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term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_past_energy_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_past_energy_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples of past energy transitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_past_energy_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drivers_for_current_energy_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drivers_for_current_energy_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Drivers for current energy transition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drivers_for_current_energy_transition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drivers for current energy transition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drivers_for_current_energy_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change_mitigation_and_co-benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_mitigation_and_co-benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate change mitigation and co-benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_mitigation_and_co-benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Energy security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Economic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_competitiveness_of_renewable_energies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_competitiveness_of_renewable_energies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cost competitiveness of renewable energies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_competitiveness_of_renewable_energies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_technologies_and_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_technologies_and_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Key technologies and approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_technologies_and_approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Key technologies and approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Key_technologies_and_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Renewable energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Integration_of_variable_renewable_energy_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_of_variable_renewable_energy_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Integration of variable renewable energy sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_of_variable_renewable_energy_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-100%_renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100%_renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>100% renewable energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100%_renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nuclear power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Electrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_and_geopolitical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_geopolitical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economic and geopolitical aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_and_geopolitical_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic and geopolitical aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_geopolitical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_environmental_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_environmental_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social and environmental aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_environmental_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and environmental aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_environmental_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_and_barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Risks and barriers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Examples by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy transition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A" title="انتقال طاقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتقال طاقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transici%C3%B3_energ%C3%A8tica" title="Transició energètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transició energètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiomstilling" title="Energiomstilling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Energiomstilling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiewende" title="Energiewende – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Energiewende" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ενεργειακή μετάβαση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενεργειακή μετάβαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transici%C3%B3n_energ%C3%A9tica" title="Transición energética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transición energética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_transiro" title="Energia transiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Energia transiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_trantsizio" title="Energia trantsizio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Energia trantsizio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="گذار انرژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گذار انرژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique" title="Transition énergétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transition énergétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EC%A0%84%ED%99%98" title="에너지 전환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에너지 전환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transisi_energi" title="Transisi energi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transisi energi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transizione_energetica" title="Transizione energetica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transizione energetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia%C3%A1tmenet" title="Energiaátmenet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Energiaátmenet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BAa_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енергетскa зелена транзиција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енергетскa зелена транзиција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3" title="नियोजित-ऊर्जा-संक्रमण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नियोजित-ऊर्जा-संक्रमण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energietransitie" title="Energietransitie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Energietransitie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="エネルギー革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エネルギー革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformacja_energetyczna" title="Transformacja energetyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transformacja energetyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_energ%C3%A9tica" title="Transição energética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transição energética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Энергетический переход – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергетический переход" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Energy transition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Significant structural change in an energy system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Energy_Consumption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Global_Energy_Consumption.svg/300px-Global_Energy_Consumption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Global_Energy_Consumption.svg/450px-Global_Energy_Consumption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Global_Energy_Consumption.svg/600px-Global_Energy_Consumption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Progress of current energy transition to renewable energy: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">Fossil fuels</a> such as coal, oil, and natural gas still remain the world's primary energy sources, even as <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewables</a> are increasing in use.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>energy transition</b> (or <b>energy system transformation</b>) is a major structural change to <a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">energy supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">consumption</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Energy_system" title="Energy system">energy system</a>. Currently, a transition to <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> is underway to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit climate change</a>. Most of the sustainable energy is <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. Therefore, another term for <i>energy transition</i> is <b>renewable energy transition</b>. The current transition aims to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from energy quickly and sustainably, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">phasing-down fossil fuels</a> and changing as many processes as possible to operate on <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon power">low carbon electricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A previous energy transition perhaps took place during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> from 1760 onwards, from <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> to <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over three-quarters of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">world's energy needs</a> are met by burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, but this usage emits greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">Energy production and consumption</a> are responsible for most human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To meet the goals of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on climate change, emissions must be reduced as soon as possible and reach <a href="/wiki/Net-zero_emissions" title="Net-zero emissions">net-zero</a> by mid-century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 2010s, the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> transition has also been driven by the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">rapidly falling cost</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another benefit of the energy transition is its potential to reduce the health and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">environmental impacts of the energy industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating of buildings</a> is being <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrified</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a> being the most efficient technology by far.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To improve the flexibility of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a>, the installation of <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">super grids</a> are vital to enable the use of variable, weather-dependent technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">fossil-fuel subsidies</a> are slowing the energy transition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An energy transition is a broad shift in technologies and behaviours that are needed to replace one source of energy with another.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202–203">: 202–203 </span></sup> A prime example is the change from a pre-industrial system relying on traditional biomass, wind, water and muscle power to an industrial system characterized by pervasive mechanization, steam power and the use of coal. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a> does not define <i>energy transition</i> in the glossary of its <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth Assessment Report</a> but it does define <i>transition</i> as: "The process of changing from one state or condition to another in a given period of time. Transition can occur in individuals, firms, cities, regions and nations, and can be based on incremental or transformative change."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_term">Development of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:1px solid #aaa; width:18.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent;padding:0.2em;font-size:145%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wind turbines near Vendsyssel, Denmark (2004)"><img alt="A car drives past 4 wind turbines in a field, with more on the horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/180px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/270px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/360px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">Building insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohouse" title="Ecohouse">Ecohouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_audit" title="Energy audit">Energy audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_implementation" title="Energy efficiency implementation">Energy efficiency implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_saving_lamp" title="Energy saving lamp">Energy saving lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-energy_building_techniques" title="List of low-energy building techniques">List of low-energy building techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_house" title="Low-energy house">Low-energy house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_habitat" title="Sustainable habitat">Sustainable habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Sustainable refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">Thermal energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_green_building" title="Tropical green building">Tropical green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_heating_building" title="Zero heating building">Zero heating building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Zero-energy building</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_barrage" title="Tidal barrage">Tidal barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_farm" title="Tidal farm">Tidal farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renewable energy transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_wind_turbine" title="Floating wind turbine">Floating wind turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_forecasting" title="Wind power forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_industry" title="Wind power industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_lens" title="Wind lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wind_energy" title="Outline of wind energy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_rights" title="Wind rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbelt" title="Windbelt">Windbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windpump" title="Windpump">Windpump</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Bicycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93electric_hybrid_vehicle" title="Human–electric hybrid vehicle">Human-electric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twike" title="Twike">Twike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_helicopter" title="Human-powered helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_hydrofoil" title="Human-powered hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Land vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Quadracycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">Watercraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/24px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/32px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_energy" title="Template talk:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, the term <i>energy transition</i> was coined by politicians and media. It was popularised by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">US President Jimmy Carter</a> in his 1977 Address on the Nation on Energy, calling to "look back into history to understand our energy problem. Twice in the last several hundred years, there has been a transition in the way people use energy ... Because we are now <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">running out of gas and oil</a>, we must prepare quickly for a third change to strict <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">conservation</a> and to the renewed use of coal and to permanent renewable energy sources like <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was later globalised after the 1979 second oil shock, during the 1981 United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1990s, debates on energy transition have increasingly taken <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> into account. Parties to the agreement committed "to limit global warming to "well below 2 °C, preferably 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial levels".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This requires a rapid energy transition with a downshift of fossil fuel production to stay within the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">carbon emissions budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-05-03_Fotoflug_Leer_Papenburg_DSCF6864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2013-05-03_Fotoflug_Leer_Papenburg_DSCF6864.jpg/220px-2013-05-03_Fotoflug_Leer_Papenburg_DSCF6864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2013-05-03_Fotoflug_Leer_Papenburg_DSCF6864.jpg/330px-2013-05-03_Fotoflug_Leer_Papenburg_DSCF6864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2013-05-03_Fotoflug_Leer_Papenburg_DSCF6864.jpg/440px-2013-05-03_Fotoflug_Leer_Papenburg_DSCF6864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a> use of renewable energies: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agricultural</a> business with <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> plant and <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic</a> roof</figcaption></figure> <p>In this context, the term <i>energy transition</i> encompasses a reorientation of <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a>. This could imply a shift from centralized to distributed generation. It also includes attempts to replace <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> and avoidable energy consumption with energy-saving measures and increased <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical transitions from locally supplied wood, water and wind energies to globally supplied fossil and nuclear fuels has induced growth in end-use demand through the rapid expansion of engineering research, education and standardisation. The mechanisms for the whole-systems changes include new discipline in <a href="/wiki/Transition_engineering" title="Transition engineering">Transition Engineering</a> amongst all engineering professions, entrepreneurs, researchers and educators.<sup id="cite_ref-krumdieck_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krumdieck-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_past_energy_transitions">Examples of past energy transitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples of past energy transitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1776_Historical_energy_consumption_-_U.S._-_EIA_data.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1776_Historical_energy_consumption_-_U.S._-_EIA_data.svg/220px-1776_Historical_energy_consumption_-_U.S._-_EIA_data.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1776_Historical_energy_consumption_-_U.S._-_EIA_data.svg/330px-1776_Historical_energy_consumption_-_U.S._-_EIA_data.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1776_Historical_energy_consumption_-_U.S._-_EIA_data.svg/440px-1776_Historical_energy_consumption_-_U.S._-_EIA_data.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Over centuries, energy consumption has evolved from burning wood to fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), and in recent decades to using nuclear, hydroelectric and other renewable energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_202204000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA_202204000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Historic approaches to past energy transitions are shaped by two main discourses. One argues that humankind experienced several energy transitions in its past, while the other suggests the term "energy additions" as better reflecting the changes in global energy supply in the last three centuries. </p><p>The chronologically first discourse was most broadly described by <a href="/wiki/Vaclav_Smil" title="Vaclav Smil">Vaclav Smil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smil_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It underlines the change in the energy mix of countries and the global economy. By looking at data in percentages of the primary energy source used in a given context, it paints a picture of the world's energy systems as having changed significantly over time, going from biomass to coal, to oil, and now a mix of mostly coal, oil and natural gas. Until the 1950s, the economic mechanism behind energy systems was local rather than global.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second discourse was most broadly described by Jean-Baptiste Fressoz.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emphasises that the term "energy transition" was first used by politicians, not historians, to describe a goal to achieve in the future – not as a concept to analyse past trends. When looking at the sheer amount of energy being used by humankind, the picture is one of ever-increasing consumption of all the main energy sources available to humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the increased use of coal in the 19th century did not replace wood consumption, indeed more wood was burned. Another example is the deployment of passenger cars in the 20th century. This evolution triggered an increase in both oil consumption (to drive the car) and coal consumption (to make the steel needed for the car). In other words, according to this approach, humankind never performed a single energy transition in its history but performed several energy additions. </p><p>Contemporary energy transitions differ in terms of motivation and objectives, drivers and governance. As development progressed, different national systems became more and more integrated becoming the large, international systems seen today. Historical changes of energy systems have been extensively studied.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While historical energy changes were generally protracted affairs, unfolding over many decades, this does not necessarily hold true for the present energy transition, which is unfolding under very different policy and technological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For current energy systems, many lessons can be learned from history.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS"><span title="cite is from 2012 but 2012 is not ‘current’ - for example global fossil gas flows are very different now (April 2024)">obsolete source</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="the current energy transition is not because we are running out of fossil fuels (April 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Energy_transition#Dubious" title="Talk:Energy transition">discuss</a></i>]</sup>The need for large amounts of firewood in early industrial processes in combination with prohibitive costs for overland transportation led to a scarcity of accessible (e.g. affordable) wood, and eighteenth century glass-works "operated like a forest clearing enterprise".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Britain had to resort to coal after largely having run out of wood, the resulting fuel crisis triggered a chain of events that two centuries later culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, increased use of peat and coal were vital elements paving the way for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, roughly spanning the entire 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example where <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a> triggered technological innovation and a shift to new energy sources is 19th century <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>: whale oil eventually became replaced by <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and other petroleum-derived products.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To speed up the energy transition it is also conceivable that there will be government buyouts or <a href="/wiki/Bailouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailouts">bailouts</a> of coal mining regions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drivers_for_current_energy_transition">Drivers for current energy transition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drivers for current energy transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Drivers for transition to renewable energy</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20201019_Levelized_Cost_of_Energy_(LCOE,_Lazard)_-_renewable_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20201019_Levelized_Cost_of_Energy_%28LCOE%2C_Lazard%29_-_renewable_energy.svg/217px-20201019_Levelized_Cost_of_Energy_%28LCOE%2C_Lazard%29_-_renewable_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20201019_Levelized_Cost_of_Energy_%28LCOE%2C_Lazard%29_-_renewable_energy.svg/326px-20201019_Levelized_Cost_of_Energy_%28LCOE%2C_Lazard%29_-_renewable_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20201019_Levelized_Cost_of_Energy_%28LCOE%2C_Lazard%29_-_renewable_energy.svg/434px-20201019_Levelized_Cost_of_Energy_%28LCOE%2C_Lazard%29_-_renewable_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">With increasing adoption of renewable energy sources, costs have declined, most notably for energy generated by solar panels.<sup id="cite_ref-LCOE2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCOE2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LazardLCOE_2024_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LazardLCOE_2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Levelized_cost_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelized cost of energy">Levelized cost of energy</a> (LCOE) is a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a generating plant over its lifetime.)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Death_rates,_by_energy_source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/217px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/326px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/434px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deaths caused as a result of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> electricity generation (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> (rectangles barely visible in chart).<sup id="cite_ref-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_mitigation_and_co-benefits">Climate change mitigation and co-benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate change mitigation and co-benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Co-benefits" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation § Co-benefits</a></div> <p>A rapid energy transition to very-low or zero-carbon sources is required to mitigate the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Coal, oil and gas combustion account for 89% of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions<sup id="cite_ref-Trends20_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trends20-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> and still provide 78% of <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>Despite the knowledge about the risks of climate change and the increasing number of climate policies adopted since the 1980s, however, energy transitions have not accelerated towards decarbonization beyond historical trends and remain far off track in achieving climate targets.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deployment of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> can generate <a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a>: positive socio-economic effects on employment, industrial development, health and energy access. Depending on the country and the deployment scenario, replacing coal power plants can more than double the number of jobs per average MW capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy transition could create many <a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">green jobs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs for retraining workers for the renewable energy industry was found to be trivial for both coal<sup id="cite_ref-:6_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the U.S. and oil sands in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter of which would only demand 2–6% of federal, provincial, and territorial oil and gas subsidies for a single year to be reallocated to provide oil and gas workers with a new career of approximately equivalent pay.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In non-electrified rural areas, the deployment of solar mini-grids can significantly improve electricity access.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Employment opportunities by the green transition are associated with the use of renewable energy sources or building activity for infrastructure improvements and renovations.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_security">Energy security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Energy security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another important driver is <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a> and independence, with increasing importance in Europe and Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Europes 2010s dependence on Russian gas, even if China stops supplying solar panels those already installed continue generating electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militaries are using and developing electric vehicles, particularly for their stealthiness,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023 renewable energy in Taiwan is far too small to help in a blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centralised facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power plants</a> can be put out of action by air attack, whereas although solar can be attacked<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decentralised power such as solar and wind<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be less vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solar and batteries reduces risky fuel convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However large hydropower plants are vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some say that nuclear power plants are unlikely to be military targets,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but others conclude that civil NPPs in war zones can be weaponised and exploited by the hostile forces not only for impeding energy supplies (and thus shattering the public morale of the adversary) but also for blackmailing and coercing the decisionmakers of the attacked state and their international allies with a vision of man-made nuclear disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many developing economies, for example in the mineral-rich countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, the transition to renewable energies is predicted to become a driver of sustainable economic development. The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) has identified 37 minerals as critical for clean energy technologies and estimates that by 2050 global demand for these will increase by 235 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. also 235% is too specific - ‘more than triple’ would be better I think (June 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Africa has large reserves of many of these so-called "green minerals, such as <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> has outlined a policy framework, the Africa Mining Vision, to leverage the continent's mineral reserves in pursuit of sustainable development and socio-economic transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achieving these goals requires mineral-rich African economies to transition from commodity export to manufacture of higher value-added products.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_competitiveness_of_renewable_energies">Cost competitiveness of renewable energies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cost competitiveness of renewable energies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2010 to 2019, the competitiveness of wind and solar power substantially increased. Unit costs of solar energy dropped sharply by 85%, wind energy by 55%, and <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a> by 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> This has made wind and solar power the cheapest form for new installations in many regions. Levelized costs for combined onshore wind or solar with storage for a few hours are already lower than for gas <a href="/wiki/Peaking_power_plant" title="Peaking power plant">peaking power plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the new electricity generating capacity of renewables exceeded 80% of all installed power.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_technologies_and_approaches">Key technologies and approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Key technologies and approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy#Energy_system_transformation" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy § Energy system transformation</a></div> <p>The emissions reductions necessary to keep global warming below 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C will require a system-wide transformation of the way energy is produced, distributed, stored, and consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> For a society to replace one form of energy with another, multiple technologies and behaviours in the energy system must change.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202–203">: 202–203 </span></sup> </p><p>Many climate change mitigation pathways envision three main aspects of a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon energy">low-carbon energy</a> system: </p> <ul><li>The use of low-emission energy sources to produce electricity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a> – that is increased use of electricity instead of directly burning fossil fuels</li> <li>Accelerated adoption of energy efficiency measures<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7.11.3">: 7.11.3 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Concentrated solar power parabolic troughs in the distance arranged in rectangles shining on a flat plain with snowy mountains in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg/255px-Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg/383px-Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg/510px-Andasol_Guadix_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="2790" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wind turbines beside a red dirt road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg/129px-Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg/194px-Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg/258px-Darling_Wind_Farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1958" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/210px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/315px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/420px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1768" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven%27s_Croft_Biomass_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_800207.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Biomass plant in Scotland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Steven%27s_Croft_Biomass_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_800207.jpg/174px-Steven%27s_Croft_Biomass_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_800207.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Steven%27s_Croft_Biomass_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_800207.jpg/261px-Steven%27s_Croft_Biomass_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_800207.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Steven%27s_Croft_Biomass_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_800207.jpg/348px-Steven%27s_Croft_Biomass_Plant_-_geograph.org.uk_-_800207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of renewable energy options: <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage#Molten_salt_technology" title="Thermal energy storage">molten salt heat storage</a> in Spain; <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a> in South Africa; the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> in China; <a href="/wiki/Biomass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass energy">biomass energy</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Investment</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg/260px-20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg/390px-20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg/520px-20210119_Renewable_energy_investment_-_2004-_BloombergNEF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Companies, governments and households have committed increasing amounts to decarbonization, including solar, wind, electric vehicles, charging infrastructure, storage, heating systems, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">CCS</a> and hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20210119_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20210119-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20230126_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20230126-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNEF_20240130_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNEF_20240130-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-_Energy_transition_investment_versus_fossil_fuel_investment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2018-_Energy_transition_investment_versus_fossil_fuel_investment.svg/174px-2018-_Energy_transition_investment_versus_fossil_fuel_investment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2018-_Energy_transition_investment_versus_fossil_fuel_investment.svg/261px-2018-_Energy_transition_investment_versus_fossil_fuel_investment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/2018-_Energy_transition_investment_versus_fossil_fuel_investment.svg/348px-2018-_Energy_transition_investment_versus_fossil_fuel_investment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.#New_Energy_Finance" title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg NEF</a> reported that in 2022, global energy transition investment equaled fossil fuels investment for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20230210_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20230210-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Growth in capacity</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-_Power_capacity_by_technology_-_Dec_2022_International_Energy_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2010-_Power_capacity_by_technology_-_Dec_2022_International_Energy_Agency.svg/186px-2010-_Power_capacity_by_technology_-_Dec_2022_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2010-_Power_capacity_by_technology_-_Dec_2022_International_Energy_Agency.svg/279px-2010-_Power_capacity_by_technology_-_Dec_2022_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2010-_Power_capacity_by_technology_-_Dec_2022_International_Energy_Agency.svg/372px-2010-_Power_capacity_by_technology_-_Dec_2022_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Renewable energy sources provide an increasing share of overall power capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20221205_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_20221205-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/248px-2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/372px-2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/496px-2011-_Renewable_energy_capacity_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">solar photovoltaic</a> power.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_202306_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_202306-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-_Fossil_fuels_vs_Wind_%2B_Solar_-_electricity_generation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2010-_Fossil_fuels_vs_Wind_%2B_Solar_-_electricity_generation.svg/170px-2010-_Fossil_fuels_vs_Wind_%2B_Solar_-_electricity_generation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2010-_Fossil_fuels_vs_Wind_%2B_Solar_-_electricity_generation.svg/255px-2010-_Fossil_fuels_vs_Wind_%2B_Solar_-_electricity_generation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/2010-_Fossil_fuels_vs_Wind_%2B_Solar_-_electricity_generation.svg/340px-2010-_Fossil_fuels_vs_Wind_%2B_Solar_-_electricity_generation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In 2023, electricity generation from wind and solar sources was projected to exceed 30% by 2030, as fossil fuels' use continues to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-RMI_20230613_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMI_20230613-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:266px;max-width:266px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg/264px-2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg/396px-2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg/528px-2010-_Battery_prices_for_electric_vehicles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rechargeable battery prices for electric vehicles fell, given economies of scale and new cell chemistries improving energy density.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20220721_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20220721-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, general inflationary pressures, and rising costs of raw materials and components, inhibited price declines in the early 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20220721_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20220721-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The most important energy sources in the low carbon energy transition are <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>. They could reduce net emissions by 4 billion tons <a href="/wiki/CO2_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 equivalent">CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent</a> per year each, half of it with lower net lifetime costs than the reference.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> Other renewable energy sources include <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal energy">tidal energy</a>, but they currently have higher net lifetime costs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>By 2022, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> is the largest source of renewable electricity in the world, providing 16% of the world's total electricity in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2019_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2019-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of its heavy dependence on geography and the generally high environmental and social impact of hydroelectric power plants, the growth potential of this technology is limited. Wind and solar power are considered more scalable, but still require vast quantities of land and materials. They have higher potential for growth.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sources have grown nearly exponentially in recent decades thanks to rapidly decreasing costs. In 2019, wind power supplied 5.3% worldwide electricity while solar power supplied 2.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA2019_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA2019-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While production from most types of hydropower plants can be actively controlled, production from wind and solar power depends on the weather. <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grids</a> must be extended and adjusted to avoid wastage. Dammed hydropower is a <a href="/wiki/Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable</a> source, while solar and wind are <a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">variable renewable energy</a> sources. These sources require dispatchable backup generation or <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a> to provide continuous and reliable electricity. For this reason, storage technologies also play a key role in the renewable energy transition. As of 2020, the largest scale storage technology is <a href="/wiki/Pumped_storage_hydroelectricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumped storage hydroelectricity">pumped storage hydroelectricity</a>, accounting for the great majority of energy storage capacity installed worldwide. Other important forms of energy storage are <a href="/wiki/Electric_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric batteries">electric batteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_to_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Power to gas">power to gas</a>. </p><p>The "Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions" report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> emphasizes the necessity of increasing grid investments to over $600 billion annually by 2030, up from $300 billion, to accommodate the integration of renewable energy. By 2040, the grid must expand by more than 80 million kilometers to manage renewable sources, which are projected to account for over 80% of the global <a href="/wiki/Film_capacitor" title="Film capacitor">power capacity</a> increase over the next two decades. Failure to enhance grid infrastructure timely could lead to an additional 58 gigatonnes of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">CO2 emissions</a> by 2050, significantly risking a 2°C global temperature rise.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integration_of_variable_renewable_energy_sources">Integration of variable renewable energy sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Integration of variable renewable energy sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variable renewable energy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_hydrogen_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle hydrogen power plant">Combined cycle hydrogen power plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell_power_plant" title="Hydrogen fuel cell power plant">Hydrogen fuel cell power plant</a></div> <p>With the integration of renewable energy, local electricity production is becoming more variable. It has been recommended that "<a href="/wiki/Sector_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sector coupling">coupling sectors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demand_side_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand side management">demand side management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">sustainable biofuels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_electrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen electrolysis">hydrogen electrolysis</a> and derivatives will ultimately be needed to accommodate large shares of renewables in energy systems".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> Fluctuations can be smoothened by combining wind and sun power and by <a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">extending electricity grids over large areas</a>. This reduces the dependence on local weather conditions. </p><p>With highly variable prices, electricity storage and grid extension become more competitive. Researchers have found that "costs for accommodating the integration of variable renewable energy sources in electricity systems are expected to be modest until 2030".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> Furthermore, "it will be more challenging to supply the entire energy system with renewable energy".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>Fast fluctuations increase with a high integration of wind and solar energy. They can be addressed by <a href="/wiki/Operating_reserve" title="Operating reserve">operating reserves</a>. Large-scale batteries can react within seconds and are increasingly used to keep the electricity grid stable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="100%_renewable_energy"><span id="100.25_renewable_energy"></span>100% renewable energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 100% renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=100%25_renewable_energy&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a> is the goal of the use <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable resources</a> for all energy. 100% <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a> concerns. Shifting the total global <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> supply to renewable sources requires <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy transition">a transition of the energy system</a>, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. </p><p>Research into this topic is fairly new, with few studies published before 2009, but has gained increasing attention in recent years. The majority of studies show that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors – power, heat, transport and industry – is feasible and economically viable.<sup id="cite_ref-100%_renewable_energy_:3_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100%_renewable_energy_:3-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100%_renewable_energy_:8_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100%_renewable_energy_:8-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100%_renewable_energy_:6_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100%_renewable_energy_:6-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100%_renewable_energy_:7_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100%_renewable_energy_:7-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (March 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> A cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption "that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.<sup id="cite_ref-100%_renewable_energy_Hansen_et_al._97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100%_renewable_energy_Hansen_et_al.-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are seen to be primarily social and political rather than technological or economic.<sup id="cite_ref-100%_renewable_energy_Koumoundouros_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100%_renewable_energy_Koumoundouros-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key roadblocks are: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">fossil fuels lobby</a>, political inaction, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">unsustainable energy consumption</a>, outdated <a href="/wiki/Energy_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy infrastructure">energy infrastructure</a>, and financial constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-100%_renewable_energy_John_Wiseman_et_al_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100%_renewable_energy_John_Wiseman_et_al-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nuclear power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_Energy_by_Year.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuclear_Energy_by_Year.svg/220px-Nuclear_Energy_by_Year.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuclear_Energy_by_Year.svg/330px-Nuclear_Energy_by_Year.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Nuclear_Energy_by_Year.svg/440px-Nuclear_Energy_by_Year.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of commissioned and decommissioned nuclear capacity since the 1950s<sup id="cite_ref-IAEA_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAEA-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></div> <p>In the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> gained a large share <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">in some countries</a>. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> more than half of the electrical power is still nuclear. It is a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon energy">low carbon energy source</a> but comes with risks and increasing costs. Since the late 1990s, deployment has slowed down. Decommissioning increases as many reactors are close to the end of their lifetime or long before because of anti-nuclear sentiments. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> stopped its last three nuclear power plants by mid April 2023. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/China_General_Nuclear_Power_Group" title="China General Nuclear Power Group">China General Nuclear Power Group</a> is aiming for 200 GW by 2035, produced by 150 additional reactors.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrification">Electrification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy#Electrification" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy § Electrification</a></div> <p>With the switch to clean energy sources where power is generated via electricity, end uses of energy such as transportation and heating need to be electrified to run on these clean energy sources. Concurrent with this switch is an expansion of the grid to handle larger amounts of generated electricity to supply to these end uses. Two key areas of electrification are electric vehicles and heat pumps. </p><p>It is easier to sustainably produce electricity than it is to sustainably produce liquid fuels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Therefore, adoption of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> is a way to make transport more sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While electric vehicle technology is relatively mature in road transport, electric shipping and aviation are still early in their development, hence sustainable liquid fuels may have a larger role to play in these sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 139">: 139 </span></sup> </p><p>A key sustainable solution to heating is electrification (<a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a>, or the less efficient <a href="/wiki/Electric_resistance_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric resistance heater">electric heater</a>). The IEA estimates that heat pumps currently provide only 5% of space and <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heating</a> requirements globally, but could provide over 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal heat pump">ground source heat pumps</a> not only reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, it also flattens the electric demand curve by eliminating the extreme summer peak electric supply requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, heat pumps and <a href="/wiki/Resistive_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistive heating">resistive heating</a> alone will not be sufficient for the electrification of industrial heat. This because in several processes higher temperatures are required which cannot be achieved with these types of equipment. For example, for the production of ethylene via steam cracking temperatures as high as 900 °C are required. Hence, drastically new processes are required. Nevertheless, power-to-heat is expected to be the first step in the electrification of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> with an expected large-scale implementation by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_and_geopolitical_aspects">Economic and geopolitical aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic and geopolitical aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_independence" title="Energy independence">Energy independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_security_and_renewable_technology" title="Energy security and renewable technology">Energy security and renewable technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">Russia in the European energy sector</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png/220px-Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png/330px-Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png/440px-Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>Countries that managed to reduce their <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> (working towards a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon economy</a>) while still growing their economy. This is called <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">eco-economic decoupling</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A shift in energy sources has the potential to redefine relations and dependencies between countries, stakeholders and companies. Countries or land owners with resources – fossil or renewable – face massive losses or gains depending on the development of any energy transition. In 2021, energy costs reached 13% of global <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global rivalries have contributed to the driving forces of the economics behind the low carbon energy transition. Technological innovations developed within a country have the potential to become an economic force.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:202307_Survey_-_comfortable_with_solar_wind_nuclear_in_my_community.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202307_Survey_-_comfortable_with_solar_wind_nuclear_in_my_community.svg/220px-202307_Survey_-_comfortable_with_solar_wind_nuclear_in_my_community.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202307_Survey_-_comfortable_with_solar_wind_nuclear_in_my_community.svg/330px-202307_Survey_-_comfortable_with_solar_wind_nuclear_in_my_community.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202307_Survey_-_comfortable_with_solar_wind_nuclear_in_my_community.svg/440px-202307_Survey_-_comfortable_with_solar_wind_nuclear_in_my_community.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among Republicans (red).<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_20231003_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20231003-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The energy transition discussion is heavily influenced by contributions from the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industries">fossil fuel industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020_nzaou_kongo_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_nzaou_kongo-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way that oil companies are able to continue their work despite growing environmental, social and economic concerns is by <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> local and national governments. </p><p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel lobby">fossil fuel lobby</a> has been highly successful in limiting regulations. From 1988 to 2005, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">Exxon Mobil</a>, one of the largest oil companies in the world, spent nearly $16 million in anti-climate change lobbying and providing misleading information about climate change to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossil fuel industry acquires significant support through the existing banking and investment structure.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept that the industry should no longer be financially supported has led to the social movement known as divestment. <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Divestment</a> is defined as the removal of investment capital from stocks, bonds or funds in oil, coal and gas companies for both moral and financial reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banks, investing firms, governments, universities, institutions and businesses are all being challenged with this new moral argument against their existing investments in the fossil fuel industry and many; such as Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the University of California, New York City and more; have begun making the shift to more sustainable, eco-friendly investments.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024 the <a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a> (IRENA) projected that by 2050, over half of the world's energy will be carried by electricity and over three-quarters of the global energy mix will be from renewables. Although overtaken by both biomass and clean hydrogen, fossil fuels were still projected to supply 12% of energy. The transition is expected to reshape geopolitical power by reducing reliance on long-distance fossil fuel trade and enhancing the importance of regional energy markets.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_environmental_aspects">Social and environmental aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Social and environmental aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts">Impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">Just transition</a></div> <p>A renewable energy transition can present negative social impacts for some people who rely on the existing energy economy or who are affected by mining for minerals required for the transition. This has led to calls for a <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">just transition</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a> defines as, "A set of principles, processes and practices that aim to ensure that no people, workers, places, sectors, countries or regions are left behind in the transition from a high-carbon to a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low carbon economy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of local energy sources may stabilise and stimulate some local economies,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> create opportunities for energy trade between communities, states and regions,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (March 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> and increase <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coal mining is economically important in some regions, and a transition to renewables would decrease its viability and could have severe impacts on the communities that rely on this business.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only do these communities face <a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">energy poverty</a> already,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (March 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> but they also face economic collapse when the coal mining businesses move elsewhere or disappear altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This broken system perpetuates the poverty and vulnerability that decreases the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">adaptive capacity</a> of coal mining communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential mitigation could include expanding the program base<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what does “program base” mean? (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for vulnerable communities to assist with new training programs, opportunities for economic development and subsidies to assist with the transition.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing energy prices resulting from an energy transition may negatively impact developing countries including Vietnam and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Phasing_out_coal_power_in_a_develop_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phasing_out_coal_power_in_a_develop-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increased mining for lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, and other critical minerals needed for expansion of renewable energy infrastructure has created increased <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">environmental conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> issues for some communities.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour">Labour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large portion of the global workforce works directly or indirectly for the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (March 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, many other industries are currently dependent on unsustainable energy sources (such as the <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel industry">steel industry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cement#Cement_industry_in_the_world" title="Cement">cement and concrete industry</a>). Transitioning these workforces during the rapid period of economic change requires considerable forethought and planning. The international labor movement has advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">just transition</a> that addresses these concerns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Recently,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an energy crisis is upon the nations of Europe as a result of dependence on Russia's natural gas, which was cut off during the Russia-Ukraine war. This goes to show that humanity is still heavily dependent on fossil fuel energy sources and care should be taken to have a smooth transition, less energy-shortage shocks cripple the very efforts to effectively energise the transition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_barriers">Risks and barriers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Risks and barriers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy#Debates" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy § Debates</a></div><p>Amongst the key issues to consider in relation to the pace of the global transition to renewables is how well individual electric companies are able to adapt to the changing reality of the power sector. For example, to date, the uptake of renewables by electric utilities has remained slow, hindered by their continued investment in fossil fuel generation capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incomplete regulations on clean energy uptake and concerns about electricity shortages have been identified as key barriers to the energy transition in coal-dependent, fast developing economies such as Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Phasing_out_coal_power_in_a_develop_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phasing_out_coal_power_in_a_develop-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_by_country">Examples by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Examples by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_consumption_by_source,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_OWID.svg/217px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_OWID.svg/326px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_OWID.svg/434px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Global energy consumption by source (raw quantities)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_energy_consumption_by_source_(substitution_method),_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Global_energy_consumption_by_source_%28substitution_method%29%2C_OWID.svg/217px-Global_energy_consumption_by_source_%28substitution_method%29%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Global_energy_consumption_by_source_%28substitution_method%29%2C_OWID.svg/326px-Global_energy_consumption_by_source_%28substitution_method%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Global_energy_consumption_by_source_%28substitution_method%29%2C_OWID.svg/434px-Global_energy_consumption_by_source_%28substitution_method%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Global energy consumption by source (percent share)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>From 2000 to 2012 coal was the source of energy with the total largest growth. The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth, followed by hydropower and renewable energy. Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period. The demand for nuclear energy decreased, in part due to fear mongering and inaccurate media portrayal of some nuclear disasters (<a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island</a> in 1979, <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a> in 1986, and <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima</a> in 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-BP-Review-2013_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-Review-2013-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-undp_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undp-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, consumption of coal has declined relative to low carbon energy. Coal dropped from about 29% of the global total primary energy consumption in 2015 to 27% in 2017, and non-hydro renewables were up to about 4% from 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy of China</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_China&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg/220px-China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg/330px-China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg/440px-China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Most energy in China comes from coal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emissions_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CO2_emissions_of_China.svg/220px-CO2_emissions_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CO2_emissions_of_China.svg/330px-CO2_emissions_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CO2_emissions_of_China.svg/440px-CO2_emissions_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Development of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions in China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/220px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/330px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/440px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>The 22,500 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a> <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> hydroelectric power plant in China, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is both the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_primary_energy_consumption_and_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production">world's largest energy consumer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition" title="List of countries by GDP sector composition">largest industrial country</a>, and ensuring adequate <a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">energy supply</a> to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Government">Chinese Government</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding of the People's Republic of China">founding of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_policy_of_China_:0_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_policy_of_China_:0-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">the country's industrialization</a> in the 1960s, China is currently the world's largest emitter of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">coal in China</a> is a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China is also the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> producer (see <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">this article</a>), and the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a> of China is connected to its <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a>, where the goals of China's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_production" title="Industrial production">industrial production</a> dictate its <a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">energy demand managements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>    </p> Being a country that <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">depends heavily</a> on foreign <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">import</a> for both domestic consumption and as <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> for <a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">light industry</a> <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> is a huge component of the Chinese national energy policy.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India has set <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">renewable energy</a> goals to transition 50% <sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of its total energy consumption into renewable sources in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris climate accords</a>. As of 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Authority_(India)" title="Central Electricity Authority (India)">Central Electricity Authority</a> are well on track of achieving their goals, producing 160 GW electricity from clean sources like <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydro power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>, this is 40% of its total capacity. India is ranked third on <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">Ernst and Young's</a> renewable energy country attractive index behind the US and China. </p><p>Hydro electric power plants are a major part of India's energy infrastructure since the days of its <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">independence</a> in 1947. Former prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawahar Lal Nehru</a> called them the " <a href="/wiki/Temples_of_modern_India" title="Temples of modern India">temples of modern India</a>" and believed them to be key drivers of modernity and industrialism for the nascent republic. Notable examples of hydro power stations include the 2400 MW <a href="/wiki/Tehri_Dam" title="Tehri Dam">Tehri hydropower complex</a>, the 1960 MW <a href="/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Koyna Hydroelectric Project">Koyna hydroelectric project</a> and the 1670 MW <a href="/wiki/Srisailam_Dam" title="Srisailam Dam">Srisailam Dam</a>. Recently, India has given due importance to emerging renewable technologies like solar power plants and wind farms. They house 3 of the world's top 5 solar farms, including world's largest 2255 MW <a href="/wiki/Bhadla_Solar_Park" title="Bhadla Solar Park">Bhadla Solar Park</a> in and world's second-largest solar park of 2000 MW Pavgada Solar Park and 100 MW <a href="/wiki/Kurnool_Ultra_Mega_Solar_Park" title="Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park">Kurnool</a> Ultra mega solar park. </p><p>While there has been positive change, air pollution from coal still kills many people<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and India has to cut down its reliance on traditional coal based power production as it still accounts for around 50% of its <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">energy production</a>. India is also moving towards its goal for electrification of the automotive industry,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aiming to have at least 30% <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">EV</a> ownership among private vehicles by 2030. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vietnam has led the Southeast Asia in solar and wind uptake, achieving about 20 GW in 2022 from almost zero in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thailand has the highest number of EV registrations, with 218,000 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy transition in Southeast Asia can be summarized as: Challenging, achievable, and interdependent. This implies that while there are obstacles, feasibility largely relies on international support.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public demand for improved local environmental quality and government's aims to promote a green economy are found to be key drivers in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governments ambition to attract international support for <a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">green growth</a> initiatives and public demand for a clean environment have been found to be drivers of the energy transition in developing countries, such as Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to a relatively more conducive investment environment, Vietnam is poised to a faster energy transition than some other ASEAN members<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></div> <p>The European Green Deal is a set of policy initiatives by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> with the overarching aim of making Europe climate neutral in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An impact assessed plan will also be presented to increase the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_European_Union#Greenhouse_gases_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in the European Union">EU's greenhouse gas emission</a> reductions target for 2030 to at least 50% and towards 55% compared with 1990 levels. The plan is to review each existing law on its climate merits, and also introduce new legislation on the <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_renovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Building renovation">building renovation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, farming and <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president of the European Commission, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a>, stated that the European Green Deal would be Europe's "man on the Moon moment", as the plan would make Europe the first climate-neutral continent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey found that digitally advanced companies put more money into energy-saving strategies. In the European Union, 59% of companies that have made investments in both basic and advanced technologies have also invested in energy efficiency measures, compared to only 50% of US firms in the same category. Overall, there is a significant disparity between businesses' digital profiles and investments in energy efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-:342_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:342-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energiewende" title="Energiewende">Energiewende</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energiemix_Deutschland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Energiemix_Deutschland.svg/300px-Energiemix_Deutschland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Energiemix_Deutschland.svg/450px-Energiemix_Deutschland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Energiemix_Deutschland.svg/600px-Energiemix_Deutschland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Gross generation of electricity by source in Germany 1990–2020</figcaption></figure> <p>Germany has played an outsized role in the transition away from fossil fuels and nuclear power to renewables. The energy transition in Germany is known as <i>die <a href="/wiki/Energiewende" title="Energiewende">Energiewende</a></i> (literally, "the energy turn") indicating a turn away from old fuels and technologies to new one. The key policy document outlining the <i>Energiewende</i> was published by the German government in September 2010, some six months before the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear accident</a>; legislative support was passed in September 2010. </p><p>The policy has been embraced by the German federal government and has resulted in a huge expansion of renewables, particularly wind power. Germany's share of renewables has increased from around 5% in 1999 to 17% in 2010, reaching close to the OECD average of 18% usage of renewables.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 Germany has a share of 46,2 % and surpassed the OECD average.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large driver for this increase in the shares of renewables energy are decreases in <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_capital" title="Cost of capital">cost of capital</a>. Germany boasts some of the lowest cost of capitals for renewable solar and wind onshore energy worldwide. In 2021 the <a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a> reported capital costs of around 1.1% and 2.4% for solar and wind onshore.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This constitutes a significant decrease from previous numbers in the early 2000s, where capital costs hovered around 5.1% and 4.5% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decrease in capital costs was influenced by a variety of economic and political drivers. Following the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">global financial crisis</a> of 2008–2009, Germany eased the refinancing regulations on banks by giving out cheap loans with low interest rates in order to stimulate the economy again.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the industry around renewable energies also started to experience <a href="/wiki/Learning_effect_(economics)" title="Learning effect (economics)">learning effects</a> in manufacturing, project organisation as well as financing thanks to rising investment and order volumes. This coupled with various forms of subsidies contributed to a large reduction of the capital cost and the <a href="/wiki/Levelized_cost_of_electricity" title="Levelized cost of electricity">levelized cost of electricity</a> (LCOE) for solar and onshore wind power. As the technologies have matured and become integral parts of the existing sociotechnical systems it is to be expected that in the future, experience effects and general interest rates will be key determinants for the cost-competitiveness of these technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Producers have been guaranteed a fixed feed-in tariff for 20 years, guaranteeing a fixed income. Energy co-operatives have been created, and efforts were made to decentralize control and profits. The large energy companies have a disproportionately small share of the renewables market. Nuclear power stations were closed, and the existing nine stations will close earlier than necessary, in 2022. </p><p>The reduction of reliance on nuclear stations has had the consequence of increased reliance on fossil fuels. One factor that has inhibited efficient employment of new renewable energy has been the lack of an accompanying investment in power infrastructure to bring the power to market. It is believed 8300 km of power lines must be built or upgraded.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different <a href="/wiki/Lander_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Lander of Germany">Länder</a> have varying attitudes to the construction of new power lines. Industry has had their rates frozen and so the increased costs of the <i>Energiewende</i> have been passed on to consumers, who have had rising electricity bills. Germans in 2013 had some of the highest electricity costs in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, for the first time in more than ten years, electricity prices for household customers fell at the beginning of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-bmwi-2015_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmwi-2015-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Switzerland_electricity_generation_by_source.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Switzerland_electricity_generation_by_source.png/220px-Switzerland_electricity_generation_by_source.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Switzerland_electricity_generation_by_source.png/330px-Switzerland_electricity_generation_by_source.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Switzerland_electricity_generation_by_source.png/440px-Switzerland_electricity_generation_by_source.png 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Switzerland electricity generation by source - percentage share</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Energy_strategy_2050" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy in Switzerland § Energy strategy 2050</a></div> <p>Due to the high share of hydroelectricity (59.6%) and nuclear power (31.7%) in electricity production, Switzerland's per capita energy-related CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions are 28% lower than the European Union average and roughly equal to those of France. On 21 May 2017, <a href="/wiki/2017_Swiss_referendums#May_referendum" title="2017 Swiss referendums">Swiss voters accepted</a> the new Energy Act establishing the 'energy strategy 2050'. The aims of the energy strategy 2050 are: to reduce <a href="/wiki/Energy_consumption" title="Energy consumption">energy consumption</a>; to increase <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>; and to promote <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energies</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biomass fuels</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Strategy_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strategy-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Energy Act of 2006 forbids the construction of new <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland" title="Nuclear power in Switzerland">nuclear power plants</a> in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-Strategy_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strategy-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_electricity_generation_by_source.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/United_Kingdom_electricity_generation_by_source.png/220px-United_Kingdom_electricity_generation_by_source.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/United_Kingdom_electricity_generation_by_source.png/330px-United_Kingdom_electricity_generation_by_source.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/United_Kingdom_electricity_generation_by_source.png/440px-United_Kingdom_electricity_generation_by_source.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>United Kingdom electricity generation by source - percentage share</figcaption></figure> <p>By law production of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom</a> will be reduced to net zero by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help in reaching this statutory goal <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">national energy policy</a> is mainly focusing on <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">the country's off-shore wind power</a> and delivering new and advanced nuclear power. The increase in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">national renewable power – particularly from biomass</a> – together with the 20% of electricity generated by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">nuclear power in the United Kingdom</a> meant that by 2019 low carbon <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">British electricity</a> had overtaken that generated by fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to meet the net zero target <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">energy networks</a> must be strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electricity is only a part of <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">energy in the United Kingdom</a>, so natural gas used for industrial and residential heat<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and petroleum used for <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">transport in the United Kingdom</a> must also be replaced<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by either electricity or another form of low-carbon energy, such as sustainable bioenergy crops<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">green hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the need for the energy transition is not disputed by any major political party, in 2020 there is debate about how much of the funding to try and escape the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession#United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a> should be spent on the transition, and how many jobs could be created, for example in improving <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">energy efficiency in British housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believe that due to post-covid government debt that funding for the transition will be insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> may significantly affect the energy transition, but this is unclear as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government is urging UK business to sponsor <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">the climate change conference in 2021</a>, possibly including energy companies but only if they have a credible short-term plan for the energy transition.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment 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#aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_transition" title="Mobility transition">Mobility transition</a> – change in transport planning, and transport policy<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a> – Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_renewable_electricity_production" title="List of countries by renewable electricity production">List of countries by renewable electricity production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_power_plants" title="List of energy storage power plants">List of energy storage power plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">List of renewable energy topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low carbon economy</a> – Climate-friendly economy</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_transition&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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All in all, our study shows that abolishing fossil fuel subsidies is a no-brainer only for a limited number of subsidies. Abolishing inventoried fossil subsidies does not appear to help the energy transition in all cases. It is important to assess policies from the perspective of adequate pricing of climate damage and other externalities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abolishing+fossil+fuel+subsidies%3A+a+brain+teaser+rather+than+a+no-brainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbl.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fabolishing-fossil-fuel-subsidies-a-brain-teaser-rather-than-a-no-brainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi" class="citation web cs1">Tripathi, Bhasker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.context.news/net-zero/how-fossil-fuel-subsidies-are-hurting-the-energy-transition">"How fossil fuel subsidies are hurting the energy transition | Context"</a>. <i>www.context.news</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Figure 1: Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522001857/https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-22. <q>Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+Low-Carbon+Energy+Technology+Investment+Surges+Past+%241+Trillion+for+the+First+Time&rft.date=2023-01-26&rft.aulast=Catsaros&rft.aufirst=Oktavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.bnef.com%2Fblog%2Fglobal-low-carbon-energy-technology-investment-surges-past-1-trillion-for-the-first-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+transition" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNEF_20240130-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNEF_20240130_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-clean-energy-investment-jumps-17-hits-1-8-trillion-in-2023-according-to-bloombergnef-report/">"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report"</a>. <i>BNEF.com</i>. Bloomberg NEF. 2024-01-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628232137/https://about.bnef.com/blog/global-clean-energy-investment-jumps-17-hits-1-8-trillion-in-2023-according-to-bloombergnef-report/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-28. <q>Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNEF.com&rft.atitle=Global+Clean+Energy+Investment+Jumps+17%25%2C+Hits+%241.8+Trillion+in+2023%2C+According+to+BloombergNEF+Report&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.bnef.com%2Fblog%2Fglobal-clean-energy-investment-jumps-17-hits-1-8-trillion-in-2023-according-to-bloombergnef-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BloombergNEF_20230210-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20230210_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.bnef.com/blog/energy-transition-investment-now-on-par-with-fossil-fuel/">"Energy Transition Investment Now On Par with Fossil Fuel"</a>. Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). 2023-02-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327065546/https://about.bnef.com/blog/energy-transition-investment-now-on-par-with-fossil-fuel/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Energy+Transition+Investment+Now+On+Par+with+Fossil+Fuel&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.bnef.com%2Fblog%2Fenergy-transition-investment-now-on-par-with-fossil-fuel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEA_20221205-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEA_20221205_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/share-of-cumulative-power-capacity-by-technology-2010-2027">"Share of cumulative power capacity by technology, 2010-2027"</a>. <i>IEA.org</i>. International Energy Agency (IEA). 2022-12-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204170647/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/share-of-cumulative-power-capacity-by-technology-2010-2027">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA.org&rft.atitle=Share+of+cumulative+power+capacity+by+technology%2C+2010-2027&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Fdata-and-statistics%2Fcharts%2Fshare-of-cumulative-power-capacity-by-technology-2010-2027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+transition" class="Z3988"></span> Source states "Fossil fuel capacity from IEA (2022), <i>World Energy Outlook 2022</i>. IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEA_202306-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEA_202306_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source for data beginning in 2017: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf">"Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEA.org</i>. International Energy Agency (IEA). June 2023. p. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711115355/https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-07-11. <q>IEA. CC BY 4.0.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA.org&rft.atitle=Renewable+Energy+Market+Update+Outlook+for+2023+and+2024&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiea.blob.core.windows.net%2Fassets%2F63c14514-6833-4cd8-ac53-f9918c2e4cd9%2FRenewableEnergyMarketUpdate_June2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+transition" class="Z3988"></span> ● Source for data through 2016: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/18a6041d-bf13-4667-a4c2-8fc008974008/RenewableEnergyMarketUpdate-Outlookfor2021and2022.pdf">"Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEA.org</i>. International Energy Agency. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electricity+production&rft.pub=IEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Felectricity-information-overview%2Felectricity-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/maps/solar-energy-potential">"Solar Energy Potential"</a>. <i>Energy.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523054914/https://www.energy.gov/maps/solar-energy-potential">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy.gov&rft.atitle=Solar+Energy+Potential&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fmaps%2Fsolar-energy-potential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+transition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions">"Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions – Analysis"</a>. <i>IEA</i>. 2023-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_policies_of_various_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible show navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_policies_of_various_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy policies of various countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Belgium" title="Energy policy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Ecuador" title="Energy policy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Finland" title="Energy policy of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Energy policy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Morocco" title="Energy policy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Pakistan" title="Energy policy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Romania" title="Energy policy of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Russia" title="Energy policy of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Venezuela" title="Energy policy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/19px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/29px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/38px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q795757#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Energiewende"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1210494086">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="energetická transformace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1141563&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_by_country" title="Category:Renewable energy by country">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_technology" title="Template talk:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_smart_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate smart agriculture">Climate smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Design">Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Environmentally healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li>Sustainable (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/100px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/150px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/200px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3831" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Air pollution (<a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">dispersion modeling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies" title="List of solid waste treatment technologies">Solid waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li>Water (<a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste-water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste-water treatment technologies">waste-water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li>Fuel (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">hydrogen technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Building (<a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment 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