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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_human_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_human_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impacts on human health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_human_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts on human health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_human_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat-related_health_effects_for_vulnerable_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat-related_health_effects_for_vulnerable_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Heat-related health effects for vulnerable humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat-related_health_effects_for_vulnerable_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Underreporting_of_fatalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underreporting_of_fatalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Underreporting of fatalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underreporting_of_fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_index_for_temperature_and_relative_humidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_index_for_temperature_and_relative_humidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Heat index for temperature and relative humidity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_index_for_temperature_and_relative_humidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_and_sociological_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_and_sociological_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Psychological and sociological effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_and_sociological_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_ozone_(air_pollution)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_ozone_(air_pollution)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Surface ozone (air pollution)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_ozone_(air_pollution)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impacts on societies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_societies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts on societies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reduced_economic_outputs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_economic_outputs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reduced economic outputs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_economic_outputs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduced_agricultural_outputs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_agricultural_outputs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reduced agricultural outputs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_agricultural_outputs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farmed_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmed_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Farmed animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmed_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructural_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructural_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Infrastructural damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructural_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_outages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_outages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Power outages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_outages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impacts on the environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_the_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts on the environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildfires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildfires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Wildfires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildfires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Floods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wild_animals_on_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_animals_on_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Wild animals on land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_animals_on_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Oceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Options_for_reducing_impacts_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Options_for_reducing_impacts_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Options for reducing impacts on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Options_for_reducing_impacts_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_examples_by_country_or_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_examples_by_country_or_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recent examples by country or region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_examples_by_country_or_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent examples by country or region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_examples_by_country_or_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Around_the_world_in_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world_in_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Around the world in 2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world_in_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heat wave</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzewelle" title="Hitzewelle – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hitzewelle" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1" title="موجة حر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجة حر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="তাপপ্রবাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপপ্রবাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onada_de_calor" title="Onada de calor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Onada de calor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D1%85" title="Шăрăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шăрăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlna_veder" title="Vlna veder – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vlna veder" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedeb%C3%B8lge" title="Hedebølge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hedebølge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitzewelle" title="Hitzewelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hitzewelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuumalaine" title="Kuumalaine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuumalaine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Καύσωνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καύσωνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_de_calor" title="Ola de calor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ola de calor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmondo" title="Varmondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varmondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero-bolada" title="Bero-bolada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bero-bolada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="موج گرما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج گرما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canicule" title="Canicule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canicule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjitteweach" title="Hjitteweach – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hjitteweach" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonn_teasa" title="Tonn teasa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tonn teasa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga_de_calor" title="Vaga de calor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vaga de calor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%EC%97%BC" title="폭염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폭염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रीष्म लहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रीष्म लहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplinski_val" title="Toplinski val – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toplinski val" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanikulo" title="Kanikulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kanikulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_panas" title="Gelombang panas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelombang panas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondata_di_caldo" title="Ondata di caldo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ondata di caldo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גל חום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גל חום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B2r%C4%85c" title="Gòrąc – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Gòrąc" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жара – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жара" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstuma_vilnis" title="Karstuma vilnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karstuma vilnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitra" title="Kaitra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaitra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1nikula" title="Kánikula – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kánikula" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ഉഷ്ണതരംഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉഷ്ണതരംഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_haba" title="Gelombang haba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gelombang haba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittegolf" title="Hittegolf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hittegolf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittegolf" title="Hittegolf – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hittegolf" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रीष्मलहर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रीष्मलहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%A2" title="熱波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteb%C3%B8lge" title="Hetebølge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hetebølge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteb%C3%B8lgje" title="Hetebølgje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hetebølgje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canicula" title="Canicula – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canicula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DB%8B%DB%8C%DB%8B" title="ہیٹ ۋیۋ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیٹ ۋیۋ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%90_%DA%85%D9%BE%D9%87" title="د تودوخې څپه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د تودوخې څپه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upa%C5%82" title="Upał – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Upał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_de_calor" title="Onda de calor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Onda de calor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canicul%C4%83" title="Caniculă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caniculă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Жара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suli_liuni" title="Suli liuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Suli liuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heat wave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vro%C4%8Dinski_val" title="Vročinski val – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vročinski val" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyca" title="Hyca – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hyca" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6aalto" title="Lämpöaalto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpöaalto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmeb%C3%B6lja" title="Värmebölja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Värmebölja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matinding_init" title="Matinding init – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Matinding init" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prolonged period of excessively hot weather</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">heat burst</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the disease that is produced by heat, see <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">Heat stroke</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Heat waves" redirects here. For the Glass Animals song, see <a href="/wiki/Heat_Waves" title="Heat Waves">Heat Waves</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heat wave (disambiguation)">Heat wave (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heat_Wave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Heat_Wave.jpg/330px-Heat_Wave.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Heat_Wave.jpg/495px-Heat_Wave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Heat_Wave.jpg/660px-Heat_Wave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high pressure system</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a> traps heat near the ground, forming a heat wave (for North America in this example)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>heat wave</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>heatwave</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes described as <b>extreme heat</b>, is a period of abnormally hot weather, usually more than 5 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2911">: 2911 </span></sup> Definitions vary but are similar.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15310900_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15310900-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>heat wave</i> is usually measured relative to the usual climate in the area and to normal temperatures for the season.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2911">: 2911 </span></sup> Temperatures that humans from a hotter climate consider normal, can be regarded as a heat wave in a cooler area. This would be the case if the warm temperatures are outside the normal <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> pattern for that area.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> often occurs during heat waves as well. This is especially the case in <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> countries. Heat waves have become more frequent, and more intense over land, across almost every area on Earth since the 1950s, the increase in frequency and duration being caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heat waves form when a <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure area</a> in the upper atmosphere strengthens and remains over a region for several days up to several weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This traps heat near the earth's surface. It is usually possible to forecast heat waves, thus allowing the authorities to issue a warning in advance. </p><p>Heat waves have an impact on the economy. They can reduce labour productivity, disrupt agricultural and industrial processes and damage infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures and thousands of deaths from <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>. They have increased the risk of <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> in areas with <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>. They can lead to widespread electricity outages because more air conditioning is used. A heat wave counts as <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a>. 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class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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(Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are several definitions of heat waves: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a> defines <i>heatwave</i> as "a period of abnormally hot weather, often defined with reference to a relative temperature threshold, lasting from two days to months."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2911">: 2911 </span></sup></li> <li>A definition based on the <i>Heat Wave Duration Index</i> is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (9 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>), the normal period being 1961–1990.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same definition is used by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A definition from the <i>Glossary of Meteorology</i> is:<sup id="cite_ref-Glossary_of_Meteorology_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glossary_of_Meteorology-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A period of abnormally and uncomfortably hot and usually humid weather."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions_by_country">Definitions by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Denmark defines a national heat wave (<i>hedebølge</i>) as a period of at least 3 consecutive days in which the average maximum temperature across more than half the country exceeds 28 °C (82.4 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Danish Meteorological Institute</a> also has a definition for a "warmth wave" (<i>varmebølge</i>). It defines this using the same criteria for a 25 °C (77.0 °F) temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden defines a heat wave as at least five days in a row with a daily high exceeding 25 °C (77.0 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greece, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnms.gr/emy/el/">Hellenic National Meteorological Service</a> defines a heat wave as occurring over three consecutive days with temperatures at 39 °C (102 °F) or higher. In the same period the minimum temperature is 26 °C (79 °F) or more. During this period, there are either no winds or only weak winds. These conditions occur in a broad area. </p><p>The Netherlands defines a heat wave as a period of at least five consecutive days in which the maximum temperature in <a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a> exceeds 25 °C (77 °F). During this period the maximum temperature in De Bilt must exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for at least three days. Belgium also uses this definition of a heat wave with <a href="/wiki/Ukkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukkel">Ukkel</a> as a reference point. So does Luxembourg. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a> operates a Heat Health Watch system. This places each Local Authority region into one of four levels. Heat wave conditions occur when the maximum daytime temperature and minimum nighttime temperature rise above the threshold for a particular region. The length of time above that threshold determines the level. Level 1 represents normal summer conditions. Level 2 occurs when there is a 60% or higher risk that the temperature will be above the threshold levels for two days and the intervening night. Level 3 arises when the temperature has been above the threshold for the preceding day and night, and there is a 90% or higher chance that it will stay above the threshold in the following day. Level 4 is triggered if conditions are more severe than those of the preceding three levels. Each of the first three levels gives rise to a particular state of readiness and response by the social and health services. Level 4 involves a more widespread response.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threshold for a heat wave occurs when there are at least three days above 25 °C (77 °F) across much of the country. Greater London has a threshold of 28 °C (82 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_regions">Other regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, definitions also vary by region. They usually involve a period of at least two or more days of excessively hot weather.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, a heat wave is typically when the temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32.2 °C) for three consecutive days. This is not always the case. This is because the high temperature ties in with humidity levels to determine a heat index threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same does not apply to drier climates. A heat storm is a Californian term for an extended heat wave. Heat storms occur when the temperature reaches 100 °F (37.8 °C) for three or more consecutive days over a wide area (tens of thousands of square miles).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> issues <a href="/wiki/Heat_advisory" title="Heat advisory">heat advisories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excessive_heat_warning" title="Excessive heat warning">excessive heat warnings</a> when it expects unusual periods of hot weather. </p><p>In Adelaide, South Australia, a heat wave is five consecutive days at or above 35 °C (95 °F), or three consecutive days at or over 40 °C (104 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Australian Bureau of Meteorology</a> defines a heat wave as three or more days of unusual maximum and minimum temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this new Pilot Heatwave Forecast there was no national definition for heat waves or measures of heat wave severity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations">Observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_heat_waves" title="List of heat waves">List of heat waves</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1951%2B_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1951%2B_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg/216px-1951%2B_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="216" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1951%2B_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg/324px-1951%2B_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1951%2B_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg/432px-1951%2B_Percent_of_global_area_at_temperature_records_-_Seasonal_comparison_-_NOAA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">New high temperature records have outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_October_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_October-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/268px-20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/402px-20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg/536px-20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Large increases in both the frequency and intensity of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events (for increasing degrees of global warming) are expected.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup></div></div></div></div></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp/300px-Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp/450px-Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp/600px-Map_of_increasing_heatwave_trends_over_the_midlatitudes_and_Europe.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Map of increasing heat wave trends (frequency and cumulative intensity) over the midlatitudes and Europe, July–August 1979–2020<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>It is possible to compare heat waves in different regions of the world with different climates thanks to a general indicator that appeared in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these indicators, experts estimated heat waves at the global scale from 1901 to 2010. They found a substantial and sharp increase in the number of affected areas in the last two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study in 2021 investigated 13,115 cities. It found that extreme heat exposure of a <a href="/wiki/Wet_bulb_globe_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bulb globe temperature">wet bulb globe temperature</a> above 30 Celsius tripled between 1983 and 2016, and if the effect of population growth (increasing the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect) during those years is excluded, the exposure increased a further 50%. The researchers compiled a comprehensive list of past urban extreme heat events.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heat waves form when a <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high pressure area</a> at an altitude of 10,000–25,000 feet (3,000–7,600 metres) strengthens and remains over a region for several days and up to several weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is common in summer in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This is because the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> 'follows the sun'. The high pressure area is on the equator side of the jet stream in the upper layers of the atmosphere. </p><p>Weather patterns are generally slower to change in summer than in winter. So, this upper level high pressure also moves slowly. Under high pressure, the air sinks toward the surface. It warms and dries <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_process#Adiabatic_heating_and_cooling" title="Adiabatic process">adiabatically</a>. This inhibits <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">convection</a> and prevents the formation of clouds. A reduction of clouds increases the <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave radiation">shortwave radiation</a> reaching the surface. A <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low pressure</a> area at the surface leads to surface wind from lower latitudes that brings warm air, enhancing the warming. The surface winds could also blow from the hot continental interior towards the coastal zone. This would lead to heat waves on the coast. They could also blow from high towards low elevations. This enhances the subsidence or sinking of the air and therefore the adiabatic warming.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eastern regions of the United States a heat wave can occur when a <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high pressure system</a> originating in the Gulf of Mexico becomes stationary just off the Atlantic Seaboard. Hot humid air masses form over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. At the same time hot dry air masses form over the desert Southwest and northern Mexico. The southwest winds on the back side of the high continue to pump hot, humid Gulf air northeastwards. This results in a spell of hot and humid weather for much of the eastern United States and into southeastern Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> Province of South Africa, a heat wave can occur when the <a href="/wiki/Low-pressure_area" title="Low-pressure area">low-pressure area</a> offshore and the <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure area</a> inland combine to form a <a href="/wiki/Bergwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergwind">bergwind</a>. The air warms as it descends from the Karoo interior. The temperature will rise about 10 Celsius from the interior to the coast. Humidity is usually very low. The temperature can be over 40 Celsius in summer. The highest temperature recorded in South Africa (51.5 Celsius) occurred one summer during a berg wind along the Eastern Cape coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The level of <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a> can intensify heat waves in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Miralles_n/a–n/a_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miralles_n/a–n/a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low soil moisture leads to a number of complex feedback mechanisms. These in turn can result in increased surface temperatures. One of the main mechanisms is reduced evaporative cooling of the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Miralles_n/a–n/a_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miralles_n/a–n/a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When water evaporates, it consumes energy. So, it will lower the surrounding temperature. If the soil is very dry, then incoming radiation from the sun will warm the air. But there will be little or no cooling effect from moisture evaporating from the soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change#Heat_waves_and_temperature_extremes" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change § Heat waves and temperature extremes</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change&action=edit#Heat_waves_and_temperature_extremes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Heatwaves over land have become more frequent and more intense in almost all world regions since the 1950s, due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Heat waves are more likely to occur simultaneously with droughts. <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine heatwaves">Marine heatwaves</a> are twice as likely as they were in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC6AR_ExtremeEvents2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change will lead to more very hot days and fewer very cold days.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC-2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC-2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> There are fewer <a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">cold waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC-2021_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC-2021-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> Experts can often attribute the intensity of individual heat waves to global warming. Some extreme events would have been nearly impossible without human influence on the climate system. A heatwave that would occur once every ten years before global warming started now occurs 2.8 times as often. Under further warming, heatwaves are set to become more frequent. An event that would occur every ten years would occur every other year if global warming reaches 2 °C (3.6 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_human_health">Impacts on human health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impacts on human health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heat_stroke_treatment,_Baton_Rouge,_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Heat_stroke_treatment%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg/220px-Heat_stroke_treatment%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Heat_stroke_treatment%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg/330px-Heat_stroke_treatment%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Heat_stroke_treatment%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg/440px-Heat_stroke_treatment%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_2016_Louisiana_floods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">Heat stroke</a> treatment at Baton Rouge during the <a href="/wiki/2016_Louisiana_floods" title="2016 Louisiana floods">2016 Louisiana floods</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat-related_health_effects_for_vulnerable_humans">Heat-related health effects for vulnerable humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heat-related health effects for vulnerable humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Heat_illness" title="Heat illness">Heat illness</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heat_illness&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heat_illness" title="Heat illness">Heat illness</a> is a spectrum of disorders due to increased body temperature. It can be caused by either environmental conditions or by <a href="/wiki/Exertion" title="Exertion">exertion</a>. It includes minor conditions such as heat cramps, heat syncope, and heat exhaustion as well as the more severe condition known as heat stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can affect any or all anatomical systems.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat illnesses include:<sup id="cite_ref-Heat_illness_:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heat_illness_:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heat_illness_:5_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heat_illness_:5-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_exhaustion" title="Heat exhaustion">heat exhaustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">heat syncope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_edema" title="Heat edema">heat edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_cramps" title="Heat cramps">heat cramps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miliaria_rubra" class="mw-redirect" title="Miliaria rubra">heat rash</a>, heat <a href="/wiki/Tetany" title="Tetany">tetany</a>. </p> Prevention includes avoiding medications that can increase the risk of heat illness, gradual adjustment to heat, and sufficient fluids and electrolytes.<sup id="cite_ref-Heat_illness_WMS2013_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heat_illness_WMS2013-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heat_illness_:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heat_illness_:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health#Heat-related_health_effects_for_vulnerable_people" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Effects of climate change on human health § Heat-related health effects for vulnerable people</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health&action=edit#Heat-related_health_effects_for_vulnerable_people">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Exposure to extreme heat poses an acute health hazard, especially for people deemed as vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_Romanello2021_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_Romanello2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vulnerable people with regard to <a href="/wiki/Heat_illness" title="Heat illness">heat illnesses</a> include people with low incomes, minority groups, women (in particular pregnant women), children, older adults (over 65 years old), people with chronic diseases, disabilities and <a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">multiple long-term health conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_Romanello2021_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_Romanello2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> Other people at risk include those living in urban environments (due to the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island effect</a>), outdoor workers and people who take certain <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_Romanello2021_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_Romanello2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Climate change increases the frequency and severity of heatwaves and thus <a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">heat stress</a> for people. Human responses to heat stress can include <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a> and overheating (<a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>). Extreme heat is also linked to <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a>, low quality <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and complications with <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:15_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1051">: 1051 </span></sup>Furthermore, it may cause the deterioration of pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:15_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1624">: 1624 </span></sup> Adverse pregnancy outcomes due to high ambient temperatures include for example <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">pre-term birth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:15_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1051">: 1051 </span></sup>Heat waves have also resulted in epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a> (CKD).<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:12_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:13_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:13-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolonged heat exposure, physical exertion, and dehydration are sufficient factors for the development of CKD.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:12_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:13_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_:13-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality">Mortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg/220px-NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="505" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg/330px-NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg/440px-NWS_HeatRisk_Categories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>The National Weather Service risk categories for <i>NWS HeatRisk</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health#Heat-related_mortality" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Effects of climate change on human health § Heat-related mortality</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health&action=edit#Heat-related_mortality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Health experts warn that "exposure to extreme heat increases the risk of death from <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory conditions</a> and all-cause mortality. Heat-related deaths in people older than 65 years reached a record high of an estimated 345 000 deaths in 2019".<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_Romanello2021_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_Romanello2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> More than 70,000 Europeans died as a result of the <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 European heat wave">2003 European heat wave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_pmid18241810_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_pmid18241810-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also more than 2,000 people died in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_bloomberg_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_bloomberg-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_sindh1332_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health_sindh1332-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Due to climate change temperatures rose in Europe and heat mortality increased. From 2003–12 to 2013–22 alone, it increased by 17 deaths per 100,000 people, while women are more vulnerable than men.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underreporting_of_fatalities">Underreporting of fatalities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Underreporting of fatalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of heat fatalities is probably highly underreported. This is due to a lack of reports and to misreporting.<sup id="cite_ref-heat_epidemiology_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heat_epidemiology-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When considering heat-related illnesses as well, actual death tolls from extreme heat may be six times higher than official figures. This is based on studies of California<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the mortality during a heat wave may be due to short-term forward <a href="/wiki/Mortality_displacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality displacement">mortality displacement</a>. In some heat waves there is a decrease in overall mortality in the weeks after a heat wave. These compensatory reductions in mortality suggest that heat affects people who would have died anyway, and brings their deaths forward.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11401757_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11401757-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social institutions and structures influence the effects of risks. This factor can also help explain the underreporting of heat waves as a health risk. The deadly <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave#France" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 European heat wave">French heat wave</a> in 2003 showed that heat wave dangers result from a combination of natural and social factors.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social invisibility is one such factor. Heat-related deaths can occur indoors, for instance among elderly people living alone. In these cases it can be challenging to assign heat as a contributing factor.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_index_for_temperature_and_relative_humidity">Heat index for temperature and relative humidity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Heat index for temperature and relative humidity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px; border: none; background: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; line-height:1;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> national weather service: <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="diagonal-split-header unsortable" style="line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141225670">.mw-parser-output .diagonal-split-header{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Diagonal_line.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100%100%;background-position:center}</style><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Temperature</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Relative humidity</div> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">80 °F (27 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">82 °F (28 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">84 °F (29 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">86 °F (30 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">88 °F (31 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">90 °F (32 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">92 °F (33 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">94 °F (34 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">96 °F (36 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">98 °F (37 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">100 °F (38 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">102 °F (39 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">104 °F (40 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">106 °F (41 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">108 °F (42 °C) </th> <th scope="col" style="font-size: 86%">110 °F (43 °C) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">40% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">80 °F (27 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">81 °F (27 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">83 °F (28 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">85 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">88 °F (31 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">91 °F (33 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">94 °F (34 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">97 °F (36 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">101 °F (38 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">105 °F (41 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">109 °F (43 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">114 °F (46 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">119 °F (48 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">124 °F (51 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">130 °F (54 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">136 °F (58 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">45% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">80 °F (27 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">82 °F (28 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">84 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">87 °F (31 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">89 °F (32 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">93 °F (34 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">96 °F (36 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">100 °F (38 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">104 °F (40 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">109 °F (43 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">114 °F (46 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">119 °F (48 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">124 °F (51 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">130 °F (54 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">137 °F (58 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">50% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">81 °F (27 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">83 °F (28 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">85 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">88 °F (31 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">91 °F (33 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">95 °F (35 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">99 °F (37 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">103 °F (39 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">108 °F (42 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">113 °F (45 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">118 °F (48 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">124 °F (51 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">131 °F (55 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">137 °F (58 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">55% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">81 °F (27 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">84 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">86 °F (30 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">89 °F (32 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">93 °F (34 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">97 °F (36 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">101 °F (38 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">106 °F (41 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">112 °F (44 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">117 °F (47 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">124 °F (51 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">130 °F (54 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">137 °F (58 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">60% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">82 °F (28 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">84 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">88 °F (31 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">91 °F (33 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">95 °F (35 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">100 °F (38 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">105 °F (41 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">110 °F (43 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">116 °F (47 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">123 °F (51 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">129 °F (54 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">137 °F (58 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">65% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">82 °F (28 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">85 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">89 °F (32 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">93 °F (34 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">98 °F (37 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">103 °F (39 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">108 °F (42 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">114 °F (46 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">121 °F (49 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">128 °F (53 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">136 °F (58 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">70% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">83 °F (28 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">86 °F (30 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">90 °F (32 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">95 °F (35 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">100 °F (38 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">105 °F (41 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">112 °F (44 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">119 °F (48 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">126 °F (52 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">134 °F (57 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">75% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">84 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">88 °F (31 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">92 °F (33 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">97 °F (36 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">103 °F (39 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">109 °F (43 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">116 °F (47 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">124 °F (51 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">132 °F (56 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">80% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">84 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">89 °F (32 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">94 °F (34 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">100 °F (38 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">106 °F (41 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">113 °F (45 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">121 °F (49 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">129 °F (54 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">85% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">85 °F (29 °C)</td> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">90 °F (32 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">96 °F (36 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">102 °F (39 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">110 °F (43 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">117 °F (47 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">126 °F (52 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">135 °F (57 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">90% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">86 °F (30 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">91 °F (33 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">98 °F (37 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">105 °F (41 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">113 °F (45 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">122 °F (50 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">131 °F (55 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">95% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">86 °F (30 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">93 °F (34 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">100 °F (38 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">108 °F (42 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">117 °F (47 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">127 °F (53 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">100% </th> <td style="background: #ffff66; font-size: 86%">87 °F (31 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">95 °F (35 °C)</td> <td style="background: gold; font-size: 86%">103 °F (39 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">112 °F (44 °C)</td> <td style="background: darkorange; font-size: 86%">121 °F (49 °C)</td> <td style="background: red; color: white; font-size: 86%">132 °F (56 °C)</td> <td style="background: red"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"></td> <td style="background: none; border: none"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center"><i>Key to colors:</i><span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff66; color:black;"> </span> Caution</span><span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> Extreme caution</span><span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkorange; color:black;"> </span> Danger</span><span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> Extreme danger</span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> in the table above is a measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is factored with the actual air temperature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_and_sociological_effects">Psychological and sociological effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Psychological and sociological effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excessive heat causes psychological stress as well as physical <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>. This can affect performance. It may also lead to an increase in violent crime.<sup id="cite_ref-heat_and_stress_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heat_and_stress-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High temperatures are associated with increased conflict between individuals and at the social level. In every society, <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> rates go up when temperatures go up. This is particularly the case with violent crimes such as assault, murder and rape. In politically unstable countries, high temperatures can exacerbate factors that lead to civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High temperatures also have a significant effect on income. A study of countries in the United States found that the economic productivity of individual days declines by about 1.7 percent for each degree Celsius above 15 °C (59 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_ozone_(air_pollution)"><span id="Surface_ozone_.28air_pollution.29"></span>Surface ozone (air pollution)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Surface ozone (air pollution)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ozone#Ozone_air_pollution" title="Ozone">Ozone § Ozone air pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ozone#Low_level_ozone_in_urban_areas" title="Ozone">Ozone § Low level ozone in urban areas</a></div><p>High temperatures also make the effects of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> pollution in urban areas worse. This raises heat-related mortality during heat waves.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During heat waves in urban areas, ground level ozone pollution can be 20 percent higher than usual.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study looked at fine particle concentrations and ozone concentrations from 1860 to 2000. It found that the global population-weighted fine particle concentrations increased by 5 percent due to climate change. Near-surface ozone concentrations rose by 2 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An investigation to assess the joint mortality effects of ozone and heat during the European heat waves in 2003 concluded that these appear to be reinforce each other and increase mortality when combined.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_societies">Impacts on societies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Impacts on societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduced_economic_outputs">Reduced economic outputs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reduced economic outputs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG/220px-09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG/330px-09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG/440px-09_Aus_heatwave_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>2009 southeastern Australia heat wave, thermal map approximate affected area shown in red</figcaption></figure> <p>Calculations from 2022 suggest that heat waves will shrink the global economy by about 1 percent decrease by the middle of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heat waves often have complex effects on economies. They reduce labour productivity, disrupt agricultural and industrial processes and damage infrastructure that is not suitable for extreme heat.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, a marine heatwave in Chile and its subsequent <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal bloom</a> caused $800 million (USD) in export losses for the aquaculture industry as salmon and shellfish died off.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduced_agricultural_outputs">Reduced agricultural outputs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reduced agricultural outputs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></div> <p>Heat waves are a big threat to agricultural production. In 2019 heat waves in the <a href="/wiki/Mulanje" title="Mulanje">Mulanje</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> involved temperatures as high as 40 °C (104 °F). This and a late rain season scorched tea leaves and reduced yields.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Farmed_animals">Farmed animals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Farmed animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock#Health_impacts_of_heat_stress" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock § Health impacts of heat stress</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock&action=edit#Health_impacts_of_heat_stress">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacetera_2018_heat_livestock_diagram.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lacetera_2018_heat_livestock_diagram.jpeg/260px-Lacetera_2018_heat_livestock_diagram.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lacetera_2018_heat_livestock_diagram.jpeg/390px-Lacetera_2018_heat_livestock_diagram.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lacetera_2018_heat_livestock_diagram.jpeg/520px-Lacetera_2018_heat_livestock_diagram.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Impacts of heat stress on livestock animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Lacetera2018_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Lacetera2018-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Once the body temperature of livestock animals is 3–4 °C (5.4–7.2 °F) above normal, this soon leads to "<a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>, heat exhaustion, heat <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">syncope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_cramps" title="Heat cramps">heat cramps</a>, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Organ_dysfunction" title="Organ dysfunction">organ dysfunction</a>". Livestock mortality rates are already known to be higher during the hottest months of the year, as well as during <a href="/wiki/Heatwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatwave">heatwaves</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 European heat wave">2003 European heat wave</a>, for instance, thousands of pigs, poultry, and rabbits died in the French regions of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pays-de-la-Loire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays-de-la-Loire">Pays-de-la-Loire</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Lacetera2018_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Lacetera2018-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livestock can also suffer multiple sublethal impacts from heat stress, such as reduced milk production. Once the temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F), cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens all begin to consume 3–5% less feed for each subsequent degree of temperature increase.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Bett2017_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Bett2017-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, they increase <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a> rates, and the combination of these responses can lead to <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">metabolic disorders</a>. One examples is <a href="/wiki/Ketosis" title="Ketosis">ketosis</a>, or the rapid accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a> bodies, caused by the animal's body rapidly <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolizing</a> its fat stores to sustain itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Lacetera2018_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Lacetera2018-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat stress also causes an increase in <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> activities, which can result in an imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant molecules, otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>. Feed supplementation with <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> like <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> can help address oxidative stress and prevent it from leading to other pathological conditions, but only in a limited way.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> is also known to be impaired in heat-stressed animals, rendering them more susceptible to various infections.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Lacetera2018_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Lacetera2018-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> of livestock is less effective when they suffer from heat stress.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So far, heat stress had been estimated by researchers using inconsistent definitions, and current livestock models have limited correlation with experimental data.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, since livestock like cows spend much of their day laying down, comprehensive heat stress estimation needs to take account of ground temperature as well,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the first model to do so was only published in 2021, and it still tends to systematically overestimate body temperature while underestimating breathing rate.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructural_damage">Infrastructural damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Infrastructural damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heat waves cause roads and highways to buckle and melt,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> water lines to burst, and power transformers to detonate, causing fires. A heat wave can also damage railways, by buckling and kinking rails. This can slow down or delay traffic. It can even lead to cancellations of service when rails are too dangerous to traverse by trains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_outages">Power outages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Power outages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heat waves often lead to spikes in electricity demand because there is more use of air conditioning. This can create power outages, making the problem worse. During the <a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_heat_wave" title="2006 North American heat wave">2006 North American heat wave</a>, thousands of homes and businesses went without power, especially in California. In Los Angeles, electrical transformers failed, leaving thousands without power for as long as five days.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Early_2009_southeastern_Australia_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave">early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave</a> caused major power disruptions in the city of Melbourne. They left over half a million people without power as the heat wave blew transformers and overloaded a power grid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_the_environment">Impacts on the environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impacts on the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildfires">Wildfires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Wildfires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A heat wave occurring during a drought can contribute to bushfires and wildfires. This is because a drought dries out vegetation, so it is more likely to catch fire. During the disastrous heat wave that <a href="/wiki/2003_European_heatwave" title="2003 European heatwave">struck Europe in 2003</a>, fires raged through Portugal. They destroyed over 3,010 square kilometres (1,160 sq mi) of forest and 440 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of agricultural land. They caused about €1 billion worth of damage.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High end <a href="/wiki/Farmland_(farming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmland (farming)">farmlands</a> have irrigation systems to back up <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floods">Floods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Floods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heat waves can also contribute to flooding. Because hot air is able to carry more moisture, heatwaves may be followed by extreme rainfall especially in <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">mid-latitude</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the record-breaking heat wave that afflicted Pakistan beginning in May 2022 led to glacier melt and moisture flow. These were factors in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Pakistan_floods" title="2022 Pakistan floods">devastating floods</a> that began in June and claimed over 1,100 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_animals_on_land">Wild animals on land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wild animals on land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have predicted that roughly 10-40% of all land vertebrate species will be affected by heat waves by 2099, depending on the amount of future greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heatwaves present an additional form of stress and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">evolutionary pressure</a> for species that already deal with habitat loss and climate change. </p><p>Species have a thermal <a href="/wiki/Shelford%27s_law_of_tolerance" title="Shelford's law of tolerance">range of tolerance</a> that describes the temperatures where they perform best. Temperature conditions that are outside of this range may experience decreased fitness and the inability to reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species with sufficient genetic variation will be able to ensure some individuals can survive frequent days of high temperatures in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceans">Oceans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Oceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine heatwaves</a> may cause mass mortality in fish populations, especially for species that are better adapted to cooler temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species that have adapted to warmer temperatures may expand their range during a heatwave. These invasive species may outcompete the native species that experience higher mortality during a heatwave, which disrupts ecosystem functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marine heatwaves have also been correlated with negative impacts on <a href="/wiki/Foundation_species" title="Foundation species">foundation species</a> such as coral and kelp.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Options_for_reducing_impacts_on_humans">Options for reducing impacts on humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Options for reducing impacts on humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A possible public health measure during heat waves is to set up air-conditioned public cooling centres. Adding air conditioning in schools provides a cooler work place.<sup id="cite_ref-chicago_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it can result in additional <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> unless <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> is used. </p><p>Policymakers, funders and researchers have created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_Heat_Resiliance_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme Heat Resiliance Alliance (page does not exist)">Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance</a> coalition under the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. This advocates for naming heat waves, measuring them, and ranking them to build better awareness of their impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_examples_by_country_or_region">Recent examples by country or region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Recent examples by country or region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_heat_waves" title="List of heat waves">List of heat waves</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Around_the_world_in_2024">Around the world in 2024</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Around the world in 2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/List_of_heat_waves#2024" title="List of heat waves">List of heat waves § 2024</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heat_waves&action=edit#2024">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li>Since March 2024, <a href="/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves" title="2024 North America heat waves">severe heat waves</a> impacted <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, leading to dozens of broken temperature records,<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_heat_waves_150_monkey_deaths_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_heat_waves_150_monkey_deaths-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mass deaths of animals from several <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Sounds plausible, but this claim is currently unsourced in case people want to read more details. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> water shortages requiring rationing,<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_heat_waves_:1_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_heat_waves_:1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increased <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">forest fires</a>, and over 48 deaths in Mexico with over 950 people suffering from heat-related ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_heat_waves_:2_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_heat_waves_:2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Since April 2024 Southeast Asia has faced a <a href="/wiki/2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave" title="2024 Southeast Asia heat wave">severe heatwave</a>, resulting in unprecedented high temperatures of up to 38.8 °C (101.8 °F) that have caused school closures and prompted urgent health advisories throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_heat_wave" title="2024 Indian heat wave">2024 Indian heat wave</a> - Since May 2024, the longest heat wave has occurred in India and Pakistan with a new record temperature for India's capital New Delhi of 49 °C (120 °F) (an even higher record of 53 °C (127 °F) had initially been reported in New Delhi on May 29 but was later found to be attributable to a faulty sensor), and temperatures in Pakistan getting as high as 52.2 °C (126.0 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_heatwaves" title="2024 European heatwaves">2024 European heatwaves</a> - Since mid-June 2024, Greece has been experiencing a heatwave, Europe's first heatwave of the year. Temperatures in Greece are forecast to reach to 43 °C (109 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has also been affected with temperatures hitting 44 °C (111 °F).</li></ul> <ul><li>In mid-June, high temperatures in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, characterized as a heat wave, <a href="/wiki/2024_Hajj_extreme_heat_disaster" title="2024 Hajj extreme heat disaster">resulted in the deaths of pilgrims in the city for Hajj</a> from countries including Indonesia, Jordan, Tunisia, and India.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-List_of_heat_waves_nyt_hajj_2024_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_heat_waves_nyt_hajj_2024-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reported that as many as 1300 people may have died.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saudi authorities have said most who died were not officially authorized to perform Hajj.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forecasts predicted temperatures as high as 113 °F (45 °C) on 19 June 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_heat_waves_nyt_hajj_2024_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_heat_waves_nyt_hajj_2024-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat also impacted <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, where heightened demand caused officials at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electricity,_Water_and_Renewable_Energy_(Kuwait)" title="Ministry of Electricity, Water and Renewable Energy (Kuwait)">Ministry of Electricity, Water and Renewable Energy</a> to temporarily stop distribution of electricity to portions of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistan_heat_wave" title="2024 Pakistan heat wave">2024 Pakistan heat wave</a> - In June 2024, Pakistan experienced a heat wave.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Edhi_Foundation" title="Edhi Foundation">Edhi Foundation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> said it transported a higher-than-normal number of bodies to the morgue during the period of 20 to 25 June.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>During the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>, host city Paris, along with portions of <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, experienced a heatwave.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Japan_heatwaves" title="2024 Japan heatwaves">2024 Japan heatwaves</a> - At least 59 heat-related deaths were recorded in Japan, with at least 62 temperature observation posts across Japan breaking temperature records in July 2024. According to the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a> (JMA), the average temperatures reached during the heatwaves represented the hottest for Japan in April and July since its record-keeping began in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_heat_waves_:02_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_heat_waves_:02-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-List_of_heat_waves_:12_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_heat_waves_:12-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves" title="2024 North America heat waves">2024 North America heat waves</a> -Beginning in March 2024, severe heat waves impacted <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> and Western United States, and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, leading to dozens of broken temperature records. The United States had over 1,000 deaths due to heat related illness. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a> recorded a record 113 days of continuous daily high 100+ degree days beating the previous record of 76. A record 70 of those days were 110+ degrees. Phoenix also had a record 21 days straight streak of record daily high temperatures that began on began Sept 24th. The previous latest 110 degree day in phoenix was sept 19th but this streak beat that 9 times including a 117 day on sept 28 and a latest record 110 on oct 7. The previous record daily high temperature heat streak was just 7 days.</li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_heat_wave" title="2024 Indian heat wave">2024 Indian heat wave</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Indian_heat_wave&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Since May 2024, a severe and long heat wave has impacted <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat wave occurred during the Indian <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>, which typically lasts from March to July with peak temperatures in April and May. <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Churu_district" title="Churu district">Churu</a> recorded 50.5 °C (122.9 °F), which was the highest temperature in India in eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> A temperature of 52.9°C recorded in Mungeshpur, Delhi, originally thought to be record-breaking, turned out to be roughly 3°C too high due to a faulty sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave" title="2024 Southeast Asia heat wave">2024 Southeast Asia heat wave</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Since April 2024, several <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries have experienced record-breaking temperatures which have left several people dead.<sup id="cite_ref-2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave_SEA_heat_wave_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave_SEA_heat_wave-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave_:0_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave_:0-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heat_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat indices">Heat indices</a> peaked at 53 °C (127 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Iba,_Zambales" title="Iba, Zambales">Iba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> on 28 April 2024. The heat wave has been attributed to a combination of causes, including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave_SEA_heat_wave_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave_SEA_heat_wave-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In some countries, the high heat has caused excessive energy demand. Drought conditions have worsened across the region. In Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">dengue</a> infections increased. In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, the heat wave exacerbated the humanitarian crisis caused by the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">ongoing civil war</a>. Many government agencies have declared local emergencies and advised safety measures to protect residents from the heat, and some countries have closed schools or shortened their hours.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study found the average resident in China was exposed to 16 days of heat waves in 2023, with more than 37,000 heat wave-related deaths. Besides, the number of work hours lost due to heat stress in China was 36.9 billion in 2023, and China’s citizens experienced a 60% surge in lost safe outdoor activity hours, with each person losing 2.2 hours on average each day. The study predicted that by the 2060s, annual heat wave-related mortality is expected to reach 29,000 to 38,000 in China, with a 28% to 37% increase in work hours lost.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1960-_Heat_wave_indicators_-_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/1960-_Heat_wave_indicators_-_US.svg/220px-1960-_Heat_wave_indicators_-_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/1960-_Heat_wave_indicators_-_US.svg/330px-1960-_Heat_wave_indicators_-_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/1960-_Heat_wave_indicators_-_US.svg/440px-1960-_Heat_wave_indicators_-_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>US heat waves have increased in frequency, average duration, and intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_202406_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_202406-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, heat wave <i>seasons</i> have grown in length.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_202406_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_202406-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In July 2019, there were over 50 million people in the United States in jurisdictions with heat advisories. Scientists predicted that many records for highest low temperatures would be broken in the days following these warnings. This means the lowest temperature in a 24-hour period will be higher than any low temperature measured before.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2022 study, 107 million people in the US will experience extremely dangerous heat in the year 2053.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States. Between 1992 and 2001, deaths from excessive heat in the United States numbered 2,190, compared with 880 deaths from floods and 150 from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 400 deaths a year on average are directly due to heat in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-heat_epidemiology_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heat_epidemiology-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1995_Chicago_heat_wave" title="1995 Chicago heat wave">1995 Chicago heat wave</a>, one of the worst in US history, led to approximately 739 heat-related deaths over 5 days.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events. These include <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainstorm">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klinenberg_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klinenberg-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slate_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slate-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 6,200 Americans need hospital treatment each summer, according to data from 2008. This is due to excessive heat, and those at highest risk are poor, uninsured or elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between extreme temperature and mortality in the United States varies by location. Heat is more likely to increase the risk of death in cities in the northern part of the country than in southern regions. As a whole, people in the United States appear to be adapting to hotter temperatures further north each decade. This might be due to better infrastructure, more modern building design and better public awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heat_waves" title="List of heat waves">List of heat waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List of severe weather phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_wave&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heat%20wave">"Heatwave – noun – Definition"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicago.about.com/library/blank/bl_hot_weather_tips.htm">the original</a> on 21 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=Hot+Weather+Tips+and+the+Chicago+Heat+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchicago.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fblank%2Fbl_hot_weather_tips.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeat+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/129/3/173">Near-Fatal Heat Stroke during the 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago</a></i>. <i>Annals of Internal Medicine</i> Vol. 129 Issue 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klinenberg-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klinenberg_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinenberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Klinenberg, Eric (2002). <i>Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago</i>. Chicago University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226443218" title="Special:BookSources/9780226443218"><bdi>9780226443218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heat+Wave%3A+A+Social+Autopsy+of+Disaster+in+Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780226443218&rft.aulast=Klinenberg&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeat+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slate-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slate_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slate.com/id/2068612/">Dead Heat: Why don't Americans sweat over heat-wave deaths?</a></i> By Eric Klinenberg. Slate.com. Posted Tuesday, 30 July 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newswise.com/articles/view/542519/">Most People Struck Down by Summer Heat Are Poor</a> Newswise, Retrieved on 9 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._DavisPaul_C._KnappenbergerPatrick_J._MichaelsWendy_M._Novicoff2003" class="citation journal cs1">Robert E. Davis; Paul C. Knappenberger; Patrick J. Michaels; Wendy M. Novicoff (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241712">"Changing heat-related mortality in the United States"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>111</b> (14): 1712–1718. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EnvHP.111.1712D">2003EnvHP.111.1712D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.6336">10.1289/ehp.6336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241712">1241712</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14594620">14594620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Changing+heat-related+mortality+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1712-1718&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14594620&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.6336&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003EnvHP.111.1712D&rft.au=Robert+E.+Davis&rft.au=Paul+C.+Knappenberger&rft.au=Patrick+J.+Michaels&rft.au=Wendy+M.+Novicoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeat+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heat_waves" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heat_wave" title="Template:Heat wave"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heat_wave" title="Template talk:Heat wave"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heat_wave" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heat wave"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heat_waves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heat waves</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heat_waves" title="List of heat waves">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 heat wave">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_droughts_and_heat_waves" title="2020 droughts and heat waves">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_heat_waves" title="2021 heat waves">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_heat_waves" title="2022 heat waves">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_heat_waves" title="2023 heat waves">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Indian_heat_wave" title="2002 Indian heat wave">2002 (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Asian_heat_wave" title="2007 Asian heat wave">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_heat_waves" title="2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2013 Southeast Asian haze">2013 haze</a></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_heat_wave" title="2015 Indian heat wave">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Pakistan_heat_wave" title="2015 Pakistan heat wave">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_heat_wave" title="2016 Indian heat wave">2016 (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Pakistan_heat_wave" title="2017 Pakistan heat wave">2017 (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Northeast_Asia_heat_wave" title="2018 Northeast Asia heat wave">2018 (Northeast Asia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_heat_wave_in_India_and_Pakistan" title="2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan">2019 (India and Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_China_heat_wave" title="2022 China heat wave">2022 (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_heat_wave" title="2022 India–Pakistan heat wave">2022 (India and Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Japan_heat_wave" title="2022 Japan heat wave">2022 (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Asia_heat_wave" title="2023 Asia heat wave">2023</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_China_heat_wave" title="2023 China heat wave">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pakistan_heat_wave" title="2023 Pakistan heat wave">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_heat_wave" title="2024 Indian heat wave">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Japan_heatwaves" title="2024 Japan heatwaves">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistan_heat_wave" title="2024 Pakistan heat wave">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hajj_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Hajj disaster">Mecca, Saudi Arabia (Hajj)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Southeast_Asia_heat_wave" title="2024 Southeast Asia heat wave">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_heat_waves" title="List of Indian heat waves">List of Indian heat waves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1540_European_drought" title="1540 European drought">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1757_heatwave" class="mw-redirect" title="July 1757 heatwave">July 1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_British_Isles_heatwave" title="1906 British Isles heatwave">1906 (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_United_Kingdom_heatwave" title="1911 United Kingdom heatwave">1911 (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_heatwave" title="1955 United Kingdom heatwave">1955 (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_European_heatwave" title="1976 European heatwave">1976</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_British_Isles_heatwave" title="1976 British Isles heatwave">UK and Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_Kingdom_heatwave" title="1990 United Kingdom heatwave">1990 (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_British_Isles_heatwave" title="1995 British Isles heatwave">1995 (UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_European_heatwave" title="2003 European heatwave">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_European_heatwave" title="2006 European heatwave">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_European_heatwave" title="2007 European heatwave">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_heat_waves" title="2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_heatwave" title="2013 Great Britain and Ireland heatwave">2013 (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Swedish_heatwave" title="2014 Swedish heatwave">2014 (Sweden)</a></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_British_Isles_heatwave" title="2018 British Isles heatwave">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_European_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 European heat wave">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 European heat waves">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_British_Isles_heatwave" title="2021 British Isles heatwave">2021 (UK and Ireland)</a></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves" title="2022 European heatwaves">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_heatwaves" title="2022 United Kingdom heatwaves">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_European_drought" title="2022 European drought">Drought</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_European_drought" title="2023 European drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_European_heatwaves" title="2023 European heatwaves">Heat waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_European_heatwaves" title="2023 European heatwaves">Cerberus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_heatwaves" title="2024 European heatwaves">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1896_Eastern_North_America_heat_wave" title="1896 Eastern North America heat wave">1896 (East)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_eastern_United_States_heat_wave" title="1901 eastern United States heat wave">1901 (East)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Eastern_North_America_heat_wave" title="1911 Eastern North America heat wave">1911 (East)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_North_American_drought" title="1934–35 North American drought">1934 and 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_North_American_heat_wave" title="1936 North American heat wave">1936</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_heat_wave" title="1980 United States heat wave">1980 (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_North_American_drought" title="1983–1985 North American drought">1983-1985 drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988%E2%80%931990_North_American_drought" title="1988–1990 North American drought">1988–1990 drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Chicago_heat_wave" title="1995 Chicago heat wave">1995 (Chicago)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Southern_United_States_heat_wave" title="2000 Southern United States heat wave">2000 (Southern US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_eastern_North_America_heat_wave" title="2001 eastern North America heat wave">2001 (East)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_heat_wave" title="2006 North American heat wave">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_North_American_heat_wave" title="2007 North American heat wave">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_heat_waves" title="2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_North_American_heat_wave" title="2011 North American heat wave">2011</a></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_North_American_heat_wave" title="March 2012 North American heat wave">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_North_American_heat_wave" title="2012 North American heat wave">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_American_heat_wave" title="2018 North American heat wave">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_North_American_drought" title="2020–2023 North American drought">2020-2023 drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Western_North_America_heat_wave" title="2021 Western North America heat wave">2021 (West)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_North_American_heat_waves" title="2022 North American heat waves">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Western_North_America_heat_wave" title="2023 Western North America heat wave">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Caribbean_heat_wave" title="2023 Caribbean heat wave">2023 (Caribbean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves" title="2024 North America heat waves">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_flying_fox_die-offs" title="Australian flying fox die-offs">Australian flying fox die-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_Australian_drought" title="2000s Australian drought">2000s drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_southeastern_Australia_heat_wave" title="2009 southeastern Australia heat wave">2008–2009 (SE Aus.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Summer" title="Angry Summer">2012–2013 ("Angry Summer")</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_2009_Argentine_winter_heat_wave" title="August 2009 Argentine winter heat wave">2009 (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Southern_Cone_heat_wave" title="2022 Southern Cone heat wave">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_South_America_heat_wave" title="2023 South America heat wave">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_center" title="Cooling center">Cooling center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_waves_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat waves and climate change">Heat waves and climate change</a></li> <li><a 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