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id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-誦讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#誦讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>誦讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-誦讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>動作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-誦讀清真言的條件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#誦讀清真言的條件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>誦讀清真言的條件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-誦讀清真言的條件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-旗幟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旗幟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>旗幟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旗幟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-差異" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#差異"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>差異</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-差異-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">清真言</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。114种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjahada" title="Sjahada – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjahada" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الشهادتان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشهادتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="شهادة ان لا اله الا الله و ان محمد رسول الله – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شهادة ان لا اله الا الله و ان محمد رسول الله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="শ্বাহাদাহ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্বাহাদাহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xa%E1%B8%A5ada" title="Xaḥada – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xaḥada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шагьадат – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Шагьадат" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99lmeyi-%C5%9F%C9%99had%C9%99t" title="Kəlmeyi-şəhadət – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəlmeyi-şəhadət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86(%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C)" title="شهادتین(ایکی ایسلام تصدیقی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شهادتین(ایکی ایسلام تصدیقی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D2%99%D3%99%D1%82" title="Шәһәҙәт – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шәһәҙәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шахада – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шахада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шахада – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шахада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A4" title="শাহাদত – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাহাদত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahada" title="Chahada – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chahada" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ehadet" title="Šehadet – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šehadet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xahada" title="Xahada – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xahada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ШахӀадат – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ШахӀадат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گەواھیدان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەواھیدان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelime-i_%C5%9Feadet" title="Kelime-i şeadet – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kelime-i şeadet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah%C3%A1da" title="Šaháda – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šaháda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шахада – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шахада" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siah%C3%A2da" title="Siahâda – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siahâda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah" title="Shahadah – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shahadah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schah%C4%81da" title="Schahāda – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schahāda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehadet" title="Şehadet – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şehadet" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ޝަހާދަތް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝަހާދަތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Σαχάντα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαχάντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cahado" title="Ŝahado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝahado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahada" title="Šahada – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šahada" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شهادتین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهادتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahada" title="Šahada – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šahada" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah" title="Shahadah – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Shahadah" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahada" title="Chahada – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chahada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ઈમાન – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈમાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%94" title="שהאדה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שהאדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="शहादा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शहादा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ehadet" title="Šehadet – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šehadet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Շահադա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շահադա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahadat" title="Syahadat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syahadat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ШахӀадат – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ШахӀадат" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAarj%C3%A1tning_m%C3%BAslima" title="Trúarjátning múslima – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trúarjátning múslima" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah%C4%81dah" title="Shahādah – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shahādah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="シャハーダ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャハーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahadat" title="Sahadat – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sahadat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="შაჰადა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაჰადა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cchada" title="Cchada – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Cchada" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahadat" title="Syahadat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Syahadat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шаһада – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шаһада" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" title="샤하다 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤하다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="شہادَت – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شہادَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehadet" title="Şehadet – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şehadet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шахада – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шахада" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah%C4%81da" title="Šahāda – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Šahāda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schahada" title="Schahada – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schahada" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шагьадат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Шагьадат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahada" title="Šahada – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šahada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah%C4%81da" title="Šahāda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šahāda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiekem-pinoana_silamo" title="Fiekem-pinoana silamo – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiekem-pinoana silamo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шахада – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шахада" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahadaik" title="Syahadaik – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Syahadaik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шехадет – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шехадет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ശഹാദത്ത് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശഹാദത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahadah" title="Syahadah – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syahadah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjahada" title="Sjahada – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sjahada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjah%C3%A1dah" title="Sjahádah – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjahádah" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahadah" title="Shahadah – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shahadah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6" title="Шахадæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шахадæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸ਼ਹਾਦਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਹਾਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szahada" title="Szahada – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szahada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%81" title="کلمہ طیبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلمہ طیبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="شهادت – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شهادت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahada" title="Chahada – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chahada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ahada" title="Șahada – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șahada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шахада – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шахада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="شهادت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شهادت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1-%C5%A1aheada" title="Aš-šaheada – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aš-šaheada" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ehadet" title="Šehadet – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šehadet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ah%C3%A1da" title="Šaháda – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šaháda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahada" title="Šahada – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šahada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahaadah" title="Shahaadah – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shahaadah" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehadeti" title="Shehadeti – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shehadeti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Шехадет – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шехадет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahadat" title="Sahadat – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sahadat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada_(Uislamu)" title="Shahada (Uislamu) – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shahada (Uislamu)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szahada" title="Szahada – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szahada" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="கலிமா – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6" title="షహాద – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షహాద" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шаҳодат – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шаҳодат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="ชะฮาดะฮ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชะฮาดะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%A4h%C3%A4d%C3%A4" title="Şähädä – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şähädä" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelime-i_%C5%9Feh%C3%A2det" title="Kelime-i şehâdet – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kelime-i şehâdet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%82" title="Шәһадәт – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шәһадәт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%95%D9%84%D9%89%D9%85%DB%95%D8%A6%D9%89_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%AA" title="كەلىمەئى شاھادەت – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كەلىمەئى شاھادەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шагада – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шагада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA" title="شہادت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہادت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimai_shahodat" title="Kalimai shahodat – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalimai shahodat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shahada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seere" title="Seere – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Seere" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="清真言 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="清真言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="შაჰადა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შაჰადა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cj%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80r%C3%AD" title="Ìjẹ́ẹ̀rí – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìjẹ́ẹ̀rí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="清真言 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="清真言" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheng-chin-gi%C3%A2n" title="Chheng-chin-giân – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheng-chin-giân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="清真言 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="清真言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41831#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-55ecb0cc" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-55ecb0cc" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:安拉;zh-tw:阿拉;zh-hk:安拉;zh-sg:阿拉"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:阿拉伯; zh-hant:阿拉伯"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:古兰经; zh-hant:古蘭經; zh-tw:可蘭經"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:摩洛;zh-hant:莫洛"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahadah-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shahadah-1.svg/220px-Shahadah-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shahadah-1.svg/330px-Shahadah-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shahadah-1.svg/440px-Shahadah-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>清真言，中文翻譯：「<b>萬物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德是真主的使者。</b>」</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Shahadah.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Shahadah.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Shahadah.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Shahadah.ogg/Shahadah.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AShahadah.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية‪（ar）‬" data-dir="rtl" /></audio></span><figcaption>清真言，阿拉伯語：「<b><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله</span>‎</b>」</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaretgranada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Minaretgranada.jpg/220px-Minaretgranada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Minaretgranada.jpg/330px-Minaretgranada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Minaretgranada.jpg/440px-Minaretgranada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A3%E8%BE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉那达">格拉那達</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AB%E6%8B%9C%E6%A8%93" title="叫拜樓">叫拜樓</a>上的清真言，以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E6%B3%95%E4%BD%93" title="库法体">庫法體</a>寫成。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammadiyah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muhammadiyah.svg/220px-Muhammadiyah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muhammadiyah.svg/330px-Muhammadiyah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muhammadiyah.svg/440px-Muhammadiyah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="2383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A" title="穆罕马迪亚">穆罕马迪亚</a>徽章，上书清真言</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Category:伊斯兰教">系列</a>條目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allah_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿拉伯文書法中的阿拉"><img alt="阿拉伯文書法中的阿拉" 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class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="伊斯蘭教的先知">先知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="伊斯蘭教聖書">啟示之書</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="伊斯兰教中的天使">天使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AE%BF%E5%91%BD%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教宿命論">宿命論</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AB%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教末世論">末日審判</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9F" title="五功">習俗</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">證信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">禮拜</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齋戒 (伊斯蘭教)">齋戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%AA%B2" title="天課">施捨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%A7%90_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="朝觐 (伊斯兰教)">朝覲</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%85%B8%E7%B1%8D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教典籍列表">典籍</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">法律</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A1%8C" title="聖行">聖行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓">聖訓</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">沙里亞 <small>（法律）</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學">費格赫 <small>（法學）</small></a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">凱拉姆 <small>（辯證）</small></a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="伊斯兰教历史">歷史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教歷史年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A3%94" title="聖裔">聖裔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4" title="薩哈巴">薩哈巴</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="正统哈里发时期">正統哈里發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" title="伊瑪目教義">伊瑪目教義</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="哈里發國">哈里發國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD" title="伊斯蘭教的傳播">傳播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與奴隸">奴隸制度</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="伊斯蘭教派">教派</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇非主義">蘇非主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%BE" title="伊巴德派">伊巴德派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%8D%A8%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" title="唯獨古蘭經">唯獨古蘭經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E8%BF%88%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9A" title="阿赫迈底亚">阿赫迈底亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="美國伊斯蘭教">黑人穆斯林運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="无教派穆斯林">無教派</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰文化">文化</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="穆斯林世界">社會</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="伊斯蘭教研究">學術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="伊斯蘭教與動物">動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%8E%86" title="伊斯兰历">曆法</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" title="伊斯蘭教與兒童">兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="各国伊斯兰教">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭女性主義">女性主義</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5" title="伊斯蘭教節日">節日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺">清真寺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="伊斯兰教与政治">政治</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%93%A6_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="達瓦 (伊斯蘭教)">宣教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與科學">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93" title="伊斯蘭教與人道">社會福利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="婦女與伊斯蘭教">婦女</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="LGBT與伊斯蘭教">LGBT</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Category:伊斯兰教">相關主題</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對伊斯蘭教的批評">批評</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與其他宗教（页面不存在）">其他宗教</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">伊斯兰主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰极端主义">伊斯蘭極端主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="吉哈德">吉哈德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="伊斯兰恐惧症">伊斯兰恐惧症</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教詞彙列表">詞彙</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Template:伊斯兰教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:伊斯兰教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:伊斯兰教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>清真言</b>（阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الشهادة</span>‎），又稱為<b>清真証詞</b>，簡稱<b>証詞</b>，誦讀清真言又稱<b>念証</b>。是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>的信仰基石。清真言代表的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="認主學">認主獨一</a>信念，並接受<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a>為真主<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉">阿拉</a>的使者。清真言原文為：“<b>阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لا إله إلا الله, محمد رسول الله</span>‎，<small><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><span lang="ar-Latn" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化">La illaha ill Allah, Muhammadur Rasul Allah</span></b>”，意為「<b>萬物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德是真主的使者</b>」。清真言又稱為「<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凱里麥" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kalima"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B1%E9%87%8C%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凱里麥（页面不存在）">凱里麥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalima" class="extiw" title="en:Kalima"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kalima</span></a></span>）</span></span>」，意為「美好的語言」。誦讀清真言是穆斯林的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9F" title="五功">五功</a>當中最重要的一種，每日都必須誦讀。非穆斯林若要皈依伊斯蘭教，則須在大眾之前公開誦讀清真言，表示歸信。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="什葉派">什葉派</a>穆斯林不把清真言視為五功中獨立的一功，而將它併入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="什葉派">什葉派</a>特有的信條<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="阿奇達">阿奇達</a>之中。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="誦讀"><span id=".E8.AA.A6.E8.AE.80"></span>誦讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：誦讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>诵读音频： <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Shahadah.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Shahadah.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Shahadah.ogg/Shahadah.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AShahadah.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية‪（ar）‬" data-dir="rtl" /></audio></span></span> </p> <dl><dd>（句子前有前缀 'ašhadu ʾan' —，是「我作证」的意思）</dd></dl> <p>阿拉伯語： </p> <dl><dd><big><b><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله</span>‎</b></big></dd></dl> <p>羅馬化： </p> <dl><dd><i><span lang="la">lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh</span></i></dd></dl> <p>中文翻譯： </p> <dl><dd>「<b>萬物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德是真主的使者。</b>」</dd></dl> <p>根據大部分的教法學派，誦讀清真言是成為穆斯林的必要途徑。换句话说成为穆斯林之前必须念清真言。清真言的兩個詞<i> 'ašhadu 'an</i>（我作證）通常是省略的。所以完整的清真言是“我作证，万物非主唯有真主。（我作证，）穆罕默德是真主的使者。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="動作"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E4.BD.9C"></span>動作</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：動作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>念「我作证，萬物非主，唯有真主。」， </p><p>此時右手食指伸出，其餘4指握拳，比出1，向上指天。 </p><p>念「我作证，穆罕默德是真主的使者。」， </p><p>此時右手食指收回，右手5指握拳。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現存最早譯成外語的清真言是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>版本，是在<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦利德一世">瓦利德一世</a>（705-715年）統治期間翻譯的。其希臘語譯文如下：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><span class="Polytonic">Οὐκ ἔστι[ν θεὸς εἰ μὴ ὁ θεὸς μόνος·] Μααμὲ[τ ἀπόστολος θεοῦ]</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「真主」一詞譯為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655"><span class="Polytonic">ὁ θεὸς</span>，「穆罕默德」譯為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655"><span class="Polytonic">Μααμὲτ</span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="誦讀清真言的條件"><span id=".E8.AA.A6.E8.AE.80.E6.B8.85.E7.9C.9F.E8.A8.80.E7.9A.84.E6.A2.9D.E4.BB.B6"></span>誦讀清真言的條件</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：誦讀清真言的條件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>誦讀清真言有七個前提，缺一不可：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2007年10月1日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Al-`Ilm</b>：掌握清真言的真義、陟罰臧否之處。</li> <li><b>Al-Yaqeen</b>：對清真言毫無疑異──完美的清真言知識，足以消除對信仰的懷疑之心。</li> <li><b>Al-Ikhlaas</b>：打從心底抛棄<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="配主学">配主学</a>。</li> <li><b>Al-Sidq</b>：不接受錯誤的信仰與虛偽的心。</li> <li><b>Al-Mahabbah</b>：喜悅清真言及其真義。</li> <li><b>Al-Inqiad</b>：服從正義的戒律，懷著虔誠之心尋求真主的喜悅。</li> <li><b>Al-Qubool</b>：誠心接受清真言，永不反對。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="旗幟"><span id=".E6.97.97.E5.B9.9F"></span>旗幟</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：旗幟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>伊斯蘭旗（'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alam（页面不存在）">Alam</a> al-Islam）又名清真言旗（'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alam（页面不存在）">Alam</a> al-Shahada），代表第一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B1%E9%87%8C%E9%BA%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凱里麥（页面不存在）">凱里麥</a>，也就是清真言。白底黑字的旗幟是「伊斯蘭之境」（Dar al-Salam）的象徵，而黑底白字則是「不信者之境」（Dar al-Harb）的象徵。 </p><p>一些伊斯蘭國家的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="國旗">國旗</a>都書有清真言的句子： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="沙烏地阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="沙烏地阿拉伯國旗">國旗</a>，襯托著綠色的背景。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>自1990年至今使用的各类國旗。 <ul><li>1992年成立的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭國">阿富汗伊斯兰国</a>国旗。</li> <li>自<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B_(1996%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2001%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國 (1996年－2001年)">1996年至2001年</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國">2021年至今</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班">塔利班</a>治下的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國">阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國</a>國旗。</li> <li>自2004年至2021年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭共和國">阿富汗伊斯蘭共和國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗國旗">國旗</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索馬利亞</a>境內的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合伊斯蘭法庭">聯合伊斯蘭法庭</a>的旗幟。 <ul><li>未受國際承認的國家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="索馬利蘭">索馬利蘭</a>國旗。</li></ul></li> <li>恐怖组织<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭國">伊斯蘭國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="伊斯兰国国旗">黑色旗幟</a>，黑底白字的是「萬物非主，唯有真主」，<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>白底黑字第一行是「安拉」，第二行是「使者」，第三行是「穆罕默德」。</li></ul> <p>清真言的旗幟也被廣泛使用於其他領域，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="哈馬斯">哈馬斯</a>的旗幟。 </p><p>寫有清真言的旗幟不得下<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%97%97" title="半旗">半旗</a>，因为这样意味着<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%BB%E7%80%86" title="褻瀆">亵渎</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" title="伊斯兰教的神">真主</a>。 </p> <table class="flag-gallery"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84797691">@media only screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flag-gallery,.mw-parser-output .flag-gallery table{display:table}.mw-parser-output .flag-gallery-row{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:center;flex-direction:column}}.mw-parser-output .flag-gallery{padding:5px;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .flag-gallery-row{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .flag-gallery-row td{display:inline-block;text-align:center}</style> <tbody><tr class="flag-gallery-row"> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="伊斯蘭旗"><img alt="伊斯蘭旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/200px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/300px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/400px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px">伊斯蘭旗</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國國旗塔利班旗幟"><img alt="阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國國旗塔利班旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗國旗">阿富汗伊斯蘭酋長國國旗</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="塔利班">塔利班</a>旗幟</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Islamic_Group.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="庫爾德斯坦伊斯蘭集團（英语：Kurdistan Justice Group）旗幟"><img alt="庫爾德斯坦伊斯蘭集團（英语：Kurdistan Justice Group）旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Islamic_Group.svg/176px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Islamic_Group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Islamic_Group.svg/264px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Islamic_Group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Islamic_Group.svg/351px-Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Islamic_Group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="513" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="庫爾德斯坦正義集團" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kurdistan Justice Group"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="庫爾德斯坦正義集團（页面不存在）">庫爾德斯坦伊斯蘭集團</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Justice_Group" class="extiw" title="en:Kurdistan Justice Group"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kurdistan Justice Group</span></a></span>）</span></span>旗幟</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(2013%E2%80%932021).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭共和國國旗"><img alt="阿富汗伊斯蘭共和國國旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗國旗">阿富汗伊斯蘭共和國國旗</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗（1992年）"><img alt="阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗（1992年）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗國旗">阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗</a>（1992年）</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%932001).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗（1992年至2001年）"><img alt="阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗（1992年至2001年）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗國旗">阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗</a>（1992年至2001年）</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932002).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗（2001年至2002年）"><img alt="阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗（2001年至2002年）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%932002%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%932002%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%932002%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%932002%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%932002%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%932002%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗國旗">阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗</a>（2001年至2002年）</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(2002%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗（2002年至2004年）"><img alt="阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗（2002年至2004年）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282002%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿富汗國旗">阿富汗伊斯蘭國國旗</a>（2002年至2004年）</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="沙特阿拉伯國旗"><img alt="沙特阿拉伯國旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/225px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/300px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="沙烏地阿拉伯國旗">沙特阿拉伯國旗</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Somaliland_until_1996.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="索馬里蘭國旗（1991年至1996年）"><img alt="索馬里蘭國旗（1991年至1996年）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Somaliland_until_1996.svg/200px-Flag_of_Somaliland_until_1996.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Somaliland_until_1996.svg/300px-Flag_of_Somaliland_until_1996.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_Somaliland_until_1996.svg/400px-Flag_of_Somaliland_until_1996.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" title="索馬利蘭國旗">索馬里蘭國旗</a>（1991年至1996年）</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="索馬里蘭國旗（1996年至今）"><img alt="索馬里蘭國旗（1996年至今）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/200px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/300px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/400px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" title="索馬利蘭國旗">索馬里蘭國旗</a>（1996年至今）</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AQMI_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="伊斯蘭國國旗"><img alt="伊斯蘭國國旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/150px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/225px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg/300px-AQMI_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="伊斯兰国国旗">伊斯蘭國國旗</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="塔吉克斯坦伊斯蘭復興黨黨旗"><img alt="塔吉克斯坦伊斯蘭復興黨黨旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_the_Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%BB%A8" title="塔吉克斯坦伊斯蘭復興黨">塔吉克斯坦伊斯蘭復興黨</a>黨旗</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="莫洛伊斯蘭解放陣線旗幟"><img alt="莫洛伊斯蘭解放陣線旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg/143px-Flag_of_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg/214px-Flag_of_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg/286px-Flag_of_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="莫洛伊斯蘭解放陣線">莫洛伊斯蘭解放陣線</a>旗幟</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨黨旗"><img alt="突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨黨旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg/165px-Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg/248px-Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg/330px-Flag_of_Turkistan_Islamic_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%9A" title="突厥斯坦伊斯兰党">突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨</a>黨旗</td></tr> </tbody></table></td> <td style="width:204px"><table class="flagbox" style="width:204px;"> <tbody><tr><td style="height:100px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_the_Emir_of_Kuwait,_1956.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="科威特埃米爾旗"><img alt="科威特埃米爾旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Standard_of_the_Emir_of_Kuwait%2C_1956.svg/151px-Standard_of_the_Emir_of_Kuwait%2C_1956.svg.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Standard_of_the_Emir_of_Kuwait%2C_1956.svg/226px-Standard_of_the_Emir_of_Kuwait%2C_1956.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Standard_of_the_Emir_of_Kuwait%2C_1956.svg/302px-Standard_of_the_Emir_of_Kuwait%2C_1956.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></td></tr> <tr><td style="width:202px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="科威特國旗">科威特埃米爾旗</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="差異"><span id=".E5.B7.AE.E7.95.B0"></span>差異</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：差異"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>穆斯林承認穆罕默德之前的先知都是真主的使者，一些派別（特別是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="苏非派">蘇非派</a>）則特別強調《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="古蘭經">古蘭經</a>》中指名道姓的眾先知的名字。有時候“<span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">اشهد ان</span>‎”<i> 'ašhadu 'an</i>（我見證或我作證）都會出現在清真言的前後兩句之前。 </p><p>有時候“<span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">و</span>‎”<i>wa</i>（以及、與，相當於英文的and）則置於清真言下半句的第一個單詞前面。 </p><p>有些<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="印尼">印尼</a>的穆斯林向真主祈求庇祐時會念「Allah il Allah」。這種禱告辭是清真言前半句的變體。 </p><p>有些什葉派穆斯林還會加上「<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜">阿里</a>是真主所喜悅的」（wa-Aliyun waliyu 'llah）。但他們不認為這句話是強制的義務，標準的清真言「萬物非主，唯有真主，穆罕默德是真主的使者」已經足夠。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="認主學">認主學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB%E8%87%B3%E5%A4%A7" title="真主至大">真主至大</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皈依宣示" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Profession (religious)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D%E5%AE%A3%E7%A4%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皈依宣示（页面不存在）">皈依宣示</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession_(religious)" class="extiw" title="en:Profession (religious)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Profession (religious)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%B1%B3" title="太斯米">太斯米</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塔克菲爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Takfir"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔克菲爾（页面不存在）">塔克菲爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takfir" class="extiw" title="en:Takfir"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Takfir</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="六大真言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Six Kalimas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六大真言（页面不存在）">六大真言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Kalimas" class="extiw" title="en:Six Kalimas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Six Kalimas</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教詞彙列表">伊斯蘭教詞彙列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E7%B6%93" title="信經">信經</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farah (1994), p.135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716033840/http://www.al-islam.org/reflectionsnewmuslim/8.htm">If You Decide to Convert</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-07-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/reflectionsnewmuslim/8.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007-07-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&rft.btitle=If+You+Decide+to+Convert&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Freflectionsnewmuslim%2F8.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Papyri/enlp1.html">A Bilingual Papyrus Of A Protocol - Egyptian National Library Inv. No. 61, 86-96 AH / 705-715 CE</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426092435/http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Papyri/enlp1.html">存档</a>于2017-04-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&rft.btitle=A+Bilingual+Papyrus+Of+A+Protocol+-+Egyptian+National+Library+Inv.+No.+61%2C+86-96+AH+%2F+705-715+CE&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FHistory%2FIslam%2FPapyri%2Fenlp1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-04/ever-wonder-what-black-and-white-isis-flag-means">Ever wonder what the black-and-white ISIS flag means?</a>. www.pri.org. 2014-09-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-11-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209102942/https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-04/ever-wonder-what-black-and-white-isis-flag-means">存档</a>于2020-12-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&rft.btitle=Ever+wonder+what+the+black-and-white+ISIS+flag+means%3F&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=www.pri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2014-09-04%2Fever-wonder-what-black-and-white-isis-flag-means&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shahada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shahada"><span style="font-weight:bold;">清真言</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614224613/http://www.livinghalal.com/glossary.html">LivingHalal.com 伊斯蘭語音資料庫</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://AbdurRahman.org/faith/">阿布杜拉赫曼·梅達的伊斯蘭資源網</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121029072039/http://abdurrahman.org/faith/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）蒐羅許多關於清真言的文章</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529031007/http://www.slm.cc/zazhi/tx/tx84/200611/3366.html">淺析清真言</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="伊斯兰教主題" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Template:伊斯蘭教主題"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Template talk:伊斯蘭教主題"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:伊斯蘭教主題"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="伊斯兰教主題" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a>主題</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%A5" title="伊斯蘭教神學派別">信仰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E" title="伊斯兰教的神">伊斯蘭教的神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E4%B8%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="認主學">認主學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="伊斯蘭教的先知">先知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="伊斯兰教中的天使">天使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="伊斯蘭教聖書">聖書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AE%BF%E5%91%BD%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教宿命論">宿命</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="審判日 (伊斯蘭教)" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="يوم القيامة في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4%E6%97%A5_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="審判日 (伊斯蘭教)（页面不存在）">審判日</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:يوم القيامة في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">يوم القيامة في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9F" title="五功">五功</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">清真言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">禮拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齋戒 (伊斯蘭教)">齋戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%AA%B2" title="天課">天課</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%A7%90_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="朝觐 (伊斯兰教)">朝覲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="伊斯兰教历史">歷史</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="伊斯蘭教宗教領袖">領袖</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教歷史年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D" title="穆斯林的征服">征服</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A3%94" title="聖裔">聖裔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4" title="薩哈巴">薩哈巴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" title="伊瑪目教義">什葉派伊瑪目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="哈里發國">哈里發國</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="正统哈里发时期">正統哈里發</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="倭马亚王朝">倭马亚王朝</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝">阿拔斯王朝</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E5%9B%BD" title="科尔多瓦哈里发国">後倭馬亞王朝</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%8E%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="法蒂玛王朝">法蒂玛王朝</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教早期史學史" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="علم التاريخ عند المسلمين"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教早期史學史（页面不存在）">史學史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:علم التاريخ عند المسلمين"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">علم التاريخ عند المسلمين</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">宗教經典</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A1%8C" title="聖行">聖行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓">聖訓</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="伊斯蘭教派">教派</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇非主義">蘇非主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E9%82%81%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿赫邁底亞">阿赫邁底亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%BE" title="伊巴德派">伊巴德派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%8D%A8%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" title="唯獨古蘭經">唯獨古蘭經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="无教派穆斯林">無教派穆斯林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="伊斯兰民族">伊斯蘭民族</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="穆斯林世界">生活</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰文化">文化</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="伊斯蘭教與動物">動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭曆">曆法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" title="伊斯蘭教與兒童">兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5" title="伊斯蘭教節日">節日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺">清真寺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="伊斯蘭學校">伊斯蘭學校</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="伊斯兰教与政治">政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與科學">科學</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學">中世紀</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="婦女與伊斯蘭教">婦女</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="各国伊斯兰教">各国伊斯兰教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="法律法學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">法律</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學">法學</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="伊斯兰经济">經濟</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="伊斯蘭銀行">銀行</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭經濟史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Islamic economics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭經濟史（页面不存在）">經濟史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" class="extiw" title="en:History of Islamic economics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Islamic economics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%82%B5%E5%88%B8" title="伊斯蘭債券">債券</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭保險" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="تكافل"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭保險（页面不存在）">保險</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:تكافل"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">تكافل</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆拉巴哈" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="مرابحة"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆拉巴哈（页面不存在）">成本加利潤融資</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مرابحة"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">مرابحة</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4" title="里巴">利息</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭淨禮" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الطهارة في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B7%A8%E7%A6%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭淨禮（页面不存在）">衛生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:الطهارة في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الطهارة في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大淨" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="غسل (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大淨（页面不存在）">大淨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%84_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:غسل (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">غسل (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="咀嚼棒" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="سواك"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%80%E5%9A%BC%E6%A3%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="咀嚼棒（页面不存在）">咀嚼棒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83" class="extiw" title="ar:سواك"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">سواك</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%B4%81_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="不洁 (伊斯兰教)">不潔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代淨" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="تيمم"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E6%B7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代淨（页面不存在）">代淨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:تيمم"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">تيمم</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A6%82%E5%BB%81%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80" title="伊斯蘭如廁禮儀">如廁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%B7%A8" title="小淨">小淨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭家事法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic family jurisprudence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭家事法（页面不存在）">家事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic family jurisprudence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic family jurisprudence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭婚姻法學">婚姻</a></li><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性與伊斯蘭教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فقه النكاح"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="ar:فقه النكاح"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فقه النكاح</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈亞" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="حياء"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈亞（页面不存在）">廉恥</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" class="extiw" title="ar:حياء"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">حياء</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭婚約" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="عقد الزواج في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭婚約（页面不存在）">婚約</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:عقد الزواج في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">عقد الزواج في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E4%BA%A5%E7%88%BE" title="麥亥爾">麥亥爾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬然" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="محرم (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E7%84%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬然（页面不存在）">馬然</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:محرم (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">محرم (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭婚姻法學">終身婚姻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="私密临时婚姻">臨時婚姻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E7%B4%8D_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齊納 (伊斯蘭教)">非法性行為</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成年 (伊斯蘭教)" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="بلوغ (إسلام)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成年 (伊斯蘭教)（页面不存在）">成年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:بلوغ (إسلام)"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">بلوغ (إسلام)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭刑事法學">刑事</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="清真屠宰" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="ذبح حلال"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%B1%A0%E5%AE%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清真屠宰（页面不存在）">清真屠宰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:ذبح حلال"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">ذبح حلال</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3" title="齐米">齊米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="塔拉克">離婚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%A6%8F%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="符合教規的食物 (伊斯蘭教)">飲食</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教倫理" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="أخلاق إسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教倫理（页面不存在）">倫理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:أخلاق إسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">أخلاق إسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%81%94%E5%8D%9C" title="艾達卜">禮儀</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麦希尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maisir"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麦希尔（页面不存在）">賭博</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisir" class="extiw" title="en:Maisir"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maisir</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性別隔離與伊斯蘭教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="حكم الاختلاط في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性別隔離與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">性別隔離</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:حكم الاختلاط في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">حكم الاختلاط في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">尊稱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭繼承法學">繼承</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B2%E4%BA%9E" title="吉茲亞">吉茲亞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭領導權" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic leadership"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭領導權（页面不存在）">領導權</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic leadership"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic leadership</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與奴隸">奴隸</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭軍事法學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فقه عسكري إسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭軍事法學（页面不存在）">軍事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:فقه عسكري إسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فقه عسكري إسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戰俘與伊斯蘭教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prisoners of war in Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B0%E4%BF%98%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戰俘與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">戰俘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Prisoners of war in Islam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prisoners of war in Islam</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教法源" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="مصادر التشريع الإسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教法源（页面不存在）">法源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:مصادر التشريع الإسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">مصادر التشريع الإسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="依巴代" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="العبادة في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依巴代（页面不存在）">宗教禮儀法學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:العبادة في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">العبادة في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">教義學</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="_伊斯蘭研究" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="padding-left: 2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭研究">伊斯蘭研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">藝術</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%B4%8B%E6%A8%A3" title="阿拉伯紋樣">阿拉伯式花紋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="伊斯蘭建築">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯兰书法">書法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="伊斯蘭園林">園林</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭幾何圖形" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="زخارف هندسية إسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭幾何圖形（页面不存在）">幾何圖形</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:زخارف هندسية إسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">زخارف هندسية إسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭音樂" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الموسيقى في الإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭音樂（页面不存在）">音樂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:الموسيقى في الإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الموسيقى في الإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭陶器" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="خزف إسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭陶器（页面不存在）">陶器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:خزف إسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">خزف إسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學">中世紀科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的煉金術" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الخيمياء والكيمياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的煉金術（页面不存在）">煉金術及化學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الخيمياء والكيمياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الخيمياء والكيمياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="中古伊斯蘭天文學">天文學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的宇宙學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="علم الكونيات في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的宇宙學（页面不存在）">宇宙學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:علم الكونيات في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">علم الكونيات في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的地理與地圖學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الجغرافيا في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%88%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的地理與地圖學（页面不存在）">地理與地圖學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الجغرافيا في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الجغرافيا في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代的數學">數學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="中世纪伊斯兰世界的医学">醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的物理" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الفيزياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的物理（页面不存在）">物理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الفيزياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الفيزياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭哲學">哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期伊斯蘭哲學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="فلسفة إسلامية مبكرة"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期伊斯蘭哲學（页面不存在）">早期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:فلسفة إسلامية مبكرة"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">فلسفة إسلامية مبكرة</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="當代伊斯蘭哲學" data-lang-code="fa" data-lang-name="波斯語" data-foreign-title="فلسفه اسلامی معاصر"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="當代伊斯蘭哲學（页面不存在）">當代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波斯語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:فلسفه اسلامی معاصر"><span lang="fa" dir="auto">فلسفه اسلامی معاصر</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AB%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教末世論">末世論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">教義學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的占星術" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="التنجيم في الإسلام خلال العصور الوسطى"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的占星術（页面不存在）">占星術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" class="extiw" title="ar:التنجيم في الإسلام خلال العصور الوسطى"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">التنجيم في الإسلام خلال العصور الوسطى</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與演化論" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="نظرة الإسلام للتطور"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與演化論（页面不存在）">演化論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:نظرة الإسلام للتطور"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">نظرة الإسلام للتطور</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="伊斯蘭世界的發明">發明</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭自由主義與進步主義" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="ليبرالية إسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%88%87%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭自由主義與進步主義（页面不存在）">自由主義與進步主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:ليبرالية إسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">ليبرالية إسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭文學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="أدب إسلامي"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭文學（页面不存在）">文學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:أدب إسلامي"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">أدب إسلامي</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭詩歌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic poetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭詩歌（页面不存在）">詩歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_poetry" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic poetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic poetry</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的心理學" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="علم النفس في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的心理學（页面不存在）">心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:علم النفس في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">علم النفس في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E4%B9%8C%E6%AF%94%E8%80%B6" title="舒乌比耶">舒烏比耶</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非穆斯林場所改造成清真寺" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="تحويل دور العبادة غير الإسلامية إلى مساجد"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%B4%E6%89%80%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非穆斯林場所改造成清真寺（页面不存在）">改造成清真寺</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:تحويل دور العبادة غير الإسلامية إلى مساجد"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">تحويل دور العبادة غير الإسلامية إلى مساجد</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="_其他" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="padding-left: 2.5em;"> </span>其他</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與其他宗教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام والأديان الأخرى"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與其他宗教（页面不存在）">其他宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والأديان الأخرى"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام والأديان الأخرى</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="伊斯蘭教與基督教關係">基督教</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與摩門教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام والمورمونية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%91%A9%E9%96%80%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與摩門教（页面不存在）">摩門教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والمورمونية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام والمورمونية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與新教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="البروتستانتية والإسلام"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與新教（页面不存在）">新教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:البروتستانتية والإسلام"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">البروتستانتية والإسلام</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度教與伊斯蘭教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="العلاقات الهندوسية الإسلامية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">印度教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:العلاقات الهندوسية الإسلامية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">العلاقات الهندوسية الإسلامية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與耆那教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام والجاينية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與耆那教（页面不存在）">耆那教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والجاينية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام والجاينية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與猶太教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام واليهودية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與猶太教（页面不存在）">猶太教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام واليهودية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام واليهودية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與錫克教" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="الإسلام والسيخية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E9%8C%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與錫克教（页面不存在）">錫克教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والسيخية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">الإسلام والسيخية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E6%95%99_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="叛教 (伊斯蘭教)">叛教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="各國叛離伊斯蘭教的情況" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Apostasy in Islam by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%9B%E9%9B%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E6%B3%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國叛離伊斯蘭教的情況（页面不存在）">各國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Apostasy in Islam by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Apostasy in Islam by country</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前穆斯林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ex-Muslims"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林（页面不存在）">前穆斯林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Muslims" class="extiw" title="en:Ex-Muslims"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ex-Muslims</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前穆斯林列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of former Muslims"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林列表（页面不存在）">列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" class="extiw" title="en:List of former Muslims"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of former Muslims</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="前穆斯林組織" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ex-Muslim organisations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林組織（页面不存在）">組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" class="extiw" title="en:List of ex-Muslim organisations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ex-Muslim organisations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">相關主題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對伊斯蘭教的批評">對伊斯蘭教的批評</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="对于穆罕默德的批评">穆罕默德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對古蘭經的批評" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="نقد القرآن"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對古蘭經的批評（页面不存在）">古蘭經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:نقد القرآن"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">نقد القرآن</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="文化穆斯林">文化穆斯林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">伊斯蘭主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對伊斯蘭主義的批評" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="نقد الإسلاموية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對伊斯蘭主義的批評（页面不存在）">批評</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:نقد الإسلاموية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">نقد الإسلاموية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="後伊斯蘭主義" data-lang-code="ar" data-lang-name="阿拉伯语" data-foreign-title="ما بعد الإسلاموية"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後伊斯蘭主義（页面不存在）">後伊斯蘭主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">阿拉伯语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:ما بعد الإسلاموية"><span lang="ar" dir="auto">ما بعد الإسلاموية</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="庫特布主義">庫特布主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="伊斯兰恐惧症">伊斯兰恐惧症</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭恐懼症相關事件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Islamophobic incidents"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC%E7%97%87%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭恐懼症相關事件列表（页面不存在）">事件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamophobic_incidents" class="extiw" title="en:List of Islamophobic incidents"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Islamophobic incidents</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭恐怖主義">伊斯蘭恐怖主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與奇跡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic view of miracles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A5%87%E8%B7%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與奇跡（页面不存在）">奇跡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic view of miracles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic view of miracles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與家庭暴力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islam and domestic violence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與家庭暴力（页面不存在）">家庭暴力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" class="extiw" title="en:Islam and domestic violence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islam and domestic violence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教與護理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nursing in Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與護理（页面不存在）">護士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Nursing in Islam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nursing in Islam</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="對穆斯林的迫害">對穆斯林的迫害</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭教象徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symbols of Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教象徵（页面不存在）">象徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Symbols of Islam"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symbols of Islam</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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