系统联结起来<a href="#cite_note-ha251-70">[67]</a>。现代化设施诸如供水系统、电力、电话和电车等在此后数十年内逐渐被引入伊斯坦布尔，但要晚于其他欧洲城市<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a>。即使如此，现代化措施仍然无法阻止<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="鄂圖曼帝國的衰落">鄂圖曼帝國的衰落</a>。 20世纪初，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%85%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="青年土耳其党革命">青年土耳其党革命</a>废黜了苏丹<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世">阿卜杜勒-哈米德二世</a>，一系列的战争日益困扰着这一病危帝国的首都<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a>。最后一场战争即<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>最终导致英国、法国和意大利<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E9%A2%86%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="占领君士坦丁堡">占领君士坦丁堡</a>。末任奥斯曼帝国苏丹<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="穆罕默德六世 (奥斯曼帝国)">穆罕默德六世</a>于1922年11月被驱逐，而在次年《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%A1%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="洛桑条约">洛桑条约</a>》签订，伊斯坦布尔占领结束，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E8%92%82%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔蒂尔克">穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔蒂尔克</a>宣告建立的土耳其共和国得到承认<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a>。 在共和国的初期，伊斯坦布尔未能成为土耳其的首都；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="安卡拉">安卡拉</a>成为新的世俗共和国首都，與鄂圖曼帝国历史划清界限<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a>。然而自1940年代末1950年代初起，伊斯坦布尔经历结构性的改变，新的广场和大道在全城建立，有些历史建筑因此被拆除<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a>。其人口在1970年代迅速增长，由安纳托利亚涌入的人试图在都市区边沿新建的工厂中寻找就业机会。这一突然大幅度的人口增长为房产开发创造龐大的需求，许多先前位于外沿的村庄和森林被并入城市版图中<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理">地理</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：地理">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="土耳其地理">土耳其地理</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土耳其地质（页面不存在）">土耳其地质</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif/220px-West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif/330px-West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif/440px-West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>土耳其西部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4" title="斷層">断层</a>集中于伊斯坦布尔的西南部，经由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="马尔马拉海">马尔马拉海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="爱琴海">爱琴海</a>的海底。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/170px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/255px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/340px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>伊斯坦布尔和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡">博斯普鲁斯海峡</a>的卫星图</figcaption></figure> 伊斯坦布尔位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>西北部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔马拉大区">马尔马拉大区</a>，总面积5,343平方公里（2,063平方英里）<a href="#cite_note-city-area-4">[c]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡">博斯普鲁斯海峡</a>连接<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="马尔马拉海">马尔马拉海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="爱琴海">爱琴海</a>，将该市分为欧洲部分（<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="色雷斯">色雷斯</a>，包含历史和经济中心）和亚洲部分（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="安那托利亚">安那托利亚</a>）。天然港口<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%A7%92%E6%B9%BE_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="金角湾 (伊斯坦布尔)">金角湾</a>濒临前拜占庭和君士坦丁堡所在的半岛，将该城进一步划分。马尔马拉海、博斯普鲁斯海峡和金角湾在今伊斯坦布尔的中心交汇，在数千年内抵御了外来的入侵，今日仍旧为该城的重要景观<a href="#cite_note-gr63-49">[46]</a>。 效仿<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%83%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马七座山丘">罗马的模式</a>，伊斯坦布尔的历史半岛亦被称作有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%83%E5%BA%A7%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%98" title="伊斯坦布尔七座山丘">七座山丘</a>，每座山丘顶上为帝国清真寺。最东边的山丘坐落于<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E8%A7%92" title="萨拉基里奥角">萨拉基里奥角</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="托卡比皇宮">托卡比皇宫</a>即位于此地<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a>。隔金角湾相望的另一座锥形山丘则是今日贝伊奥卢区的所在地。由于地势原因，过去贝伊奥卢的建筑往往需要通过护土墙来建造，道路则以阶梯形式铺设<a href="#cite_note-topo-82">[79]</a>。亚洲一侧的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%88%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="于斯屈达尔">于斯屈达尔</a>状况相似，地势逐渐朝着博斯普鲁斯海岸下行，而沙姆西帕夏和阿亚兹马的地形则更加多变，与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%AC" class="mw-disambig" title="岬">岬</a>形似。伊斯坦布尔的最高点为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%B0%E5%A7%86%E5%8B%92%E5%8A%A0%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恰姆勒加山（页面不存在）">恰姆勒加山</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1ca_Hill" class="extiw" title="en:Çamlıca Hill">Çamlıca Hill</a>）（即<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%8B%92%E4%BD%B3%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="強穆勒佳清真寺">強穆勒佳清真寺</a>所在地），海拔288米（945英尺）<a href="#cite_note-topo-82">[79]</a>。伊斯坦布尔北部的平均海拔要高于南部海岸，有些地方海拔超过200米（660英尺），而一些海岸悬崖陡峭形似<a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%A1%E6%B9%BE" title="峡湾">峡湾</a>，尤其是在博斯普鲁斯海峡北端同黑海交汇处。 伊斯坦布尔坐落于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4" title="北安那托利亞斷層">北安那托利亚断层</a>之上，临近<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97" title="非洲板块">非洲板块</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%9D%BF%E5%A1%8A" title="歐亞大陸板塊">欧亚大陆板块</a>交界。这一断层带由北安纳托利亚延伸至马尔马拉海，在该城历史上导致了数次重大地震，其中最为严重的地震之一发生于<a href="/w/index.php?title=1509%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1509年君士坦丁堡地震（页面不存在）">1509年</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1509_Constantinople_earthquake" class="extiw" title="en:1509 Constantinople earthquake">1509 Constantinople earthquake</a>），随后的海啸冲破了城墙，导致超过10,000人死亡。1999年震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%B9%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9" title="伊兹密特">伊兹密特</a>的<a href="/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E8%8C%B2%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1999年伊茲密特地震">地震</a>导致18,000人死亡，其中1,000人居住于伊斯坦布尔的郊区。伊斯坦布尔民众对于未来更为严重的地震表示担忧，而为了满足伊斯坦布尔迅速增长的人口需求而建造的建筑可能无法抵御这样的灾难<a href="#cite_note-dis-awaits-83">[80]</a>。地震学家称2030年伊斯坦布尔发生7.6<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E9%9C%87%E7%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="矩震级">级</a>地震的可能性超过百分之60<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氣候">氣候</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：氣候">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fog-over-istanbul-skyscrapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fog-over-istanbul-skyscrapers.jpg/220px-Fog-over-istanbul-skyscrapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fog-over-istanbul-skyscrapers.jpg/330px-Fog-over-istanbul-skyscrapers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fog-over-istanbul-skyscrapers.jpg/440px-Fog-over-istanbul-skyscrapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>大雾时常在早上形成，图为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9" title="莱文特">莱文特</a>雾景。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Istanbul_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/220px-Istanbul_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Istanbul_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/330px-Istanbul_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Istanbul_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png/440px-Istanbul_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" title="柯本气候分类法">柯本-盖格气候分类法</a>下的伊斯坦布尔气候图。</figcaption></figure> 伊斯坦布尔位于气候过渡区域，根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" title="柯本气候分类法">柯本-盖格气候分类法</a>，其气候为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="地中海式气候">地中海式气候</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B9%BF%E6%B6%A6%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="副热带湿润气候">副热带湿润气候</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="海洋性气候">海洋性气候</a>的混合。由于夏季降水根据地区不同为20至65毫米（1至3英寸），由此该城无法被直接划分为地中海式气候或副热带湿润气候<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a>。伊斯坦布尔的面积、地形、滨海位置以及北部和南部的不同水体使其具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="微氣候">微气候</a>。由于黑海的湿润空气和高植被覆盖率，该城的北半部和博斯普鲁斯海岸具有海洋性气候和副热带湿润气候的特征。位于马尔马拉海一侧城区南边人口居住区的气候则较为温暖、干燥，受湿度影响较小<a href="#cite_note-efcu716-89">[86]</a>。北部的年降水（巴切科伊；1166.6毫米）有时能够达到南部马尔马拉海岸（佛罗雅；635.0毫米）的两倍<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a>。南北海岸的年平均气温亦存在显著差距（巴切科伊为12.8 °C（55.0 °F）；卡尔塔尔为15.03 °C（59.05 °F））<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a>。远离海岸的该省其他地区则受到大陆的影响，日夜和冬夏温差更为显著。冬季，该省一些区域平均气温夜间可低至或低于冰点。 伊斯坦布尔一些地区气候的最显著特点是其高<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="湿度">湿度</a>，早间多数可达80%<a href="#cite_note-bbc-weather-92">[89]</a>。由于这一状况，大雾时常出现，不过在城区北部和距离市中心较远的地区更为频繁<a href="#cite_note-efcu716-89">[86]</a>。在秋季和冬季高湿度往往持续至下午，由此产生的大雾时常阻碍这一区域（包括海峡）的交通<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a>。在夏季，这般状况往常在中午前即停止，但高湿度仍然持续并使夏季高温状况变得更加糟糕<a href="#cite_note-bbc-weather-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-pelit-96">[93]</a>。夏季的最高均温接近29 °C（84 °F），降雨并不寻常，六月至八月间一般只有十五日有显著降水<a href="#cite_note-tsms-main-97">[94]</a>。虽然如此，夏季仍旧是大暴雨的最高发季节<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a>。 伊斯坦布尔的冬季比多数<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="地中海盆地">地中海盆地</a>的城市要寒冷，最低均温达3—4 °C（37—39 °F）<a href="#cite_note-tsms-main-97">[94]</a>。来自黑海的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B9%96%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="大湖效應">大湖效应</a>较为寻常，但难以预测，有时可严重至如大雾一般影响城市交通<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a>。春季和秋季较温和，但时常湿润且多变，来自西北的冷风和南部的热风（有时在同一日内）易导致气温波动<a href="#cite_note-pelit-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a>。就全年来看，伊斯坦布尔年均有130日有显著降水，总额达到810毫米（31.9英寸）<a href="#cite_note-tsms-main-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsms-rain-101">[98]</a>。本市的历史最高和最低气温分别为40.5 °C（105 °F）和−16.1 °C（3 °F），最高单日降水量为227毫米（8.9英寸），而最高降雪量则为80厘米（31英寸）<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a>。 <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">伊斯坦布尔（萨勒耶尔），1954年–2013年 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">月份 </th> <th scope="col">1月 </th> <th scope="col">2月 </th> <th scope="col">3月 </th> <th scope="col">4月 </th> <th scope="col">5月 </th> <th scope="col">6月 </th> <th scope="col">7月 </th> <th scope="col">8月 </th> <th scope="col">9月 </th> <th scope="col">10月 </th> <th scope="col">11月 </th> <th scope="col">12月 </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">全年 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">历史最高温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.5 (104.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5 (106.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.6 (103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.5 (106.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均高温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.4 (63.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">日均气温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均低温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.8 (51.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">历史最低温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F" title="降水量">降水量</a> mm（英寸） </th> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104.2 (4.10) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.3 (3.04) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.5 (2.74) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.4 (1.83) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (1.32) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (1.29) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (1.29) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.8 (1.61) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9 (2.32) </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.8 (3.42) </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102.2 (4.02) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">125.0 (4.92) </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">810.1 (31.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均降水天数（≥ 0.1 mm） </th> <td style="background: #2323FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.8 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.5 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">130.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">月均<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%85%A7%E6%99%82%E6%95%B8" title="日照時數">日照時數</a> </th> <td style="background: #828282; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.3 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133.3 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.0 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.0 </td> <td style="background: #F3F317; color:#000000;" class="notheme">322.4 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.5 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243.0 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.3 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.0 </td> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,217.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">数据来源：Turkish State Meteorological Service（晴日，1960–2012）<a href="#cite_note-tsms-main-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsms-rain-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsms-sun-104">[101]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">伊斯坦布尔（萨勒耶尔基勒切角），1949年–1999年 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">月份 </th> <th scope="col">1月 </th> <th scope="col">2月 </th> <th scope="col">3月 </th> <th scope="col">4月 </th> <th scope="col">5月 </th> <th scope="col">6月 </th> <th scope="col">7月 </th> <th scope="col">8月 </th> <th scope="col">9月 </th> <th scope="col">10月 </th> <th scope="col">11月 </th> <th scope="col">12月 </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">全年 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均高温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">日均气温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7 (56.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均低温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.7 (51.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F" title="降水量">降水量</a> mm（英寸） </th> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">103.6 (4.08) </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.5 (2.78) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.0 (2.80) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2 (1.86) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8 (1.80) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (1.45) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (1.40) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.6 (1.52) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3 (3.20) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100.8 (3.97) </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">122.0 (4.80) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">805.1 (31.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均降雪天数（≥ 0.1 mm） </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">数据来源：Turkish State Meteorological Service<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a>(1949–1999) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">伊斯坦布尔（萨勒耶尔巴切克伊），1949年–1999年 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">月份 </th> <th scope="col">1月 </th> <th scope="col">2月 </th> <th scope="col">3月 </th> <th scope="col">4月 </th> <th scope="col">5月 </th> <th scope="col">6月 </th> <th scope="col">7月 </th> <th scope="col">8月 </th> <th scope="col">9月 </th> <th scope="col">10月 </th> <th scope="col">11月 </th> <th scope="col">12月 </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">全年 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均高温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.4 (63.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">日均气温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均低温 °C（°F） </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F" title="降水量">降水量</a> mm（英寸） </th> <td style="background: #1C1CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">152.1 (5.99) </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100.1 (3.94) </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105.2 (4.14) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.2 (2.25) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.8 (1.80) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.5 (1.59) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (1.47) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1 (2.13) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.3 (2.65) </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">118.2 (4.65) </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">135.1 (5.32) </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">175.4 (6.91) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,088.4 (42.84) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">平均降雪天数（≥ 0.1 mm） </th> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">数据来源：Turkish State Meteorological Service<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a>(1949–1999) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="市貌">市貌</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：市貌">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">伊斯坦布尔历史区</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#ddd;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">世界遗产</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close-up view of Topkapı Palace, with the Prince Islands in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/260px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/390px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/520px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="1817" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em; white-space:nowrap;;">官方名稱</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">Historic Areas of Istanbul（英文）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em; white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各國世界遺產數列表">位置</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%92%8C%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="欧洲和北美地区世界遗产列表">欧洲和北美地区</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em; white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7#登錄基準" title="世界遗产">標準</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="文化遗产">文化</a>：(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em; white-space:nowrap;;">参考编码</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356">356</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em; white-space:nowrap;;">登录年份</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1985年（第9屆<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="世界遺產委員會">會議</a>）</td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E8%B5%AB" title="法蒂赫">法蒂赫</a>区位于前<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="热那亚共和国">热那亚共和国</a>堡垒<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94" title="加拉塔">加拉塔</a>对岸，相当于奥斯曼帝国征服前的君士坦丁堡全城。这些热那亚防御工事多数于19世纪被拆除，以使城区范围能够向北扩张，如今仅存<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E7%9F%B3%E5%A1%94" title="加拉达石塔">加拉达石塔</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a>。加拉塔现为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="贝伊奥卢">贝伊奥卢</a>区的一部分，该区为伊斯坦布尔的商业和娱乐中心，包括以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA" title="塔克西姆广场">塔克西姆广场</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E7%91%AA%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%87%E5%AE%AE" title="多爾瑪巴赫切宮">多尔玛巴赫切宫</a>为奥斯曼帝国后期的行政中心，坐落于贝伊奥卢北边的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%80" title="贝西克塔什">贝西克塔什</a>区，正对面为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%93%E6%93%8D%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="贝西克塔斯体操俱乐部">土耳其最古老的足球俱乐部</a>的主场——<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%8A%E8%AF%BA%E5%8A%AA%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝西克塔斯伊诺努体育场（页面不存在）">贝西克塔斯伊诺努体育场</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJK_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Stadium" class="extiw" title="en:BJK İnönü Stadium">BJK İnönü Stadium</a>）<a href="#cite_note-fifa-bes-109">[106]</a>。前<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%94%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A" title="奥塔科伊">奥塔科伊</a>村位于贝西克塔什区，滨临博斯普鲁斯海峡，靠近第一博斯普鲁斯大桥，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%94%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="奥塔科伊清真寺">奥塔科伊清真寺</a>因此得名。海峡两岸为诸多豪华海滨别墅（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其語">土耳其語</a>：yalı），最初为19世纪贵族和精英人士建造，作为其夏季居所<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a>。再往内陆，在城区的内环路之外是伊斯坦布尔的经济中心，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9" title="莱文特">莱文特</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-disambig" title="马斯拉克">马斯拉克</a>区<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Re%C5%9Fit_Bey_and_Prenses_Rukiye_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_on_the_Bosphorus,_Istanbul,_Turkey_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Re%C5%9Fit_Bey_and_Prenses_Rukiye_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/240px-Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Re%C5%9Fit_Bey_and_Prenses_Rukiye_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Re%C5%9Fit_Bey_and_Prenses_Rukiye_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/360px-Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Re%C5%9Fit_Bey_and_Prenses_Rukiye_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Re%C5%9Fit_Bey_and_Prenses_Rukiye_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/480px-Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1_Hac%C4%B1_Re%C5%9Fit_Bey_and_Prenses_Rukiye_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption>博斯普鲁斯海峡的海滨别墅原位于市郊，如今是伊斯坦布尔豪华地区的住宅。</figcaption></figure> 在奥斯曼帝国时期，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%88%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="于斯屈达尔">于斯屈达尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%E6%9F%AF%E4%BC%8A" title="卡德柯伊">卡德柯伊</a>仍位于伊斯坦布尔城区之外，为市郊地区，多为海滨别墅和花园。然而在20世纪下半叶，伊斯坦布尔的亚洲部分经历了大规模的城市化发展；这一区域发展较晚，由此与其他城区相比，基础设施更好，城市规划更为整齐<a href="#cite_note-wctr281-6">[3]</a>。海峡的亚洲一侧多为欧洲部分的市郊地区，人口占全市三分之一，但却只贡献全市四分之一的就业<a href="#cite_note-wctr281-6">[3]</a>。由于伊斯坦布尔在20世纪经历了指数级的增长，该城的房屋有显著的一部分为“速建房”（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其語">土耳其語</a>：gecekondu，意为“一夜建成”），即非法建造的居所<a href="#cite_note-kar7896-112">[109]</a>。如今，这些区域逐渐开始被拆除，取而代之的是现代的大众住房工程<a href="#cite_note-yavuz-113">[110]</a>。此外，大规模的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%85%E5%A3%AB%E5%8C%96" title="绅士化">绅士化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%BA%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="市区重建">市区重建</a>正在进行中<a href="#cite_note-AtkinsonBridge2005-114">[111]</a>，例如于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔拉巴西（页面不存在）">塔拉巴西</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarlaba%C5%9F%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="en:Tarlabaşı">Tarlabaşı</a>）区<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a>；但一些此类的工程却受到了批评，例如于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E9%B2%81%E5%BA%93%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏鲁库勒（页面不存在）">苏鲁库勒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulukule" class="extiw" title="en:Sulukule">Sulukule</a>）区<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a>。土耳其政府同时还试图将城区向伊斯坦堡欧洲部分临近黑海區域扩展，正在建设<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E6%96%B0%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯坦堡新機場">第三座机场</a>并计划于2018年10月29日投用<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a>。新城区将包括四个不同的定居点，各有其功能，有150万人将于此居住<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a>。 和许多其他大城市不同，伊斯坦布尔没有一个首要的城市公园，但其仍有一定数量的都市绿化区。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="居尔哈尼公园">居尔哈尼公园</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="耶尔德兹公园">耶尔德兹公园</a>原先分别位于托卡比皇宫和耶尔德兹宫中，但在土耳其共和国建立初期被重新定位为大众公园<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%8F%90%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%8F%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="费提帕夏公园（页面不存在）">费提帕夏公园</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethi_Pa%C5%9Fa_Korusu" class="extiw" title="en:Fethi Paşa Korusu">Fethi Paşa Korusu</a>）位于安纳托利亚一侧博斯普鲁斯大桥边的山腰，正对耶尔德兹宫。欧洲一侧则有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%89%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃米尔安公园（页面不存在）">埃米尔安公园</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirgan_Park" class="extiw" title="en:Emirgan Park">Emirgan Park</a>），靠近法蒂苏丹赫穆罕默德大桥，原先为奥斯曼帝国领袖的私人园林，占地面积47公頃（120英畝），以其种类众多的植物和2005年开始举办的郁金香节而闻名<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝尔格莱德森林（页面不存在）">贝尔格莱德森林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Forest" class="extiw" title="en:Belgrade Forest">Belgrade Forest</a>）位于城区北端，占地面积5,500公頃（14,000英畝），在夏季颇受伊斯坦布尔市民欢迎。该森林原先为市区提供水源，拜占庭和奥斯曼时期的水库遗址如今仍旧可见<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a>。 <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="由博斯普鲁斯海峡和马尔马拉海交汇处所见的伊斯坦布尔全景，包括沿岸的苏丹艾哈迈德清真寺、圣索菲亚大教堂、托卡比皇宫和多尔玛巴赫切宫。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/800px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1200px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1600px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1123" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" title="File:Istanbul panorama and skyline.jpg"> </a></div>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡">博斯普鲁斯海峡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="马尔马拉海">马尔马拉海</a>交汇处所见的伊斯坦布尔全景，包括沿岸的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="苏丹艾哈迈德清真寺">苏丹艾哈迈德清真寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="圣索菲亚大教堂">圣索菲亚大教堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="托卡比皇宮">托卡比皇宫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E7%91%AA%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%87%E5%AE%AE" title="多爾瑪巴赫切宮">多尔玛巴赫切宫</a>。</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建筑">建筑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：建筑">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯坦布尔建筑（页面不存在）">伊斯坦布尔建筑</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_(2216460729).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/220px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/330px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/440px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="2534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="圣索菲亚大教堂">圣索菲亚大教堂</a>，6世纪<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭</a>皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="查士丁尼一世">查士丁尼一世</a>下令建造，原先为教堂，后为清真寺，现为博物馆。2020年再改为清真寺。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_%28cropped%29.JPG/400px-Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="427" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Palau_de_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Istanbul_-_Palau_de_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan.JPG/200px-Istanbul_-_Palau_de_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Istanbul_-_Palau_de_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan.JPG/300px-Istanbul_-_Palau_de_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Istanbul_-_Palau_de_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan.JPG/400px-Istanbul_-_Palau_de_%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="1876" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosfor_B17-34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bosfor_B17-34.jpg/200px-Bosfor_B17-34.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bosfor_B17-34.jpg/300px-Bosfor_B17-34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bosfor_B17-34.jpg/400px-Bosfor_B17-34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">位于博斯普鲁斯海峡沿岸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E7%91%AA%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%87%E5%AE%AE" title="多爾瑪巴赫切宮">多尔玛巴赫切宫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BB%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%AB" title="彻拉安宫">彻拉安宫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%AB" title="贝勒贝伊宫">贝勒贝伊宫</a>，由奥斯曼宫廷建筑师家族<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%89%AC%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴利扬家族（页面不存在）">巴利扬家族</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balyan_family" class="extiw" title="en:Balyan family">Balyan family</a>）成员设计建造<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a>。</div></div></div></div></div> 伊斯坦布尔主要以拜占庭和奥斯曼建筑而闻名，但其建筑亦反映了曾统治该城市的其他民族及帝国的特色。热那亚和罗马建筑的痕迹同奥斯曼建筑一般在城中可见。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古希臘建築">源自希腊古典时期的建筑</a>已完全绝迹，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古羅馬建築">古罗马建筑</a>却得到了较好的保留。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="狄奥多西一世">狄奥多西一世</a>时期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E6%96%B9%E5%B0%96%E7%A2%91" title="图特摩斯三世方尖碑">狄奥多西方尖碑</a>原先位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%AB%9E%E6%8A%80%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="君士坦丁堡竞技场">君士坦丁堡竞技场</a>，今日在苏丹艾哈迈德广场仍然可见，而于公元4世纪末建造的<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93%E6%A9%8B" title="瓦倫斯水道橋">瓦伦斯水道桥</a>则有较为完整的一部分位于法蒂赫区西端<a href="#cite_note-coaot-124">[121]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E6%9F%B1" title="君士坦丁纪念柱">君士坦丁纪念柱</a>于公元330年为纪念新都落成而建造，至今仍位于竞技场附近<a href="#cite_note-coaot-124">[121]</a>。 早期<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="拜占庭式建筑">拜占庭式建筑</a>继承了罗马古典时期穹顶和拱门的模式，但对这些元素进行了进一步的完善，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%81%96%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="小聖索菲亞大教堂">圣谢尔盖和巴克斯教堂</a>上得到了体现。伊斯坦布尔现存最古老的拜占庭教堂为454年建成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="斯图狄奥斯修道院">斯图狄奥斯修道院</a>（后改造为伊姆拉赫尔清真寺，现为废墟）<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a>。1261年收复君士坦丁堡之后，拜占庭帝国扩建了两座最为重要的教堂（至今尚存）──<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="科拉教堂">科拉教堂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%8E%9B%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="帕玛卡里斯托斯教堂">帕玛卡里斯托斯教堂</a>。虽然如此，拜占庭建筑的顶峰，伊斯坦布尔最具象徵性的建筑之一，仍然要属<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="圣索菲亚大教堂">圣索菲亚大教堂</a>，其穹顶直径达31米（102英尺），在数世纪内为全世界最大的教堂，后来被改建为清真寺，现今为博物馆<a href="#cite_note-klwa171-50">[47]</a>。2020年，土耳其时任总统埃尔多安宣布把圣索菲亚教堂重新改为清真寺。 伊斯坦布尔现存最为古老的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="奧斯曼建築">奥斯曼建筑</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A0%A1%E5%9E%92" title="安纳托利亚堡垒">安纳托利亚堡垒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%A2%85%E5%88%A9%E5%A0%A1%E5%9E%92" title="如梅利堡垒">如梅利堡垒</a>，在围城期间极大帮助了奥斯曼帝国<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a>。在此后四个世纪内，奥斯曼帝国继续修建巍峨的清真寺和华丽的宫殿，创造了令人印象深刻的伊斯坦布尔天际线。其中最大的宫殿为<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="托卡比皇宮">托卡比皇宫</a>，囊括了一系列的建筑风格，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8E%E5%AE%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帝国后宫（页面不存在）">帝国后宫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Harem" class="extiw" title="en:Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a>）内的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="巴洛克建筑">巴洛克风格</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%A6%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="恩德伦学院">恩德伦图书馆</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="新古典主义建筑">新古典主义风格</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a>。皇家清真寺包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8F%90%E8%B5%AB%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="法提赫清真寺">法提赫清真寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%80%B6%E6%B5%8E%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="巴耶济德二世清真寺">巴耶济德二世清真寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%A7%86%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="塞利姆一世清真寺">塞利姆一世清真寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%8E%B1%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%80%B6%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="苏莱曼尼耶清真寺">苏莱曼尼耶清真寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="苏丹艾哈迈德清真寺">苏丹艾哈迈德清真寺</a>（蓝色清真寺）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="新清真寺 (伊斯坦布尔)">新清真寺</a>，全部于16世纪至17世纪奥斯曼帝国的极盛期建筑。此后的几个世纪，尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%BF%97%E9%BA%A6%E7%89%B9" title="坦志麦特">坦志麦特</a>改革之后，奥斯曼建筑逐渐为欧式风格所取代<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%AD%AF%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%91%AA%E5%B0%BC%E8%80%B6%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="奴魯奧斯瑪尼耶清真寺">奴鲁奥斯玛尼耶清真寺</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97" title="独立大街">独立大街</a>附近的区域修建了宏伟的欧洲各国使馆以及成排的新古典主义、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="新文藝復興建築">新文艺复兴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新艺术运动">新艺术</a>建筑，而这些建筑也影响了贝伊奥卢的一系列其他建筑，例如教堂、商店、剧院以及诸如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%E7%91%AA%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB%E5%88%87%E5%AE%AE" title="多爾瑪巴赫切宮">多尔玛巴赫切宫</a>一类的政府建筑<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a>。 <div style="clear:right; float:right"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人口">人口</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：人口">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="float:right; font-size:93%;width:310px;height:16px;border:0;text-align:left;line-height:120%;margin-left:10px; margin-bottom:10px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4;" height="24px">伊斯坦布尔历史上的人口 </td></tr> <tr> <th>年份 </th> <th>人口 </th> <th>年份 </th> <th>人口 </th></tr> <tr> <td>330 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>▼ 909,978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 </td> <td>▲ 200,000-400,000 </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>▼ 680,857 </td></tr> <tr> <td>530 </td> <td>▲ 550,000 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>▲ 741,148 </td></tr> <tr> <td>545 </td> <td>▼ 350,000 </td> <td>1940 </td> <td>▲ 793,949 </td></tr> <tr> <td>715 </td> <td>▼ 300,000 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>▲ 860,558 </td></tr> <tr> <td>950 </td> <td>▲ 400,000 </td> <td>1950 </td> <td>▲ 983,041 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200 </td> <td>▼ 250,000-300,000 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>▲ 1,268,771 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1453 </td> <td>▼ 50,000 </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>▲ 1,466,535 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1477 </td> <td>▲ 70,000 </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>▲ 1,742,978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1566 </td> <td>▲ 600,000 </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>▲ 2,132,407 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1690 </td> <td>▲ 750,000-800,000 </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>▲ 2,547,364 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1817 </td> <td>▼ 500,000 </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>▲ 2,772,708 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860 </td> <td>▲ 715,000 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>▲ 5,475,982 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885 </td> <td>▲ 873,570 </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>▲ 6,629,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 </td> <td>▲ 874,000 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>▲ 8,803,468 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897 </td> <td>▲ 1,059,000 </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>▲ 11,372,613 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td>▼ 942,900 </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>▲ 12,915,158 </td></tr> </tbody></table> 在伊斯坦布尔历史大多数时期，它已跻身为世界上最大的城市。到西元500年，君士坦丁堡（古称）人口介于40万人至50万人，略高于之前的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a>，成为当时世界上最大的城市，<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a>这一世界上聚居人数最多的区域的记录于13世纪被打破。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第四次十字军东征">第四次十字军东征</a>中君士坦丁堡受到劫掠和破坏，此后人口开始減少。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="米海爾八世">米海爾八世</a>於1261年取得君士坦丁堡重建拜占庭帝国時，其人口由8世纪时的50万下降至此时的3万5千，統治時期結束時回升至7万。1453年，鄂圖曼帝國土耳其人佔領這座城市時，大約有50,000人<a href="#cite_note-popu3-131">[128]</a>。自19世纪起它成为了欧洲的最大城市，超过了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a>。<a href="#cite_note-cha463-132">[129]</a> 在1980年到2005年的25年中，伊斯坦堡的人口已经增长了超过三倍。伊斯坦布尔的人口中，大约有70%居住在欧洲部分，30%住在亚洲部分。由于土耳其东南部的高失业率，该地区的许多人迁移到伊斯坦布尔，在郊区安顿下来。抵达伊斯坦布尔的移民主要来自安纳托利亚东部，期望改善生活条件和就业，通常小有成功。这导致每年在城市郊区形成新的非法建造的木屋区（gecekondu），后来发展成为街区，并融入这座大都市中。 土耳其统计局估计在2013年12月31日，伊斯坦堡人口为14,160,467人，集聚了土耳其18.5％的人口，为土耳其最大城市<a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-5">[2]</a>。该市平均每年的人口增长率是3.45％，主要是由于人们从周边农村地区的涌入。伊斯坦布尔的人口密度为每平方公里2,593人，远远超过了土耳其的人口密度（每平方公里81人）<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>早期，伊斯坦堡是世界上最大的城市，在其大部分历史中，都是世界上最大、最重要的城市之一（除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭帝国</a>崩溃、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a>之前的时期）。自古以来，其地缘政治重要性，吸引了来自欧洲，亚洲和非洲的各个民族群体。纵观其历史，希腊民族和土耳其民族吸收了历史上的这些民族群体。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教">宗教</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：宗教">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯坦堡宗教（页面不存在）">伊斯坦堡宗教</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img61_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img61_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg/270px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img61_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img61_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg/405px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img61_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img61_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg/540px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img61_Ortak%C3%B6y_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4878" data-file-height="5854" /></a><figcaption>新巴洛克风格的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%94%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="奥塔科伊清真寺">奥塔科伊清真寺</a></figcaption></figure> 伊斯坦堡的城市景观，是由许多宗教团体所共同塑造。最大的宗教团体是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>。宗教少数群体包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="东正教">希腊东正教徒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%92%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="亚美尼亚使徒教会">亚美尼亚正教徒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%BE%99%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="马龙派">马龙派天主教徒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%BF%AA%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="塞法迪犹太人">塞法迪犹太人</a>。根据2000年人口普查，伊斯坦布尔共有2,691座开放的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺">清真寺</a>、123座开放的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="教堂">教堂</a>和 26座开放的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="犹太会堂">犹太会堂</a>，以及109个穆斯林墓地和57个非穆斯林公墓。有些区过去曾经拥有数量可观的这些<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="民族">民族</a>，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%A7%86%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库姆卡普（页面不存在）">库姆卡普</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumkap%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="en:Kumkapı">Kumkapı</a>）区有相当多的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="亚美尼亚">亚美尼亚</a>人；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="巴拉特">巴拉特</a>区有相当多的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="犹太人">犹太人</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="芬内尔">芬内尔</a>区有相当多的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>人；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E5%B8%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼桑塔希（页面不存在）">尼桑塔希</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanta%C5%9F%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="en:Nişantaşı">Nişantaşı</a>）区和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="贝伊奥卢">贝伊奥卢</a>区的一些街区拥有数量可观的黎巴嫩基督徒。但是目前只有极少数人还留在这些区，因为不是移民国外就是移居到其他区。在有些区，例如在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%85%B9%E8%A1%AE%E5%BA%93%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库兹衮库克（页面不存在）">库兹衮库克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzguncuk" class="extiw" title="en:Kuzguncuk">Kuzguncuk</a>），一座亚美尼亚教堂与一座犹太会堂相邻，在路的另一边是一座希腊东正教教堂，旁边是一座清真寺。 穆斯林是目前伊斯坦堡最大的宗教团体。其中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="逊尼派">逊尼派</a>是人口最多的教派，但是也有许多当地的穆斯林属于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4%E6%B4%BE" title="阿列维派">阿列维派</a>。2007年，在伊斯坦布尔有2,944座开放的清真寺<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a>。 自1517年起，伊斯坦布尔成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" title="哈里发">伊斯兰哈里发</a>的驻地，直到1924年，哈里发的头衔被废除，其权力移交给土耳其国会。1925年9月2日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%B4%8D%E5%8D%A1" title="哈納卡">哈納卡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%A1" title="塔里卡">塔里卡</a>被取缔，因为他们的活动被视为与土耳其共和国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="政教分离">政教分离</a>和世俗教育制度不相容。此后，大部分<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇非主義">蘇非主義</a>和伊斯兰其他形式的神秘主义派别的活动改为秘密进行，其中一些教派仍然拥有众多的追随者。为了避免仍然有效的这些禁令，这些组织使用“文化协会”的名称。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg/220px-%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg/330px-%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg/440px-%C4%B0stanbul_6019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9C%A3%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%9B%E5%A0%82" title="保加利亚圣斯德望堂">保加利亚圣斯德望堂</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg/220px-Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg/440px-Istanbul_asv2021-11_img71_StAnthony_of_Padua_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4289" data-file-height="5147" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%A3%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="帕多瓦的圣安多尼圣殿 (伊斯坦布尔)">帕多瓦的圣安多尼圣殿 (伊斯坦布尔)</a></figcaption></figure> 自西元4世纪起，该市就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊正教会">希腊正教会</a>的精神领袖<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%89%A7%E9%A6%96" title="君士坦丁堡普世牧首">君士坦丁堡普世牧首</a>的驻地。目前的驻地为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="芬内尔">芬内尔</a>区的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="圣乔治主教座堂">圣乔治主教座堂</a>。土耳其正教会和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%92%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="亚美尼亚使徒教会">亚美尼亚使徒教会</a>，各有一位宗主教驻在伊斯坦布尔。在保加利亚正教会的自主地位得到其他东正教教会的承认以前，其总部也设在伊斯坦布尔。土耳其大<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="拉比">拉比</a>也驻在伊斯坦布尔。许多地方反映进入伊斯坦布尔的不同团体，主要的有阿尔巴尼亚村（Arnavutköy）、波兰村（Polonezköy）和新波斯尼亚（Yenibosna）。 住在伊斯坦堡的基督徒，主要是希腊人和亚美尼亚人，已经发生了重大变化。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a>崩溃过程中，这些非穆斯林的少数民族被土耳其人驱逐，民族宗教关系紧张开始于19世纪20年代，持续了一个世纪，在1912年到1922年的十年间（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="巴尔干战争">巴尔干战争</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="土耳其獨立戰爭">土耳其独立战争</a>）达到顶峰。此后，伊斯坦堡的基督徒人口从1914年的45万下降至1927年的24万<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a>。今天，大部分留在土耳其的希腊人和亚美尼亚人等少数民族都居住在伊斯坦堡附近。今天在伊斯坦布尔的土著亚美尼亚人数量约为45,000人<a href="#cite_note-todayszaman.com-136">[133]</a>（不包括1991年以后从亚美尼亚来到土耳其的近4万劳工，大多在伊斯坦布尔）；<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a>而希腊人从1924年的15万人<a href="#cite_note-Gilson-138">[135]</a>，下降到目前的仅有大约4000人<a href="#cite_note-todayszaman.com-136">[133]</a>。目前有6万伊斯坦布尔希腊人居住在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>，但继续保留其土耳其国籍<a href="#cite_note-todayszaman.com-136">[133]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%BF%AA%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="塞法迪犹太人">塞法迪犹太人</a>已生活在这座城市超过500年。1492年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯">安达卢西亚的摩尔人王国</a>灭亡后，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80" title="西班牙宗教裁判所">西班牙宗教裁判所</a>迫使他们改信基督教，于是他们逃离<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="奧斯曼王朝">奥斯曼帝国苏丹</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%80%B6%E6%B5%8E%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="巴耶济德二世">巴耶济德二世</a>（1481年至1512年）派遣凯末尔·雷斯率领一支庞大的舰队前往西班牙，解救塞法迪犹太人。20多万犹太人逃往<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="丹吉尔">丹吉尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔及尔">阿尔及尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A" title="热那亚">热那亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9B" title="马赛">马赛</a>，后来去<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%A8%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="塞萨洛尼基">萨洛尼卡</a>，最后到伊斯坦布尔。苏丹批准93,000名西班牙犹太人前往奥斯曼帝国避难。另一大批塞法迪犹太人来自西班牙控制的意大利南部。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94" title="加拉塔">加拉塔</a>的意大利犹太会堂（İtalyan Sinagogu）的成员主要是意大利犹太人的后代，伊斯坦布尔目前还有2万多名塞法迪犹太人。伊斯坦布尔大约有20个犹太会堂，其中最重要的是1951年成立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%B0%B7%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82" title="和平谷犹太会堂">和平谷犹太会堂</a>，位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="贝伊奥卢">贝伊奥卢</a>区。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="交通">交通</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：交通">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/220px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/330px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/440px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>博斯普鲁斯海峡大桥</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9C%96%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="阿塔圖克國際機場">阿塔图克国际机场</a>2019年4月6日起，所有本機場國際及國內所有航班轉移至伊斯坦堡新機場，本機場轉型提供貨運功能、訓練和舉辦航空展及VIP客機起降。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E6%96%B0%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯坦堡新機場">伊斯坦堡新机场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%8B%E7%90%B4%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="萨比哈·格克琴国际机场">薩比哈·格克琴國際機場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡大桥">博斯普鲁斯海峡大桥</a>连接<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">欧</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亞洲">亞</a>两洲，1973年建成，为第一座博斯普魯斯大橋。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B" title="穆罕默德二世大橋">穆罕默德二世大橋</a>为第二座博斯普魯斯大橋。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A6%E5%85%B9%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%A7%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5" title="亚武兹苏丹塞利姆大桥">亞武茲蘇丹塞利姆大橋</a>於2016年建成，为第三座博斯普魯斯大橋。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93" title="歐亞隧道">歐亞隧道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="马尔马拉铁路">马尔马拉铁路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯坦堡地鐵">伊斯坦堡地鐵</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B51%E8%99%9F%E7%B7%9A" title="伊斯坦堡地鐵1號線">1號線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B52%E8%99%9F%E7%B7%9A" title="伊斯坦堡地鐵2號線">2號線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B53%E8%99%9F%E7%B7%9A" title="伊斯坦堡地鐵3號線">3號線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B54%E8%99%9F%E7%B7%9A" title="伊斯坦堡地鐵4號線">4號線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B55%E8%99%9F%E7%B7%9A" title="伊斯坦堡地鐵5號線">5號線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B56%E8%99%9F%E7%B7%9A" title="伊斯坦堡地鐵6號線">6號線</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B511%E8%99%9F%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯坦堡地鐵11號線（页面不存在）">11號線</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="土耳其高速铁路">土耳其高速鐵路</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治">政治</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：政治">编辑</a>]</div> 在政治上，伊斯坦布爾被視為土耳其最重要的行政區。在2019 年地方選舉前夕，埃爾多安聲稱“如果我們在伊斯坦堡失敗，我們將在土耳其失敗”。 伊斯坦堡的競選對埃爾多安具有深刻的政治、經濟和象徵意義，埃爾多安在 1994 年當選伊斯坦布爾市長是他的跳板。對於Ekrem İmamoğlu 來說，贏得伊斯坦布爾市長職位是一個巨大的道德勝利，但對於 Erdoğan 來說，它具有實際影響：他的政黨AKP失去了對 48 億美元市政預算的控制，該預算在交付時得到了持續的支持。許多公共服務25年。 最近，伊斯坦堡和土耳其的許多大城市都在追隨遠離政府及其右翼意識形態的趨勢。2013 年和 2014 年，大規模的反正義與發展黨政府抗議活動在伊斯坦堡開始並蔓延到全國。這一趨勢在2014 年的市長選舉中首次在選舉中變得明顯，儘管沒有獲勝，但中左翼反對派候選人贏得了令人印象深刻的 40% 的選票。伊斯坦布爾政府的第一次失敗發生在2017 年的憲法公投中，伊斯坦布爾以 51.4% 對 48.6% 的投票結果投了反對票。由於該國農村地區的高度支持，正義與發展黨政府支持“是”投票並在全國範圍內贏得了投票。，他們的市長候選人、前總理比納利耶爾德勒姆被反對黨候選人埃克雷姆·伊馬莫格魯以微弱優勢擊敗。İmamoğlu以 48.77% 的得票率贏得了選票，而 Yıldırım 的得票率為 48.61%，但由於 AKP 聲稱選舉舞弊，選舉被最高選舉委員會有爭議地取消。在重新投票中，伊馬莫格魯獲得了總票數的 54.22%，並擴大了失利幅度。 在行政上，伊斯坦堡分為39 個區，比土耳其的任何其他省都多。伊斯坦堡省向土耳其大國民議會派出98名議員，共有600個席位。為了議會選舉，伊斯坦堡分為三個選區；歐洲方面兩名，亞洲方面一名，分別選出28名、35名和35名國會議員。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經濟">經濟</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：經濟">编辑</a>]</div> 伊斯坦堡除了是土耳其最大城市和前首都之外，还一直是土耳其经济生活的中心，因为它地处国际陆上和海上贸易路线的交界位置。伊斯坦堡也是土耳其最大的工业中心。它雇用土耳其大约20%的工业劳动者，贡献土耳其38％的工业区。伊斯坦布尔和周边省份生产<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%B1" title="棉花">棉花</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="水果">水果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E6%B2%B9" title="橄欖油">橄榄油</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8" title="丝绸">丝绸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89" title="烟草">烟草</a>。食品加工、纺织品生产、石油产品、橡胶、金属制品、皮革、化工、医药、电子、玻璃、机械、汽车、运输车辆、纸及纸制品以及酒类饮品是本城里的主要工业产品。根据《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="福布斯">福布斯</a>》杂志，2008年3月，伊斯坦布尔共有35名亿万富翁，居世界第四位<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maslak_kerembarut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Maslak_kerembarut.jpg/300px-Maslak_kerembarut.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Maslak_kerembarut.jpg/450px-Maslak_kerembarut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Maslak_kerembarut.jpg/600px-Maslak_kerembarut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maslak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maslak（页面不存在）">Maslak</a>金融区</figcaption></figure> 伊斯坦堡证券交易所（ISE）是土耳其唯一的证券市场<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a>，1866年成立时名为奥斯曼证券交易所（ Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası ），在1986年初改组为目前的结构。在19世纪和20世纪初，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94" title="加拉塔">加拉塔</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E8%A1%97_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="银行街 (伊斯坦布尔)">银行街</a>曾是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a>的金融中心，奥斯曼中央银行（1856年成立）<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a>和奥斯曼证券交易所（1866年）的总部都位于这里<a href="#cite_note-OBM-142">[139]</a>。银行街仍然是伊斯坦布尔的主要金融区，直到20世纪90年代，大多数土耳其银行开始将他们的总部迁往现代<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="中央商务区">中央商务区</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levent（页面不存在）">Levent</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maslak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maslak（页面不存在）">Maslak</a><a href="#cite_note-OBM-142">[139]</a>。1995年，伊斯坦布尔证券交易所迁往位于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0stinye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İstinye（页面不存在）">İstinye</a>区的大厦内<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a>。 今天，该市拥有土耳其55%的贸易额和45%的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E7%99%BC" title="批發">批发</a>贸易，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国民生产总值">国民生产总值</a>占该国的21.2%。伊斯坦堡贡献土耳其40％的税收。2005年，伊斯坦布尔市的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">国内生产总值</a>为一千三百三十亿美元<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a>。2005年在伊斯坦布尔的公司<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="出口贸易">出口</a>总值为四百一十三亿九千七百万美元，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8F%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="进口">进口</a>值为六百九十八亿八千三百万美元；分别占土耳其的56.6％和60.2％<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a>。 伊斯坦堡是土耳其最重要的旅游景点之一。该市有成千上万的酒店和其他旅游导向的产业，服务于度假者和来访的专业人士。2006年，共有23,148,669名游客到访土耳其，其中大部分人是通过伊斯坦布尔和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="安塔利亚">安塔利亚</a>的机场和海港进入土耳其<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a>。通过伊斯坦布尔的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="阿塔图尔克国际机场">阿塔图尔克国际机场</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%8B%E7%90%B4%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="萨比哈·格克琴国际机场">萨比哈·格克琴国际机场</a>进入土耳其的游客总数达到5,346,658人，比起2005年的4,849,353人又有上升<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a>。伊斯坦布尔也是世界上主要的会议目的地之一，是世界头号的国际组织一个越来越受欢迎的选择<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化">文化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：文化">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文化古迹">文化古迹</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：文化古迹">编辑</a>]</div> 伊斯坦堡有450座<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺">清真寺</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="谚语">谚语</a>说“《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a>》诞生在麦加，读者在埃及，珍藏在伊斯坦堡。” 一些主要的文化古迹： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="托卡比皇宮">托卡比皇宫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%8E_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="大巴扎 (伊斯坦布尔)">大巴扎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%A7%92%E6%B9%BE_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="金角湾 (伊斯坦布尔)">金角湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="圣索菲亚大教堂">圣索菲亚大教堂</a>（Hagia Sophia）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97" title="独立大街">独立大街</a>（İstiklal Caddesi）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="苏丹艾哈迈德清真寺">苏丹艾哈迈德清真寺</a>（蓝色清真寺）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="艺术活动">艺术活动</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：艺术活动">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbularcheology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbularcheology.jpg/220px-Istanbularcheology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbularcheology.jpg/330px-Istanbularcheology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Istanbularcheology.jpg/440px-Istanbularcheology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>伊斯坦堡考古博物馆</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakip-Sabanci-Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sakip-Sabanci-Museum.jpg/220px-Sakip-Sabanci-Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sakip-Sabanci-Museum.jpg/330px-Sakip-Sabanci-Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sakip-Sabanci-Museum.jpg/440px-Sakip-Sabanci-Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>薩基普·薩班哲博物館</figcaption></figure> 伊斯坦布尔在社会，文化和商业活动方面正在变得日益丰富多彩。世界著名的流行歌星充满了体育场馆，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7" title="歌剧">歌剧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%BE%E8%88%9E" title="芭蕾舞">芭蕾舞</a>和戏剧活动终年不断。在节日期间，世界著名的交响乐团，合唱团演奏会，音乐会和爵士乐的传奇人物，经常来此表演。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯坦布尔国际电影节（页面不存在）">伊斯坦布尔国际电影节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_International_Film_Festival" class="extiw" title="en:Istanbul International Film Festival">Istanbul International Film Festival</a>）是欧洲最重要的电影节之一<a href="#cite_note-History-149">[146]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯坦布尔双年展（页面不存在）">伊斯坦布尔双年展</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Biennial" class="extiw" title="en:Istanbul Biennial">Istanbul Biennial</a>）是另一项艺术盛事。 伊斯坦堡每年举办音乐和歌剧节。它们是1930年代初土耳其政府引进弦乐和歌剧的教学和表演的政策的产物。该政策应用于在其祖国德国处于危险中的著名音乐理论家，演奏家，作曲家，其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%AC%A3%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="保羅·欣德米特">保罗·欣德米特</a>、卡尔·艾伯特等人。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯坦堡现代艺术博物馆（页面不存在）">伊斯坦堡现代艺术博物馆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Modern" class="extiw" title="en:Istanbul Modern">Istanbul Modern</a>）经常举办著名的土耳其和外国艺术家的展览，拥有令人印象深刻的现代艺术收藏品。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="佩拉博物馆">佩拉博物馆</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E7%8F%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩基普·薩班哲博物館（页面不存在）">薩基普·薩班哲博物館</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p_Sabanc%C4%B1_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Sakıp Sabancı Museum">Sakıp Sabancı Museum</a>）举办世界著名艺术家的展览，是该市最重要的私人博物馆。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doğançay博物馆（页面不存在）">Doğançay博物馆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Doğançay Museum">Doğançay Museum</a>）是土耳其的第一个当代艺术博物馆，几乎完全致力于其创始人Burhan Doğançay的作品。位于金角湾的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%A5%91%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉赫米·考契博物馆（页面不存在）">拉赫米·考契博物馆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Rahmi M. Koç Museum">Rahmi M. Koç Museum</a>）是一个工业博物馆，展出19世纪和20世纪初古老的工业设备，如汽车、船只、潜艇、飞机和其他类似的过去时代的老式机器。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Modern_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Istanbul_Modern_1.jpg/220px-Istanbul_Modern_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Istanbul_Modern_1.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Modern_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Istanbul_Modern_1.jpg/440px-Istanbul_Modern_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>伊斯坦布尔现代艺术博物馆</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="伊斯坦布尔考古博物馆">伊斯坦布尔考古博物馆</a>于1881年成立，毗邻<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="托卡比皇宮">托卡比皇宫</a>，是世界上最大的同类博物馆之一。该博物馆包括100多万件来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="地中海盆地">地中海盆地</a>、巴尔干，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C" title="中东">中东</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>的考古文物。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AB%E9%95%B6%E5%B5%8C%E7%94%BB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大皇宫镶嵌画博物馆（页面不存在）">大皇宫镶嵌画博物馆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Palace_Mosaic_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Great Palace Mosaic Museum">Great Palace Mosaic Museum</a>）展出罗马帝国后期和拜占庭帝国早期的镶嵌画，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" title="君士坦丁堡大皇宮">君士坦丁堡大皇宫</a>的墙壁装饰。附近的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%92%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土耳其和伊斯兰艺术博物馆（页面不存在）">土耳其和伊斯兰艺术博物馆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum</a>）展出大量来自各种伊斯兰文明的物品。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadberk Hanım博物馆（页面不存在）">Sadberk Hanım博物馆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:Sadberk Hanım Museum">Sadberk Hanım Museum</a>）展出从最早的安纳托利亚文明直到奥斯曼帝国的各种文物<a href="#cite_note-Sadberk-150">[147]</a>。</li></ul> 有时，在11月，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B9%E5%AE%AB" title="耶尔德兹宫">耶尔德兹宫</a>的军械库厅（Silahhane）举办“伊斯坦堡古董展”，汇集了来自东方和西方的罕见展品<a href="#cite_note-Yıldız_Palace-151">[148]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BB%80%E5%88%A9" title="希什利">希什利</a>区的多层的Mecidiyeköy古董市场（Mecidiyeköy Antikacılar Çarşısı）是该市最大的古董市场<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="贝伊奥卢">贝伊奥卢</a>区的Çukurcuma街区，沿街有成排的古董商店。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%8E_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94)" title="大巴扎 (伊斯坦布尔)">大巴扎</a>由苏丹<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-disambig" title="穆罕默德二世">穆罕默德二世</a>下令，兴建于1455年至1461年，拥有许多古玩店，以及销售珠宝，地毯和其他艺术品和手工业品的商店。历史和稀有书籍在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%80%B6%E6%B5%8E%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA" title="巴耶济德广场">巴耶济德广场</a>附近的Sahaflar Çarşısı出售，这是世界上最古老的图书市场之一，自从罗马后期，拜占庭和奥斯曼时期以来，一直连续在同一地点经营。 现场表演和音乐会，在多处地点举行，其中包括一些历史古迹，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="神圣和平教堂">神圣和平教堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%A2%85%E5%88%A9%E5%A0%A1%E5%9E%92" title="如梅利堡垒">如梅利堡垒</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B6%E8%BF%AA%E5%BA%93%E5%8B%92%E5%A0%A1%E5%9E%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耶迪库勒堡垒（页面不存在）">耶迪库勒堡垒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedikule_Fortress" class="extiw" title="en:Yedikule Fortress">Yedikule Fortress</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="托卡比皇宮">托卡比皇宫</a>的庭院和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="居尔哈尼公园">古尔哈尼公园</a>；以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿塔图尔克文化中心（页面不存在）">阿塔图尔克文化中心</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Cultural_Center" class="extiw" title="en:Atatürk Cultural Center">Atatürk Cultural Center</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E7%8E%9B%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%83%B9%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%91%9E%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%8E%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杰玛勒·惹西特·瑞音乐厅（页面不存在）">杰玛勒·惹西特·瑞音乐厅</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemal_Re%C5%9Fit_Rey_Concert_Hall" class="extiw" title="en:Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall">Cemal Reşit Rey Concert Hall</a>），以及其他露天与现代剧场。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="土耳其浴">土耳其浴</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：土耳其浴">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_bath_(hamam).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turkish_bath_%28hamam%29.JPG/170px-Turkish_bath_%28hamam%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turkish_bath_%28hamam%29.JPG/255px-Turkish_bath_%28hamam%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turkish_bath_%28hamam%29.JPG/340px-Turkish_bath_%28hamam%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>伊斯坦堡一个土耳其浴室内部</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg/200px-Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg/300px-Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg/400px-Bath_of_Roxelane_Istanbul_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="科查·米馬爾·希南">科查·米馬爾·希南</a>设计的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E8%95%BE%E5%A7%86%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%B5%B4%E5%9C%BA" title="许蕾姆苏丹公共浴场">许蕾姆苏丹公共浴场</a></figcaption></figure> 土耳其自古以來很盛行泡澡文化，特殊的沐浴文化已經是土耳其傳統的重要一環，通常男女可共浴，不過保守的土耳其東部也有部分宗教氣氛濃厚的區域有明文規定男女需分開浴室 以下為傳統<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>浴（lang-tr|Türk banyosu）的步驟: 1.脫衣服（soyunmak）(土耳其的浴室規定得裸浴,不得著泳衣亦不得攜帶毛巾) 2.巴耶多姆（Baryaz Doğum） : 土耳其當地的葉子，巴耶多姆是用葉子敷皮膚的意思 3.卡宋圖克里斯（Kasong tukulesi） : 用特殊藥草調製的天然浴，土耳其人非常注重養生 4.西波登（Synbourdon） : 入浴的動作 5.茲列伊德（Zilieyide） : 將巴耶多姆葉浸入浴池的動作 6.贊默別勒（Zammer Biele） : 將葉子揉碎並均勻散入浴池，增添香氣 7.阿默耶伊斯塔爾加（Ameje Istarga） : 泡完澡的蒸氣過程，十五分鐘左右 8.亞頓迪魯基科（Eton derukikur） : 擦上土耳其特調的精油並穿上衣服 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="公共設施">公共設施</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：公共設施">编辑</a>]</div> 伊斯坦堡的第一個供水系統可以追溯到該市的早期歷史，當時渡槽（如瓦倫斯渡槽）將水存入該市的眾多蓄水池中。在蘇萊曼大帝的授意下，建造了克爾克切什梅供水網絡；到1563年，該網絡每天為158個站點提供4,200立方米（150,000立方英尺）的水。在後來的幾年裡，為了應對日益增長的公眾需求，來自各種泉水的水通過供應線被引導到公共噴泉，如艾哈邁德三世噴泉。今天，伊斯坦布爾擁有由伊斯坦布爾供水和污水管理局（İstanbulSuveKanalizasyonİdaresi,İSKİ）管理的氯化和過濾供水系統和污水處理系統。 Silahtarağa發電站，現在是SantralIstanbul藝術博物館，是1914年至1952年間伊斯坦布爾的唯一電力來源。 Silahtarağa發電站是金角灣沿岸的一座燃煤發電廠，從1914年第一間機房完工到1952年，它是伊斯坦布爾唯一的電力來源。土耳其共和國成立後，該工廠進行了翻修，以適應城市不斷增長的需求；其容量從1923年的23兆瓦增加到1956年的120兆瓦的峰值。容量下降，直到發電站達到其經濟壽命並於1983年關閉。國營的土耳其電力局（TEK）在1970年至1984年成立期間曾短暫壟斷電力的生產和分配，但現在是該機構——因為土耳其電力傳輸公司（TEAŞ）和土耳其配電公司（TEDAŞ）—與私營電力公司競爭。 鄂圖曼郵電部成立於1840年，第一個郵局——帝國郵局在耶尼清真寺的院子附近開設。到1876年，伊斯坦布爾和鄂圖曼帝國以外地區之間的第一個國際郵件網絡已經建立。蘇丹阿卜杜勒梅西德一世於1847年向塞繆爾·莫爾斯頒發了他的第一個官方電報榮譽，第一條電報線路的建設——伊斯坦布爾和埃迪爾內之間——及時完成，宣布1856年克里米亞戰爭結束。 1881年，伊斯坦布爾開始出現一個新興的電話系統，1909年第一台人工電話交換機在伊斯坦布爾投入使用後，郵電部成為郵政、電報和電話部。GSM蜂窩網絡於1994年抵達土耳其，伊斯坦布爾是首批接受該服務的城市之一。今天，移動和固定電話服務由私營公司提供，在1995年從郵政、電報和電話部分離出來的土耳其電信於2005年私有化之後。郵政服務仍然在現在的郵政和電報組織（保留首字母縮寫詞PTT）的職權範圍內。 2000年，伊斯坦布爾有137家醫院，其中100家是私立的。土耳其公民有權在該國的國營醫院享受有補貼的醫療保健。由於公立醫院往往人滿為患或以其他方式運行緩慢，私立醫院更適合那些負擔得起的人。在過去十年中，他們的患病率顯著增加，因為在2005年至2009年期間，使用私立醫院的門診患者比例從6%增加到23%。其中許多私立醫院以及一些公立醫院，配備高科技設備，包括MRI機器，或與醫學研究中心相關聯。土耳其獲得美國聯合委員會認可的醫院比世界上任何其他國家都多，其中大部分集中在其大城市。高質量的醫療保健，尤其是在私立醫院，促成了近期土耳其醫療旅遊的激增（2007年至2008年間增長了40%）。激光眼科手術在醫療遊客中尤為常見，因為土耳其以專門從事該手術而聞名。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="友好城市">友好城市</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：友好城市">编辑</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉木图">阿拉木图</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦">约旦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9B%BC" title="安曼">安曼</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">阿塞拜疆</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%93" title="巴库">巴库</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97%E9%82%A3" title="巴塞罗那">巴塞罗那</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%9C%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="布宜诺斯艾利斯">布宜诺斯艾利斯</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国">韩国</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%9C%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="釜山">釜山</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗">开罗</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="吉大港">吉大港</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆">科隆</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="康斯坦察">康斯坦察</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿联酋</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E6%8B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="迪拜">迪拜</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚">阿尔巴尼亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="都拉斯">都拉斯</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="50">  </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%93%A6%E9%82%A3" title="哈瓦那">哈瓦那</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6" title="休斯敦">休斯敦</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%BE" title="雅加达">雅加达</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%BE%BE" title="吉达">吉达</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B1%B1" title="新山">新山</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="喀布尔">喀布尔</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B1%B1" title="喀山">喀山</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A9%86" title="喀土穆">喀土穆</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%90%88%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="拉合尔">拉合尔</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦">土库曼斯坦</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%9B%B7" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="马雷">马雷</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">烏克蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="敖德萨">敖德萨</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%BB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="奥什">奥什</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E8%BF%AA%E5%A4%AB" title="普罗夫迪夫">普罗夫迪夫</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF" title="布达佩斯">布达佩斯</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9" title="拉巴特">拉巴特</a></li></ul> </td> <td width="50">  </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%86%85%E5%8D%A2" title="里约热内卢">里约热内卢</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波黑</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E7%83%AD%E7%AA%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="萨拉热窝">萨拉热窝</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦">乌兹别克斯坦</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="撒马尔罕">撒马尔罕</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="上海">上海</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%85%B3%E5%B8%82" title="下关市">下关</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓">北馬其頓</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C" title="斯科普里">斯科普里</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" title="圣彼得堡">圣彼得堡</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="斯特拉斯堡">斯特拉斯堡</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第比利斯">第比利斯</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%85%B0" title="德黑兰">德黑兰</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99" title="华沙">华沙</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西安">西安</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="台北市">台北市</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释">注释</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：注释">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-byz-date-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-byz-date_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-byz-date_1-1">1.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-byz-date_1-2">1.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-byz-date_1-3">1.3</a> 拜占庭的建立时间在百科全书或其他第三级来源中时常被定为西元前667年。然而史学家对该城具体的建立时间存在争议。西元前5世纪史学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="希罗多德">希罗多德</a>的著作时常被引用；他称该城于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%A2%A9" title="迦克墩">迦克墩</a>建城（约为公元前685年）后17年建立<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%A5%E6%92%92%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%98%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%B9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="该撒利亚的优西比乌">优西比乌</a>虽然认同迦克墩的建城时间，但他认为拜占庭建立于西元前659年<a href="#cite_note-isa199-20">[17]</a>。在现代史学家中，卡尔·罗伯克提议为前640年代<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a>，而其他史学家则认为要更晚。此外迦克墩的建城时间亦有争议；一些来源认为是前685年<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a>，另一些来源则认为是前675年<a href="#cite_note-fre10-23">[20]</a>或是前639年（并将拜占庭建城时间定为前619年）<a href="#cite_note-isa199-20">[17]</a>。由此许多来源索性选择将拜占庭的建城时间定为前7世纪。 </li> <li id="cite_note-name-1930-3"><a href="#cite_ref-name-1930_3-0">^</a> 1930年该市正式更名为伊斯坦堡，但此名称自1453年<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">鄂圖曼征服</a>前即开始使用<a href="#cite_note-roo177-2">[1]</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-city-area-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-city-area_4-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-city-area_4-1">3.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-city-area_4-2">3.2</a> 对于伊斯坦布尔的面积说法不一。最为权威的来源为伊斯坦布尔都会市，但其英文网站提供了多种不同的数据。一个页面称“每个都市区被划分为分区，而伊斯坦布尔有27个分区”，总面积为1,538.9平方公里（594.2平方英里）<a href="#cite_note-mmi-districts-77">[74]</a>。然而历史页面似乎描述得最为明确且最时常更新，称在2004年“伊斯坦布尔都市区的管辖范围被扩大到全省”。其亦称在2008年的法案将<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E8%AB%BE%E5%8A%AA" title="艾米諾努">艾米诺努</a>区并入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E8%B5%AB" title="法蒂赫">法蒂赫</a>区（前一个来源中未反映此变更），伊斯坦布尔的分区数目增加至39个<a href="#cite_note-mmi-history-78">[75]</a>。由此根据土耳其语页面<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a>和最近更新的英语页面<a href="#cite_note-mmi-jurisdiction-80">[77]</a>信息，总面积为5,343平方公里（2,063平方英里）。 </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用">引用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-roo177-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roo177_2-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roo177_2-1">1.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roo177_2-2">1.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roo177_2-3">1.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roo177_2-4">1.4</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoom2006">Room 2006</a>，第177頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_5-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_5-1">2.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_5-2">2.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a 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href="#CITEREFMossbergerClarkeJohn2012">Mossberger, Clarke & John 2012</a>，第145頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.incirlik.af.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/3236913/istanbul-a-city-where-two-continents-meet/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.incirlik.af.mil%2FNews%2FCommentaries%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F3236913%2Fistanbul-a-city-where-two-continents-meet%2F">Istanbul, a city where two continents meet</a>. 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Oxford University Press. 2009: 1 [2013-04-11]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-530991-1">ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116120623/https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA315">存档</a>于2020-11-16）. <q>Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture%3A+Delhi+to+Mosque&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA315&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrink-Danan2011" class="citation book">Brink-Danan, Marcy. Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance. New Anthropologies of Europe. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-253-35690-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-253-35690-1">ISBN 978-0-253-35690-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Marcy&rft.aulast=Brink-Danan&rft.btitle=Jewish+Life+in+Twenty-First-Century+Turkey%3A+The+Other+Side+of+Tolerance&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35690-1&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.series=New+Anthropologies+of+Europe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrummett2000" class="citation book">Brummett, Palmira Johnson. Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7914-4463-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7914-4463-4">ISBN 978-0-7914-4463-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Palmira+Johnson&rft.aulast=Brummett&rft.btitle=Image+and+Imperialism+in+the+Ottoman+Revolutionary+Press%2C+1908%E2%80%931911&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4463-4&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCantor1994" class="citation book">Cantor, Norman F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000norm">Civilization of the Middle Ages</a>. New York: HarperCollins. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-06-092553-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-06-092553-6">ISBN 978-0-06-092553-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.btitle=Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092553-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationofmi0000norm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFÇelik1993" class="citation book">Çelik, Zeynep. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC">The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century</a>. Berkeley, Calif., & Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-520-08239-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-520-08239-7">ISBN 978-0-520-08239-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Zeynep&rft.aulast=%C3%87elik&rft.btitle=The+Remaking+of+Istanbul%3A+Portrait+of+an+Ottoman+City+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08239-7&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.%2C+%26+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChamber_of_Architects_of_Turkey2006" class="citation book">Chamber of Architects of Turkey. Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula 1. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-975-395-899-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-975-395-899-8">ISBN 978-975-395-899-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Chamber+of+Architects+of+Turkey&rft.btitle=Architectural+Guide+to+Istanbul%3A+Historic+Peninsula&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-975-395-899-8&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Chamber+of+Architects+of+Turkey%2C+Istanbul+Metropolitan+Branch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChandler1987" class="citation book">Chandler, Tertius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan">Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census</a>. Lewiston, N.Y.: St. David's University Press. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-88946-207-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-88946-207-6">ISBN 978-0-88946-207-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Tertius&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.btitle=Four+Thousand+Years+of+Urban+Growth%3A+An+Historical+Census&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-207-6&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=St.+David%27s+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourthousandyear0000chan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFConnell2010" class="citation book">Connell, John. Medical Tourism. CAB Books. Wallingford, Eng.: CABI. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84593-660-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84593-660-0">ISBN 978-1-84593-660-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.btitle=Medical+Tourism&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-660-0&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=CABI&rft.series=CAB+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDahmus1995" class="citation book">Dahmus, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea0000dahm">A History of the Middle Ages</a>. New York: Barnes & Noble Publishing. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7607-0036-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7607-0036-5">ISBN 978-0-7607-0036-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Dahmus&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0036-5&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmiddlea0000dahm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDe_Sélincourt2003" class="citation book">De Sélincourt, Aubery. Marincola, John M , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histories00hero">The Histories</a>. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin Books. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-14-044908-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-14-044908-2">ISBN 978-0-14-044908-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Aubery&rft.aulast=De+S%C3%A9lincourt&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044908-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistories00hero&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDe_Souza2003" class="citation book">De Souza, Philip. The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C. London: Routledge. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-96854-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-96854-6">ISBN 978-0-415-96854-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.aulast=De+Souza&rft.btitle=The+Greek+and+Persian+Wars%2C+499-386+B.C&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96854-6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDumperStanley2007" class="citation book">Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-57607-919-5">ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesofmiddleea0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDüring2010" class="citation book">Düring, Bleda S. The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-14981-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-14981-5">ISBN 978-0-521-14981-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Bleda+S.&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCring&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Asia+Minor%3A+From+Complex+Hunter-Gatherers+to+Early+Urban+Societies&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14981-5&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEfeCürebal2011" class="citation book">Efe, Recep; Cürebal, Isa. Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul. Brunn, Stanley D (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun">Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects</a>. London & New York: Springer. 2011: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun/page/715">715</a>–34. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-481-9919-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-481-9919-8">ISBN 978-90-481-9919-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+the+%22Marmaray%22+Project+%28Bosphorus+Tube+Crossing%2C+Tunnels%2C+and+Stations%29+on+Transportation+and+Urban+Environment+in+Istanbul&rft.au=C%C3%BCrebal%2C+Isa&rft.aufirst=Recep&rft.aulast=Efe&rft.btitle=Engineering+Earth%3A+The+Impacts+of+Megaengineering+Projects&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9919-8&rft.pages=715-34&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengineeringearth00brun&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2005" class="citation book">Finkel, Caroline. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. New York: Basic Books. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-465-02396-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-465-02396-7">ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02396-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFreely1996" class="citation book">Freely, John. Istanbul: The Imperial City. New York: Viking. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-670-85972-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-670-85972-6">ISBN 978-0-670-85972-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.btitle=Istanbul%3A+The+Imperial+City&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85972-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFreely2000" class="citation book">Freely, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companionguideto0000free_x9y4">The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara</a>. Woodbridge, Eng.: Companion Guides. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-900639-31-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-900639-31-6">ISBN 978-1-900639-31-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.btitle=The+Companion+Guide+to+Istanbul+and+Around+the+Marmara&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-900639-31-6&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Companion+Guides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompanionguideto0000free_x9y4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFreely2011" class="citation book">Freely, John. A History of Ottoman Architecture. Southampton, Eng.: WIT Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84564-506-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84564-506-9">ISBN 978-1-84564-506-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-506-9&rft.place=Southampton%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=WIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGeorgacas1947" class="citation journal">Georgacas, Demetrius John. The Names of Constantinople. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (The Johns Hopkins University Press). 1947, 78: 347–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/283503">JSTOR 283503</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F283503">doi:10.2307/283503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.atitle=The+Names+of+Constantinople&rft.aufirst=Demetrius+John&rft.aulast=Georgacas&rft.date=1947&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+and+Proceedings+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.pages=347-67&rft.volume=78&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F283503&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F283503&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGökselKerslake2005" class="citation book">Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Comprehensive Grammars. Abingdon, Eng.: Routledge. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-21761-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-21761-3">ISBN 978-0-415-21761-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Kerslake%2C+Celia&rft.aufirst=Asl%C4%B1&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ksel&rft.btitle=Turkish%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21761-3&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.series=Comprehensive+Grammars&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGöktürkSoysalTüreli2010" class="citation book">Göktürk, Deniz; Soysal, Levent; Türeli, İpek (编). Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe?. New York: Routledge. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-58011-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-58011-3">ISBN 978-0-415-58011-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Soysal%2C+Levent&rft.au=T%C3%BCreli%2C+%C4%B0pek&rft.aufirst=Deniz&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk&rft.btitle=Orienting+Istanbul%3A+Cultural+Capital+of+Europe%3F&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58011-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book">Grant, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/severanschangedr0000gran">The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire</a>. London: Routledge. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-12772-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-12772-1">ISBN 978-0-415-12772-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+The+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12772-1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseveranschangedr0000gran&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGregory2010" class="citation book">Gregory, Timothy E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi">A History of Byzantium</a>. Oxford, Eng.: John Wiley and Sons. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4051-8471-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4051-8471-7">ISBN 978-1-4051-8471-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGül2012" class="citation book">Gül, Murat. The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City Revised Paperback Edition. London: IB.Tauris. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1780763743" title="Special:网络书源/978-1780763743">ISBN 978-1780763743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCl&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Istanbul%3A+Transformation+and+Modernisation+of+a+City&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=Revised+Paperback+Edition&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1780763743&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB.Tauris&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHarter2005" class="citation book">Harter, Jim. World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings illustrated. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8018-8089-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8018-8089-6">ISBN 978-0-8018-8089-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Harter&rft.btitle=World+Railways+of+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Pictorial+History+in+Victorian+Engravings&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book">Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (编). The Cambridge History of Islam 1A illustrated, reprint. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 1977. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-29135-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-29135-4">ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Lambton%2C+Ann+K.+S.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.date=1977&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29135-4&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFIsaac1986" class="citation book">Isaac, Benjamin H. The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest illustrated. Leiden, the Neth.: BRILL. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-06921-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-06921-3">ISBN 978-90-04-06921-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Settlements+in+Thrace+Until+the+Macedonian+Conquest&rft.date=1986&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06921-3&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKapucuPalabiyik2008" class="citation book">Kapucu, Naim; Palabiyik, Hamit. Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age. USAK Publications 17. Ankara: USAK. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-605-4030-01-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-605-4030-01-9">ISBN 978-605-4030-01-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Palabiyik%2C+Hamit&rft.aufirst=Naim&rft.aulast=Kapucu&rft.btitle=Turkish+Public+Administration%3A+From+Tradition+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-605-4030-01-9&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=USAK&rft.series=USAK+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKarpat1976" class="citation book">Karpat, Kemal H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp">The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization</a> illustrated. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 1976. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-20954-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-20954-0">ISBN 978-0-521-20954-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Kemal+H.&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.btitle=The+Gecekondu%3A+Rural+Migration+and+Urbanization&rft.date=1976&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20954-0&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgecekondururalmi0000karp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKeyder1999" class="citation book">Keyder, Çağlar (编). Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8476-9495-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8476-9495-2">ISBN 978-0-8476-9495-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=%C3%87a%C4%9Flar&rft.aulast=Keyder&rft.btitle=Istanbul%3A+Between+the+Global+and+the+Local&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9495-2&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">King, Charles. Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul. Norton & Cy. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780393089141-" title="Special:网络书源/9780393089141-">ISBN 9780393089141-</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=Midnight+at+the+Pera+Palace%2C+The+birth+of+modern+Istanbul&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780393089141-&rft.pub=Norton+%26+Cy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKlimczukWarner2009" class="citation book">Klimczuk, Stephen; Warner, Gerald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim">Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies</a>. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4027-6207-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4027-6207-9">ISBN 978-1-4027-6207-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Warner%2C+Gerald&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Klimczuk&rft.btitle=Secret+Places%2C+Hidden+Sanctuaries%3A+Uncovering+Mysterious+Sights%2C+Symbols%2C+and+Societies&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6207-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretplaceshidd0000klim&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKnielingOthengrafen2009" class="citation book">Knieling, Jörg; Othengrafen, Frank. Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning. Urban and Regional Planning and Development. Surrey, Eng.: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7546-7565-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7546-7565-5">ISBN 978-0-7546-7565-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Othengrafen%2C+Frank&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.aulast=Knieling&rft.btitle=Planning+Cultures+in+Europe%3A+Decoding+Cultural+Phenomena+in+Urban+and+Regional+Planning&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7565-5&rft.place=Surrey%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.series=Urban+and+Regional+Planning+and+Development&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKöksal2012" class="citation book">Köksal, Özlem (编). World Film Locations: Istanbul. Bristol, Eng.: Intellect Books. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84150-567-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84150-567-1">ISBN 978-1-84150-567-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=%C3%96zlem&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ksal&rft.btitle=World+Film+Locations%3A+Istanbul&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84150-567-1&rft.place=Bristol%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKöse2009" class="citation book">Köse, Yavuz. Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921). Atabaki, Touraj; Brockett, Gavin (编). Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 2009: 91–114. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-12805-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-12805-6">ISBN 978-0-521-12805-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.atitle=Vertical+Bazaars+of+Modernity%3A+Western+Department+Stores+and+Their+Staff+in+Istanbul+%281889%E2%80%931921%29&rft.aufirst=Yavuz&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6se&rft.btitle=Ottoman+and+Republican+Turkish+Labour+History&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12805-6&rft.pages=91-114&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLandau1984" class="citation book">Landau, Jacob M. Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey. Leiden, the Neth.: E.J. Brill. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-07070-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-07070-7">ISBN 978-90-04-07070-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+and+the+Modernization+of+Turkey&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07070-7&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLimberis1994" class="citation book">Limberis, Vasiliki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb">Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople</a>. London: Routledge. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-09677-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-09677-5">ISBN 978-0-415-09677-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Vasiliki&rft.aulast=Limberis&rft.btitle=Divine+Heiress%3A+The+Virgin+Mary+and+the+Creation+of+Christian+Constantinople&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09677-5&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdivineheiressvir0000limb&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLister1979" class="citation book">Lister, Richard P. The Travels of Herodotus. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-86033-081-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-86033-081-3">ISBN 978-0-86033-081-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Herodotus&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-86033-081-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gordon+%26+Cremonesi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMastersÁgoston2009" class="citation book">Masters, Bruce Alan; Ágoston, Gábor. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Infobase Publishing. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4381-1025-7">ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=%C3%81goston%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Alan&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMorris2010" class="citation book">Morris, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf">Social Development</a> (PDF). Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University. October 2010 [2012-07-05]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf">原始内容</a> (pdf)存档于2012-09-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.btitle=Social+Development&rft.date=2010-10&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fianmorris.org%2Fdocs%2Fsocial-development.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMossbergerClarkeJohn2012" class="citation book">Mossberger, Karen; Clarke, Susan E.; John, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2">The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics</a>. Oxford Handbooks in Politics and International Relations. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-536786-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-536786-7">ISBN 978-0-19-536786-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Susan+E.&rft.au=John%2C+Peter&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.aulast=Mossberger&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Urban+Politics&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536786-7&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks+in+Politics+and+International+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu1991" class="citation book">Necipoğlu, Gülru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci">Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-262-14050-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-262-14050-8">ISBN 978-0-262-14050-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+Ceremonial%2C+and+Power%3A+The+Topkapi+Palace+in+the+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-262-14050-8&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitecturecere0000neci&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu2010" class="citation book">Necipoğlu, Gülru. From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye. ölcer, Nazan (编). From Byzantion to Istanbul. Istanbul: SSM. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-605-4348-04-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-605-4348-04-6">ISBN 978-605-4348-04-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.atitle=From+Byzantine+Constantinople+to+Ottoman+Kostantiniyye&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.btitle=From+Byzantion+to+Istanbul&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-605-4348-04-6&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=SSM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNorris2010" class="citation book">Norris, Pippa. Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8213-8200-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8213-8200-4">ISBN 978-0-8213-8200-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.btitle=Public+Sentinel%3A+News+Media+%26+Governance+Reform&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-8200-4&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development2008" class="citation book">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Istanbul, Turkey. OECD Territorial Reviews. Paris: OECD Publishing. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-64-04371-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-64-04371-8">ISBN 978-92-64-04371-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.btitle=Istanbul%2C+Turkey&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-64-04371-8&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.series=OECD+Territorial+Reviews&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2009" class="citation book">Oxford Business Group. The Report: Turkey 2009. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford Business Group. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-902339-13-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-902339-13-9">ISBN 978-1-902339-13-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Turkey+2009&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-13-9&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPapathanassis2011" class="citation book">Papathanassis, Alexis. The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism. Berlin: Springer. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-8349-3062-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-8349-3062-0">ISBN 978-3-8349-3062-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.aulast=Papathanassis&rft.btitle=The+Long+Tail+of+Tourism%3A+Holiday+Niches+and+Their+Impact+on+Mainstream+Tourism&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-8349-3062-0&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFQuantic2008" class="citation book">Quantic, Roy. Climatology for Airline Pilots. Oxford, Eng.: John Wiley & Sons. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-470-69847-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-470-69847-1">ISBN 978-0-470-69847-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.aulast=Quantic&rft.btitle=Climatology+for+Airline+Pilots&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-69847-1&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFReinert2002" class="citation book">Reinert, Stephen W. Fragmentation (1204–1453). Mango, Cyril (编). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-814098-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-814098-6">ISBN 978-0-19-814098-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.atitle=Fragmentation+%281204%E2%80%931453%29&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft.aulast=Reinert&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Byzantium&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814098-6&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFReisman2006" class="citation book">Reisman, Arnold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkeysmoderniza0000reis">Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision</a>. Washington, D.C.: New Academia Publishing, LLC. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-9777908-8-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-9777908-8-3">ISBN 978-0-9777908-8-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.aulast=Reisman&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Modernization%3A+Refugees+from+Nazism+and+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Vision&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-9777908-8-3&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=New+Academia+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturkeysmoderniza0000reis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRoebuck1959" class="citation book">Roebuck, Carl. Ionian Trade and Colonization. Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts. New York: Archaeological Institute of America. 1959. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-89005-528-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-89005-528-1">ISBN 978-0-89005-528-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.aulast=Roebuck&rft.btitle=Ionian+Trade+and+Colonization&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-89005-528-1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&rft.series=Monographs+on+Archaeology+and+Fine+Arts&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book">Room, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom">Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites</a> 2nd. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7864-2248-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7864-2248-7">ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.aulast=Room&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+Origins+and+Meanings+of+the+Names+for+6%2C600+Countries%2C+Cities%2C+Territories%2C+Natural+Features%2C+and+Historic+Sites&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacenamesofworl02edroom&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRôzen2002" class="citation book">Rôzen, Mînnā. A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566 illustrated. Leiden, the Neth.: BRILL. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-12530-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-12530-8">ISBN 978-90-04-12530-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=M%C3%AEnn%C4%81&rft.aulast=R%C3%B4zen&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+Community+in+Istanbul%3A+The+Formative+Years%2C+1453%E2%80%931566&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12530-8&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSanal2011" class="citation book">Sanal, Aslihan. Fischer, Michael M. J.; Dumit, Joseph , 编. New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy. Experimental Futures illustrated. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Duke University Press. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8223-4912-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8223-4912-9">ISBN 978-0-8223-4912-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Aslihan&rft.aulast=Sanal&rft.btitle=New+Organs+Within+Us%3A+Transplants+and+the+Moral+Economy&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4912-9&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.series=Experimental+Futures&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2005" class="citation book">Schmitt, Oliver Jens. Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert". München: Oldenbourg. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-486-57713-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-486-57713-6">ISBN 978-3-486-57713-6</a> （德语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Jens&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.btitle=Levantiner%3A+Lebenswelten+und+Identit%C3%A4ten+einer+ethnokonfessionellen+Gruppe+im+osmanischen+Reich+im+%22langen+19.+Jahrhundert%22&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-486-57713-6&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw1977" class="citation book">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 2. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. 1977. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-29166-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-29166-8">ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+K.&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29166-8&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTaşan-Kok2004" class="citation book">Taşan-Kok, Tuna. Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change. Delft, the Neth.: Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-5972-041-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-5972-041-1">ISBN 978-90-5972-041-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Tuna&rft.aulast=Ta%C5%9Fan-Kok&rft.btitle=Budapest%2C+Istanbul%2C+and+Warsaw%3A+Institutional+and+Spatial+Change&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-5972-041-1&rft.place=Delft%2C+the+Neth.&rft.pub=Eburon+Uitgeverij+B.V&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation book">Taylor, Jane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialistanbul0000tayl">Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne</a>. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84511-334-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84511-334-6">ISBN 978-1-84511-334-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.btitle=Imperial+Istanbul%3A+A+Traveller%27s+Guide%3A+Includes+Iznik%2C+Bursa+and+Edirne&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-334-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialistanbul0000tayl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTigrekKibaroğlu2011" class="citation book">Tigrek, Sahnaz; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül. Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey. Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Scheumann, Waltina; Kramer, Annika (编). Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation. London & New York: Springer. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-642-19635-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-642-19635-5">ISBN 978-3-642-19635-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.atitle=Strategic+Role+of+Water+Resources+for+Turkey&rft.au=Kibaro%C4%9Flu%2C+Ay%C8%99eg%C3%BCl&rft.aufirst=Sahnaz&rft.aulast=Tigrek&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+Water+Policy%3A+National+Frameworks+and+International+Cooperation&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-642-19635-5&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTime_Out_Guides2010" class="citation book">Time Out Guides (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeoutistanbul0000unse">Time Out Istanbul</a>. London: Time Out Guides. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84670-115-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84670-115-3">ISBN 978-1-84670-115-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=Time+Out+Guides&rft.btitle=Time+Out+Istanbul&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84670-115-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Time+Out+Guides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeoutistanbul0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTuran2010" class="citation book">Turan, Neyran. Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul. Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro (编). Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. 2010: 223–42. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-4-431-99266-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-4-431-99266-0">ISBN 978-4-431-99266-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.atitle=Towards+an+Ecological+Urbanism+for+Istanbul&rft.aufirst=Neyran&rft.aulast=Turan&rft.btitle=Megacities%3A+Urban+Form%2C+Governance%2C+and+Sustainability&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-4-431-99266-0&rft.pages=223-42&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.series=Library+for+Sustainable+Urban+Regeneration&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWCTR_Society;_Unʼyu_Seisaku_Kenkyū_Kikō2004" class="citation book">WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō. Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-08-044512-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-08-044512-0">ISBN 978-0-08-044512-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.au=WCTR+Society%3B+Un%CA%BCyu+Seisaku+Kenky%C5%AB+Kik%C5%8D&rft.btitle=Urban+Transport+and+the+Environment%3A+An+International+Perspective&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044512-0&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWedel2000" class="citation book">Wedel, Heidi. Ibrahim, Ferhad; Gürbey, Gülistan , 编. The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. 2000: 181–93. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-8258-4744-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-8258-4744-9">ISBN 978-3-8258-4744-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft.aulast=Wedel&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Conflict+in+Turkey&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9&rft.pages=181-93&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWynn1984" class="citation book">Wynn, Martin. Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe. Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment. Los Altos, Calif.: Mansell. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7201-1608-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7201-1608-3">ISBN 978-0-7201-1608-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.btitle=Planning+and+Urban+Growth+in+Southern+Europe&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7201-1608-3&rft.place=Los+Altos%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Mansell&rft.series=Studies+in+History%2C+Planning%2C+and+the+Environment&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相關的多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" class="extiw" title="commons:İstanbul">伊斯坦堡</a>（<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Istanbul" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Istanbul">分類</a>）</div></div> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%BC%E6%B8%B8" title="维基导游">维基导游</a>上<a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="voy:伊斯坦堡">有關伊斯坦堡的旅行指南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%AE%A2%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C" title="维客旅行">維客旅行</a>上的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikitravel.org/en/Istanbul">伊斯坦堡</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210208061012/http://wikitravel.org/en/Istanbul">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//maps.google.com/maps?q=Istanbul">谷歌地圖</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516051710/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/">伊斯坦堡市政府</a>（土耳其文）（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istanbul.gov.tr/">伊斯坦堡省政府</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121221173941/http://harika.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=316">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-12-21（土耳其文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061222171620/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/">Wonderful Istanbul</a> - 伊斯坦堡省政府旅遊導覽網站（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810081126/http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/MapForm.aspx?&rw=1C2&cl=385&scl=6&cx=88710&cy=96187">伊斯坦堡大都会区图片与地图(1946, 1966, 1982，2005)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="Portal:亚洲">亚洲主题</a></li> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/32px-Europe_green_light.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/48px-Europe_green_light.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/64px-Europe_green_light.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="226" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:欧洲">欧洲主题</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E4%B9%83%E7%88%BE" title="杜乃爾">杜乃爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="王子群島">王子群島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E7%8C%AB" title="伊斯坦布尔流浪猫">伊斯坦布尔流浪猫</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E5%8F%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土耳其電視台列表（页面不存在）">電視</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土耳其國家象徵（页面不存在）">象徵</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.4em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD" title="土耳其國徽">國徽</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="土耳其国旗">國旗</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B2" title="独立进行曲">國歌</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%97%97" title="土耳其总统旗">总统旗</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲文化之都" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%83%BD" title="Template:歐洲文化之都"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%83%BD" title="Template talk:歐洲文化之都"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%83%BD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:歐洲文化之都"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="欧洲文化之都" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%83%BD" title="欧洲文化之都">欧洲文化之都</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1985年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a></dd> <dt>1986年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a></dd> <dt>1987年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a></dd> <dt>1988年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="西柏林">西</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a></dd> <dt>1989年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a></dd> <dt>1990年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5" title="格拉斯哥">格拉斯哥</a></dd> <dt>1991年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></dd> <dt>1992年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="马德里">马德里</a></dd> <dt>1993年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%AB%E6%99%AE" title="安特卫普">安特卫普</a></dd> <dt>1994年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a></dd> <dt>1995年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></dd> <dt>1996年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a></dd> <dt>1997年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%A8%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="塞萨洛尼基">塞萨洛尼基</a></dd> <dt>1998年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></dd> <dt>1999年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E7%8E%9B" title="魏玛">魏玛</a></dd> <dt>2000年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B" title="雷克雅維克">雷克雅未克</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%B9" title="卑爾根">卑爾根</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA" title="赫尔辛基">赫尔辛基</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="布鲁塞尔首都大区">布鲁塞尔</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="布拉格">布拉格</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="克拉科夫">克拉科夫</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9E%E5%93%A5-%E5%BE%B7%E5%AD%94%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89" title="聖地亞哥-德孔波斯特拉">聖地亞哥-德孔波斯特拉</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E8%BE%B2" title="亞維農">亞維農</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="博洛尼亚">博洛尼亚</a></dd> <dt>2001年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="鹿特丹">鹿特丹</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%96" title="波爾圖">波爾圖</a></dd> <dt>2002年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E6%97%A5" title="布魯日">布魯日</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E5%8D%A1" title="萨拉曼卡">萨拉曼卡</a></dd> <dt>2003年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%8C%A8" title="格拉茨">格拉茨</a></dd> <dt>2004年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A" title="热那亚">热那亚</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94" title="里尔">里尔</a></dd> <dt>2005年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B_(%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0)" title="科克 (爱尔兰)">科克</a></dd> <dt>2006年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7" title="帕特雷">帕特雷</a></dd> <dt>2007年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F" title="錫比烏">錫比烏</a></dd> <dt>2008年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6" title="利物浦">利物浦</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E4%B8%87%E6%A0%BC" title="斯塔万格">斯塔万格</a></dd> <dt>2009年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%8C%A8" title="林茨">林茨</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a></dd> <dt>2010年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A3%AE" title="埃森">埃森</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">伊斯坦堡</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%A5%87" title="佩奇">佩奇</a></dd> <dt>2011年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%AB" title="圖爾庫">圖爾庫</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97" title="塔林">塔林</a></dd> <dt>2012年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94" title="马里博尔">马里博尔</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="基馬拉斯">吉馬朗伊什</a></dd> <dt>2013年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B8%8C%E7%AD%96" title="科希策">科希策</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9B" title="马赛">马赛</a></dd> <dt>2014年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%BB%98%E5%A5%A7" title="于默奧">于默奧</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加">里加</a></dd> <dt>2015年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%96%AF" title="蒙斯">蒙斯</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE" title="比尔森">比尔森</a></dd> <dt>2016年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89" title="圣塞瓦斯蒂安">圣塞瓦斯蒂安</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB" title="弗罗茨瓦夫">弗罗茨瓦夫</a></dd> <dt>2017年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF" title="奥胡斯">奥胡斯</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF" title="帕福斯">帕福斯</a></dd> <dt>2018年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E5%A1%94" title="瓦莱塔">瓦莱塔</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E4%BC%90%E7%99%BB" title="吕伐登">吕伐登</a></dd> <dt>2019年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E8%BF%AA%E5%A4%AB" title="普罗夫迪夫">普罗夫迪夫</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E6%8B%89" title="马泰拉">马泰拉</a></dd> <dt>2020年至21年4月*</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E8%80%B6%E5%8D%A1" title="里耶卡">里耶卡</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E9%9F%A6" title="戈尔韦">戈尔韦</a></dd> <dt>2022年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF" title="考納斯">考那斯</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E5%9F%83%E6%96%BD" title="阿尔泽特河畔埃施">阿尔泽特河畔埃施</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7" title="诺维萨德">诺维萨德</a></dd> <dt>2023年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86" title="維斯普雷姆">維斯普雷姆</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E7%B1%B3%E4%BB%80%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89" title="蒂米什瓦拉">蒂米什瓦拉</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%A4%AB%E8%A5%BF%E7%BA%B3" title="埃莱夫西纳">埃莱夫西纳</a></dd> <dt>2024年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BE" title="塔尔图">塔尔图</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%BD%E5%B0%94" title="巴特伊施尔">巴特伊施尔</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="博德">博德</a></dd> <dt>2025年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%9F" title="新戈里察">新戈里察</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A" title="戈里齐亚">戈里齐亚</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%86%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="开姆尼茨">开姆尼茨</a></dd> <dt>2026年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2" title="奥卢">奥卢</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%80%AB%E6%AC%BD" title="特倫欽">特倫欽</a></dd> <dt>2027年</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%B8%95%E4%BA%9A" title="利耶帕亚">利耶帕亚</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%AD%A6%E6%8B%89" title="埃武拉">埃武拉</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Capital_of_Culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/European_Capital_of_Culture.svg/80px-European_Capital_of_Culture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/European_Capital_of_Culture.svg/120px-European_Capital_of_Culture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/European_Capital_of_Culture.svg/160px-European_Capital_of_Culture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="45" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><div>* 由於<a href="/wiki/COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>大流行，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟委员会">歐盟委員會</a>於2021年決議延期舉辦文化之都。</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B5%9B%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Template:欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B5%9B%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B5%9B%E4%B8%BE%E5%8A%9E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%BD" title="歐洲歌唱大賽">欧洲歌唱大赛</a>举办城市</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卢加诺">卢加诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克福">法兰克福</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E7%91%9F%E5%A7%86" title="希爾弗瑟姆">希尔弗瑟姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9B%E7%BA%B3" title="戛纳">戛纳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%9B%E7%BA%B3" title="戛纳">戛纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="马德里">马德里</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="爱丁堡">爱丁堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%96%E9%A1%BF" title="布赖顿">布赖顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99" title="海牙">海牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%B4%9B%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="哈洛格特">哈洛格特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1" title="哥德堡">哥德堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%B9" title="卑爾根">卑爾根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="布鲁塞尔">布鲁塞尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%A1%91" title="洛桑">洛桑</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83" title="萨格勒布">萨格勒布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%BB%98" title="马尔默">马尔默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E5%9D%8A%E8%A1%97%E9%8E%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="磨坊街鎮">磨坊街镇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="奥斯陆">奥斯陆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%8E%E7%BF%B0" title="伯明翰">伯明翰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7" title="耶路撒冷">耶路撒冷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97" title="塔林">塔林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加">里加</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">伊斯坦布尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94" title="基輔">基輔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA" title="赫尔辛基">赫尔辛基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="贝尔格莱德">贝尔格莱德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E9%AD%AF%E5%A7%86" title="拜魯姆">拜鲁姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="杜塞尔多夫">杜塞尔多夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%93" title="巴库">巴库</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%BB%98" title="马尔默">马尔默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94" title="基輔">基輔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%AB" title="特拉维夫">特拉维夫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="鹿特丹">鹿特丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E9%9D%88" class="mw-redirect" title="都靈">都靈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%A6" title="利物浦">利物浦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="世界市区人口五十大城市" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Template:世界市区人口五十大城市"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:世界市区人口五十大城市（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:世界市区人口五十大城市"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="世界市区人口五十大城市" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="按人口排列的世界城市地区列表">世界市区人口五十大城市</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-count:5; column-width:auto;"><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本"><img alt="日本" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%88_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="首都圈 (日本)">东京</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚"><img alt="印度尼西亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%BE" title="雅加达">雅加达</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度"><img alt="印度" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E8%BD%84%E5%8D%80" title="國家首都轄區">德里</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾"><img alt="菲律宾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83" title="馬尼拉大都會">马尼拉</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国"><img alt="大韩民国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%88_(%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B)" title="首都圈 (韓國)">首尔</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度"><img alt="印度" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E4%B9%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%8C%BA" title="孟买大都会区">孟买</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82" title="上海市">上海</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%80" title="紐約都會區">纽约</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西"><img alt="巴西" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97_(%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF)" class="mw-redirect" title="圣保罗 (巴西)">圣保罗</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥"><img alt="墨西哥" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9F%8E" title="墨西哥城">墨西哥城</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" title="广州市">广州</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82" title="佛山市">佛山</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E5%B8%82" title="深圳市">深圳</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国"><img alt="孟加拉国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="达卡市">达卡</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本"><img alt="日本" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%98%AA%E7%A5%9E" title="京阪神">京都-大阪-神戶</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及"><img alt="埃及" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97" title="开罗">开罗</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯"><img alt="俄罗斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%88" title="莫斯科都市圈">莫斯科</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国"><img alt="泰国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/22px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/33px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/44px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7" title="曼谷">曼谷</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%9B%E6%9D%89%E7%9F%B6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="大洛杉矶地区">洛杉矶</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度"><img alt="印度" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答">加尔各答</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞"><img alt="奈及利亞" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%93%A5%E6%96%AF" title="拉哥斯">拉哥斯</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷"><img alt="阿根廷" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%9C%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="大布宜诺斯艾利斯">布宜诺斯艾利斯</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦"><img alt="巴基斯坦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87" title="卡拉奇">卡拉奇</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其"><img alt="土耳其" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">伊斯坦堡</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗"><img alt="伊朗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%85%B0" title="德黑兰">德黑兰</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82" title="天津市">天津</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果民主共和国"><img alt="刚果民主共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南"><img alt="越南" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%82" title="胡志明市">胡志明</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国"><img alt="英国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%80" title="大倫敦都會區">伦敦</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚"><img alt="哥伦比亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%AC%E5%9C%88" title="中京圈">名古屋</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度"><img alt="印度" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%97%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)" title="海得拉巴 (印度)">海得拉巴</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非"><img alt="南非" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="约翰内斯堡">约翰内斯堡</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国"><img alt="美国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%B8%82" title="武汉市">武汉</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="中国"><img alt="中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" 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decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%A5" title="奧尼查">奧尼查</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚"><img alt="马来西亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%9F%E8%B0%B7" 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title="Category:Webarchive模板archiveis链接">Webarchive模板archiveis链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABFAST%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目">包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABISNI%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目">包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABVIAF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目">包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABWorldCat%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目">包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABCANTICN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含CANTICN标识符的维基百科条目">包含CANTICN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-rv8bh","wgBackendResponseTime":233,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.043","walltime":"3.718","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26663,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":792447,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":90591,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":33,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":69,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":204903,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2932.225 1 -total"," 19.60% 574.709 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.20% 416.309 2 Template:Infobox"," 14.07% 412.509 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 9.37% 274.663 69 Template:Cite_book"," 8.19% 240.250 48 Template:Cite_web"," 7.78% 228.222 1 Template:Navboxes"," 6.95% 203.844 4 Template:Navbox"," 6.87% 201.349 43 Template:Flag"," 5.10% 149.412 1 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[\"CITEREFFreely2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgacas1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGökselKerslake2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöktürkSoysalTüreli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGül2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHedrick-Wong2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessica_Bourque2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapucuPalabiyik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpat1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyder1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindap2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlimczukWarner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnielingOthengrafen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKottekGrieserBeckRudolf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöksal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandau1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimberis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLister1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastersÁgoston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoonan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMossbergerClarkeJohn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNecipoğlu1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNecipoğlu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOya_Algan,_M._Namık_Yalçın,_Mehmet_Özdoğan,_Yücel_Yılmaz,_Erol_Sarı,_Elmas_Kırcı-Elmas,_İsak_Yılmaz,_Özlem_Bulkan,_Demet_Ongan,_Cem_Gazioğlu,_Atike_Nazik,_Mehmet_Ali_Polat,_Engin_Meriç2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapathanassis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsonsTodaSteinBarka2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelit\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuantic2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainsford2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRevkin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Tait2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoebuck1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowland_AtkinsonGary_Bridge2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRôzen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawShaw1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTTG_China\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTayançKaracaDalfes1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaşan-Kok2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTigrekKibaroğlu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTime_Out_Guides2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraynor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuran2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWCTR_Society;_Unʼyu_Seisaku_Kenkyū_Kikō2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynn1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYavuz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇelik1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFʻAner2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"AFG\"] = 1,\n [\"ALB\"] = 1,\n [\"ARG\"] = 1,\n [\"AZE\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BAN\"] = 1,\n [\"BIH\"] = 1,\n [\"BRA\"] = 1,\n [\"BUL\"] = 1,\n [\"CUB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 48,\n [\"Clearright\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons+cat\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 19,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Istanbul\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 8,\n [\"EGY\"] = 1,\n [\"ESP\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"En\"] = 3,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Full\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GEO\"] = 1,\n [\"GER\"] = 2,\n [\"HKG\"] = 1,\n [\"HUN\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 79,\n [\"INA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-tr\"] = 3,\n [\"IRI\"] = 1,\n [\"ITA\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 25,\n [\"Infobox World Heritage Site\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"JOR\"] = 1,\n [\"JPN\"] = 1,\n [\"KAZ\"] = 1,\n [\"KGZ\"] = 1,\n [\"KOR\"] = 1,\n [\"KSA\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Lang-ar\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-el\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang-grc\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-la\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang-ota\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-tr\"] = 4,\n [\"Le\"] = 14,\n [\"MAR\"] = 1,\n [\"MAS\"] = 1,\n [\"MKD\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTA\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PAK\"] = 1,\n [\"POL\"] = 1,\n [\"PRC\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal box\"] = 1,\n [\"ROC\"] = 1,\n [\"ROU\"] = 1,\n [\"RUS\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SUD\"] = 1,\n [\"SWE\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"TKM\"] = 1,\n [\"TUR\"] = 2,\n [\"Tr\"] = 2,\n [\"Tsl\"] = 17,\n [\"UAE\"] = 1,\n [\"UKR\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"USA\"] = 1,\n [\"UZB\"] = 1,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 4,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 3,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikitravel\"] = 1,\n [\"世界市区人口五十大城市\"] = 1,\n [\"土耳其主题\"] = 1,\n [\"欧洲歌唱大赛举办城市\"] = 1,\n [\"歐洲文化之都\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","22.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","8.5"],["recursiveClone 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