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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Toponomija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zgodovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgodovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zgodovina</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zgodovina-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Zgodovina</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zgodovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prve_naselbine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prve_naselbine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prve naselbine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prve_naselbine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vzpon_in_propad_Konstantinopla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vzpon_in_propad_Konstantinopla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vzpon in propad Konstantinopla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vzpon_in_propad_Konstantinopla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmansko_in_turško_obdobje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmansko_in_turško_obdobje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Osmansko in turško obdobje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmansko_in_turško_obdobje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geografija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Geografija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Podnebje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podnebje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Podnebje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podnebje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prebivalstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prebivalstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prebivalstvo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prebivalstvo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Prebivalstvo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prebivalstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verstva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verstva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Verstva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verstva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arhitektura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arhitektura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arhitektura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arhitektura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Kultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muzeji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muzeji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Muzeji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muzeji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stavbe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stavbe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Stavbe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stavbe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bizantinski_Konstantinopel_do_leta_1453" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bizantinski_Konstantinopel_do_leta_1453"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Bizantinski Konstantinopel do leta 1453</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bizantinski_Konstantinopel_do_leta_1453-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmanski_Carigrad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmanski_Carigrad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Osmanski Carigrad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmanski_Carigrad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rezidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rezidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.1</span> <span>Rezidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rezidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mošeje_(Camii)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mošeje_(Camii)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.2</span> <span>Mošeje (<i>Camii</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mošeje_(Camii)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tržnice_(Çarşı)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tržnice_(Çarşı)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.3</span> <span>Tržnice (<i>Çarşı</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tržnice_(Çarşı)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trdnjavi_(Hisarı)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trdnjavi_(Hisarı)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.4</span> <span>Trdnjavi (Hisarı)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trdnjavi_(Hisarı)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stolpi_(Kulesi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stolpi_(Kulesi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.5</span> <span>Stolpi (Kulesi)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stolpi_(Kulesi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_(Köprüsü)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_(Köprüsü)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.6</span> <span>Most (Köprüsü)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_(Köprüsü)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Železniški_postaji_(Garı)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Železniški_postaji_(Garı)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.7</span> <span>Železniški postaji (Garı)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Železniški_postaji_(Garı)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opombe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opombe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Opombe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opombe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sklici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sklici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sklici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sklici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Viri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glej_tudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glej_tudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Glej tudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glej_tudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Zunanje povezave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Kazalo vsebine" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carigrad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 225 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-225" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">225 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Сҭампыл – abhaščina" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Сҭампыл" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abhaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89seutamu" title="Éseutamu – ačejščina" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Éseutamu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="ačejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Истамбыл – adigejščina" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Истамбыл" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – nemščina (Švica)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemščina (Švica)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A1%E1%88%8D" title="ኢስታንቡል – amharščina" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢስታንቡል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – aragonščina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis – stara angleščina" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="stara angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – angikaščina" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="إسطنبول – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسطنبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%92%DC%98%DC%A0_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – aramejščina" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="إسطنبول – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسطنبول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استانبول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استانبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="ইষ্টানবুল – asamščina" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইষ্টানবুল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – avarščina" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – avadščina" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="ایستانبول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستانبول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – baškirščina" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – balijščina" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambols" title="Stambols – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stambols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तांबुल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इस्तांबुल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – bambarščina" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="ইস্তাম্বুল – bengalščina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্তাম্বুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – čečenščina" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – sebuanščina" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – čejenščina" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="čejenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%B5" title="ئەستەمبوڵ – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستەمبوڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – krimska tatarščina" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimska tatarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztamb%C3%B9l" title="Sztambùl – kašubščina" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sztambùl" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašubščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Царь Градъ – stara cerkvena slovanščina" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Царь Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="stara cerkvena slovanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – čuvaščina" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dober članek"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estamol" title="Estamol – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estamol" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – dolnja lužiška srbščina" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnja lužiška srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Κωνσταντινούπολη – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κωνσταντινούπολη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulo" title="Istanbulo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Istanbulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استانبول – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استانبول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – fidžijščina" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – ferščina" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ferščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboul" title="Istanboul – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Istanboul" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – severna frizijščina" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="severna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – furlanščina" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanb%C3%BBl" title="Istanbûl – zahodna frizijščina" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Istanbûl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zahodna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iostanb%C3%BAl" title="Iostanbúl – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iostanbúl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – gagavščina" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagavščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="伊斯坦布爾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊斯坦布爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – škotska gelščina" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotska gelščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8A%D9%84" title="ايستامبۊل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايستامبۊل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambul" title="Estambul – gvaranijščina" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Estambul" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – gorontalščina" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻 – gotščina" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – manščina" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – havščina" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="havščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="איסטנבול – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסטנבול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तांबुल – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्तांबुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – gornja lužiška srbščina" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="gornja lužiška srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboul" title="Istanboul – haitijska kreolščina" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Istanboul" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitijska kreolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isztambul" title="Isztambul – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isztambul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Ստամբուլ – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստամբուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Իսթանպուլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իսթանպուլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – ibanščina" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – ilokanščina" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Истмале – inguščina" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Истмале" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanb%C3%BAl" title="Istanbúl – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Istanbúl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="イスタンブール – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスタンブール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – javanščina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტამბოლი – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტამბოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – karakalpaščina" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – kabilščina" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Истамбыл – kabardinščina" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Истамбыл" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isitambuli" title="Isitambuli – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Isitambuli" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itambut" title="Itambut – tjapska nigerijščina" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Itambut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tjapska nigerijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – kikujščina" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%BB" title="Ыстанбұл – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ыстанбұл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಸ್ತಾಂಬುಲ್ – kanareščina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಸ್ತಾಂಬುಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanareščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EB%B6%88" title="이스탄불 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스탄불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – karačaj-balkarščina" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karačaj-balkarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stembol" title="Stembol – kurdščina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stembol" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – kornijščina" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – kirgiščina" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis" title="Constantinopolis – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constantinopolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambol" title="Estambol – ladinščina" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estambol" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – luksemburščina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истамбул – lezginščina" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Истамбул" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – limburščina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – lombardščina" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambulas" title="Stambulas – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stambulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambula" title="Stambula – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stambula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – maitili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maitili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – mokšavščina" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokšavščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – malgaščina" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81nipuru" title="Itānipuru – maorščina" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Itānipuru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇസ്താംബുൾ – malajalamščina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്താംബുൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – mongolščina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तंबूल – maratščina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्तंबूल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – malteščina" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အစ်စတန်ဘူလ်မြို့ – burmanščina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ်စတန်ဘူလ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Стамбул ош – erzjanščina" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Стамбул ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzjanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استامبول – mazanderanščina" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استامبول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – nizka nemščina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nizka nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel – nizka saščina" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Istanboel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="nizka saščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तानबुल – nepalščina" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इस्तानबुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्तान्बुल – nevarščina" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इस्तान्बुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coustantinobles" title="Coustantinobles – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Coustantinobles" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82ch%CA%BC%C4%AF%CA%BC_N%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1h%C3%A1" title="Ałchʼįʼ Nááʼáhá – navajščina" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałchʼįʼ Nááʼáhá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – njanščina" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="njanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambol" title="Istambol – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istambol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – osetinščina" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2" title="ਇਸਤਾਨਬੁਲ – pandžabščina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਤਾਨਬੁਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – papiamentu" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istamboul" title="Istamboul – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Istamboul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambu%C5%82" title="Stambuł – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stambuł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – paštunščina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istambul" title="Istambul – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Istambul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanpul" title="Istanpul – kečuanščina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Istanpul" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – retoromanščina" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoromanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Істанбул – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Істанбул" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – ruandščina" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – jakutščina" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – sardinščina" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – sicilijanščina" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – škotščina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – sindščina" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – severna samijščina" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="severna samijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඉස්තාන්බුල් – sinhalščina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉස්තාන්බුල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbuul" title="Istanbuul – somalščina" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Istanbuul" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambolli" title="Stambolli – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stambolli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambu%C5%82" title="Stambuł – šlezijščina" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Stambuł" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="šlezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுதான்புல் – tamilščina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுதான்புல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇస్తాంబుల్ – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇస్తాంబుల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – tetumščina" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetumščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – tadžiščina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="อิสตันบูล – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิสตันบูล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul – turkmenščina" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Stambul" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – tatarščina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – tumbukščina" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbukščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – tvi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="tvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Истанбул – tuvinščina" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Истанбул" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – udmurtščina" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%87%D9%84" title="ئىستانبۇل – ujgurščina" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىستانبۇل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Стамбул – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стамбул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="استنبول – urdujščina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استنبول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – beneščina" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="beneščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stambul" title="Stambul – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stambul" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izbrani članek"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – volapik" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="伊斯坦布尔 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊斯坦布尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სტამბოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტამბოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="סטאמבול – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטאמבול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – jorubščina" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ – standardni maroški tamazig" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni maroški tamazig" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯坦堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="伊斯坦布爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊斯坦布爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="İstanbul" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊斯坦堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul – zulujščina" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Istanbul" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carigrad" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pogovor:Carigrad" rel="discussion" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenščina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carigrad"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=history" title="Prejšnje redakcije te strani [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Orodja" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Orodja</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Več možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dejanja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carigrad"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=history"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Splošno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:KajSePovezujeSem/Carigrad" title="Seznam vseh strani, ki se povezujejo sem [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Kaj se povezuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:RecentChangesLinked/Carigrad" rel="nofollow" title="Zadnje spremembe na straneh, s katerimi se povezuje ta stran [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane spremembe</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&oldid=6385267" title="Trajna povezava na to redakcijo strani"><span>Trajna povezava</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=info" title="Več informacij o tej strani"><span>Podatki o strani</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Navedi&page=Carigrad&id=6385267&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tem, kako navajati to stran"><span>Navedba članka</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCarigrad"><span>Pridobi skrajšani URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCarigrad"><span>Prenesi kodo QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tiskanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Carigrad"><span>Ustvari e-knjigo</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Carigrad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Prenesi kot PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&printable=yes" title="Različica te strani za tisk [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Različica za tisk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> V drugih projektih </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedijina zbirka</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q406" title="Povezava na ustrezni predmet v podatkovni shrambi [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Predmet v Wikipodatkih</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Videz</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geografski_koordinatni_sistem" title="Geografski koordinatni sistem">Koordinati</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Carigrad&params=41_00_49_N_28_57_18_E_region:TR-34_type:adm2nd"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Zemljevidi, zračni posnetki in drugi podatki o tej lokaciji"><span class="latitude">41°00′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°57′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Zemljevidi, zračni posnetki in drugi podatki o tej lokaciji">41.01361°N 28.95500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.01361; 28.95500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5913888">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-spacing:3px;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:black;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0.2em;float:right;clear:right;font-size:88%;line-height:1.5em;width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar,.mw-parser-output .infobox th,.mw-parser-output .infobox td{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox th,.mw-parser-output .infobox td{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Carigrad</div><br /><div class="nickname" style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;" lang="tr">İstanbul</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><div class="category"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6026938/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/268px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/402px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/536px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Zgodovinski polotok, <a href="/wiki/Modra_mo%C5%A1eja" title="Modra mošeja">Modra mošeja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hagija_Sofija" title="Hagija Sofija">Hagija Sofija</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg/85px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg/128px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg/170px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img53_Maiden%27s_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5005" data-file-height="5005" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Devi%C5%A1ki_stolp" title="Deviški stolp">Deviški stolp</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:65px;max-width:65px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Galata_tower_01_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galata_tower_01_23.jpg/120px-Galata_tower_01_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Galata_tower_01_23.jpg/250px-Galata_tower_01_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3292" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Galatski_stolp" title="Galatski stolp">Galatski stolp</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg/112px-Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg/168px-Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg/224px-Istiklal_Street_tram_in_January_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="2683" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Avenija İstiklal in tramvaj</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower,_Istanbul,_Turkey_001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-View_of_Topkap%C4%B1_Palace_from_the_Galata_Tower%2C_Istanbul%2C_Turkey_001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="3226" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Topkapi" title="Palača Topkapi">Palača Topkapi</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/164px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/246px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/328px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2106" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Poslovna četrt Levent</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul,_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg/268px-Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg/402px-Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg/536px-Istanbul%2C_Turkey_Bosporus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5466" data-file-height="2169" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor">Bospor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosporski_most" title="Bosporski most">Bosporski most</a> in mošeja Ortaköy</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lega Carigrad"><img alt="Lega Carigrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg/250px-Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg/500px-Istanbul_in_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Turkey_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carigrad se nahaja v Turčija"><img alt="Carigrad se nahaja v Turčija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Turkey_location_map.svg/250px-Turkey_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Turkey_location_map.svg/375px-Turkey_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Turkey_location_map.svg/500px-Turkey_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:21.234%;left:18.138%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-3px;top:-3px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Carigrad"><img alt="Carigrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:4px;text-align:left"><div style="display:inline;padding:1px;float:left">Carigrad</div></div></div></div><div>Lega Carigrada</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Geografski_koordinatni_sistem" title="Geografski koordinatni sistem">Koordinati</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Carigrad&params=41_00_49_N_28_57_18_E_region:TR-34_type:adm2nd"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Zemljevidi, zračni posnetki in drugi podatki o tej lokaciji"><span class="latitude">41°00′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">28°57′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Zemljevidi, zračni posnetki in drugi podatki o tej lokaciji">41.01361°N 28.95500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.01361; 28.95500</span></span></span></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Država</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tur%C4%8Dija" title="Turčija">Turčija</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pokrajine_v_Tur%C4%8Diji" title="Pokrajine v Turčiji">Pokrajina</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marmara,_Tur%C4%8Dija" title="Marmara, Turčija">Marmara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Province_v_Tur%C4%8Diji" title="Province v Turčiji">Provinca</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_(provinca)" title="İstanbul (provinca)">Carigrad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sedež province</th><td class="infobox-data">Cağaloğlu, Fatih</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Okrožja</th><td class="infobox-data">39</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Upravljanje<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Telo</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Občinski svet Carigrada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Župan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekrem_%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekrem İmamoğlu (stran ne obstaja)">Ekrem İmamoğlu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republikanska_ljudska_stranka" title="Republikanska ljudska stranka">CHP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Površina<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urbano<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.576,85 km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitansko_obmo%C4%8Dje" title="Metropolitansko območje">Metropolitansko obm.</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.343,22 km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Najvišja<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">537 m</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Prebivalstvo<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31. december 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rang</th><td class="infobox-data">1. v državi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urbano<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">15.305.657</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urbana gostota</th><td class="infobox-data">5.939 preb,/km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitansko_obmo%C4%8Dje" title="Metropolitansko območje">Metropolitansko obm.</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">15.655.924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metropolitanska gostota</th><td class="infobox-data">2.930 preb./km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonim" title="Demonim">Demonim</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Carigrajčan, Carigrajčanka</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">BDP <span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominalni, 2022)</span><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metropolitanska občina in provinca</th><td class="infobox-data">4564 mrd. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tur%C5%A1ka_lira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turška lira (stran ne obstaja)">₺</a><br />276 mrd. <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Na prebivalca</th><td class="infobox-data">287.524 ₺<br />17.349 US$</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Casovni_pas" title="Časovni pas">Časovni pas</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Poštna številka</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">34000–34990</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%8Drt_telefonskega_o%C5%A1tevil%C4%8Denja" title="Načrt telefonskega oštevilčenja">Omrežne skupine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">+90 212 (evropska stran)</span> <span class="nowrap">+90 216 (azijska stran)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">Koda ISO 3166</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">TR-34</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Registrske_tablice_Tur%C4%8Dije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Registrske tablice Turčije (stran ne obstaja)">Avtomobilska oznaka</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indeks_%C4%8Dlovekovega_razvoja" title="Indeks človekovega razvoja">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0,867<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1. v državi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeoTLD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GeoTLD (stran ne obstaja)">GeoTLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=.ist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".ist (stran ne obstaja)">.ist</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.istanbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".istanbul (stran ne obstaja)">.istanbul</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spletna stran</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911185">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibb.istanbul/en">ibb.istanbul</a></span></li><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.istanbul.gov.tr/">istanbul.gov.tr</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5913888" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;"><a href="/wiki/Unescova_svetovna_dedi%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Unescova svetovna dediščina">Unescova svetovna dediščina</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uradno ime</th><td class="infobox-data">Zgodovinski predeli Istanbula</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Unescova_svetovna_dedi%C5%A1%C4%8Dina#Merila" title="Unescova svetovna dediščina">Kriterij</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <dl><dd>Kulturni: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)</dd></dl> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Referenca</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356bis">356bis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Vpis</th><td class="infobox-data">1985 <small>(9. <a href="/wiki/Odbor_za_svetovno_dedi%C5%A1%C4%8Dino" title="Odbor za svetovno dediščino">zasedanje</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Razširitve</th><td class="infobox-data">2017</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406" class="extiw" title="d:Q406">uredi v Wikipodatkih</a>]</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carigrad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tur%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Turščina">turško</a> <i lang="tr">İstanbul</i>), v zgodovini poznan tudi kot <b><a href="/wiki/Bizanc" title="Bizanc">Bizanc</a></b> in <b><a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oziroma <i>Novi Rim</i>, je največje <a href="/wiki/Mesto" title="Mesto">mesto</a> v <a href="/wiki/Republika_Tur%C4%8Dija" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika Turčija">Republiki Turčiji</a> in pomembno kulturno, gospodarsko ter finančno središče. </p><p>Carigrajska mestna občina je imela decembra 2010 13,26 milijona prebivalcev, kar je pomenilo 18% celotnega turškega prebivalstva. Mesto v administrativnih mejah je imelo po štetju leta 2000 8,8 milijona prebivalcev.<sup id="cite_ref-census_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pokriva 39 okrožij Istanbulske pokrajine.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Če se k mestu prišteje tudi njegov azijski del, je največja mestna občina v <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evropi</a> in edina svetovna metropola, ki leži na dveh kontinentih. </p><p>Leži ob <a href="/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor">Bosporski ožini</a> in ga obdaja naravno pristanišče <a href="/wiki/Zlati_rog" title="Zlati rog">Zlati rog</a>. V svoji dolgi zgodovini je bil prestolnica <a href="/wiki/Rimsko_cesarstvo" title="Rimsko cesarstvo">Rimskega cesarstva</a> (330–395), <a href="/wiki/Bizantinsko_cesarstvo" title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo">Vzhodnega rimskega</a> ali <a href="/wiki/Bizantinsko_cesarstvo" title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo">Bizantinskega cesarstva</a> (395–1204 in 1261–1453), <a href="/wiki/Latinsko_cesarstvo" title="Latinsko cesarstvo">Latinskega cesarstva</a> (1204-1261) in <a href="/wiki/Osmansko_cesarstvo" title="Osmansko cesarstvo">Osmanskega cesarstva</a> (1453-1922). Po razglasitvi Turške republike 29. oktobra 1923 je prestolnica države postala <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, v kateri je bil med turško vojno za neodvisnost sedež turškega nacionalnega gibanja. </p><p>Carigrad je bil leto 2010 evropska prestolnica kulture, leta 2012 pa svetovna prestolnica športa.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zgodovinsko središče mesta je leta 1985 postalo del <a href="/wiki/Unescova_svetovna_dedi%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Unescova svetovna dediščina">Unescove svetovne dediščine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponomija">Toponomija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Toponomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Toponomija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/250px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/330px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg/500px-Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Konstantin I. Veliki</figcaption></figure> <p>Prvo znano naselje na ozemlju sedanjega Carigrada se je imenovalo Bizanc (grško <i>Βυζάντιον,</i> [Bizántion]). Ustanovili so ga <a href="/wiki/Dorci" title="Dorci">dorski</a> priseljenci iz <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megare</a> okoli leta 660 pr. n. št. in ga imenovali po svojem kralju Bizasu.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans16_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans16-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ko je <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_I._Veliki" title="Konstantin I. Veliki">Konstantin I. Veliki</a> leta 330 mesto razglasil za novo prestolnico Vzhodnega rimskega cesarstva, je mesto postalo znano kot <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a> (grško <i>Κωνσταντινούπολις</i>-<i>Kōnstantinoúpolis</i>), se pravi Konstantinovo mesto,<sup id="cite_ref-Room177_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Room177-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> čeprav se je uradno imenovalo <i>Nea Roma</i> (Novi Rim), vendar se to ime nikoli ni prijelo.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesto je to ime obdržalo skozi celo bizantinsko obdobje in se je na Zahodu uporabljalo vse do ustanovitve <a href="/wiki/Republika_Tur%C4%8Dija" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika Turčija">Republike Turčije</a>. </p><p>Do 19. stoletja je imelo mesto več imen, ki so jih uporabljali tujci ali <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>. Evropejci<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so z imenom Konstantinopel označevali mesto kot celoto, obzidani polotok med <a href="/wiki/Zlati_rog" title="Zlati rog">Zlatim rogom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marmarsko_morje" title="Marmarsko morje">Marmarskim morjem</a> pa, tako kot Turki, <i>Stambol</i> ali <i>Stambul</i>. Področje med Zlatim rogom in Bosporjem so imenovali Pera, medtem ko so ga Turki imenovali <i>Beyoğlu</i>, kot ga imenujejo še danes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ko je Republika Turčija 28. marca 1930 sprejela zakon o poštni službi, so turške oblasti od tujcev uradno zahtevale, da v svojih jezikih privzamejo enotno ime <i>İstanbul</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ki je nastalo že v 10. stoletju.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewisix_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewisix-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Etimologija" title="Etimologija">Etimološko</a> je ime <i>İstanbul</i> nastalo iz srednjeveške grške fraze <i>εἰς τὴν Πόλιν</i> [<i>is tim 'bolin</i>] ali, v egejskem narečju, <i>εἰς τὰν Πόλιν</i> [<i>is tam 'bolin</i>] (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Grščina">grško</a> <i>εις την πολιν</i>, sodobno grško <i>στην Πόλη</i> [<i>stim 'boli</i>]), ki pomeni <i>v mestu</i> ali <i>v mesto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Room177_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Room177-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewisix_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewisix-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V sodobni <a href="/wiki/Tur%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Turščina">turščini</a> se ime piše z začetnico İ s piko, da se razlikuje od polglasnika I. Carigrad se, tako kot <a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">Rim</a>, imenuje tudi <i>Mesto na sedmih gričih</i>, ker naj bi bil tako zgrajen najstarejši del mesta. Na vseh gričih so bile zgrajene <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%A1eja" title="Mošeja">mošeje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgodovina">Zgodovina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgodovina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgodovina"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prve_naselbine">Prve naselbine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Prve naselbine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prve naselbine"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG/250px-Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG/330px-Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG/500px-Second_Court_Topkapi_2007_80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ostanki bizantinskega stebra, ki so ga našli v bizantinski akropoli na območju sedanje palače Topkapı</figcaption></figure> <p>Med gradnjo <a href="/wiki/Predor" title="Predor">predora</a> <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a>, ki se je začela leta 2004, so pod Yenikapı na polotoku odkrili <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" title="Neolitik">neolitsko</a> naselje iz 7. tisočletja pr. n. št., ko <a href="/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor">Bospor</a> sploh še ni nastal. Odkritja so pokazala, da je bil polotok naseljen mnogo prej, kot so sprva predvidevali.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tra%C4%8Dani" title="Tračani">Tračanska</a> plemena so med 13. in 11. stoletjem pr. n. št. v bližini <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Topkap%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Palača Topkapı">palače Topkapı</a> ustanovila dve naselji – Ligos in Semistra. Na azijski strani Bosporja so v Fikirtepeju (sedanji Kadıköy) odkrili ostanke iz <a href="/wiki/Bakrena_doba" title="Bakrena doba">bakrene dobe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na isti lokaciji sta bila tudi <a href="/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dani" title="Feničani">feničanska</a> trgovska postaja z začetka 1. tisočletja pr. n. št. in mesto <a href="/wiki/Halkedon" title="Halkedon">Halkedon</a>, ki so ga ustanovili grški priseljenci iz Megare leta 685 pr. n. št..<sup id="cite_ref-Lister35_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lister35-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zgodovina Carigrada se po sprejeti razlagi začne okoli leta 660 pr. n. št., ko so priseljenci iz Megare pod vodstvom kralja Bizasa na evropski strani Bosporja ustanovili <i>Bizantion</i> – <a href="/wiki/Bizanc" title="Bizanc">Bizanc</a> in do konca stoletja na področju Ligosa in Semistre<sup id="cite_ref-Room177_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Room177-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zgradili <a href="/wiki/Akropola" title="Akropola">akropolo</a>. Mesto je za nekaj časa prišlo pod <a href="/wiki/Ahemenidsko_cesarstvo" title="Ahemenidsko cesarstvo">perzijsko</a> oblast, v 5. stoletju pa so ga v <a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%A1ko-perzijske_vojne" title="Grško-perzijske vojne">grško-perzijskih vojnah</a> ponovno osvojili Grki.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bizanc se je nato vključil v <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%A1ko-delska_pomorska_zveza" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiško-delska pomorska zveza">Atiško-delsko pomorsko zvezo</a>, dokler ni leta 355 pr. n. št. postal samostojen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesto je dolgo časa uživalo zaščito <a href="/wiki/Rimska_republika" title="Rimska republika">Rimske republike</a> in leta 73 postalo del <a href="/wiki/Rimsko_cesarstvo" title="Rimsko cesarstvo">Rimskega cesarstva</a>. </p><p>Odločitev Bizantincev, da stopijo na stran uzurpatorja Prescenija Nigra proti rimskemu cesarju <a href="/wiki/Septimij_Sever" title="Septimij Sever">Septimiju Severu</a>, je mesto drago stala: ko se je mesto po dveletnem obleganju konec leta 195 vdalo, je bilo popolnoma opustošeno.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pet let kasneje je Sever začel mesto obnavljati tako, da je po nekaterih poročilih, preseglo svoj prejšnji sijaj.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vzpon_in_propad_Konstantinopla">Vzpon in propad Konstantinopla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Vzpon in propad Konstantinopla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Vzpon in propad Konstantinopla"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Constantinople_mediaeval_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Constantinople_mediaeval_map.jpg/200px-Constantinople_mediaeval_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Constantinople_mediaeval_map.jpg/300px-Constantinople_mediaeval_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Constantinople_mediaeval_map.jpg/400px-Constantinople_mediaeval_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Najstarejša ohranjena karta Konstantinopla, ki jo je izdelal firenški kartograf Cristoforo Buondelmonti v 1420-ih-1430-ih</figcaption></figure> <p>Ko je <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_I._Veliki" title="Konstantin I. Veliki">Konstantin I.</a> septembra 324 v bitki pri Hrizopolisu porazil cesarja <a href="/wiki/Licinij_I." title="Licinij I.">Licinija</a>, je postal cesar celega Rimskega cesarstva.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samo dva meseca kasneje je razkril načrte, da bo na območju Bizanca zgradil novo, krščansko mesto, ki bo zamenjalo staro vzhodno prestolnico <a href="/wiki/Nikomedija" title="Nikomedija">Nikomedijo</a>. Mesto je uradno imenoval <i>Nea Roma</i> (Novi Rim), neuradno pa so ga imenovali kar Konstantinopel – Konstantinovo mesto. Ime se je ohranilo vse do leta 1930, ko so ga uradno preimenovali v <i>Istanbul</i> (slovensko Carigrad).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šest let kasneje, 11. maja 330, so Konstantinopel razglasili za prestolnico cesarstva, ki je kasneje postalo znano kot <a href="/wiki/Bizantinsko_cesarstvo" title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo">Bizantinsko</a> ali Vzhodno rimsko cesarstvo.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes222_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes222-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ustanovitev Konstantinopla je bil eden od največjih Konstantinovih dosežkov, ki je prestavil središče rimske moči proti vzhodu. Mesto je postalo središče grške kulture in krščanstva,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes222_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes222-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gregory63_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory63-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> v katerem so zgradili številne javne stavbe in cerkve, med njimi tudi <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagia Sofia">Hagio Sofio</a> (<i>Sveta modrost</i>), ki je bila tisoč let največja stolnica na svetu.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans217_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans217-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V mestu se je razvil Ekumenski konstantinopelski <a href="/wiki/Patriarhat" title="Patriarhat">patriarhat</a>, katerega vodja je še vedno ena od najvplivnejših osebnosti <a href="/wiki/Pravoslavje" class="mw-redirect" title="Pravoslavje">Grške pravoslavne cerkve</a>. Konstantinopel je s svojim strateškim položajem in mogočnim obzidjem dolga stoletja branil Evropo pred osvajalci z vzhoda in prodorom <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory63_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory63-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V skoraj celem <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vek" title="Srednji vek">srednjem veku</a> in delu bizantinskega obdobja je bil največje in najbogatejše mesto na evropski celini, v nekaj vmesnih obdobjih pa tudi na celem svetu.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Po <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cetrta_kri%C5%BEarska_vojna" title="Četrta križarska vojna">četrti križarski vojni</a> leta 1204 so ga <a href="/wiki/Plenjenje_Konstantinopla" title="Plenjenje Konstantinopla">oplenili in opustošili</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in njegova moč je začela upadati. Mesto je postalo prestolnica <a href="/wiki/Latinsko_cesarstvo" title="Latinsko cesarstvo">Latinskega cesarstva</a>, ki so ga ustanovili katoliški križarji kot zameno za prejšnje pravoslavno Bizantinsko cesarstvo. Cesarstvo je bilo razdrobljeno na več majhnih državic<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in je že leta 1261 propadlo ter se vrnilo pod oslabljeno bizantinsko oblast.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cerkve, obrambni sistem in osnovne mestne službe so razpadli.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Število prebivalcev se je s skoraj pol milijona v 9. stoletju zmanjšalo na komaj 40.000.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gospodarski in vojaški ukrepi cesarja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronik_II.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronik II. (stran ne obstaja)">Andronika II.</a>, na primer zmanjšanje obsega vseh oboroženih sil, so cesarstvo oslabili in ga naredili ranljivega za napade od zunaj.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sredi 14. stoletja je začelo <a href="/wiki/Osmansko_cesarstvo" title="Osmansko cesarstvo">Osmansko cesarstvo</a> na <a href="/wiki/Balkanski_polotok" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkanski polotok">Balkanskem polotoku</a> postopoma osvajati manjša mesta in naselja ter Konstantinopel sčasoma odrezalo od zaledja.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 29. maja 1453 je mesto po osmih tednih oblaganja <a href="/wiki/Padec_Konstantinopla" title="Padec Konstantinopla">zavzel</a> osmanski sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II._Osvajalec" title="Mehmed II. Osvajalec">Mehmed II. Osvajalec</a>. Cesar <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_XI." class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin XI.">Konstantin XI.</a> je bil med obleganjem ubit, Mehmed pa je Konstantinopel razglasil za novo prestolnico Osmanskega cesarstva.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nekaj ur kasneje je baziliko Hagijo Sofijo razglasil za cesarsko <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%A1eja" title="Mošeja">mošejo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis6_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis6-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmansko_in_turško_obdobje"><span id="Osmansko_in_tur.C5.A1ko_obdobje"></span>Osmansko in turško obdobje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Osmansko in turško obdobje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Osmansko in turško obdobje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Siege_of_a_city,_medieval_miniature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siege_of_a_city%2C_medieval_miniature.jpg/200px-Siege_of_a_city%2C_medieval_miniature.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siege_of_a_city%2C_medieval_miniature.jpg/300px-Siege_of_a_city%2C_medieval_miniature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siege_of_a_city%2C_medieval_miniature.jpg/400px-Siege_of_a_city%2C_medieval_miniature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Padec Konstantinopla leta 1453 je pomenil konec Bizantinskega cesarstva</figcaption></figure> <p>Po padcu Konstantinopla je Mehmed II. takoj začel oživljati mesto. Najprej je iz njega izselil vse krščansko prebivalstvo in v mestu pustil samo <a href="/wiki/Judi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judi">Jude</a> iz njihovo četrt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balat (stran ne obstaja)">Balat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> potem pa je začel vanj vabiti in nasilno priseljevati muslimane, Jude in kristjane iz <a href="/wiki/Anatolija" title="Anatolija">Anatolije</a> ter <a href="/wiki/Rumelija" title="Rumelija">Rumelije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V mestu je tako nastala svetovljanska družba, ki se je obdržala večino osmanskega obdobja.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do konca 15. stoletja se je število prebivalcev povečalo na dvesto tisoč in tako postalo drugo največje mesto v Evropi.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mehmed II. je obnovil tudi mestno infrastrukturo in začel graditi Veliki bazar ter <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Topkapi" title="Palača Topkapi">palačo Topkapı</a>, ki je naslednjih štiristo let služila kot rezidenca osmanskih sultanov.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osmani so Konstantinopel hitro pretvorili iz trdnjave krščanstva v simbol <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamske</a> kulture. Iz verskih skladov so začeli graditi cesarske mošeje, katerim so bile pogosto priključene šole, bolnišnice in <a href="/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam">javna kopališča</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posebno velike umetniške in arhitekturne dosežke so ustvarili v obdobju <a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Veli%C4%8Dastni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulejman Veličastni">Sulejmana Veličastnega</a> (1520-1566). Njegov glavni arhitekt <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> je zgradil mošejo <a href="/wiki/Sulejmanija_(mo%C5%A1eja)" title="Sulejmanija (mošeja)">Sulejmanijo</a> in druge velike mestne stavbe. Cvetela je tudi osmanska umetnost oblikovanja <a href="/wiki/Keramika" title="Keramika">keramike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaligrafija" title="Kaligrafija">kaligrafija</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miniatura_(umetnost)" title="Miniatura (umetnost)">miniaturno</a> slikarstvo.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Do konca 18. stoletja je število prebivalcev naraslo na 570.000.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obdobje uporov na začetku 19. stoletja je pripeljalo na prestol naprednega sultana <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II." title="Mahmud II.">Mahmuda II.</a> in se končalo s <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">tanzimatskim</a> obdobjem, v katerem so cesarstvo reformirali po zahodnoevropskih standardih.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zgradili so mostove čez Zlati rog<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in v 1880-ih mesto povezali z evropskim železniškim omrežjem.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leta 1875 so odprli Tünel, eno od najstarejših <a href="/wiki/Podzemna_%C5%BEeleznica" title="Podzemna železnica">podzemnih železnic</a> na svetu<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in druge sodobne objekte. V naslednjih desetletjih so zgradili tudi vodovodno, električno, telefonsko in tramvajsko omrežje in z nekaj zamude Carigrad pretvorili v evropsko mesto.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Sultanvahideddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sultanvahideddin.jpg/200px-Sultanvahideddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sultanvahideddin.jpg/300px-Sultanvahideddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sultanvahideddin.jpg/400px-Sultanvahideddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Zadnji osmanski sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI." title="Mehmed VI.">Mehmed VI.</a> zapušča palačo <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Dolmabah%C3%A7e" title="Palača Dolmabahçe">Dolmabahçe</a> leto dni pred razglasitvijo Republike Turčije</figcaption></figure> <p>Veliki napori za modernizacijo države niso mogli preprečiti propadanja osmanskega režima. Na začetku 20. stoletja je država doživela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mladoturki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mladoturki (stran ne obstaja)">mladoturško</a> revolucijo, ki je odstavila sultana <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II." title="Abdul Hamid II.">Abdula Hamida II.</a>, njej pa je sledil niz vojn, ki so prizadele tudi prestolnico.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zadnja med njimi je bila <a href="/wiki/Prva_svetovna_vojna" title="Prva svetovna vojna">prva svetovna vojna</a>, po kateri so <a href="/wiki/Britanci" title="Britanci">Britanci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francozi" title="Francozi">Francozi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italijani" title="Italijani">Italijani</a> okupirali mesto. Zadnjega osmanskega sultana <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI." title="Mehmed VI.">Mehmeda VI.</a> so novembra 1922 izgnali. Naslednje leto se je okupacija končala s podpisom <a href="/wiki/Lozanski_sporazum" title="Lozanski sporazum">Lozanske mirovne pogodbe</a> in priznanjem <a href="/wiki/Republika_Tur%C4%8Dija" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika Turčija">Republike Turčije</a>. Republiko je razglasil <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> 29. oktobra 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>24. aprila 1915 so na ukaz osmanskih oblasti v mestu aretirali stotine <a href="/wiki/Armenci" title="Armenci">armenskih</a> voditeljev<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in jih po sprejetju Zakona o deportaciji (turško <i>Tehcir Kanunu</i>) 29. maja 1915 deportirali. Od takrat dalje je osmanska armada začela izganjati Armence iz njihovih domov in jih prisilila na stotine kilometrov dolg pohod brez hrane in vode v puščavo na ozemlju sedanje Sirije.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tem dogodkom je sledilo množično preganjanje Armencev, ki je povzročilo smrt milijon do milijon in pol ljudi<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in postalo znano kot <a href="/wiki/Armenski_genocid" title="Armenski genocid">armenski genocid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografija">Geografija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Geografija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Geografija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/200px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/300px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/400px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Satelitski posnetek Carigrada in Bosporskega preliva, ki povezuje Črno morje na severu in Marmarsko morje na jugu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carigrad leži v severozahodni Turčiji v regiji Marmara in obsega 5343 km<sup>2</sup>. Bosporska ožina, ki povezuje <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Crno_morje" title="Črno morje">Črno morje</a> na severu in <a href="/wiki/Marmarsko_morje" title="Marmarsko morje">Marmarsko morje</a> na jugu, deli mesto na evropski del, v katerem je zgodovinsko in gospodarsko središče mesta in azijski (anatolski) del. V evropski del mesta se zajeda globok in ozek morski zaliv <a href="/wiki/Zlati_rog" title="Zlati rog">Zlati rog</a> severno od polotoka, na katerem sta bila nekdanja <a href="/wiki/Bizanc" title="Bizanc">Bizanc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a>. V poznem 19. stoletju so obalo v <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galati</a> na vhodu v zaliv utrdili in zgradili pomol, ki je zamenjal nekoč peščeno obalo.<sup id="cite_ref-topo_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-topo-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif/200px-West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif/300px-West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif/400px-West-turkey-plates-cropped.gif 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Geološke prelomnice v zahodni Turčiji so zgoščene prav malo jugozahodno od Carigrada pod Marmarskim in severnim Egejskim morjem</figcaption></figure> <p>Zgodovinski Carigrad - Konstantinopel na polotoku med Marmarskim morjem in Zlatim rogom naj bi bil zgrajen na sedmih gričih, na katerih so bile cesarske mošeje, in obdan z 22 km dolgim obzidjem. Najvišji grič je Sarayburnu, na katerem je <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Topkapi" title="Palača Topkapi">palača Topkapi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na griču na nasprotni strani Zlatega roga je mestna četrt Beyoğlu, nakdanja <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a>. Hiše v Galati so bile zaradi strmega pobočja zgrajene na podzidanih terasah, katerih ostanki so ponekod v starem delu mesta še vidni. Ceste so bile stopničaste.<sup id="cite_ref-topo_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-topo-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tudi Üsküdar, nekdanji Halkedon, v azijskem delu mesta je zgrajen na podobnem gričevnatem terenu, ki se spušča proti obali Bosporja, vendar so pobočja bolj strma. Najvišja točka Carigrada je hrib Çamlıca v azijskem delu mesta, ki je visok 288 m.<sup id="cite_ref-topo_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-topo-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carigrad leži blizu severne anatolske prelomnice, na kateri se stikata afriška in evrazijska <a href="/wiki/Tektonska_plo%C5%A1%C4%8Da" title="Tektonska plošča">tektonska plošča</a>. Prelomnica, ki teče od severne Anatolije proti Marmarskemu morju, je vzrok za številne <a href="/wiki/Potres" title="Potres">potrese</a> in človeške žrtve v zgodovini mesta. Eden od najbolj uničujočih je bil potres leta 1509, ki je povzročil <a href="/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami">cunami</a>, ki je pljusknil preko mestnega obzidja. Ubil je več kot 10.000 prebivalcev in uničil več kot sto mošej. Leta 1999 je bil potres z epicentrom v bližnjem <a href="/wiki/Nikomedija" title="Nikomedija">İzmitu</a>, ki je v mestu in okolici zahteval 17.000 žrtev.<sup id="cite_ref-dis-awaits_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dis-awaits-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prebivalci Carigrada se zavedajo, da bi podoben potres v prihodnosti zahteval še več žrtev, ker mnoge, tudi sodobne stavbe, niso ustrezno zgrajene.<sup id="cite_ref-dis-awaits_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dis-awaits-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seizmologi trdijo, da je verjetnost, da bo do leta 2030 v Carigradu potres z magnitudo 7,6, večja od 60 odstotkov.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podnebje">Podnebje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Podnebje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Podnebje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podnebje v Carigradu je na meji med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vla%C5%BEno_subtropsko_podnebje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlažno subtropsko podnebje (stran ne obstaja)">vlažnim subtropskim podnebjem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sredozemsko_podnebje" title="Sredozemsko podnebje">sredozemskim podnebjem</a> s toplimi poletji in vplivom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceansko_podnebje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceansko podnebje (stran ne obstaja)">oceanskega podnebja</a>. </p><p>Po <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppnova_podnebna_klasifikacija" title="Köppnova podnebna klasifikacija">Köppenovi klasifikaciji podnebij</a>, v kateri je minimalna mejna vrednost padavin 30 mm, ima vlažno subtropsko podnebje (<i>Cfa</i>), glede na minimalno mejno vrednost padavin 40 mm, pa mediteransko podnebje s toplimi poletji (<i>Csa</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-McKnight_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKnight-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> čeprav je proti severu podnebje bolj oceansko.<sup id="cite_ref-McKnight_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKnight-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poleti je vreme vroče in vlažno, s povprečno julijsko in avgustovsko temperaturo 23 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-weather_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-weather-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poletja so razmeroma suha, čeprav je količina padavin precejšnja. Izjemno visoke temperature so redke, saj se preko 32 °C dvignejo v povprečju samo pet dni letno.<sup id="cite_ref-wbase_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbase-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zimsko vreme je hladno, mokro in pogosto sneženo, s povprečno januarsko in februarsko temperaturo 4 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-weather_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-weather-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snežne padavine so obilne, vendar snežna odeja in temperature pod lediščem redko trajajo več kot nekaj dni. Pomladi in jeseni so mile, toda nepredvidljive in pogosto mokre. Dnevi so hladni do topli, noči pa vedno hladne. </p><p>Vlažnost zraka je vztrajno visoka in lahko zaostri sicer zmerno poletno vročino.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-weather_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-weather-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Še posebno visoka je v jutranjih urah, ko relativna vlažnost na splošno doseže 80 %, zato je megla dokaj pogosta. Mesto ima v povprečju kar 228 meglenih dni na leto, predvsem v zimskih mesecih. Megla se proti poldnevu običajno razkroji. Nevihte so redke in se pojavijo samo 23 dni na leto. Najpogostejše so poleti in zgodaj jeseni.<sup id="cite_ref-wbase_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbase-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carigrad ima v povprečju 124 dni z znatnimi padavinami letno, ki skupaj nanesejo kakšnih 844 mm dežja. Najvišja dokumentirana temperatura je dosegla 40,5 °C julija 2000, najnižja pa -16,1 ° C 9. februarja 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Meteor.gov.tr_PDF_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meteor.gov.tr_PDF-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carigrad je tudi precej vetroven s povprečno hitrostjo vetra 18 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-wbase_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbase-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaradi izredne velikosti, razgibane topografije in vpliva morja ima mesto številne različne mikroklime. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_location_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Istanbul_location_districts.svg/500px-Istanbul_location_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Istanbul_location_districts.svg/600px-Istanbul_location_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Istanbul_location_districts.svg/800px-Istanbul_location_districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Carigrajska okrožja segajo daleč od središča mesta, po celotni dolžini Bosporja (s Črnim morjem na vrhu in Marmarskim morjem na dnu zemljevida.</figcaption></figure> <div style="text-align: center;"> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mesec </th> <th colspan="2" align="center">Najvišja temperatura </th> <th colspan="2" align="center">Najnižja temperatura </th> <th>Št. deževnih dni </th> <th>Št. sončnih dni </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Povprečna </th> <th>Najvišja </th> <th>Povprečna </th> <th>Najnižja </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Januar </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center">19 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04bd52ce670743d3b61bec928a7ec9f47309eb36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -}" /></span>13 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">2,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Februar </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center">24 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04bd52ce670743d3b61bec928a7ec9f47309eb36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -}" /></span>16 </td> <td align="center">15 </td> <td align="center">3,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marec </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td align="center">27 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04bd52ce670743d3b61bec928a7ec9f47309eb36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -}" /></span>11 </td> <td align="center">14 </td> <td align="center">4,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td align="center">16 </td> <td align="center">33 </td> <td align="center">7 </td> <td align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04bd52ce670743d3b61bec928a7ec9f47309eb36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -}" /></span>2 </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center">6,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maj </td> <td align="center">21 </td> <td align="center">34 </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="center">8,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Junij </td> <td align="center">26 </td> <td align="center">37 </td> <td align="center">16 </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">10,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Julij </td> <td align="center">29 </td> <td align="center">39 </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center">11,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Avgust </td> <td align="center">29 </td> <td align="center">41 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">11,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td align="center">25 </td> <td align="center">38 </td> <td align="center">15 </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center">8,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oktober </td> <td align="center">21 </td> <td align="center">33 </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">6,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td align="center">15 </td> <td align="center">27 </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04bd52ce670743d3b61bec928a7ec9f47309eb36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -}" /></span>7 </td> <td align="center">13 </td> <td align="center">4,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>December </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td align="center">22 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/04bd52ce670743d3b61bec928a7ec9f47309eb36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -}" /></span>12 </td> <td align="center">17 </td> <td align="center">2,3 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prebivalstvo">Prebivalstvo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Prebivalstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prebivalstvo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:93%; width:310px; height:16px; border:0; text-align:left; line-height:120%; margin-left:10px; margin-bottom:10px;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4; height:24px;"><b>Prebivalstvo Carigrada</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Leto </th> <th>Število prebivalcev </th> <th>Leto </th> <th>Število prebivalcev </th></tr> <tr> <td>330 </td> <td>40.000 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td><span title="Upad"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Upad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 909.978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 200.000 </td> <td>1927 </td> <td><span title="Upad"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Upad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 680.857 </td></tr> <tr> <td>530 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 550.000 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 741.148 </td></tr> <tr> <td>545 </td> <td><span title="Upad"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Upad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 350.000 </td> <td>1940 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 793.949 </td></tr> <tr> <td>715 </td> <td><span title="Upad"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Upad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 300.000 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 860.558 </td></tr> <tr> <td>950 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 400.000 </td> <td>1950 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 983.041 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200 </td> <td><span title="Upad"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Upad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 250.000 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 1.268.771 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1453 </td> <td><span title="Upad"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Upad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 36.000 </td> <td>1960 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 1.466.535 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1477 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 70.000 </td> <td>1965 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 1.742.978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1566 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 600.000 </td> <td>1970 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 2.132.407 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1690 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 750.000–800.000 </td> <td>1975 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 2.547.364 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1817 </td> <td><span title="Upad"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Upad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 500.000 </td> <td>1980 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 2.772.708 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 715.000 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 5.475.982 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 873.570 </td> <td>1990 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 6.629.431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 874.000 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 8.803.468 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 1.059.000 </td> <td>2007 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 11.372.613 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td><span title="Upad"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Upad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 942.900 </td> <td>2010 </td> <td><span title="Rast"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Rast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> 13.120.596 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Število prebivalcev metropole se je v 25 letih od leta 1980 do 2005 več kot potrojilo. Približno 70 % prebivalcev živi v evropskem, 30 % pa v azijskem delu mesta. Zaradi velike nezaposlenosti v jugovzhodnem delu Turčije se je veliko prebivalcev iz teh regij preselilo v Carigrad in se naselilo na obrobjih mesta. Priseljevanje povzroča stalno rast na črno zgrajenih obrobnih naselij (<i>gecekondu</i>). </p><p>Po podatkih turškega statističnega urada je imela mestna občina (se pravi cela provinca) leta 2010 13.255.685 prebivalcev,<sup id="cite_ref-Turkey_pop_2010_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkey_pop_2010-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kar uvršča Carigrad med največja mesta na svetu. Ob popisu prebivalstva leta 2000 je imel 8.803.468 prebivalcev.<sup id="cite_ref-cens_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cens-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trenutne ocene kažejo, da je letna rast števila prebivalcev v povprečju 3,45 %, predvsem zaradi priseljevanja s podeželja. Gostota prebivalstva je 2.742 prebivalcev na kvadratni kilometer, kar daleč presega turško povprečje z 81 prebivalci na kvadratni kilometer.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>V <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vek" title="Srednji vek">srednjem veku</a> je bil Carigrad največje, v večjem delu svoje zgodovine pa tudi najpomembnejše mesto na svetu. Izjema je bilo obdobje propadanja Bizantinskega cesarstva pred osmansko zasedbo. Zaradi njegovega pomembnega geopolitičnega položaja so se vanj priseljevale etnične skupine iz cele Evrope, Azije in Afrike ter se postopoma asimilirale z lokalnim grškim in kasneje turškim prebivalstvom. </p><p>Na začetku 20. stoletja je bil Carigrad zelo multikulturno mesto, v katerem je živelo več kot 100.000 Grkov.<sup id="cite_ref-www1.mfa.gr_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.mfa.gr-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V celi Anatoliji je živelo še preko 1,5 milijona Grkov.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zaradi pomembne vloge v turškem gospodarstvu so bili Grki, ki so živeli v mestu pred 30. oktobrom 1918, izključeni iz zamenjave prebivalstva leta 1923. Zaradi davka na premoženje, ki je bil uveden leta 1942, carigrajskega pogroma leta 1955, izgonov leta 1964<sup id="cite_ref-www1.mfa.gr_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www1.mfa.gr-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in ciprske krize leta 1974, se je število Grkov izjemno zmanjšalo, tako da danes v mestu živi samo še kakšnih 2.000, večinoma starejših prebivalcev.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stanje števila prebivalcev je prikazano v preglednici. Število prebivalcev do leta 1914 se od ene do druge raziskave razlikuje do 50 %. Števila od leta 1927 do 2000 so rezultat popisov prebivalstva. Števili za leto 2005 in 2006 sta rezultat računalniške simulacije. Podvojitev števila prebivalcev od leta 1980 do 1985 je rezultat naravnega prirastka in širitve meja mesta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verstva">Verstva</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Verstva" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Verstva"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najštevilčnejša verska skupina so <a href="/wiki/Muslimani" title="Muslimani">muslimani</a>, med katerimi je največ <a href="/wiki/Suniti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suniti">sunitov</a>, mnogo pa je tudi alevijev. Leta 2007 je bilo v mestu 2994 aktivnih mošej.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:%C4%B0stanbul_4228.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0stanbul_4228.jpg/200px-%C4%B0stanbul_4228.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0stanbul_4228.jpg/300px-%C4%B0stanbul_4228.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0stanbul_4228.jpg/400px-%C4%B0stanbul_4228.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Osmanska neobaročna mošeja Ortaköy in Bosporski most</figcaption></figure> <p>Pomembnejše verske manjšine so grški pravoslavni kristjani, armenski kristjani, sirski vzhodni pravoslavni kristjani, katoliški levantinci in <a href="/wiki/Sefardski_Judje" title="Sefardski Judje">sefardski Judje</a>. Po popisu prebivalstva leta 2000 je bilo v Carigradu 2691 aktivnih mošej, 123 aktivnih cerkva in 26 aktivnih sinagog ter 109 muslimanskih in 57 nemuslimanskih pokopališč. V nekaterih delih mesta je število prebivalcev iz nemuslimanskih etničnih skupin znatno: v Kumkapıju je veliko Armencev, v Balatu veliko Judov, v Fenerju in Samatyi veliko Grkov, v nekaterih delih Nişantaşıja in Beyoğluja pa veliko levantinskih kristjanov. V nekaterih četrtih, na primer v Kuzguncuku, je prebivalstvo zelo raznoliko, tako da stoji armenska cerkev poleg sinagoge, na drugi strani ceste pa pravoslavna cerkev poleg mošeje. </p><p>Sedež ekumenskega konstantinopelskega patriarha, ki je obenem patriarh avtokefalne Grške pravoslavne cerkve, je v četrti Fener. V Carigradu imajo sedež tudi nadškof Turške pravoslavne cerkve, armenski nadškof in turški veliki rabin. Na številnih krajih so še vedno sledovi tudi drugih skupnosti, ki so nekoč živele v Carigradu. Med njimi so najopaznejše albanska vas Arnavutköy, poljska vas Polonezköy in Yenibosna (Nova Bosna). </p><p>Carigrad je bil od leta 1517 do 1924 zadnji sedež <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalifat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalifat (stran ne obstaja)">Islamskega kalifata</a>, ki je bil po ustanovitvi republike razpuščen. Njegove pristojnosti je prevzel turški parlament. 2. septembra 1925 so bile razpuščene tudi <a href="/wiki/Tekija_(verska_zgradba)" title="Tekija (verska zgradba)">tekije</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tarika" title="Tarika">tarikat</a>, ker njihove dejavnosti niso bile združljive s sekularno demokratično republiko, predvsem z njenim šolskim sistemom. Nadzor nad verskimi zadevami je prevzel državni Direktorat za verska vprašanja. Večina <a href="/wiki/Sufizem" title="Sufizem">sufistov</a> in pripadnikov drugih oblik islamskega misticizma je še naprej v tajnosti opravljala svoje obrede in nekatere sekte imajo še danes veliko privržencev. Da bi se izognili še vedno veljavni prepovedi, sami sebe razglašajo za kulturna društva. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg/200px-Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg/300px-Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg/400px-Patriarchate_Constantinopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Notranjost cerkve sv. Jurija, v kateri je sedež grškega pravoslavnega patriarhata</figcaption></figure> <p>V mestu je že od 4. stoletja sedež ekumenskega konstantinopelskega patriarhata, sedež avtokefalnega turškega pravoslavnega patriarhata in armenskega patriarhata. Do priznanja <a href="/wiki/Avtokefalnost" title="Avtokefalnost">avtokefalnosti</a> je bil v njem tudi sedež okrnjenega bolgarskega pravoslavnega <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksarhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksarhat (stran ne obstaja)">eksarhata</a>. </p><p>Vsakdanje življenje kristjanov, predvsem Grkov in Armencev, se je zelo spremenilo zaradi sporov med temi etničnimi skupnostmi in Turki med propadanjem Osmanskega cesarstva, ki se je začelo v 1820. letih in trajalo sto let. Spori so dosegli višek med letoma 1912 in 1922, se pravi med <a href="/wiki/Balkanske_vojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkanske vojne">balkanskimi vojnami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prva_svetovna_vojna" title="Prva svetovna vojna">prvo svetovno vojno</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tur%C5%A1ka_vojna_za_neodvisnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turška vojna za neodvisnost (stran ne obstaja)">turško vojno za neodvisnost</a>. V obdobju od leta 1914 do 1927 se je število krščanskih prebivalcev zmanjšalo s 450.000 na 240.000.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Večina sedanjega grškega in armenskega prebivalstva živi v Carigradu in njegovi okolici. Trenutno je v mestu približno 45.000 Armencev,<sup id="cite_ref-todayszaman.com_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todayszaman.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> h katerim ni prištetih skoraj 40.000 armenskih delavcev, ki so prišli iz Armenije na začasno delo v Turčijo po letu 1991 in živijo večinoma v Carigradu.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grška skupnost, ki je leta 1924 štela 150.000 prebivalcev,<sup id="cite_ref-Gilson_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilson-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sedaj šteje komaj 2.000-4.000 prebivalcev.<sup id="cite_ref-todayszaman.com_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todayszaman.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V mestu je uradno tudi 60.000 Grkov, ki živijo v Grčiji, vendar so obdržali turško državljanstvo.<sup id="cite_ref-todayszaman.com_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todayszaman.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sefardski Judi živijo v mestu preko 500 let. Njihovi predniki so pribežali z <a href="/wiki/Iberski_polotok" title="Iberski polotok">Iberskega polotoka</a> med <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panska_inkvizicija" title="Španska inkvizicija">špansko inkvizicijo</a> leta 1492, ker bi se morali po padcu mavrskega kraljestva <a href="/wiki/Al_Andaluz" title="Al Andaluz">Al Andaluz</a> pokristjaniti. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bajazid_II." title="Bajazid II.">Bajazid II.</a> (1481-1512) je ponje poslal veliko ladjevje pod poveljstvom admirala Kemala Reisa. 200.000 Judov je najprej pobegnilo v <a href="/wiki/Tanger" title="Tanger">Tanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir">Alžir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">Genovo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, od tam v <a href="/wiki/Solun" title="Solun">Solun</a> in nazadnje v Carigrad. Sultan je dal zavetje več kot 93.000 beguncem. Druga velika skupina sefardskih Judov je prišla iz južne <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">Italije</a>, ki je bila takrat v španski posesti. Italijansko sinagogo (İtalyan Sinagogu) v Carigraduu najpogosteje obiskujejo prav potomci teh italijanskih Judov. </p><p>Na začetku 20. stoletja je bilo v Carigradu več kot 200.000 Judov. Med nastajanjem Turške republike in spremljajočim nacionalizmom je mnogo Judov skupaj z drugimi manjšinami emigriralo.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leta 1934 je bil velik <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leta 1942 pa je bil uveden davek na premoženje (Varlık Vergisi),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ki sta, poleg bombnih napadov na sinagoge, pospešila njihovo odseljevanje. Po podatkih Svetovnega judovskega kongresa je v Turčiji ostalo 23.000 Judov, večinoma v Carigradu.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V mestu je približno 20 sinagog, med katerimi je najpomembnejša Neve Shalom v okrožju Beyoğlu, ki je bila posvečena leta 1951. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arhitektura">Arhitektura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Arhitektura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Arhitektura"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Carigrajska_arhitektura" title="Carigrajska arhitektura">Carigrajska arhitektura</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg/250px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg/500px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img48_Galata_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4321" data-file-height="6482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galatski_stolp" title="Galatski stolp">Galatski stolp</a> dominira obzorju srednjeveške genovske citadele na severu Zlatega roga.</figcaption></figure> <p>Carigrad je znan predvsem po svoji <a href="/wiki/Bizantinska_arhitektura" title="Bizantinska arhitektura">bizantinski</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osmanska_arhitektura" title="Osmanska arhitektura">osmanski arhitekturi</a>. Kljub razvoju kot turško mesto od leta 1453 vsebuje veliko antičnih, rimskih, bizantinskih, krščanskih, muslimanskih in judovskih spomenikov. </p><p>Neolitska naselbina v četrti Yenikapı na evropski strani, ki sega v ok. 6500 pred našim štetjem in približno tisočletje pred nastankom <a href="/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor">Bosporja</a> (ko je bilo <a href="/wiki/Marmarsko_morje" title="Marmarsko morje">Marmarsko morje</a> še jezero)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> je bilo odkrito med gradnjo železniškega predora <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-Rainsford-2009_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Rainsford-2009-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Je najstarejša znana človeška naselbina na evropski strani mesta. Najstarejša znana človeška naselbina na azijski strani je gomila Fikirtepe v bližini Kadıköya, z ostanki iz ok. 5500-3500 pred našim štetjem (<a href="/wiki/Bakrena_doba" title="Bakrena doba">bakrena doba</a>). </p><p>V mestu so številni antični spomeniki. Najstarejši je <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> Tutmozisa III. (<a href="/wiki/Teodozijev_obelisk" title="Teodozijev obelisk">Teodozijev obelisk</a>). Zgrajen iz rdečega <a href="/wiki/Granit" title="Granit">granita</a>, visok 31 m, prihaja iz templja <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> v <a href="/wiki/Luksor" title="Luksor">Luksorju</a> in ga je tam postavil faraon <a href="/wiki/Tutmozis_III." class="mw-redirect" title="Tutmozis III.">Tutmozis III.</a> (vladal 1479–1425 pr. n. št.) južno od sedmega stebra. Rimski cesar <a href="/wiki/Konstancij_II." title="Konstancij II.">Konstancij II.</a> (vladal 337–361 n. št.) je dal tega in še en obelisk prepeljati po reki <a href="/wiki/Nil" title="Nil">Nil</a> v <a href="/wiki/Aleksandrija" title="Aleksandrija">Aleksandrijo</a> v počastitev njegovih <i>ventennalia</i> ali 20 let na prestolu leta 357. Drugi obelisk je bil postavljen v <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> v <a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">Rimu</a> jeseni istega leta in je zdaj znan kot <a href="/wiki/Lateranski_obelisk" title="Lateranski obelisk">Lateranski obelisk</a>. Obelisk, ki je postal <i>Teodozijev obelisk</i>, je ostal v Aleksandriji do leta 390 n. št., ko ga je <a href="/wiki/Teodozij_I." title="Teodozij I.">Teodozij I.</a> (vladal 379–395 n. št.) dal prepeljati v <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a> in postaviti na tamkajšnji <a href="/wiki/Hipodrom" title="Hipodrom">hipodrom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Habachi_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habachi-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ob ponovni postavitvi na hipodromu v Konstantinoplu je bil obelisk nameščen na okrasnem podstavku z <a href="/wiki/Relief_(umetnost)" title="Relief (umetnost)">reliefi</a>, ki prikazujejo Teodozija I. in njegove dvorjane. Spodnji del obeliska je bil poškodovan v antiki, verjetno med prevozom v Aleksandrijo leta 357 n. št. ali med njegovo ponovno postavitvijo na hipodromu v Konstantinoplu leta 390. Zaradi tega je trenutna višina obeliska le 18,54 metra oziroma 25,6 metra, če upoštevamo podstavek. Med štirimi vogali obeliska in podstavkom so štiri bronaste kocke, uporabljene pri njegovem transportu in ponovni postavitvi.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallis_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallis-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6026938/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG/200px-Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG/300px-Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG/400px-Istanbul_-_Sul_Bosforo_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3973" data-file-height="1786" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG/250px-Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG/330px-Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG/500px-Ciragan_Palace_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg/200px-Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg/300px-Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg/400px-Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="1805" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg/250px-Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg/500px-Istanbul_Bosphorus_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace_IMG_7764_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Palače Dolmabahçe, Çırağan, Beylerbeyi in Küçüksu na Bosporju iz 19. stoletja, ki sta jih zgradila osmanska sultana Abdülmecid in Abdülaziz, so zasnovali člani armenske družine dvornih arhitektov Balyan.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Naslednji po starosti je <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8Dji_steber" title="Kačji steber">Kačji steber</a> iz leta 479 pr. n. št.. Iz <a href="/wiki/Delfi" title="Delfi">Delfov</a> so ga prinesli leta 324 n. št., med vladavino <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_I._Veliki" title="Konstantin I. Veliki">Konstantina Velikega</a>, in prav tako postavili na spino hipodroma. Prvotno je bil del starogrškega <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8Dji_steber" title="Kačji steber">žrtvenega trinožnika</a> v Delfih, ki je bil postavljen v spomin na Grke, ki so se borili in porazili <a href="/wiki/Ahemenidsko_cesarstvo" title="Ahemenidsko cesarstvo">perzijsko</a> vojsko v <a href="/wiki/Bitka_pri_Platajah" title="Bitka pri Platajah">bitki pri Platajah</a> (479 pr. n. št.). Tri kačje glave 8-metrskega visokega stebra so ostale nedotaknjene do konca 17. stoletja (ena je na ogled v bližnjem <a href="/wiki/Carigrajski_arheolo%C5%A1ki_muzej" title="Carigrajski arheološki muzej">Carigrajskem arheološkem muzeju</a>). </p><p>Zgrajen iz <a href="/wiki/Porfir" title="Porfir">porfirja</a> in postavljen v središču <a href="/wiki/Konstantinov_forum_(Konstantinopel)" title="Konstantinov forum (Konstantinopel)">Konstantinovega foruma</a> leta 330 n. št., da bi obeležil ustanovitev nove rimske prestolnice, je bil Konstantinov steber prvotno okrašen s skulpturo rimskega cesarja Konstantina Velikega, upodobljenega kot solarni bog <a href="/wiki/Apolon" title="Apolon">Apolon</a>, na njegovem vrhu, ki je padel leta 1106 in je bil pozneje zamenjan s križem med vladavino bizantinskega cesarja <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I._Komnen" title="Manuel I. Komnen">Manuela I. Komnena</a> (vladal 1143–1180). </p><p>Po vsem mestu so sledovi bizantinskega obdobja, od starodavnih cerkva, ki so bile zgrajene nad zgodnjekrščanskimi zbirališči, kot je <a href="/wiki/Hagija_Irene" title="Hagija Irene">Hagija Irene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerkev_Hora" title="Cerkev Hora">cerkev Hora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samostan_Stoudios" title="Samostan Stoudios">samostan Stoudios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerkev_sv._Sergija_in_Bakha" title="Cerkev sv. Sergija in Bakha">cerkev sv. Sergija in Bakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samostan_Device_Pammakaristos" title="Samostan Device Pammakaristos">samostan Device Pammakaristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samostan_Pantokratorja" title="Samostan Pantokratorja">samostan Pantokratorja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samostan_Kristusa_Pantepoptesa" title="Samostan Kristusa Pantepoptesa">samostan Kristusa Pantepoptesa</a>, Hagia Teodozija, cerkev Device Kiriotis, samostan Constantina Lipsa, <a href="/wiki/Bodrumska_mo%C5%A1eja" title="Bodrumska mošeja">cerkev Myrelaion</a> itd.; do palač, kot so <a href="/wiki/Muzej_mozaikov_Velike_pala%C4%8De" title="Muzej mozaikov Velike palače">Muzej mozaikov Velike palače</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porfirogenetova_pala%C4%8Da" title="Porfirogenetova palača">Porfirogenetova palača</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukoleon" title="Bukoleon">Bukoleonova</a> palača in <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Blaherne" title="Palača Blaherne">palača Blaherne</a>; ter druga javna mesta in stavbe, kot so <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopelski_hipodrom" title="Konstantinopelski hipodrom">Konstantinopelski hipodrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avgustaion_v_Konstantinoplu" title="Avgustaion v Konstantinoplu">Avgustaion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisterna_bazilika" title="Cisterna bazilika">Cisterna bazilika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teodozijeva_cisterna" title="Teodozijeva cisterna">Teodozijeva cisterna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filoksenova_cisterna" title="Filoksenova cisterna">Filoksenova cisterna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebdomonova_cisterna" title="Hebdomonova cisterna">Hebdomonova cisterna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valensov_akvadukt" title="Valensov akvadukt">Valensov akvadukt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemasova_je%C4%8Da" title="Anemasova ječa">Anemasova ječa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopelsko_obzidje" title="Konstantinopelsko obzidje">Konstantinopelsko obzidje</a> in Porta Aurea (Zlata vrata), med številnimi drugimi. Teodozijevo pristanišče iz 4. stoletja v Yenikapıju, nekoč najbolj obremenjenem pristanišču v Konstantinoplu, je bilo med številnimi arheološkimi odkritji, do katerih je prišlo med izkopavanjem predora Marmaray. </p><p>Vendar pa je Hagija Sofija tista, ki v celoti izraža obdobje Konstantinopla kot mesta brez para v krščanstvu. <a href="/wiki/Hagija_Sofija" title="Hagija Sofija">Hagija Sofija</a>, na vrhu katere je kupola s premerom 31 metrov nad kvadratnim prostorom, ki ga opredeljujejo štirje loki, je vrhunec bizantinske arhitekture.<sup id="cite_ref-mangocyril_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mangocyril-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hagija Sofija je bila največja <a href="/wiki/Stolnica" title="Stolnica">stolnica</a> na svetu, dokler je v 15. stoletju niso spremenili v mošejo. Minareti so iz tega obdobja. Zaradi njenega zgodovinskega pomena so jo leta 1935 ponovno odprli kot muzej. Vendar so jo julija 2020 ponovno spremenili v mošejo. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Sultanahmet_Camii,_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/250px-Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/330px-Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg/500px-Sultanahmet_Camii%2C_%C4%B0stanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3092" data-file-height="2319" /></a><figcaption>Mošeja sultana Ahmeda je znana kot Modra mošeja zaradi modrih ploščic İznik, ki krasijo njeno notranjost.<sup id="cite_ref-bluemosque_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bluemosque-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V ospredju je viden obelisk Tutmozisa III. (Teodozijev obelisk).</figcaption></figure> <p>V naslednjih štirih stoletjih so Osmani preoblikovali mestno pokrajino Carigrada z obsežnim gradbenim načrtom, ki je vključeval gradnjo visokih mošej in okrašenih palač. Mošeja Sultana Ahmeda (<a href="/wiki/Modra_mo%C5%A1eja" title="Modra mošeja">Modra mošeja</a>), še ena znamenitost mesta, je obrnjena proti Hagiji Sofiji na trgu Sultanahmet (hipodrom v Konstantinoplu). Mošejo <a href="/wiki/Sulejmanija_(mo%C5%A1eja)" title="Sulejmanija (mošeja)">Sulejmanija</a>, ki jo je zgradil <a href="/wiki/Sulejman_Veli%C4%8Dastni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulejman Veličastni">Sulejman Veličastni</a>, je zasnoval njegov glavni arhitekt <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, najslavnejši od vseh osmanskih arhitektov, ki je zasnoval številne znane mestne mošeje in druge vrste javnih stavb in spomenikov.<sup id="cite_ref-sinan-britannica_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinan-britannica-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Med najstarejšimi ohranjenimi primeri osmanske arhitekture v Carigradu sta trdnjavi <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Hisar%C4%B1" title="Anadolu Hisarı">Anadolu Hisarı</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rumeli_Hisar%C4%B1" title="Rumeli Hisarı">Rumeli Hisarı</a>, ki sta pomagali Osmanom med obleganjem mesta. V naslednjih štirih stoletjih so Osmani naredili neizbrisen vtis na obzorju Carigrada, saj so zgradili visoke mošeje in okrašene palače. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/250px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/330px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg/500px-Topkap%C4%B1_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3635" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>Pogled na palačo Topkapı, katere notranje jedro je bilo zgrajeno v letih 1459–1465, z Zlatega roga, s Prinčevskimi otoki v ozadju</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Topkapi" title="Palača Topkapi">Palača Topkapi</a> iz leta 1465 je najstarejši ohranjeni sedež vlade v Carigradu. <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II." class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II.">Mehmed II.</a> je zgradil prvotno palačo kot svojo glavno rezidenco in sedež vlade. Sedanja palača je rasla skozi stoletja kot niz dodatkov, ki so obsegali štiri dvorišča in združevali neoklasicistične, rokokojske in baročne arhitekturne oblike. Leta 1639 je <a href="/wiki/Murat_IV." title="Murat IV.">Murat IV.</a> naredil nekaj najrazkošnejših dodatkov, vključno z <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Topkapi#Bagdadski_Kiosk" title="Palača Topkapi">Bagdadskim kioskom</a>, v spomin na njegovo osvojitev Bagdada prejšnje leto.<sup id="cite_ref-necipoglu_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-necipoglu-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tu so potekala vladna srečanja do leta 1786, ko je bil sedež vlade prestavljen v Visoko pristanišče. Po nekaj sto letih kraljeve rezidence je bila leta 1853 opuščena v korist baročne palače Dolmabahçe. Palača Topkapi je po odpravi monarhije leta 1922 postala javna last. Po obsežni prenovi je leta 1924 postala eden prvih turških nacionalnih muzejev. </p><p>Cesarske mošeje so mošeja v Fatihu, <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%A1eja_sultana_Bajazida_II." title="Mošeja sultana Bajazida II.">mošeja sultana Bajazida II.</a>, mošeja Yavuza Selima, mošeja Sulejmanija, mošejo sultana Ahmeda (Modra mošeja) in <a href="/wiki/Nova_mo%C5%A1eja,_Carigrad" title="Nova mošeja, Carigrad">mošeja Yeni</a>, ki so bile vse zgrajene na vrhuncu Osmanskega cesarstva v 16. in 17. stoletju. V naslednjih stoletjih, zlasti po tanzimatskih reformah, so osmansko arhitekturo izpodrinili evropski slogi.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primer tega je cesarska mošeja Nuruosmaniye. Območja okoli avenije İstiklal so bila polna velikih evropskih veleposlaništev in nizov stavb v neoklasicističnem, renesančnem in secesijskem slogu, ki so vplivali na arhitekturo različnih struktur v Beyoğluju - vključno s cerkvami, trgovinami in gledališči - in uradnimi stavbami, kot je <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Dolmabah%C3%A7e" title="Palača Dolmabahçe">palača Dolmabahçe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultura">Kultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Kultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kultura"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramski pogled na zgodovinski Carigrad."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/800px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1200px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1600px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" title="Slika:Istanbul panorama and skyline.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramski pogled na zgodovinski Carigrad.</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5913888" /><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_siluet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silhouette of several buildings with domes and spires in front of an open waterway at twilight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_siluet.jpg/300px-Istanbul_siluet.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_siluet.jpg/450px-Istanbul_siluet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_siluet.jpg/600px-Istanbul_siluet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="1372" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;"><a href="/wiki/Unescova_svetovna_dedi%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Unescova svetovna dediščina">Unescova svetovna dediščina</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uradno ime</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic Areas of Istanbul</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Unescova_svetovna_dedi%C5%A1%C4%8Dina#Merila" title="Unescova svetovna dediščina">Kriterij</a></th><td class="infobox-data">kulturni: I, II, III, IV</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Referenca</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356">356</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Vpis</th><td class="infobox-data">1985 <small>(9. <a href="/wiki/Odbor_za_svetovno_dedi%C5%A1%C4%8Dino" title="Odbor za svetovno dediščino">zasedanje</a>)</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Carigrad je mesto, v katerem so se mešale razne kulture in verstva, zato je v njem veliko število zgodovinskih cerkva, mošej, sinagog in palač. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muzeji">Muzeji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Muzeji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Muzeji"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najbolj znani carigrajski muzeji so <a href="/wiki/Hagija_Sofija" title="Hagija Sofija">Hagija Sofija</a>, bivša sultanova <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Topkapi" title="Palača Topkapi">palača Topkapi</a> (<i>Topkapı Sarayı</i>), cerkev Hora, Arheološki muzej, Muzej turške in islamske umetnosti, muzej sodobne umetnosti in <a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Dolmabah%C3%A7e" title="Palača Dolmabahçe">palača Dolmabahçe</a> (<i>Dolmabahçe Sarayı</i>). </p><p>V muzeje so preurejene tudi pomožne zgradbe več mošej, ki omogočajo vpogled v osmansko obdobje mesta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stavbe">Stavbe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi razdelek: Stavbe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=13" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Stavbe"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bizantinski_Konstantinopel_do_leta_1453">Bizantinski Konstantinopel do leta 1453</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi razdelek: Bizantinski Konstantinopel do leta 1453" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=14" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Bizantinski Konstantinopel do leta 1453"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Istanbul_-_Basilica_Cistern_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Istanbul_-_Basilica_Cistern_-_01.JPG/250px-Istanbul_-_Basilica_Cistern_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Istanbul_-_Basilica_Cistern_-_01.JPG/375px-Istanbul_-_Basilica_Cistern_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Istanbul_-_Basilica_Cistern_-_01.JPG/500px-Istanbul_-_Basilica_Cistern_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Yerebatan Sarnıcı</i> - <a href="/wiki/Cisterna_bazilika" title="Cisterna bazilika">Cisterna bazilika</a></figcaption></figure> <p>V današnjem Carigradu je še vedno mogoče najti številne stavbe iz bizantinskega obdobja, med katerimi so najbolj ohranjene </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinopelski_hipodrom" title="Konstantinopelski hipodrom">hipodrom</a> (<i>At Meydanı</i>), zgrajen leta 203</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinov_forum_(Konstantinopel)" title="Konstantinov forum (Konstantinopel)">Konstantinov forum</a> (<i>Çemberli Taş</i>), zgrajen leta 328</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valensov_akvadukt" title="Valensov akvadukt">Valensov akvadukt</a> (<i>Bozdoğan Kemeri</i>), zgrajen leta 368</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinopelsko_obzidje" title="Konstantinopelsko obzidje">Teodozijevo obzidje</a>, zgrajeno leta 424</li> <li>obmorsko obzidje, zgrajeno leta 439</li> <li>razni drugi zgodovinski spomeniki, na primer 20 m visoki <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Tutmozis_III." class="mw-redirect" title="Tutmozis III.">Tutmozisa III.</a>, pripeljan iz <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisterna_bazilika" title="Cisterna bazilika">Cisterna bazilika</a> (<i>Yerebatan Sarnıcı</i>) iz 6. stoletja</li></ul> <p>Nekatere cerkve so skoraj nedotaknjene, ker so jih preuredili v mošeje in nato v muzeje: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagija_Sofija" title="Hagija Sofija">Hagija Sofija</a> ali cerkev sv. Modrosti (turško <i>Ayasofya Camii</i>), zgrajena leta 537</li> <li>cerkev Pammakaristós (<i>Fethiye Camii</i>), zgrajena v 11. ali 12. stoljetju</li> <li>poznobizantinska cerkev Hora (<i>Kariye Camii</i>) z videzom iz 14. stoletja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagija_Irene" title="Hagija Irene">Hagija Irene</a> ali cerkev sv. Irene (<i>Aya İrini</i>), katere niso spremenili v mošejo, ampak v orožarno.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Osmanski_Carigrad">Osmanski Carigrad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi razdelek: Osmanski Carigrad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=15" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Osmanski Carigrad"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II." class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II.">Mehmed II.</a> in njegovi dostojenstveniki so takoj po osvojitvi mesta želeli spremeniti njegov videz in s tem pokazati svojo moč in vero. Ker so občudovali grško arhitekturo mesta, so za preurejanje zgradb zadolžili <a href="/wiki/Arhitekt" title="Arhitekt">arhitekta</a> <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimarja Sinana</a>, ki je bil po rodu Grk ali Armenec in je kasneje razvil poseben osmanski arhitekturni slog. </p><p>Od 18. stoletja dalje so v mesto začeli vdirati zahodnjaški slogi, na primer <a href="/wiki/Barok" title="Barok">barok</a> (<i>Lâleli Camii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Klasicizem" title="Klasicizem">klasicizem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Art_nouveau" title="Art nouveau">art nouveau</a> (<i>Kamondo Merdivenleri</i>, <i>Beyoğlu</i>). V času Turške republike se je pojavilo tako imenovano <i>prvo nacionalno arhitekturno gibanje</i>. </p><p>Osmanska arhitektura je najbolj opazna na palačah in rezidencah, mošejah in njihovih pomožnih zgradbah, velikih trgovinah in prenočiščih, bazarjih ter okrasnih in namenskih stavbah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rezidence">Rezidence</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi razdelek: Rezidence" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=16" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Rezidence"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/250px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/375px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/500px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Sultanova vrata - vhod v palačo Dolmabahçe</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Topkapi" title="Palača Topkapi">palača Topkapi</a> (<i>Topkapı Sarayı</i>) je bila do leta 1856 prebivališče (<a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>) sultanove družine in sedež vlade (<i><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a></i>) in zato tudi središče osmanske oblasti in moči. Zgrajena je na skrajnem koncu polotoka med Zlatim rogom, Bosporjem in Marmarskim morjem. Sedaj je ena največjih carigrajskih turističnih zanimivosti.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala%C4%8Da_Dolmabah%C3%A7e" title="Palača Dolmabahçe">palača Dolmabahçe</a> (<i>Dolmabahçe Sarayı</i>), grajena od leta 842 do 1853, je bila od leta 1856 upravno središče Osmanskega cesarstva. Zgrajena je na evropski strani mesta, s čimer je hotel sultan prikazati svojo pripadnost Evropi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mošeje_(Camii)"><span id="Mo.C5.A1eje_.28Camii.29"></span>Mošeje (<i>Camii</i>)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi razdelek: Mošeje (Camii)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=17" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Mošeje (Camii)"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Yeni_cami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yeni_cami.jpg/250px-Yeni_cami.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yeni_cami.jpg/375px-Yeni_cami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yeni_cami.jpg/500px-Yeni_cami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>Yeni Cami</figcaption></figure> <p>Sultani, vezirji in drugi premožni dostojanstveniki so običajno bogato financirali gradnjo mošej. Veliko mošej je zgrajenih po vzoru Hagije Sofije. </p><p>Prostor za molitev v mošeji je običajno obdan z dvoriščem (<i>avlu</i>) in kompleksom stavb (<i>külliye</i>), med katere sodijo šola (<i>medresa</i>), ki je lahko služila kot osnovna (<i>mektep</i>), teološka ali medicinska šola in je imela pripadajoče bivalne prostore (<i>hücre</i>), bolnišnica (<i>dar-üş-şifa</i>), hospicij (<i>tabhane</i>), ljudska kuhinja (<i>imaret</i>), knjižnica (<i>kütüphane</i>), prenošišča (<i><a href="/wiki/Karavanseraj" title="Karavanseraj">karavanseraj</a></i>), javno kopališče (<i><a href="/wiki/Hamam" title="Hamam">hamam</a></i>), grobnice (<i>türbe</i>), ponekod tudi observatorij za koledarske izračune, povezane z vero (<i>muvakkithane</i>). </p><p>Tipične mošeje iz posameznih obdobij so: </p> <ul><li>iz zgodnjega osmanskega obdobja: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%A1eja_Mahmuta_pa%C5%A1e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mošeja Mahmuta paše (stran ne obstaja)">mošeja Mahmuta paše</a> - <i>Mahmut Paşa Camii</i>, najstarejša mošeja, zgrajena leta 1462</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%A1eja_sultana_Bajazida_II." title="Mošeja sultana Bajazida II.">mošeja sultana Bajazida II.</a> - <i>Sultan Beyazıt Camii</i>, najstarejša sultanova mošeja, zgrajena leta 1506</li></ul></li> <li>mošeje arhitekta <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Sinana</a>: <ul><li><i>İskele Camii</i> v Üsküdarju, prva Sinanova mošeja, zgrajena leta 1548</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%A1eja_%C5%9Eehzade" title="Mošeja Şehzade">mošeja Şehzade</a> - <i>Şehzade Camii</i>, Sinanovo začetniško delo, zgrajena leta 1548</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulejmanija" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulejmanija">Sulejmanija</a> - <i>Sultan Süleyman Camii</i>, Sinanovo delo iz leta 1557</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%A1eja_Rustema_pa%C5%A1e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mošeja Rustema paše (stran ne obstaja)">mošeja Rustema paše</a> - <i>Rüstem Paşa Camii</i>, darilo velikih vezirjev leta 1561</li> <li><i>Piyale Paşa Camii</i>, zgrajena leta 1578</li></ul></li> <li>iz kasnejšega obdobja: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_mo%C5%A1eja,_Carigrad" title="Nova mošeja, Carigrad">Nova mošeja</a> <i>Yeni Camii</i>, zgrajena v letih 1597-1663</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modra_mo%C5%A1eja" title="Modra mošeja">Modra mošeja</a>, <i>Sultan Ahmet Camii</i>, zgrajena leta 1617</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%A1eja_sultana_Mehmeta_Fatiha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mošeja sultana Mehmeta Fatiha (stran ne obstaja)">mošeja sultana Mehmeta Fatiha</a></i>, zgrajena po potresu leta 1766</li> <li><i>mošeja sultana Eyüpa</i>, zasnovana leta 1458, zgrajena v novem slogu leta 1798-1800</li></ul></li> <li>iz osmanskega baroka: <ul><li><i>Nuru Osmaniye Camii</i>, kupolasta zgradba, prvotno iz belega marmorja s polkrožnim dvoriščem, zgrajena leta 1755</li> <li><i>Lâleli Camii</i>, dokončana leta 1763 in obnovljena po potresu leta 1783, baročna mošeja v majhnim bazarjem v kleti</li> <li><i>Nusretiye Camii</i>, mošeja za vojake, zgrajena leta 1826 ob nekdanji vojašnici</li> <li><i>Dolmabahçe Camii</i> ob istoimenski palači na obali Bosporja, zgrajena leta 1853</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tržnice_(Çarşı)"><span id="Tr.C5.BEnice_.28.C3.87ar.C5.9F.C4.B1.29"></span>Tržnice (<i>Çarşı</i>)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi razdelek: Tržnice (Çarşı)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=18" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Tržnice (Çarşı)"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veliki_bazar,_Carigrad" title="Veliki bazar, Carigrad">Veliki bazar</a> (<i>Kapalıçarşı</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egiptovski_bazar,_Carigrad" title="Egiptovski bazar, Carigrad">Egiptovski bazar</a> (<i>Mısır Çarşısı</i>)</li> <li>Knjižna tržnica (<i>Sahaflar Çarşısı</i>)</li> <li><i>Valide Hanı</i></li> <li><i>Rüstem Paşa Hanı</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Trdnjavi_(Hisarı)"><span id="Trdnjavi_.28Hisar.C4.B1.29"></span>Trdnjavi (Hisarı)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi razdelek: Trdnjavi (Hisarı)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=19" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Trdnjavi (Hisarı)"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yedikule (»Dvorec s sedmimi stolpi«) na južnem koncu <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopelsko_obzidje" title="Konstantinopelsko obzidje">Teodozijevega obzidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumeli_Hisar%C4%B1" title="Rumeli Hisarı">Rumeli Hisarı</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Hisar%C4%B1" title="Anadolu Hisarı">Anadolu Hisarı</a> ob Bosporju</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Stolpi_(Kulesi)"><span id="Stolpi_.28Kulesi.29"></span>Stolpi (Kulesi)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi razdelek: Stolpi (Kulesi)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=20" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Stolpi (Kulesi)"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galatski_stolp" title="Galatski stolp">Galatski stolp</a></li> <li>Bajazidov stolp</li> <li>Leandrov stolp (Kız kulesi) na bosporskom otoku, kod Üsküdara</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Most_(Köprüsü)"><span id="Most_.28K.C3.B6pr.C3.BCs.C3.BC.29"></span>Most (Köprüsü)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi razdelek: Most (Köprüsü)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=21" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Most (Köprüsü)"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galatski_most" title="Galatski most">Galatski most</a>, od leta 1845 do 1912 večkrat obnovljen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Železniški_postaji_(Garı)"><span id=".C5.BDelezni.C5.A1ki_postaji_.28Gar.C4.B1.29"></span>Železniški postaji (Garı)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi razdelek: Železniški postaji (Garı)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=22" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Železniški postaji (Garı)"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sirkeci Garı, evropska glavna železniška postaja</li> <li>Haydarpaşa Garı, azijska glavna železniška postaja</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opombe">Opombe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi razdelek: Opombe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=23" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Opombe"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">İstanbul Province = 5,460.85 km<sup>2</sup><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Land area = 5343,22 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li>Lake/Dam = 117,63 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li>Europe (25 districts) = 3474,35 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li>Asia (14 districts) = 1868,87 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li>Urban (36 districts) = 2576,85 km<sup>2</sup> [Metro (39 districts) – (Çatalca+Silivri+Şile)]</li></ul> </div> <p>*Glede na število prebivalcev in status velemesta se meje mesta Istanbul ujemajo z mejami province, provinca pa se obravnava kot metropolitansko mesto Istanbul. </p> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sklici">Sklici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi razdelek: Sklici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=24" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sklici"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406112545/https://www.ibb.istanbul/SitePage/Index/82">»YETKİ ALANI«</a>. Istanbul Buyuksehir Belediyesi. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibb.istanbul/SitePage/Index/82">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 6. aprila 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 4. februarja 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=YETK%C4%B0+ALANI&rft.pub=Istanbul+Buyuksehir+Belediyesi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibb.istanbul%2FSitePage%2FIndex%2F82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kartal24.com/104583-istanbulun-en-yuksek-tepesi-neresidir">»İstanbul'un En Yüksek Tepeleri«</a>. <i>Hava Forumu</i>. Hava Durumu Forumu. 15. april 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=Hava+Forumu&rft.atitle=%C4%B0stanbul%27un+En+Y%C3%BCksek+Tepeleri&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kartal24.com%2F104583-istanbulun-en-yuksek-tepesi-neresidir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population_of_Turkey-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Population_of_Turkey_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2023-49684&dil=2">»The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023«</a>. <i>www.tuik.gov.tr</i>. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6. februar 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. februarja 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=www.tuik.gov.tr&rft.atitle=The+Results+of+Address+Based+Population+Registration+System%2C+2023&rft.date=2024-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.tuik.gov.tr%2FBulten%2FIndex%3Fp%3DThe-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2023-49684%26dil%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/">»Ulusal Hesaplar - Kişi başına GSYH ($)«</a> [National Accounts - GDP per capita ($)]. <i>www.tuik.gov.tr</i> (v turščini). Turkish Statistical Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 8. decembra 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=www.tuik.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Ulusal+Hesaplar+-+Ki%C5%9Fi+ba%C5%9F%C4%B1na+GSYH+%28%24%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcip.tuik.gov.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gross-Domestic-Product-by-Provinces-2022-45867&dil=2">»GDP by Provinces, 2022 - İstanbul had the highest share of GDP with 30.4% (Tables 1 and 3)«</a>. <i>www.tuik.gov.tr</i>. Turkish Statistical Institute. 7. december 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 8. decembra 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=www.tuik.gov.tr&rft.atitle=GDP+by+Provinces%2C+2022+-+%C4%B0stanbul+had+the+highest+share+of+GDP+with+30.4%25+%28Tables+1+and+3%29&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.tuik.gov.tr%2FBulten%2FIndex%3Fp%3DGross-Domestic-Product-by-Provinces-2022-45867%26dil%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">»Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab«</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul">»Britannica, Istanbul«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 18. decembra 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 3. decembra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Britannica%2C+Istanbul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconcise.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9368294%2FIstanbul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-census_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html">Turkey: Census Population.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organisation/AuthorityArea/Pages/Districts.aspx">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Districts of Istanbul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413173213/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organisation/AuthorityArea/Pages/Districts.aspx">Arhivirano</a> 2020-04-13 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Pridobljeno 28. maja 2009. Arhivirano 13. aprila 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aces-europa.eu/">»ACES > Home«</a>. ACES<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 5. decembra 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=ACES+%3E+Home&rft.pub=ACES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces-europa.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/356">»UNESCO | Historic Areas of Istanbul«</a>. Whc.unesco.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 28. maja 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=UNESCO+%26%23124%3B+Historic+Areas+of+Istanbul&rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans16-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans16_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans 2000, str. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Room177-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Room177_14-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Room177_14-1">13,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Room177_14-2">13,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Room 2006, str. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory 2010, str. 62–63-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gautier & 1851 passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Amicis & 1881 passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheatcroft 1995, str. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Richard D. (1965), The First Turkish Republic: A Case Study in National Development, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewisix-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lewisix_20-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lewisix_20-1">19,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis 1963, str. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Browning 1969, str. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwight 1915, str. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rainsford, Sarah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7820924.stm"><i>Istanbul's ancient past unearthed</i></a>, BBC, 10. januar 2009, pridobljeno dne 21. aprila 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alkım in Metzger 1969, str. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lister35-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lister35_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lister 1979, str. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Souza 2003, str. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1897, str. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant 1996, str. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Limberis 1994, str. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes 1981, str. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes 1981, str. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes222-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barnes222_32-0">31,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barnes222_32-1">31,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, str. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory63-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory63_33-0">32,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory63_33-1">32,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory 2010, str. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans217-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans217_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans 2000, str. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haldon 2002, str. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory 2010, str. 324–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory 2010, str. 330–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory 2010, str. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory 2010, str. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden 2004, str. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler & Fox 1974, str. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinert 2002, str. 258–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baynes 1949, str. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory 2010, str. 394–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haldon 2003, str. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis6-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis6_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis 1963, str. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mamboury 1953, str. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mamboury 1953, str. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, Lambton in Lewis 1977, str. 306–307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler in Fox 1974, str. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Holt_51-0">50,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Holt_51-1">50,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, Lambton in Lewis 1977, str. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atıl 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandler in Fox 1974, str. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyar in Fleet 2010, str. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw in Shaw 1977, str. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Çelik 1993, str. 87–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harter 2005, str. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Çelik 1993, str. 96–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw in Shaw 1977, str. 230, 287, 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Çelik 1993, str. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Landau 1984, str. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamuran Gürün, Tarih Boyunca, <i>Ermeni Meselesi</i>, str. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Christopher J. (1997), <i>World War I and the Armenian Genocide</i>, v Hovannisian, Richard G, <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times</i>, II. del, Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, str. 252, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0333619749" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-333-61974-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh (1911), <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 7, <i>Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shiragian, <i>The legacy: Memoirs of an Armenian Patriot</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Vol. 7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; <i>Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire…</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul">Britannica, Istanbul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul">Arhivirano</a> 2007-12-18 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.: <i>When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422005726/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf"><i>Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, International Association of Genocide Scholars, arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span> dne 22. aprila 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, pridobljeno 3. decembra 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Resolution+on+genocides+committed+by+the+Ottoman+empire&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidescholars.org%2Fimages%2FResolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaunt, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.se/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Massacres,+Resistance,+Protectors&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I</a></i>. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). »<i>Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction</i>«. <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 7–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820">10.1080/14623520801950820</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Late+Ottoman+genocides%3A+the+dissolution+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Young+Turkish+population+and+extermination+policies+%E2%80%93+introduction&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520801950820&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.169/current_category.6/affirmation_detail.html"><i><span></span></i>United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities<i><span></span></i></a>, Armenian Genocide, 2. julij 1985</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Sub-Commission+on+Prevention+of+Discrimination+and+Protection+of+Minorities&rft.pub=Armenian+Genocide&rft.date=1985-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FAffirmation.169%2Fcurrent_category.6%2Faffirmation_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (ur.)<i>Dictionary of Genocide</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, str. 19. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0313346429" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-313-34642-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noël, Lise. <i>Intolerance: A General Survey</i>. Arnold Bennett, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0773511873" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7735-1187-3</a>, str. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaefer, T (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society</i>. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2008, str. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFHenhamBehrens2007" class="citation cs2">Henham, Ralph J; Behrens, Paul (2007), <i>The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects</i>, str. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=The+criminal+law+of+genocide%3A+international%2C+comparative+and+contextual+aspects&rft.pages=17.&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Henham&rft.aufirst=Ralph+J&rft.au=Behrens%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFMarashlian1991" class="citation cs2">Marashlian, Levon (1991), <i><span></span></i>Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire<i><span></span></i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Zoryan Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Demography%3A+Armenians%2C+Turks%2C+and+Kurds+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Zoryan+Institute&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Marashlian&rft.aufirst=Levon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Lukas Kieser, Dominik J. Schaller, <i>Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah: The Armenian genocide and the Shoah</i>, Chronos, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/303400561X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 303400561X</a>, str. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.169/current_category.6/affirmation_detail.html"><i>United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities</i></a>, Armenian Genocide, 2. julij 1985</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Sub-Commission+on+Prevention+of+Discrimination+and+Protection+of+Minorities&rft.pub=Armenian+Genocide&rft.date=1985-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FAffirmation.169%2Fcurrent_category.6%2Faffirmation_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-topo-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-topo_79-0">78,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-topo_79-1">78,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-topo_79-2">78,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063341/http://tourism.gov.tr/en/genel/belgegoster.aspx?17a16ae30572d3130239eea0fcdf038b91fbf5f1f3911eba">»<i>The Topography of İstanbul</i>«</a>. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourism.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3130239EEA0FCDF038B91FBF5F1F3911EBA">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 5. marca 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 13. junija 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=The+Topography+of+%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pub=Republic+of+Turkey+Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.gov.tr%2FEN%2FGenel%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3F17A16AE30572D3130239EEA0FCDF038B91FBF5F1F3911EBA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=294">»<i>Istanbul from a Bird's Eye View</i>«</a>. Governorship of Istanbul<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 13. junija 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Istanbul+from+a+Bird%27s+Eye+View&rft.pub=Governorship+of+Istanbul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.istanbul.gov.tr%2FDefault.aspx%3Fpid%3D294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dis-awaits-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dis-awaits_81-0">80,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dis-awaits_81-1">80,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFRevkin2010" class="citation news cs1">Revkin, Andrew C. (24. februar 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/science/earth/25quake.html">»Disaster Awaits Cities in Earthquake Zones«</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 13. junija 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Disaster+Awaits+Cities+in+Earthquake+Zones&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft.aulast=Revkin&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F25%2Fscience%2Fearth%2F25quake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParsonsTodaSteinBarka2000">Parsons et al. 2000</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFParsonsTodaSteinBarka2000 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_in_Sfn_napake_predlog" title="Kategorija:Harv in Sfn napake predlog">pomoč</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFTraynor2006" class="citation news cs1">Traynor, Ian (9. december 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/dec/09/turkey.naturaldisasters">»A Disaster Waiting to Happen – Why a Huge Earthquake Near Istanbul Seems Inevitable«</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 13. junija 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+Disaster+Waiting+to+Happen+%E2%80%93+Why+a+Huge+Earthquake+Near+Istanbul+Seems+Inevitable&rft.date=2006-12-09&rft.aulast=Traynor&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fdec%2F09%2Fturkey.naturaldisasters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKnight-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKnight_84-0">83,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-McKnight_84-1">83,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight,_Tom_LHess,_Darrel2000" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). »Climate Zones and Types«. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn"><i>Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-13-020263-0" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-13-020263-0"><bdi>0-13-020263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&rft.atitle=Climate+Zones+and+Types&rft.btitle=Physical+Geography%3A+A+Landscape+Appreciation&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-13-020263-0&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Tom+L&rft.au=Hess%2C+Darrel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalgeographmckn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisma1995">Eisma 1995</a>, str. 174.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEisma1995 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_in_Sfn_napake_predlog" title="Kategorija:Harv in Sfn napake predlog">pomoč</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-weather-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-weather_86-0">85,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-weather_86-1">85,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-weather_86-2">85,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004370">»<i>Average Conditions – Istanbul</i>«</a>. <i>World Weather</i>. BBC Weather Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518023851/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004370">Arhivirano</a> iz spletišča dne 18. maja 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 27. junija 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=World+Weather&rft.atitle=Average+Conditions+%E2%80%93+Istanbul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fworld%2Fcity_guides%2Fresults.shtml%3Ftt%3DTT004370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbase-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wbase_87-0">86,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wbase_87-1">86,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wbase_87-2">86,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=6071&refer=&units=us">»<i>Historical Weather for Istanbul, Turkey</i>«</a>. WeatherBase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 27. junija 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Historical+Weather+for+Istanbul%2C+Turkey&rft.pub=WeatherBase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweatherall.php3%3Fs%3D6071%26refer%3D%26units%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteor.gov.tr_PDF-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Meteor.gov.tr_PDF_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522233449/http://www.dmi.gov.tr/files/kurumsal/ekitap/4mevsim2/s5152.pdf">»İstanbul Bölge Müdürlüğü'ne Bağlı İstasyonlarda Ölçülen Ekstrem Değerler (Extreme Values Measured in Istanbul Regional Directorate)«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Meteor.gov.org. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmi.gov.tr/files/kurumsal/ekitap/4mevsim2/s5152.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> dne 22. maja 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 27. julija 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=%C4%B0stanbul+B%C3%B6lge+M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC%27ne+Ba%C4%9Fl%C4%B1+%C4%B0stasyonlarda+%C3%96l%C3%A7%C3%BClen+Ekstrem+De%C4%9Ferler+%28Extreme+Values+Measured+in+Istanbul+Regional+Directorate%29&rft.pub=Meteor.gov.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmi.gov.tr%2Ffiles%2Fkurumsal%2Fekitap%2F4mevsim2%2Fs5152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkey_pop_2010-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_pop_2010_89-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tuikrapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&ENVID=adnksdb2Env&report=turkiye_il_koy_sehir.RDF&p_kod=1&p_yil=2010&p_dil=1&desformat=html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002182155/http://tuikrapor.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservlet?adnksdb2=&ENVID=adnksdb2Env&report=turkiye_il_koy_sehir.RDF&p_kod=1&p_yil=2010&p_dil=1&desformat=html">Arhivirano</a> 2011-10-02 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Address-based population survey 2010</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cens-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cens_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html">http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html</a> <i>Principal cities as of 2000 census</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117090125/http://www.urge-project.ufz.de/istanbul/general.htm">»Presentation of Reference City: Istanbul«</a> (v turščini). Urban Green Environment. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urge-project.ufz.de/istanbul/general.htm">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 17. januarja 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 27. septembra 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Presentation+of+Reference+City%3A+Istanbul&rft.pub=Urban+Green+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urge-project.ufz.de%2Fistanbul%2Fgeneral.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www1.mfa.gr-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www1.mfa.gr_92-0">91,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-www1.mfa.gr_92-1">91,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726194222/http://www.mfa.gr/en/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations/relevant-documents/the-greek-minority-and-its-foundations-in-istanbul-gokceada-imvros-and-bozcaada-tenedos.html">»<i>The Greek Minority and its foundations in Istanbul, Gokceada (Imvros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos)</i>«</a>. 21. marec 2011. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.mfa.gr/en/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations/relevant-documents/the-greek-minority-and-its-foundations-in-istanbul-gokceada-imvros-and-bozcaada-tenedos.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 26. julija 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 15. septembra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Minority+and+its+foundations+in+Istanbul%2C+Gokceada+%28Imvros%29+and+Bozcaada+%28Tenedos%29&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.mfa.gr%2Fen%2Fissues-of-greek-turkish-relations%2Frelevant-documents%2Fthe-greek-minority-and-its-foundations-in-istanbul-gokceada-imvros-and-bozcaada-tenedos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilic, Ecevit (7. september 2008). <i>Sermaye nasıl el değiştirdi?</i>. Sabah. Pridobljeno dne 25. decembra 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilson, George. <i>Destroying a minority: Turkey’s attack on the Greeks</i>, book review of (Vryonis 2005), Athens News, 24. junija 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211180338/http://w9.gazetevatan.com/haberdetay.asp?Newsid=188144&Categoryid=1">»Vatan – Diyanet: Türkiye'de 79 bin 096 cami var«</a>. W9.gazetevatan.com. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w9.gazetevatan.com/haberdetay.asp?Newsid=188144&Categoryid=1">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 11. februarja 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 6. junija 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Vatan+%E2%80%93+Diyanet%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99de+79+bin+096+cami+var&rft.pub=W9.gazetevatan.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw9.gazetevatan.com%2Fhaberdetay.asp%3FNewsid%3D188144%26Categoryid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/6920910/Globalization-Cosmopolitanism-and-the-Donme-in-Ottoman-Salonica-and-Turkish-Istanbul">Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and the Dönme in Ottoman Salonica and Turkish Istanbul</a>. Marc Baer, University of California, Irvine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-todayszaman.com-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-todayszaman.com_97-0">96,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-todayszaman.com_97-1">96,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-todayszaman.com_97-2">96,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501063653/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291">»Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey«</a>. <i>Today's Zaman</i>. 15. december 2008. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 1. maja 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 15. decembra 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Foreign+Ministry%3A+89%2C000+minorities+live+in+Turkey&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Ftz-web%2Fdetaylar.do%3Fload%3Ddetay%26link%3D161291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8173275">»Armenians in Turkey«</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 16. november 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 28. maja 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Armenians+in+Turkey&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D8173275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilson-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilson_99-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilson, George. »<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13136&m=A10&aa=1&eidos=S">Destroying a minority: Turkey’s attack on the Greeks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617131719/http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13136&m=A10&aa=1&eidos=S">Arhivirano</a> 2008-06-17 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.«, Athens News, 24. junij 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_100-0">99,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_100-1">99,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_100-2">99,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Rifat Bali, <i>Yeni Bilgiler ve 1934 Trakya Oraylari-I</i>, v Tarih ve Toplum 186/1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eleven.co.il/article/13936">»Стамбул. Электронная еврейская энциклопедия – ЭЕЭ«</a>. Eleven.co.il<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 15. septembra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB.+%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%AD%D0%95%D0%AD&rft.pub=Eleven.co.il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feleven.co.il%2Farticle%2F13936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100605034717/http://www.musevicemaati.com/index.php?contentId=33">»Türkiye Hahambaşılığı«</a>. Musevi Cemaati. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musevicemaati.com/index.php?contentId=33">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 5. junija 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 15. septembra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+Hahamba%C5%9F%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.pub=Musevi+Cemaati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musevicemaati.com%2Findex.php%3FcontentId%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deluge-NASA.png">»Illustration of the Lake (later Sea) of Marmara and the formation of the Turkish Straits after the Black Sea deluge«</a>. <i>www.ncdc.noaa.gov</i>. 26. januar 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=www.ncdc.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Illustration+of+the+Lake+%28later+Sea%29+of+Marmara+and+the+formation+of+the+Turkish+Straits+after+the+Black+Sea+deluge&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ADeluge-NASA.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Rainsford-2009-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Rainsford-2009_104-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFRainsford2009" class="citation news cs1">Rainsford, Sarah (10. januar 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7820924.stm">»Istanbul's ancient past unearthed«</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 29. maja 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Istanbul%27s+ancient+past+unearthed&rft.date=2009-01-10&rft.aulast=Rainsford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7820924.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habachi-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Habachi_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Labib Habachi, <i>The Obelisks of Egypt, skyscrapers of the past</i>, American University in Cairo Press, 1985, p.145-151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallis-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wallis_106-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E.A. Wallis Budge, <i>Cleopatra's Needles and Other Egyptian Obelisks</i>, The Religious Tract Society, London, 1926, reprinted 1990, p.160-165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Sultan Abdulaziz and the Beylerbeyi Palace", Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu, <i>Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, And Eclecticism</i>, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mangocyril-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mangocyril_108-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFMango1985" class="citation book cs1">Mango, Cyril (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantinearchite0000mang"><i>Byzantine Architecture</i></a>. Milan: Electa Editrice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-8478-0615-7" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-8478-0615-7"><bdi>978-0-8478-0615-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Electa+Editrice&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-0615-7&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantinearchite0000mang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bluemosque-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bluemosque_109-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluemosque.co/">»Blue Mosque«</a>. <i>bluemosque.co</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 12. junija 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=bluemosque.co&rft.atitle=Blue+Mosque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluemosque.co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinan-britannica-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sinan-britannica_110-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sinan">»Sinan, Ottoman architect«</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Sinan%2C+Ottoman+architect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSinan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-necipoglu-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-necipoglu_111-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu2005" class="citation book cs1">Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofsinanarchit0000neci"><i>The age of Sinan: architectural culture in the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-691-12326-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-691-12326-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=The+age+of+Sinan%3A+architectural+culture+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12326-4&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofsinanarchit0000neci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÇelik1993">Çelik 1993</a>, str. 159<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFÇelik1993 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_in_Sfn_napake_predlog" title="Kategorija:Harv in Sfn napake predlog">pomoč</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÇelik1993">Çelik 1993</a>, str. ;133–34, 141<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFÇelik1993 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Harv_in_Sfn_napake_predlog" title="Kategorija:Harv in Sfn napake predlog">pomoč</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viri">Viri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Uredi razdelek: Viri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=25" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Viri"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5453066">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns dl,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ol,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Alkım, U. Bahadır, Metzger, Henri (1969), <i>Anatolia: From the Beginnings to the End of the 2nd Millennium B.C.</i>, London, Barrie & Rockliff the Cresset Press.</li> <li>Atıl, Esin (1987). <i>The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent</i>. Washington, D.C., National Gallery of Art. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9780894680984" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-89468-098-4</a>.</li> <li>Barnes, Timothy David (1981), <i>Constantine and Eusebius</i>, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0674165314" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-16531-4</a>.</li> <li>Baynes, Norman H. (1949), Baynes, Norman H., Moss, Henry S. L. B., <i>Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization</i>, Oxford, Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/1406756598" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4067-5659-8</a>.</li> <li>Bertram, Carol (2008). <i>Imagining the Turkish House: Collective Visions of Home</i>, Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9780292718265" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-292-71826-5</a>.</li> <li>Borrego, Carlos; Schayes, Guy (2002), <i>Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XV</i>, New York: Kluwer Academic, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0306472945" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-306-47294-5</a>.</li> <li>Boyar, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010), <i>A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul</i>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9780521136235" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-13623-5</a>.</li> <li>Browning, Robert (1969), <i>Medieval and Modern Greek</i>, London, Hutchinson University Library, ISBN 090996001.</li> <li>Chandler, Tertius, Fox, Gerald (1974), <i>3000 Years of Urban Growth</i>, London, Academic Press.</li> <li>Çelik, Zeynep (1993), <i>The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Berkeley & Los Angeles, University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9780520082397" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-520-08239-7</a>.</li> <li>Chamber of Architects of Turkey (2005), <i>Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Galata</i>, 2. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9753958951" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 975-395-895-1</a>.</li> <li>Chamber of Architects of Turkey (2006a). <i>Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula</i>, 1. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9753958994" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 975-395-899-4</a>.</li> <li>Chamber of Architects of Turkey (2006b), <i>Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Bosphorus & The Asian Side</i>. 3. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9753958978" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 975-395-897-8</a>.</li> <li>Chamber of Architects of Turkey (2006c). <i>Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Modern & Contemporary</i>, 4. Istanbul: Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/975395896X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 975-395-896-X</a>.</li> <li>De Amicis, Edmondo (1881), <i>Costantinopoli</i>, Milan, Fratelli Treves.</li> <li>De Souza, Philip (2003), <i>The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C.</i>, London, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0415968542" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-96854-2</a>.</li> <li>Dwight, Harrison G. (1915), <i>Constantinople: Old and New</i>, C. Scribner's Sons.</li> <li>Eisma, Doeke (1995), <i>Climate Change: Impact on Coastal Habitation</i>, CRC Press, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/087371301X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87371-301-X</a>.</li> <li>Evans, James A. S. (2000), <i>The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power</i>, London, Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0415237262" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-23726-2</a>.</li> <li>Gautier, Théophile (2008) [1851], <i>Constantinople</i>, Pariz, Editions Bartillat.</li> <li>Grant, Michael (1996), <i>The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire</i>, London. Routledge, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0415127726" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-12772-6</a>.</li> <li>Gregory, Timothy E. (2010), <i>A History of Byzantium</i>, Oxford, John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/140518471X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4051-8471-X</a>.</li> <li>Haldon, John F. (2002), <i>Byzantium: A History</i>, 2. izdaja, Stroud, Eng., Tempus. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0752434721" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7524-3472-1</a>.</li> <li>Haldon, John F. (2003). <i>Byzantium at War, AD 600–1453</i>, New York. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0415968615" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-96861-5</a>.</li> <li>Harter, Jim (2005), <i>World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings</i>, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9780801880896" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8018-8089-6</a>.</li> <li>Holt, Peter M., Lambton, Ann K. S., Lewis, Bernard (1977), T<i>he Cambridge History of Islam</i>. 1. ilustrirani ponatis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0521291356" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-29135-6</a>.</li> <li>Isaac, Benjamin H. (1986), <i>The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest</i>, Leiden, E.J. Brill, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9004069216" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-04-06921-6</a>.</li> <li>Karpat, Kemal H. (1976), <i>The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization</i>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0521209544" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-20954-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307" /><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan,_Alexander1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazhdan, Alexander, ur. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofamerica0001unse_t4a3"><i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i></a>. New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=New+York+%3B+Oxford+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofamerica0001unse_t4a3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ACarigrad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelkit, Abdullah, Ak, Tutku (2006), <i>Coastal Land Use Planning: A Case Study of Kordonboyu (Çanakkale)</i>, Journal of Coastal Research <b>22</b> (4), str. 951–957. doi:10.2112/03-0137.1.</li> <li>Keyder, Çağlar (1999), <i>Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local</i>, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/084769495X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8476-9495-X</a>.</li> <li>Landau, Jacob M. (1984), <i>Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey</i>, Leiden, E.J. Brill, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9004070702" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-04-07070-2</a>.</li> <li>Lewis, Bernard (1963), <i>Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire</i>, Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0806110600" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8061-1060-0</a>.</li> <li>Limberis, Vasiliki (1994), <i>Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople</i>, London, Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0415096774" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-09677-4</a>.</li> <li>Lister, Richard P. (1979). <i>The Travels of Herodotus</i>, London, Gordon & Cremonesi, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0860330818" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86033-081-8</a>.</li> <li>Madden, Thomas F. (2004), <i>Crusades: The Illustrated History</i>, Ann Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0472114638" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-472-11463-8</a>.</li> <li>Reinert, Stephen W. (2002), <i>Fragmentation (1204–1453)</i> v Mango, Cyril, <i>The Oxford History of Byzantium</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0198140983" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-814098-3</a>.</li> <li>Room, Adrian (2006), <i>Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites</i>, 2. izdaja, Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0786422483" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7864-2248-3</a>.</li> <li>Smith, William (1897), <i>A Smaller History of Greece, From the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest</i>, New York, Harper & Brothers.</li> <li>De Souza, Philip (2003), <i>The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C.</i>, London, Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0415968542" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-96854-2</a>.</li> <li>Wheatcroft, Andrew (1995), <i>The Ottomans: Dissolving Images</i>, London, Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0140168796" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-016879-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glej_tudi">Glej tudi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Uredi razdelek: Glej tudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=26" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Glej tudi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seznam_mest_v_Tur%C4%8Diji" title="Seznam mest v Turčiji">Seznam mest v Turčiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seznam_obleganj_Konstantinopla" title="Seznam obleganj Konstantinopla">Seznam obleganj Konstantinopla</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&action=edit&section=27" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5916282">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5911185" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Istanbul" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Istanbul">Carigrad</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx">Website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.istanbul.gov.tr/">Website of the Istanbul Governorship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=6&cx=88707&cy=96189&ap=uydu&lng=en">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos from 1946, 1966, 1970, 1982, 2006, 2011 and 2013</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/turkey/istanbul/istanbul.html">Old maps of Istanbul</a> – Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities Research Project</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evropske_prestolnice_kulture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911192">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-prikaži"><a href="/wiki/Predloga:Evropska_prestolnica_kulture" title="Predloga:Evropska prestolnica kulture"><abbr title="Prikaži to predlogo" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-pogovor"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogovor_o_predlogi:Evropska_prestolnica_kulture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogovor o predlogi:Evropska prestolnica kulture (stran ne obstaja)"><abbr title="Pogovor o tej predlogi" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">p</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-uredi"><a class="external text" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predloga:Evropska_prestolnica_kulture&action=edit"><abbr title="Uredi to predlogo" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">u</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evropske_prestolnice_kulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evropska_prestolnica_kulture" title="Evropska prestolnica kulture">Evropske prestolnice kulture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <ul><li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Atene" title="Atene">Atene</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Firence" title="Firence">Firence</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Zahodni_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahodni Berlin">Zahodni</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz">Pariz</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen">Antwerpen</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Lizbona" title="Lizbona">Lizbona</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8benhavn" title="København">København</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Solun" title="Solun">Solun</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruselj" title="Bruselj">Bruselj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krakov" title="Krakov">Krakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Brugge" title="Brugge">Brugge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Gradec" title="Gradec">Gradec</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">Genova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cork_(mesto)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cork (mesto) (stran ne obstaja)">Cork</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Luksemburg_(mesto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luksemburg (mesto)">Luksemburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilna" title="Vilna">Vilna</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essen (stran ne obstaja)">Essen</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carigrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talin" title="Talin">Talin</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ume%C3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umeå (stran ne obstaja)">Umeå</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Mons" title="Mons">Mons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plzen" title="Plzen">Plzen</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Sebasti%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Sebastián (stran ne obstaja)">San Sebastián</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vroclav" title="Vroclav">Vroclav</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pafos" title="Pafos">Pafos</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Reka,_Hrva%C5%A1ka" title="Reka, Hrvaška">Reka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temi%C5%A1var" title="Temišvar">Temišvar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elevzina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elevzina (stran ne obstaja)">Elevzina</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bad_Ischl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bad Ischl (stran ne obstaja)">Bad Ischl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8" title="Bodø">Bodø</a></li> <li><b>2025 <a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gorica" title="Gorica">Gorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></b></li> <li>2026 <i><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Normativna_kontrola_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Normativna_kontrola_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Normativna_kontrola" title="Wikipedija:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q406#identifiers" title="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih"><img alt="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Splošno</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISNI_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifikator)">ISNI</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121641665">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifikator)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135931454">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/135931454">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narodne knjižnice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451084">Španija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864652s">Francija</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864652s">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981061035038906706">Katalonija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027821-9">Nemčija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559529905171">Izrael</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79034985">ZDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628218">Japonska</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129395&CON_LNG=ENG">Češka republika</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000245610&local_base=nsk10">Hrvaška</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/149295">Švedska</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/497_1383">Vatikan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Znanstvene podatkovne baze</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17741580?l=en">CiNii (Japonska)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204833/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/MBAREA_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBAREA (identifikator)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f9a822ff-adce-434c-9292-a8b6a0a37a8e">area</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044311">National Archives (ZDA)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifikator)">SUDOC (Francija)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02638986X">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/istanbul">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pridobljeno iz »<a dir="ltr" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&oldid=6385267">https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carigrad&oldid=6385267</a>«</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Carigrad" title="Kategorija:Carigrad">Carigrad</a></li><li><a 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projektov Wikimedie"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-10T08:19:56Z","dateModified":"2025-02-07T13:51:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cb\/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg","headline":"mesto v Tur\u010diji"}</script> </body> </html>