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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europa_Cinemas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europa_Cinemas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Europa Cinemas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europa_Cinemas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_expressionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_expressionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>German expressionism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-German_expressionism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle German expressionism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-German_expressionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prominent_German_expressionism_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_German_expressionism_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prominent German expressionism directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_German_expressionism_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Soviet cinema</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_cinema-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soviet cinema subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Censorship_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The 1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Soviet_cinema_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Soviet_cinema_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Prominent Soviet cinema directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Soviet_cinema_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_Soviet_cinema_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_Soviet_cinema_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Famous Soviet cinema films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_Soviet_cinema_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>French cinema</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_cinema-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French cinema subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_movement/film_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_movement/film_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The rise of movement/film era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_movement/film_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_World_War_II_French_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_World_War_II_French_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Post World War II French cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_World_War_II_French_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_and_conventions_in_French_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_conventions_in_French_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Styles and conventions in French cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_conventions_in_French_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avant-garde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avant-garde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Avant-garde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avant-garde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_French_impressionist_film_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_French_impressionist_film_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Prominent French impressionist film directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_French_impressionist_film_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_French_impressionist_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_French_impressionist_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Famous French impressionist films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_French_impressionist_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_neorealism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_neorealism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Italian neorealism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Italian_neorealism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Italian neorealism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Italian_neorealism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rise of movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre_and_post_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre_and_post_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pre and post war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre_and_post_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_and_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Styles and conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Italian_neorealism_film_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Italian_neorealism_film_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Prominent Italian neorealism film directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Italian_neorealism_film_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_Italian_neorealism_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_Italian_neorealism_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Famous Italian neorealism films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_Italian_neorealism_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Film festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Film awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinematographer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinematographer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cinematographer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinematographer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinema of Europe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="سينما أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينما أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_europeu" title="Cinema europeu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema europeu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A6isk_film" title="Europæisk film – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europæisk film" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ευρωπαϊκός κινηματογράφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρωπαϊκός κινηματογράφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="سینمای اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_europ%C3%A9en" title="Cinéma européen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma européen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europos_kinas" title="Europos kinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europos kinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pai_film" title="Európai film – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európai film" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Европска кинематографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Европска кинематографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeisk_film" title="Europeisk film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europeisk film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Кинематограф Европы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинематограф Европы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="سینەمای ئەورووپا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینەمای ئەورووپا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurooppalainen_elokuva" title="Eurooppalainen elokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eurooppalainen elokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeisk_film" title="Europeisk film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europeisk film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Синамои Аврупо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Синамои Аврупо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Європейський кінематограф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Європейський кінематограф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg/220px-Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg/330px-Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg/440px-Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the largest film studio in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cinecittà_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinecittà-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cinema of Europe</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a> produced in the continent of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p><p>Europeans were the pioneers of the motion picture industry, with several innovative engineers and artists making an impact especially at the end of the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> became famous for his 1888 <i><a href="/wiki/Roundhay_Garden_Scene" title="Roundhay Garden Scene">Roundhay Garden Scene</a></i>, the first known celluloid film recorded. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Max_Skladanowsky" title="Max Skladanowsky">Skladanowsky brothers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> used their "Bioscop" to amaze the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wintergarten_theatre" title="Berlin Wintergarten theatre">Wintergarten theatre</a> audience with the first film show ever, from 1 through 31 November 1895. The <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Cinematograph" title="Cinematograph">Cinematograph</a>; which initiated the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era, a period where European cinema was a major commercial success. It remained so until the art-hostile environment of <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These notable discoveries provide a glimpse of the power of early European cinema and its long-lasting influence on cinema today. </p><p>Notable European early film movements include <a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German expressionism</a> (1920s), <a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet montage">Soviet montage</a> (1920s), <a href="/wiki/French_impressionist_cinema" title="French impressionist cinema">French impressionist cinema</a> (1920s), and <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a> (1940s); it was a period now seen in retrospect as <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Europe:_The_Other_Hollywood" title="Cinema Europe: The Other Hollywood">"The Other Hollywood"</a>. War has triggered the birth of Art and in this case, the birth of cinema. </p><p>German expressionism evoked people's emotions through strange, nightmare-like visions and settings, heavily stylised and extremely visible to the eye. Soviet montage shared similarities too and created famous film edits known as the Kino-eye effect, Kuleshov effect and intellectual montage. </p><p>French impressionist cinema has crafted the essence of cinematography, as France was a film pioneering country that showcased the birth of cinema using the medium invented by the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a>. Italian neorealism designed the vivid reality through a human lens by creating low budget films outside directly on the streets of Italy. All film movements were heavily influenced by the war but that played as a catalyst to drive the cinema industry to its most potential in Europe. </p><p>The notable movements throughout early European cinema featured stylistic conventions, prominent directors and historical films that have influenced modern cinema until today. Below you will find a list of directors, films, film awards, film festivals and actors that were stars born from these film movements. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/220px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/330px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/440px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a> near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> was the first large-scale film studio in the world (founded 1912) and still produces international movies every year.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one study, "In the 1900s the European film industry was in good shape. European film companies pioneered both technological innovations such as projection, colour processes, and talking pictures, and content innovations such as the weekly newsreel, the cartoon, the serial, and the feature film. They held a large share of the US market, which at times reached 60 percent. </p><p>The French film companies were quick in setting up foreign production and distribution subsidiaries in European countries and the US and dominated international film distribution before the mid-1910s. By the early 1920s, all this had changed. The European film industry only held a marginal share of the US market and a small share of its home markets. Most large European companies sold their foreign subsidiaries and exited from film production at home, while the emerging Hollywood studios built their foreign distribution networks."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Film_Academy" title="European Film Academy">European Film Academy</a> was founded in 1988 to celebrate European cinema through the <a href="/wiki/European_Film_Awards" title="European Film Awards">European Film Awards</a> annually. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_at_the_cinema_1996-2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/European_at_the_cinema_1996-2016.png/215px-European_at_the_cinema_1996-2016.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/European_at_the_cinema_1996-2016.png 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>When Europeans go the cinema, what do they watch? (1996–2016)<sup id="cite_ref-europeans-cinema_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europeans-cinema-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#73358d; color:white;"> </span> US Films (56%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9fcb4c; color:black;"> </span> European films (25%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3dbbd3; color:black;"> </span> US/European co-productions (17%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff812b; color:black;"> </span> Other films (2%)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europa_Cinemas">Europa Cinemas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europa Cinemas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded in 1992 with funding from the MEDIA programme <a href="/wiki/Creative_Europe" title="Creative Europe">Creative Europe</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_du_cin%C3%A9ma_et_de_l%27image_anim%C3%A9e" title="Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée">CNC, France</a>, Europa Cinemas is the first film theatre network focusing on European films. Its objective is to provide operational and financial support to cinemas that commit themselves to screen a significant number of European non-national films, to offer events and initiatives as well as promotional activities targeted at young audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_Cinema_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_Cinema-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of <a href="/wiki/Eurimages" title="Eurimages">Eurimages</a> and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the influence of Europa Cinemas extends to Eastern European countries, to <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, Russia and Turkey. </p><p>As of September 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Europa Cinemas had 3,131 screens across 1,216 cinemas, located in 738 cities and 43 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Europa_Cinema_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europa_Cinema-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 February 2000 Philippe Binant realised the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a> projection in Europe, with the DLP Cinema technology developed by <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">US productions</a> dominate the European market. On average European films are distributed in only two or three countries; US productions in nearly ten.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top ten most watched films in Europe between 1996 and 2016 were all US productions or co-productions. Excluding US productions, the most watched movie in that period was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intouchables" title="The Intouchables">The Intouchables</a></i>, a French production, like most of the other movies in the top ten.<sup id="cite_ref-europeans-cinema_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europeans-cinema-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016–2017 the only (partially) European film in the top ten of the most watched films in Europe was <i><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)" title="Dunkirk (2017 film)">Dunkirk</a></i>. Excluding it (which was a Netherlands, UK, France <i>and US</i> co-production<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the European film with the best results was <i><a href="/wiki/Paddington_2" title="Paddington 2">Paddington 2</a></i>, which sold 9.1 million tickets.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_expressionism">German expressionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German expressionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German expressionism">German expressionism</a> surfaced as a German art movement in the early 20th century. The focus of this movement was at the inner ideas and feelings of the artists over the replication of facts. Some of the characteristic features of German expressionism were bright colours and simplified shapes, brushstrokes and gestural marks. The two different inspirations of film style that German expressionism drives from are <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film Noir</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_German_expressionism_directors">Prominent German expressionism directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prominent German expressionism directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Lang_et_Curt_Courant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fritz_Lang_et_Curt_Courant.jpg/220px-Fritz_Lang_et_Curt_Courant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fritz_Lang_et_Curt_Courant.jpg/330px-Fritz_Lang_et_Curt_Courant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fritz_Lang_et_Curt_Courant.jpg/440px-Fritz_Lang_et_Curt_Courant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Director Fritz Lang</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Robison" title="Arthur Robison">Arthur Robison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Leni" title="Paul Leni">Paul Leni</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NosferatuShadow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/NosferatuShadow.png/220px-NosferatuShadow.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/NosferatuShadow.png/330px-NosferatuShadow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/NosferatuShadow.png/440px-NosferatuShadow.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a></i> (1922) directed by <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F.W. Murnau</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Famous German expressionism films:</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> (1920) directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wienne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a> </i>(1922) directed by <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Mabuse_the_Gambler" title="Dr. Mabuse the Gambler">Dr. Mabuse the Gambler</a></i> (1922) directed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waxworks_(film)" title="Waxworks (film)">Waxworks</a></i> (1924) directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Leni" title="Paul Leni">Paul Leni</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German film industry was not ready when the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> started. In the initial days of the war's outbreak, nearly everyone in the industry was unsafe. First few victories achieved in the west changed the mood of the Germans and they became more patriotic. </p><p>As a result of this, owners of movie theaters in Germany decided to remove all English and French films from the repertoire of <a href="/wiki/German_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="German movies">German movies</a>. Around the same time, as borders underwent separation because of war and the international trade was closed, Germans couldn't really connect with the <a href="/wiki/International_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="International Cinema">international cinema</a> for almost a decade. Around the time July 1914 ended, there were a lot of movies in the German market.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, as the First World War started, many enemy states temporarily banned the films, and censorship decrees were introduced. All of these factors collectively caused an acute dearth of feature films. <a href="/wiki/German_film" class="mw-redirect" title="German film">German film</a> producers started supporting war programs of patriotic nature around the end of August 1914. </p><p>Movies started to contain scenes illustrating war-related ideas shaped by history, and the scenes were deemed historically true representation of reality. Such a depiction of war addressed all needs of classical communication criteria, so they met with economic success. Producers started making movies on many other subjects around the start of 1915. A common theme of all those movies was a successful journey of the protagonist through the war that comes as a test in the way of final destination.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there were heavy regulations placed on the press releases, no uniform rules existed for the censorship of picture. During the course of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, censors which were enacted newly also placed a ban on the movies that had been approved for production already as they were deemed unsuitable for the war. Censorship in that time was very decentralized and it deterred the surfacing of a concerted film market in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first movie company of Germany to be allowed to shoot the scenes of war officially was EIKO-film. The permission was granted on 2 September 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, first war movies made by EIKO-film were confiscated by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> police on 12 September 1914 because of the doubts of surveillance. Such confiscation had also been observed in certain other areas of the country. It was in October 1914 when the cinemas got their first war newsreel.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the engagement of theater operators in the occupied territories' military service limited film viewing. The collective effect of these limitations and censorship caused a decrease in war cinematography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_World_War_I">Post World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the war movies made in the war's initial phases, the focus of directors and producers in the war's aftermath increasingly shifted towards feature films. This laid the basis of more professional movie production. Along with that, a national movie culture started to be expressed after the war. With the increased demand for German movies, many new film making companies emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a time of continuous expansion of the Berlin film industry. </p><p>From the mid-1915, German producers started making detective film series but failed to meet the demand even though they were also making serial productions related to other genres. Owing to the censorship laws and legal restrictions, the French and British movies obtained before the First World War continued to be shown in most cinemas of Germany in 1915 till a ban was imposed on them. Therefore, operators of cinemas looked for movies made by producers from neutral countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a single cause of official propaganda during the initial half of the war as per the German government. The meaning and significance of war had become quite questionable by the year 1916 with the commencement of a re-evaluation of movies. Directors and producers started to consider designs suitable for the period after the end of the war. </p><p>Owing to the growing dissatisfaction of people with the military situation and increasing shortage of food, the military, and the state resolved to establish the <a href="/wiki/UFA_GmbH" title="UFA GmbH">Universum-Film AG (Ufa)</a> on 18 December 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a commercially oriented new movie making company that was found with the purpose to make feature films with just concealed propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose to be served by these feature films was to stabilize the wartime morale and boost it. </p><p>The founders wanted to feature civilian, non-warlike and inoffensive material in the films to play a part in the victory by drawing people's attention away from the war. the First World War played an important role in the growth as well as technical changes in the laws and operation of cinema in Germany. German producers have made many artistic and technical contributions to early film technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_cinema">Soviet cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soviet cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> cinema consisted of movies created by the constituent republics of the Soviet Union. Predominantly produced in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>, the films reflect pre-Soviet elements including the history, language, and culture of the Union. It is different from the Russian cinema, even though the central government in Moscow regulated the movies. </p><p>Among their republican films, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> were the most productive. <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> have also been prominent but to a lesser extent. The film industry was completely nationalized for a major part of the history of the country. It was governed by the laws and philosophies advocated by the Soviet Communist Party that brought a revolutionized perspective of the cinema in the form of "social realism" that contrasted with the view that was in place before the Soviet Union or even after it.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russians had an instinct for film-making from the very start. The first film dramatized by the Russians was made in the year 1908, which gives the Russian cinematography the status of one of the oldest industries in the world. There were more than 1300 cinemas in Russia till the year 1913 and the country had produced over 100 movies which had a profound influence on the film making of the American and European origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship_2">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Films in the Soviet Union started to be censored especially ever since November 1917 when the People's Commissariat of Education was created.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was almost a month after the Soviet state was itself established. After the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> gained strength in the Soviet Union in the year 1917, they had a major deficit of political legitimacy. Political foundations were uneasy and the cinema played an important role in the protection of the USSR's existence. </p><p>Movies played a central role at that time since they served to convince the masses about the legitimacy of the regime and their status as the bearers of historical facts. Some of the prominent movies of the time include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Citizen" title="The Great Citizen">The Great Citizen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Circus_(1936_film)" title="Circus (1936 film)">Circus</a></i>. A film committee was set up in March 1919 to establish a school view a view to training the technicians and actors so that a modest movie production schedule would be commenced. The committee was headed by a long-term Bolshevik party's member D.I. Leshchenko, In addition to looking after and ensuring the correctness of genres and themes of the film companies, Leshchenko also worked to deter the flaring up of anti-Soviet movie propaganda. It was particularly important because of the war communism in that era. </p><p>The documentaries and features of Soviet cinema thrived at their best in the 1920s. Filmmakers enthusiastically engaged themselves in the development of the first socialist state of the world. Rather than having to create money for the Hollywood film industry, the filmmakers saw this as an opportunity to focus on the education of people of the new Soviet. The first leader of the country to become the USSR and founder of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution – Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, visualized the cinema as a technological art that was best suited for a state established on the basis of the conversion of humanity by means of technology and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cinema took the position of the most valuable form means of art production and propagation across masses. The decade is known for experimentation with different styles of movie-making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1920s">The 1920s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Pickford_cph.3c17995u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mary_Pickford_cph.3c17995u.jpg/220px-Mary_Pickford_cph.3c17995u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mary_Pickford_cph.3c17995u.jpg/330px-Mary_Pickford_cph.3c17995u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mary_Pickford_cph.3c17995u.jpg/440px-Mary_Pickford_cph.3c17995u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="3726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1920s, the USSR was getting a <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>. It was a decade when certain industries had a relaxed state control that provided people with a sense of mini-capitalism inside the Communist economy. That was a time of prosperity of the private movie theaters, and together with it, the whole Soviet movie industry thrived. American movies had a major influence on the Russians, unlike Soviet productions. Many Hollywood stars like <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> were idolized as heroes. </p><p>The heroic Fairbanks became a sex symbol and the contemporary star system got popularity with Pickford. The Soviet reaction to the Hollywood influence was a mix of repulsion and admiration. Near the end of 1924, Sovkino and ARK were established which were two organizations that influenced the cinema of the Soviet Union the most in the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was a time when the ambitious, zealous, and young film community members had bright plans for the film industry. Their efforts were directed at making the processes of production and distribution more effective and organized and raising the status of workers in the industry. In other words, they tried to publicize the cinema. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Fellows" title="Jolly Fellows">Jolly Fellows</a></i> (1934) directed by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_Soviet_cinema_directors">Prominent Soviet cinema directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prominent Soviet cinema directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Chiaureli" title="Mikheil Chiaureli">Mikheil Chiaureli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk" title="Sergei Bondarchuk">Sergei Fedorovich Bondarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Alexander Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_Soviet_cinema_films">Famous Soviet cinema films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Famous Soviet cinema films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> (1925) directed by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Fellows" title="Jolly Fellows">Jolly Fellows</a></i> (1934) directed by <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_with_a_Movie_Camera" title="Man with a Movie Camera">Man with a Movie Camera</a></i> (1929) directed by <a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earth_(1930_film)" title="Earth (1930 film)">Earth</a></i> (1930) directed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Alexander Dovzhenko</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_cinema">French cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rise_of_movement/film_era"><span id="The_rise_of_movement.2Ffilm_era"></span>The rise of movement/film era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The rise of movement/film era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lumierebros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lumierebros.jpg/220px-Lumierebros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Lumierebros.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumiére brothers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like the other forms of art, film cinema portrays the authenticity that faces several people. France can be considered one of the main pioneers of the entire global film industry. The proof of this claim that between 1895 – 1905 France invented the concept of cinema when the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a> first film screened on 28 December 1895, called <a href="/wiki/L%27Arriv%C3%A9e_d%27un_train_en_gare_de_La_Ciotat" title="L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat">The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station</a>, in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It lasted only 50 seconds but it launched and gave birth to the new medium of expression in the film industry. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumiére</a> from France has been credited since 1895 and was recognized as the discoverer of the motion camera.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite other inventors preceding him, his achievement is often believed to be in the perspective of this creative era.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lumiere's suitcase-sized cinematography, which was movable served as a film dispensation unit, camera, and projector all in one. During the 1890s, film cinemas became a few minutes long and commenced to consist of various shots too.<sup id="cite_ref-:774_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:774-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pioneers were also French including <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Niépce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Daguerre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Mary" title="Jules Mary">Marey</a>, during the 1880s they were able to combine science and art together to launch the film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pioneers of the French film were influenced by their historical heritage stemming from the need to express the narrative of a nation. The 19th century in France was a period of nationalism launched by the French Revolution (1789–1792).<sup id="cite_ref-FNC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Mary" title="Jules Mary">Marey</a> (1830- 1904) invented the photo gun (1882) which was developed to function and be able to have a photographic paper of 150 images in motion.<sup id="cite_ref-FNC_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Reynaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Émile Reynaud">Emile Reynaud</a> 1844-1918 was the founding father of animation. </p><p>The short-animated film <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Optique" title="Théâtre Optique">Pantomimes Lumineuses</a> exhibited during 1892 at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gr%C3%A9vin" title="Musée Grévin">Musee Grevin</a> was developed as a result of his invention, the <a href="/wiki/Praxinoscope" title="Praxinoscope">Praxinoscope</a> projector. This invention brought together colour and hand-drawn drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-FNC_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumont Film Company">Film Company</a> was established as France's first film studio before <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathe Film Studio</a> and founded by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gaumont" title="Léon Gaumont">Gaumont</a> (1864-1946).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, Gaumont was the largest movie studio in the world, it also prompted the work of the first female filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Alice_Guy-Blach%C3%A9" title="Alice Guy-Blaché">Guy-Blachéwho</a> created the film L'enfant de la barricade.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanature1879_praxinoscope_reynaud.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanature1879_praxinoscope_reynaud.png/220px-Lanature1879_praxinoscope_reynaud.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanature1879_praxinoscope_reynaud.png/330px-Lanature1879_praxinoscope_reynaud.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lanature1879_praxinoscope_reynaud.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Praxinoscope" title="Praxinoscope">Praxinoscope</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Reynaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Émile Reynaud">Reynaud</a></figcaption></figure> <p><br /><b>Pre-and Post-World War I French Cinema</b> </p><p>The pre-World War I period marked the influences of France's historical past with film not only galvanizing a period of advances in science and engineering but a need for a film to become a platform to explore the narrative of their culture and in doing so created a narcissistic platform.<sup id="cite_ref-FNC_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before World War I, French and Italian cinema dominated the European cinema. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zecca" title="Ferdinand Zecca">Zecca</a>, the director general at Pathé Frères perfected the comic version of the chase film which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Cops" title="Keystone Cops">Keystone Kops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, <a href="/wiki/Max_Linder" title="Max Linder">Max Linder</a> created a comic persona that profoundly influenced <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin's</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other films that began pre-war in France also included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_the_Duke_of_Guise" title="The Assassination of the Duke of Guise">The Assassination of the Duke of Guise</a></i> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">film d'art</a> movement in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These films depicted the realities of human life especially within the European society.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, French film produced costume spectacles that raised attention and brought global prominence before the start of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 70% of the global films were imported from Paris studios from Éclair, Gaumont, and Pathe before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as WWI commenced, the French film industry declined during the war because it lost many of its resources which were drained away to support the war. Besides, WWI blocked the exportation of French films forcing it to reduce large productions to pay attention to low finance film-making.<sup id="cite_ref-:774_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:774-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the years that followed the war, American films increasingly entered the French market because the American film industry was not affected by the war as much. This meant that a total of 70% of Hollywood films were screened in France.<sup id="cite_ref-:774_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:774-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the French film industry faced a crisis as the number of its produced features decreased and they were surpassed by their competitors including the United States of America and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_World_War_II_French_cinema">Post World War II French cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post World War II French cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the end of World War II, the French cinema art commenced its formation of the modern image as well as recognizing its after-impacts. Following the establishment and growth of the American and German film industries during the post-WWI era as well as during <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:774_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:774-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many German and American movies had taken the stage of the French and global market.<sup id="cite_ref-:774_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:774-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, during WWII, the French film industry focused mainly on the production of anti-Nazi movies especially during the late 1940s as the war came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this era, French film industry directors commenced addressing the issues affecting humanism as well focused on the production of high-eminence entertaining films.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the screening of French literary classics involved <i><a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">La Charterhouse</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" title="The Red and the Black">Rouge et le Noir</a></i> attained spread great fame across the globe. Besides, Nowell-Smith (2017) asserts that one of the core cinema works that gained popularity during that period was <a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais'</a> directed movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_mon_amour" title="Hiroshima mon amour">Mon Amour</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:774_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:774-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to Cannes hosting their first international film festival receiving the annual status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles_and_conventions_in_French_cinema">Styles and conventions in French cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Styles and conventions in French cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French New Wave which was accompanied by its cinematic forms led to a fresh look to the French cinema. The cinema had improvised dialogue, swift scene changes and shots that went past the standard 180 degrees axis. Besides, the camera was not utilized to captivate the audience with a detailed narrative and extreme visuals but instead was used to play with the anticipations of the cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classically, conventions highlighted tense control over the film making procedure. Besides, the New Wave intentionally shunned this. Movies were usually shot in public locations with invented dialogue and plots built on the fly.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several means, it appeared sloppy, but it also captured an enthusiasm and impulsiveness that no famous film could expect to equate.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the filmmakers of the French New Wave usually abandoned the utilization of remixing their sound.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they utilized a naturalist soundtrack recorded during the capture and illustrated unaltered even though it included intrusions and mistakes. Besides, it lent the film a sense of freshness and energy like their other skills that were not in past films.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used hand-held cameras which could shoot well in tight quarters generating a familiarity that more costly and more burdensome cameras could not rival.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of the New Wave films used long, extended shots which were facilitated by these kinds of cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-:774_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:774-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, French films used jump cuts which threw the viewers out of the onscreen drama, unlike the traditional film making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Avant-garde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This was the <a href="/wiki/French_impressionist_cinema" title="French impressionist cinema">French impressionist cinema</a> which denotes to a cluster of French movies and filmmakers of the 1920s. These filmmakers, however, are believed to be responsible for producing cinemas that defined cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement happened between 1918 and 1930 a period that saw rapid growth and change of the French and global cinema. One of the main stimulations behind the French impressionist avant-garde was to discover the impression of "pure cinema" and to style film into an art form, and as an approach of symbolism and demonstration rather than merely telling a story.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This avant-garde highlighted the association amongst realism and the camera. This was a result of "photogenie", <a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstien's</a> conception on discovering the impression of reality specifically through the camera, emphasizing the fact that it portrays personality in film.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obvious film techniques utilized by the French impressionist avant-garde are slow-motion, soft-focus, dissolves, and image alteration to develop the creative expression.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_French_impressionist_film_directors">Prominent French impressionist film directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prominent French impressionist film directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Delluc" title="Louis Delluc">Louis Delluc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_L%27Herbier" title="Marcel L'Herbier">Marcel L'Herbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dulac" title="Germaine Dulac">Germaine Dulac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Jean Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_French_impressionist_films">Famous French impressionist films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Famous French impressionist films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1926_film)" title="Nana (1926 film)"><i>Nana</i></a> (1926) directed by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Femme_de_nulle_part" title="La Femme de nulle part"><i>La Femme De Nulle Part</i></a> (1922) directed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Delluc" title="Louis Delluc">Louis Delluc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Souriante_Madame_Beudet" title="La Souriante Madame Beudet"><i>The Smiling Madame Beudet</i></a> (1922) directed by <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Dulac" title="Germaine Dulac">Germaine Dulac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenth_Symphony" title="The Tenth Symphony"><i>La Dixiéme Symphonie</i></a> (1918) directed by <a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%27Accuse%E2%80%A6!" class="mw-redirect" title="J'Accuse…!"><i>J'Accuse</i></a> (1919) directed by <a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Roue" title="La Roue">La Roue</a></i> (1923) directed by <a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%93ur_fid%C3%A8le" title="Cœur fidèle"><i>Coeur Fidéle</i></a> (1923) directed by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Jean Epstien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(1921_film)" title="El Dorado (1921 film)"><i>El Dorado</i></a> (1921) directed by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_L%27Herbier" title="Marcel L'Herbier">Marcel L'Herbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(1927_film)" title="Napoléon (1927 film)"><i>Napoléon</i></a> (1927) directed by <a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Abel Gance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_neorealism">Italian neorealism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Italian neorealism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_movement">Rise of movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rise of movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_Kragujevic,_Vittorio_De_Sica,_1959.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG/220px-S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG/330px-S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG/440px-S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>, a leading figure in the neorealist movement and one of the world's most acclaimed and influential filmmakers of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The birth of <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Italian_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Italian Cinema">Golden Age</a> came from living in a totalitarian society under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, a nationalist, fascist leader and Prime Minister of Italy during 1922 - 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the notable turning points in <a href="/wiki/Italian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian cinema">Italian cinema</a> was Italy shifting from <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> to neorealism.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini has established Italy as a totalitarian state by 1925 after coming to power but it did not impact the film industry until 1926 when it took over <i>L'Unione Cinematografica Educativa</i>, also known as the "National Institute of the Union of Cinematography and Education".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealism</a> depicts a modified view of reality, it gave the Italians a chance to go outside to the streets and portray the devastating effects of World War II on Italy. <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a> films showcased unprofessional actors purposefully since they were considered low-budget films and shot them live on location spots.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, they emphasized the use of non-professional actors to exhibit the artistic beauty and sense of realism in films.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This particular film movement focused heavily on the working class population of Italy as it also conveyed their problems and daily life to portray the perspective of ordinary life in pre and post World War I fascist Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the leadership, it gradually impacted Italian films throughout that era, in fact only 5% of the fascist films were produced between 1930 and 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fortunately, Italian neorealism actually introduced the world to the first film festival by 1932 in Venice, it was known as, the First International Exhibition of Cinematic Art.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the effect of fascism on the film industry was quite slow it was only during 1933 that a rule was enforced claiming one Italian film must be screened for every three foreign films presented.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre_and_post_war">Pre and post war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pre and post war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm/220px--Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="5285" data-mwtitle="Last_Days_of_Pompei_(1913).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Last_Days_of_Pompei_(1913).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm/Last_Days_of_Pompei_%281913%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Pompeii_(1913_film)" title="The Last Days of Pompeii (1913 film)">The Last Days of Pompeii</a></i> (1913) directed by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Caserini" title="Mario Caserini">Mario Caserini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Italy's cinema was mostly dominating on a national level as a result of outstanding support from exports and the local market.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian cinema essentially began with the introduction of moving pictures in the late 1890s, in fact, the first Italian film ever was a film produced during 1896 that showcased the Queen and King's visit to Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movement began in 1911 with experimental works and innovations on film and only a few films have been preserved form that time including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Pompeii_(1913_film)" title="The Last Days of Pompeii (1913 film)">The Last Days of Pompeii</a></i> (1913) directed by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Caserini" title="Mario Caserini">Mario Caserini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1914, Italian cinema produced 1027 films, whereas a year after during 1915 only 563 films created, almost half the amount of the year prior.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Italian femme fatale was introduced to the industry and established notable film actresses and stars.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eleonora_Duse" title="Eleonora Duse">Eleonora Duse</a> was a famous Italian actress who was the first woman and also the first Italian on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">cover of <i>Time</i> magazine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a>, a film studio complex was built in Rome and was a home for Italy's star directors.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aftermath of World War II was also known as the neorealist period since that introduced the most prominent and well-distinguished filmmakers, directors and screenwriters.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a> was the dominant movement in world cinema after the war, in fact it was known not only for its dedicated effort to resolve and confront societal issues but also provided an optimistic scope towards the future and maintained the clash between individuals and society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian neorealism films mainly revolved around themes depicting life under an authoritative regime, poverty, and the lower class, effects of the aftermath of the war on the Italian society.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Italian cinema being considered as auteur, it was actually as good as the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood</a> films from the Box office with the graininess, limited budget size and documentary quality like films.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian neorealism introduced a surge of films revolving around political and social conflicts but were cautious in conveying doctrinaires or signs against authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the films were heavily influenced by literature, history, art, and photography to broaden the audience's perspective and expand the horizon's of film enthusiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles_and_conventions">Styles and conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Styles and conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladri-biciclette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ladri-biciclette.jpg/220px-Ladri-biciclette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ladri-biciclette.jpg/330px-Ladri-biciclette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Ladri-biciclette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">Bicycle Thieves</a></i> (1948) by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Propaganda film styles constituted of a variety of factors with political motives in contribution to the films being produced.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the prominent styles featured included patriotic/military films, anti-Soviet films and Italy's civilization mission in Africa of peacekeeping among other styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, regular genre films exhibited melodramas, comedies and historical costume dramas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neorealism</a> is defined as new realism.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning derived from the word is quite sophisticated as it makes the audience question the extent to what is a new vs. old film, as well as it restricts its parameters in relation to society, culture and time periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a> has designed its own distinct characteristics that are based on social realism, historical content and political devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The films brought a surge of raw emotions between the actor and audience as a result of the relation to <a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a>, a concept that fulfilled the realism within the film.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to better understand Italian neorealism one should view it through a lens of understanding the social class struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is essential to distinguish the lower working class minority with the wealthy high-class population and perhaps compare and contrast their circumstances to truly comprehend the social realism in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After conducting an overview analysis and looking at the years 1945 - 1953 it was interestingly noted that only 11% of the 822 films produced during that period would be considered neorealist films.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the great impact of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on Italy, Italian neorealism films actually rejected traditional film genres and took literary text adaptations such as <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Poor_Lovers" title="Chronicle of Poor Lovers">Cronache Di Poveri Amanti</a></i> (1954) translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Poor_Lovers" title="Chronicle of Poor Lovers">Chronicle of Poor Lovers</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lizzani" title="Carlo Lizzani">Carlo Lizzani</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Senso_(film)" title="Senso (film)">Senso</a></i> (1954) directed by <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a> featuring romantic melodramas and historical costume dramas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films made during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a> period portrayed a blend of routine and day-to-day life basis to emphasize the realistic elements as seen in numerous films including <i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">Bicycle Thieves</a></i> (1948; also known as <i>Ladri di biciclette</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>. The film was an accurate vivid modern representation of the social economic system (Bondanella, 2009, 86).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of the war were everlasting and has even shaped contemporary cinema as it provided them stories worth sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_Italian_neorealism_film_directors">Prominent Italian neorealism film directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Prominent Italian neorealism film directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/220px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/330px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/440px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, considered one of the most influential and widely revered <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmakers</a> in the history of cinema<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_Italian_neorealism_films">Famous Italian neorealism films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Famous Italian neorealism films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rome,_Open_City" title="Rome, Open City">Rome, Open City</a></i> (1945) directed by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciusci%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuscià">Shoeshine</a></i> (1946) directed by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paisan" title="Paisan">Paisan</a></i> (1946) directed by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany,_Year_Zero" title="Germany, Year Zero">Germany Year Zero</a></i> (1947) directed by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">Bicycle Thieves</a></i> (1948) directed by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Terra_Trema" title="La Terra Trema">La Terra Trema</a></i> (1948) directed by <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellissima_(film)" title="Bellissima (film)">Bellissima</a></i> (1951) directed by <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miracle_in_Milan" title="Miracle in Milan">Miracle in Milan</a></i> (1951) directed by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umberto_D." title="Umberto D.">Umberto D.</a></i> (1952) directed by <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Strada" title="La Strada">La Strada</a></i> (1954) directed by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Posto" title="Il Posto">II Posto</a></i> (1961) directed by <a href="/wiki/Ermanno_Olmi" title="Ermanno Olmi">Ermanno Olmi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_festivals">Film festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Film festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:74_Venice_Film_Festival_-_2_September_2017_(36586985330).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/74_Venice_Film_Festival_-_2_September_2017_%2836586985330%29.jpg/220px-74_Venice_Film_Festival_-_2_September_2017_%2836586985330%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/74_Venice_Film_Festival_-_2_September_2017_%2836586985330%29.jpg/330px-74_Venice_Film_Festival_-_2_September_2017_%2836586985330%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/74_Venice_Film_Festival_-_2_September_2017_%2836586985330%29.jpg/440px-74_Venice_Film_Festival_-_2_September_2017_%2836586985330%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/74th_Venice_International_Film_Festival" title="74th Venice International Film Festival">74th Venice International Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Film_festival#Notable_festivals" title="Film festival">Big Three</a>" <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festivals</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Film Festival">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice</a></li></ul> <p>In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a> is the oldest film festival in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-VeniceFilmFest_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VeniceFilmFest-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FEST_(Belgrade)" class="mw-redirect" title="FEST (Belgrade)">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Film_Festival_(BRIFF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels International Film Festival (BRIFF)">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Film Festival">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Film_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Film Festival">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasporto" title="Fantasporto">Fantasporto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_International_Film_Festival" title="Norwegian International Film Festival">Haugesund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Film Festival">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlovy Vary Film Festival">Karlovy Vary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cracow_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cracow Film Festival">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodist">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Film_Festival" title="Locarno Film Festival">Locarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="London Film Festival">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival" title="Moscow International Film Festival">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Short_Film_Festival_Oberhausen" title="International Short Film Festival Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_Rotterdam" title="International Film Festival Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="San Sebastian International Film Festival">San Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Film_Festival" title="Sarajevo Film Festival">Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitges_Film_Festival" title="Sitges Film Festival">Sitges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Film_Festival" title="Stockholm International Film Festival">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Black_Nights_Film_Festival" title="Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_Film_Festival" title="Tampere Film Festival">Tampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Film_Festival" title="Thessaloniki International Film Festival">Thessaloniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transilvania_International_Film_Festival" title="Transilvania International Film Festival">Transilvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torino_Film_Festival" title="Torino Film Festival">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw International Film Festival">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_Film_Festival" title="New Horizons Film Festival">Wrocław</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_awards">Film awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Film awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Film_Awards" title="European Film Awards">European Film Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">BAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goya_Awards" title="Goya Awards">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="César Award">César</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Filmpreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Filmpreis">Lolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_di_Donatello" title="David di Donatello">David di Donatello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Film Awards">Orły</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Film_%26_Television_Academy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Film & Television Academy Awards">IFTA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directors">Directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>French</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Sciamma" title="Céline Sciamma">Céline Sciamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumière brothers">Lumière brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Malle" title="Louis Malle">Louis Malle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Audiard" title="Jacques Audiard">Jacques Audiard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Jacques Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Rohmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Rohmer">Eric Rohmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Marcel Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Jeunet" title="Jean-Pierre Jeunet">Jean-Pierre Jeunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Jean Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chabrol" title="Claude Chabrol">Claude Chabrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Robert Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rivette" title="Jacques Rivette">Jacques Rivette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Vadim" title="Roger Vadim">Roger Vadim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Demy" title="Jacques Demy">Jacques Demy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Alain Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Tavernier" title="Bertrand Tavernier">Bertrand Tavernier</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Belgian</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Chantal Akerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardenne_brothers" title="Dardenne brothers">Dardenne brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukas_Dhont" title="Lukas Dhont">Lukas Dhont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_Moreau" title="Yolande Moreau">Yolande Moreau</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>British</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Edwards_(director)" title="Gareth Edwards (director)">Gareth Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Parker" title="Alan Parker">Alan Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Scott" title="Tony Scott">Tony Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Lyne" title="Adrian Lyne">Adrian Lyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengrass" title="Paul Greengrass">Paul Greengrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell" title="Michael Powell">Michael Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Greenaway" title="Peter Greenaway">Peter Greenaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Italian</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taviani_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Taviani brothers">Taviani brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Scola" title="Ettore Scola">Ettore Scola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Pasolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Pasolini">Pier Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_DeSica" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio DeSica">Vittorio DeSica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillo_Pontecorvo" title="Gillo Pontecorvo">Gillo Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Laurentiis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dino Laurentiis">Dino Laurentiis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tornatore" title="Giuseppe Tornatore">Giuseppe Tornatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonino_Guerra" title="Tonino Guerra">Tonino Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Santis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Santis">Giuseppe Santis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>German</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Fassbinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainer Fassbinder">Rainer Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarethe_Trotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Margarethe Trotta">Margarethe Trotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Oph%C3%BCls" title="Max Ophüls">Max Ophüls</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Russian</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Dziga Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bondarchuk" title="Sergei Bondarchuk">Sergei Bondarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalatozov" title="Mikhail Kalatozov">Mikhail Kalatozov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Lev Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Vsevolod Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sokurov" title="Alexander Sokurov">Alexander Sokurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Zvyagintsev" title="Andrey Zvyagintsev">Andrey Zvyagintsev</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Danish</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dreyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Dreyer">Carl Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bille_August" title="Bille August">Bille August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Von_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars Von Trier">Lars Von Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Bier" title="Susanne Bier">Susanne Bier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Winding_Refn" title="Nicolas Winding Refn">Nicolas Winding Refn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Scherfig" title="Lone Scherfig">Lone Scherfig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Balling" title="Erik Balling">Erik Balling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vinterberg" title="Thomas Vinterberg">Thomas Vinterberg</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Swedish</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Widerberg" title="Bo Widerberg">Bo Widerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Victor Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m" title="Lasse Hallström">Lasse Hallström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Nykvist" title="Sven Nykvist">Sven Nykvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Troell" title="Jan Troell">Jan Troell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Zetterling" title="Mai Zetterling">Mai Zetterling</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Polish</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kieslowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Krzysztof Kieslowski">Krzysztof Kieslowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland" title="Agnieszka Holland">Agnieszka Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski" title="Andrzej Żuławski">Andrzej Żuławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Zanussi" title="Krzysztof Zanussi">Krzysztof Zanussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Pawlikowski" title="Paweł Pawlikowski">Paweł Pawlikowski</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Dutch</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Bont" title="Jan de Bont">Jan de Bont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Corbijn" title="Anton Corbijn">Anton Corbijn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(film_director)" title="Theo van Gogh (film director)">Theo van Gogh (film director)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fons_Rademakers" title="Fons Rademakers">Fons Rademakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_van_Warmerdam" title="Alex van Warmerdam">Alex van Warmerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Maas" title="Dick Maas">Dick Maas</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Turkish</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Ak%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih Akın">Fatih Akın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan" title="Nuri Bilge Ceylan">Nuri Bilge Ceylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Demirkubuz" title="Zeki Demirkubuz">Zeki Demirkubuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertem_E%C4%9Filmez" title="Ertem Eğilmez">Ertem Eğilmez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metin_Erksan" title="Metin Erksan">Metin Erksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1lmaz_G%C3%BCney" title="Yılmaz Güney">Yılmaz Güney</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Austrian</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Pabst" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Pabst">Georg Pabst</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Angelopoulos" title="Theo Angelopoulos">Theo Angelopoulos</a> (Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> (Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (Czech)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafn_Gunnlaugsson" title="Hrafn Gunnlaugsson">Hrafn Gunnlaugsson</a> (Icelandic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Makavejev" title="Dušan Makavejev">Dušan Makavejev</a> (Serbian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a> (Serbian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Lanthimos" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgos Lanthimos">Giorgos Lanthimos</a> (Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiri_Menzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiri Menzel">Jiri Menzel</a> (Czech)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoel_Oliveira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoel Oliveira">Manoel Oliveira</a> (Portuguese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Preminger" title="Otto Preminger">Otto Preminger</a> (Austria-Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Szab%C3%B3" title="István Szabó">István Szabó</a> (Hungarian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danis_Tanovi%C4%87" title="Danis Tanović">Danis Tanović</a> (Bosnian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Alexander Dovzhenko</a> (Ukrainian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kira_Muratova" title="Kira Muratova">Kira Muratova</a> (Ukrainian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov" title="Sergei Parajanov">Sergei Parajanov</a> (Ukrainian, Armenian)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinematographer">Cinematographer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cinematographer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>French</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Delbonnel" title="Bruno Delbonnel">Bruno Delbonnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Khondji" title="Darius Khondji">Darius Khondji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lhomme" title="Pierre Lhomme">Pierre Lhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nuytten" title="Bruno Nuytten">Bruno Nuytten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Renoir" title="Claude Renoir">Claude Renoir</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Belgian</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Debie" title="Benoît Debie">Benoît Debie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Willems" title="Jo Willems">Jo Willems</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>British</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Dod_Mantle" title="Anthony Dod Mantle">Anthony Dod Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathieson_(cinematographer)" title="John Mathieson (cinematographer)">John Mathieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Slocombe" title="Douglas Slocombe">Douglas Slocombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wood_(cinematographer)" title="Oliver Wood (cinematographer)">Oliver Wood (cinematographer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Deakins" title="Roger Deakins">Roger Deakins</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Italian</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bava" title="Mario Bava">Mario Bava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Fiore" title="Mauro Fiore">Mauro Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Rotunno" title="Giuseppe Rotunno">Giuseppe Rotunno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasqualino_De_Santis" title="Pasqualino De Santis">Pasqualino De Santis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Spinotti" title="Dante Spinotti">Dante Spinotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Storaro" title="Vittorio Storaro">Vittorio Storaro</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>German</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ballhaus" title="Michael Ballhaus">Michael Ballhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frentz" title="Walter Frentz">Walter Frentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jost_Vacano" title="Jost Vacano">Jost Vacano</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Dutch</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoyte_van_Hoytema" title="Hoyte van Hoytema">Hoyte van Hoytema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Bont" title="Jan de Bont">Jan de Bont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogier_Stoffers" title="Rogier Stoffers">Rogier Stoffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_de_Sande" title="Theo van de Sande">Theo van de Sande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_M%C3%BCller" title="Robby Müller">Robby Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coquillon" title="John Coquillon">John Coquillon</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actors">Actors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gabin" title="Jean Gabin">Jean Gabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erland_Josephson" title="Erland Josephson">Erland Josephson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Sydow" title="Max von Sydow">Max von Sydow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mads_Mikkelsen" title="Mads Mikkelsen">Mads Mikkelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Samoilova" title="Tatiana Samoilova">Tatiana Samoilova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellan_Skarsg%C3%A5rd" title="Stellan Skarsgård">Stellan Skarsgård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernilla_August" title="Pernilla August">Pernilla August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_Olin" title="Lena Olin">Lena Olin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stormare" title="Peter Stormare">Peter Stormare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kaidanovsky" title="Alexander Kaidanovsky">Alexander Kaidanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Q._Nilsson" title="Anna Q. Nilsson">Anna Q. Nilsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghita_N%C3%B8rby" title="Ghita Nørby">Ghita Nørby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Andersson" title="Bibi Andersson">Bibi Andersson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Andersson" title="Harriet Andersson">Harriet Andersson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Thulin" title="Ingrid Thulin">Ingrid Thulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Driver" title="Minnie Driver">Minnie Driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Binoche" title="Juliette Binoche">Juliette Binoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Cotillard" title="Marion Cotillard">Marion Cotillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Redgrave" title="Michael Redgrave">Michael Redgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastassja_Kinski" title="Nastassja Kinski">Nastassja Kinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale" title="Claudia Cardinale">Claudia Cardinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni" title="Marcello Mastroianni">Marcello Mastroianni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulietta_Masina" title="Giulietta Masina">Giulietta Masina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Zeta-Jones" title="Catherine Zeta-Jones">Catherine Zeta-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gainsbourg" title="Charlotte Gainsbourg">Charlotte Gainsbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida" title="Gina Lollobrigida">Gina Lollobrigida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Ganz" title="Bruno Ganz">Bruno Ganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Ardant" title="Fanny Ardant">Fanny Ardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Rampling" title="Charlotte Rampling">Charlotte Rampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Batalov" title="Aleksey Batalov">Aleksey Batalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jouvet" title="Louis Jouvet">Louis Jouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani" title="Isabelle Adjani">Isabelle Adjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auteuil" title="Daniel Auteuil">Daniel Auteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutger_Hauer" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famke_Janssen" title="Famke Janssen">Famke Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9" title="Jeroen Krabbé">Jeroen Krabbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Kristel" title="Sylvia Kristel">Sylvia Kristel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carice_van_Houten" title="Carice van Houten">Carice van Houten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Heesters" title="Johannes Heesters">Johannes Heesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michiel_Huisman" title="Michiel Huisman">Michiel Huisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_Struycken" title="Carel Struycken">Carel Struycken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_B%C3%A9art" title="Emmanuelle Béart">Emmanuelle Béart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman" title="Vittorio Gassman">Vittorio Gassman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Christie" title="Julie Christie">Julie Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Piccoli" title="Michel Piccoli">Michel Piccoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Stroheim" title="Erich von Stroheim">Erich von Stroheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melina_Mercouri" title="Melina Mercouri">Melina Mercouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Papas" title="Irene Papas">Irene Papas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossy_de_Palma" title="Rossy de Palma">Rossy de Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvana_Mangano" title="Silvana Mangano">Silvana Mangano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Scott_Thomas" title="Kristin Scott Thomas">Kristin Scott Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romy_Schneider" title="Romy Schneider">Romy Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Signoret" title="Simone Signoret">Simone Signoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milena_Dravi%C4%87" title="Milena Dravić">Milena Dravić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Fun%C3%A8s" title="Louis de Funès">Louis de Funès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_H%C3%BCller" title="Sandra Hüller">Sandra Hüller</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/8%C2%BD" title="8½">8 1/2</a></i> (Italy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Andalusian dog</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(1995_film)" title="Underground (1995 film)">Underground</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev_(film)" title="Andrei Rublev (film)">Andrei Rublev</a></i> (USSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Atalante" title="L'Atalante">Atalanta</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ballad_of_a_Soldier" title="Ballad of a Soldier">Ballad of a Soldier</a></i> (USSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> (USSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Book_(film)" title="Black Book (film)">Black Book (film)</a></i> (The Netherlands)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up%C3%ADr_z_Feratu" title="Upír z Feratu">Vampire from Ferata</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_(2001_film)" title="No Man's Land (2001 film)">No Man's Land</a></i> (Bosnia and Herzegovina)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viridiana" title="Viridiana">Viridiana</a></i> (Spain)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_(2003_film)" title="The Return (2003 film)">The Return</a></i> (Russia)</li> <li><i>The Age of Christ</i> (<i>Kristove roky</i>) (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_About_My_Mother" title="All About My Mother">All About My Mother</a></i> (Spain)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Year_at_Marienbad" title="Last Year at Marienbad">Last Year at Marienbad</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Angel" title="The Blue Angel">The Blue Angel</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Match_Factory_Girl" title="The Match Factory Girl">With the Match Factory Girl</a></i> (Finland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belle_de_Jour_(film)" title="Belle de Jour (film)">Daily Beauty</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Strada" title="La Strada">Road</a></i> (Italy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_(1991_film)" title="Europa (1991 film)">Europe</a></i> (Denmark)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum_(film)" title="The Tin Drum (film)">The Tin Drum</a></i> (Federal Republic of Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jules_and_Jim" title="Jules and Jim">Jules and Jim</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_I%27ll_Wake_Up_and_Scald_Myself_with_Tea" title="Tomorrow I'll Wake Up and Scald Myself with Tea">Tomorrow I'll Wake Up and Scald Myself with Tea</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Maria_Braun" title="The Marriage of Maria Braun">The Marriage of Maria Braun</a></i> (Federal Republic of Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Strawberries_(film)" title="Wild Strawberries (film)">Wild Strawberries</a></i> (Sweden)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirror_(1975_film)" title="Mirror (1975 film)">Mirror</a></i> (USSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li><i>Comedians</i> (Greece)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Hamilton_(1921_film)" title="Lady Hamilton (1921 film)">Lady Hamilton</a></i> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letyat_zhuravli" class="mw-redirect" title="Letyat zhuravli">Letyat Zhuravli</a></i> (USSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_and_a_Woman" title="A Man and a Woman">A Man and a Woman</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_bout_de_souffle" class="mw-redirect" title="À bout de souffle">The Last Breath</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Desire" title="Wings of Desire">The Sky Over Berlin</a></i> (Federal Republic of Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nibelungen" title="Die Nibelungen">Die Nibelungen</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_Over_Violence" title="Triumph Over Violence">Ordinary Fascism</a></i> (USSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(film)" title="Orpheus (film)">Orpheus</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelle_the_Conqueror" title="Pelle the Conqueror">Pelle the Conqueror</a></i> (Denmark)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popi%C3%B3%C5%82_i_diament" class="mw-redirect" title="Popiół i diament">Ash and Diamond</a></i> (Poland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_(1966_film)" title="Persona (1966 film)">Person</a></i> (Sweden)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ost%C5%99e_sledovan%C3%A9_vlaky" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostře sledované vlaky">Trains Under Scrutiny</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_Tango_in_Paris" title="Last Tango in Paris">Last Tango in Paris</a></i> (Italy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_Orange" title="Soldier of Orange">Soldier of Orange</a></i> (The Netherlands)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">Bicycle Thieves</a></i> (Italy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rules_of_the_Game" title="The Rules of the Game">The Rules of the Game</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Avventura" title="L'Avventura">Adventure</a></i> (Italy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Life_(1931_film)" title="Road to Life (1931 film)">Road to Life</a></i> (USSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocco_and_His_Brothers" title="Rocco and His Brothers">Rocco and His Brothers</a></i> (Italy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexmission" title="Sexmission">Sexmission</a></i> (Poland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Dolce_Vita" class="mw-redirect" title="La Dolce Vita">Sweet Life</a></i> (Italy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordet" title="Ordet">The Word</a></i> (Denmark)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servant_(1963_film)" title="The Servant (1963 film)">The Servant</a></i> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice_(film)" title="Death in Venice (film)">Death in Venice</a></i> (Italy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="The Passion of Joan of Arc">The Passion of Joan of Arc</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Man" title="The Third Man">The Third Man</a></i> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Colours_trilogy" title="Three Colours trilogy">Three Colors</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fanfan_la_Tulipe" title="Fanfan la Tulipe">Fanfan-Tyulpan</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blowup" title="Blowup">Blowup</a></i> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_mon_amour" title="Hiroshima mon amour">Hiroshima, My Love</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Marble" title="Man of Marble">Man of Marble</a></i> (Poland)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_with_a_Movie_Camera" title="Man with a Movie Camera">Man with a Movie Camera</a></i> (USSR)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_400_Blows" title="The 400 Blows">400 Blows</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Umbrellas_of_Cherbourg" title="The Umbrellas of Cherbourg">The Umbrellas of Cherbourg</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Delight_(1973_film)" title="Turkish Delight (1973 film)">Turkish Delight (1973 film)</a></i> (The Netherlands)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(1929_film)" title="Pandora's Box (1929 film)">Pandora's Box</a></i> (Germany)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Killed_Einstein,_Gentlemen" title="I Killed Einstein, Gentlemen">I Killed Einstein, Lord</a></i> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(1995_film)" title="Underground (1995 film)">Underground</a></i> (Yugoslavia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dry_Summer" title="Dry Summer">Dry Summer</a></i> (Turkey)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hababam_S%C4%B1n%C4%B1f%C4%B1" title="Hababam Sınıfı">Hababam Sınıfı</a></i> (Turkey)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yol_(film)" title="Yol (film)">Yol</a></i> (Turkey)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Head-On_(film)" title="Head-On (film)">Head-On (film)</a></i> (Germany, Turkey)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzak" title="Uzak">Uzak</a></i> (Turkey)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie" title="Amélie">Amélie</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Long_Engagement" title="A Very Long Engagement">A Very Long Engagement</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Vie_en_Rose_(film)" title="La Vie en Rose (film)">La Vie en Rose</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Anatolia" title="Once Upon a Time in Anatolia">Once Upon a Time in Anatolia</a></i> (Turkey)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Sleep_(film)" title="Winter Sleep (film)">Winter Sleep</a></i> (Turkey)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Days,_One_Night" title="Two Days, One Night">Two Days, One Night</a></i> (Belgium)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Lady_on_Fire" title="Portrait of a Lady on Fire">Portrait of a Lady on Fire</a></i> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Close_(2022_film)" title="Close (2022 film)">Close</a></i> (Belgium)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cinema_of_the_world#Countries" title="List of cinema of the world">List of cinema of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_films" title="List of European films">List of European films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the world">Cinema of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Film_Promotion" title="European Film Promotion">European Film Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Plus">Media Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_festivals_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Film festivals in Europe">Film festivals in Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cinecittà-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cinecittà_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciakmagazine.it/news/cinecitta-ce-laccordo-per-espandere-gli-studios-italiani/">"Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani"</a> (in Italian). 30 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinecitt%C3%A0%2C+c%27%C3%A8+l%27accordo+per+espandere+gli+Studios+italiani&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciakmagazine.it%2Fnews%2Fcinecitta-ce-laccordo-per-espandere-gli-studios-italiani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose_of_Sharon_Winter2008" class="citation web cs1">Rose of Sharon Winter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905170804/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/188908/Cinema-Europe-The-Other-Hollywood-Part-1-Where-it-All-Began/overview">"Cinema Europe: The Other Hollywood"</a>. Movies & TV Dept. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/188908/Cinema-Europe-The-Other-Hollywood-Part-1-Where-it-All-Began/overview">the original</a> on 5 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cinema+Europe%3A+The+Other+Hollywood&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Rose+of+Sharon+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2F188908%2FCinema-Europe-The-Other-Hollywood-Part-1-Where-it-All-Began%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker, Gerben (1 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22366/1/wp70.pdf">"The decline and fall of the European film industry: sunk costs, market size, and market structure, 1890–19271"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 310–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2005.00306.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2005.00306.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0289">1468-0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154911288">154911288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+decline+and+fall+of+the+European+film+industry%3A+sunk+costs%2C+market+size%2C+and+market+structure%2C+1890%E2%80%9319271&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=310-351&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154911288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-0289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2005.00306.x&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Gerben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F22366%2F1%2Fwp70.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europeans-cinema-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europeans-cinema_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europeans-cinema_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComai2018" class="citation news cs1">Comai, Giorgio (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europeans-at-the-cinema">"Europeans at the cinema"</a>. <i>OBC Transeuropa/EDJNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OBC+Transeuropa%2FEDJNet&rft.atitle=Europeans+at+the+cinema&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Comai&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeandatajournalism.eu%2Feng%2FNews%2FData-news%2FEuropeans-at-the-cinema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa_Cinema-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europa_Cinema_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europa_Cinema_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europa-cinemas.org/en/Presentation">"Presentation"</a>. <i>Europa Cinema</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198701774" title="Special:BookSources/9780198701774"><bdi>9780198701774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cinema%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780198701774&rft.aulast=Nowell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FNC-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FNC_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNC_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNC_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FNC_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward1993" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Susan (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchnationalci0000hayw"><i>French National Cinema</i></a></span>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+National+Cinema&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchnationalci0000hayw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieglohr2016" class="citation book cs1">Sieglohr, Ulrike (6 October 2016). <i>Heroines Without Heroes: Reconstructing Female and National Identities in European Cinema, 1945-51</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474287913" title="Special:BookSources/9781474287913"><bdi>9781474287913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroines+Without+Heroes%3A+Reconstructing+Female+and+National+Identities+in+European+Cinema%2C+1945-51&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.isbn=9781474287913&rft.aulast=Sieglohr&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorari2017" class="citation book cs1">Morari, Codruţa (2017). <i>The Bressonians: French Cinema and the Culture of Authorship</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-571-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-571-6"><bdi>978-1-78533-571-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bressonians%3A+French+Cinema+and+the+Culture+of+Authorship&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-571-6&rft.aulast=Morari&rft.aufirst=Codru%C5%A3a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2017" class="citation book cs1">King, Gemma (2017). <i>Decentring France: Multilingualism and Power in Contemporary French Cinema</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526113597" title="Special:BookSources/9781526113597"><bdi>9781526113597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decentring+France%3A+Multilingualism+and+Power+in+Contemporary+French+Cinema&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781526113597&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieglohr2016" class="citation book cs1">Sieglohr, Ulrike (6 October 2016). <i>Heroines Without Heroes: Reconstructing Female and National Identities in European Cinema, 1945-51</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474287913" title="Special:BookSources/9781474287913"><bdi>9781474287913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroines+Without+Heroes%3A+Reconstructing+Female+and+National+Identities+in+European+Cinema%2C+1945-51&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.isbn=9781474287913&rft.aulast=Sieglohr&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Pray,_Michael2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Pray, Michael (2003). <i>Avant-Garde Film: Forms, Themes and Passions</i>. London: Wallflower. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231850001" title="Special:BookSources/9780231850001"><bdi>9780231850001</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/811411545">811411545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avant-Garde+Film%3A+Forms%2C+Themes+and+Passions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wallflower&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F811411545&rft.isbn=9780231850001&rft.au=O%27Pray%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shockwavemagazine.it/cinema-serietv/vittorio-de-sica-regista-attore/">"Vittorio De Sica: l'eclettico regista capace di fotografare la vera Italia"</a> (in Italian). 6 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vittorio+De+Sica%3A+l%27eclettico+regista+capace+di+fotografare+la+vera+Italia&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshockwavemagazine.it%2Fcinema-serietv%2Fvittorio-de-sica-regista-attore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/deep-focus/roots-neorealism">"Deep focus: The roots of neorealism | Sight & Sound"</a>. <i>British Film Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Film+Institute&rft.atitle=Deep+focus%3A+The+roots+of+neorealism+%7C+Sight+%26+Sound&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.bfi.org.uk%2Fnews-opinion%2Fsight-sound-magazine%2Ffeatures%2Fdeep-focus%2Froots-neorealism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowell-Smith1996" class="citation book cs1">Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof"><i>The Oxford History of World Cinema</i></a></span>. New York City: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198742425" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198742425"><bdi>978-0198742425</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/642157497">642157497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+World+Cinema&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F642157497&rft.isbn=978-0198742425&rft.aulast=Nowell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofw00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmtheory.org/italian-neo-realism/">"Italian Neo-Realism"</a>. <i>Film Theory</i>. 7 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+Theory&rft.atitle=Italian+Neo-Realism&rft.date=2014-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilmtheory.org%2Fitalian-neo-realism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondanella2009" class="citation book cs1">Bondanella, Peter (2009). <i>A History of Italian Cinema</i>. New York City: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501307638" title="Special:BookSources/9781501307638"><bdi>9781501307638</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031857078">1031857078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Italian+Cinema&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=The+Continuum+International+Publishing+Group+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031857078&rft.isbn=9781501307638&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414235856/http://www.italianlegacy.com/italian-film.html">"Italian Film - A Brief History of Italian Films"</a>. <i>www.italianlegacy.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italianlegacy.com/italian-film.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.italianlegacy.com&rft.atitle=Italian+Film+-+A+Brief+History+of+Italian+Films&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italianlegacy.com%2Fitalian-film.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eleonora-Duse">"Eleonora Duse | Italian actress"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Eleonora+Duse+%7C+Italian+actress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEleonora-Duse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filminquiry.com/evolution-italian-cinema/">"Evolution Of Italian Cinema: Neorealism To Post-Modernism"</a>. <i>Film Inquiry</i>. 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Evolution+Of+Italian+Cinema%3A+Neorealism+To+Post-Modernism&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filminquiry.com%2Fevolution-italian-cinema%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Roderick Conway (17 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/17/style/IHT-neorealism-in-postwar-italy.html">"Neorealism in Postwar Italy"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Neorealism+in+Postwar+Italy&rft.date=2001-11-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Roderick+Conway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F17%2Fstyle%2FIHT-neorealism-in-postwar-italy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWybrew2016" class="citation web cs1">Wybrew, Phil de Semlyen, Ian Freer, Ally (8 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/italian-neorealism-movie-era/">"Movie movements that defined cinema: Italian Neorealism"</a>. <i>Empire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Empire&rft.atitle=Movie+movements+that+defined+cinema%3A+Italian+Neorealism&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.aulast=Wybrew&rft.aufirst=Phil+de+Semlyen%2C+Ian+Freer%2C+Ally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.empireonline.com%2Fmovies%2Ffeatures%2Fitalian-neorealism-movie-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libreriamo.it/intrattenimento/federico-fellini-i-10-film-regista/">"Federico Fellini, i 10 migliori film per conoscere il grande regista"</a> (in Italian). 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federico+Fellini%2C+i+10+migliori+film+per+conoscere+il+grande+regista&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibreriamo.it%2Fintrattenimento%2Ffederico-fellini-i-10-film-regista%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordwell,_David2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bordwell" title="David Bordwell">Bordwell, David</a> (2005). <i>Figures Traced in Light: On Cinematic Staging</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520241978" title="Special:BookSources/9780520241978"><bdi>9780520241978</bdi></a>. <q>Because reputations were made principally on the festival circuit, the filmmaker had to find international financing and distribution and settle for minor festivals before arriving at one of the Big Three (Berlin, Cannes, Venice).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Figures+Traced+in+Light%3A+On+Cinematic+Staging&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520241978&rft.au=Bordwell%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2011" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Cindy Hing-Yuk (2011). <i>Film Festivals: Culture, People, and Power on the Global Screen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813551104" title="Special:BookSources/9780813551104"><bdi>9780813551104</bdi></a>. <q>Whether we talk about the Big Three festivals—Cannes, Venice, Berlin—look at Sundance, Tribeca, and Toronto in North America, or examine other significant world festivals in Hong Kong, Pusan, Locarno, Rotterdam, San Sebastián, and Mar del Plata, the insistent global icons of all festivals are films, discoveries, auteurs, stars, parties, and awards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Festivals%3A+Culture%2C+People%2C+and+Power+on+the+Global+Screen&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780813551104&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Cindy+Hing-Yuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VeniceFilmFest-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VeniceFilmFest_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2014" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Ariston (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770">"Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218220740/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Venice%3A+David+Gordon+Green%27s+%27Manglehorn%2C%27+Abel+Ferrara%27s+%27Pasolini%27+in+Competition+Lineup&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ariston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fvenice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Europe&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718233946/http://www.europa-cinemas.org/en/index.php">Europa Cinemas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iberoamericanmovies.com/spain/top-10-movies-from-spain/">Top 10 movies from Spain according to IMDB.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cineuropa.org">Cineuropa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecrf.org.uk">European Cinema Research Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efp-online.com">European Film Promotion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sntpct.fr/lettres/Letter40_English_Translation.pdf">French Trade-Union article about cinema in Europe, May 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203011334/http://7films.me.uk/foreign-territories/7-surprising-european-films-foreign-territories/">7 Surprising European Films</a> A look at European game changers from 2000 to 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obs.coe.int">European Audiovisual Observatory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obs.coe.int/en/industry/film">European Film Industry Statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/search/">LUMIERE European Cinema Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of West Asia">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish cinema">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_films" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maltese_films" title="List of Maltese films">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-German_cinema" title="Turkish-German cinema">German Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cinema of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jamaica" title="Cinema of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Iquitos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Suriname" title="Cinema of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental<br />& transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cinema" title="Balochi cinema">Balochi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cinema" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malta" title="Cinema of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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