CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Effects of climate change on oceans - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3adc5f26-786e-4a35-83be-9ada059b315f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans","wgTitle":"Effects of climate change on oceans","wgCurRevisionId":1260319619,"wgRevisionId":1260319619,"wgArticleId":35895879,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Articles with short description","Short description with empty Wikidata description","Articles with excerpts","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2023","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from March 2023","Effects of climate change","Oceans"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en" ,"wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans","wgRelevantArticleId":35895879,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5347373","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="841"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="561"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png/640px-Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="448"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Effects of climate change on oceans - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans rootpage-Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Effects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Effects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Effects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Effects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_due_to_rising_greenhouse_gas_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_due_to_rising_greenhouse_gas_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Changes due to rising greenhouse gas levels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Changes_due_to_rising_greenhouse_gas_levels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Changes due to rising greenhouse gas levels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Changes_due_to_rising_greenhouse_gas_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rising_ocean_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rising_ocean_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Rising ocean temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_ocean_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_heatwaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_heatwaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Marine heatwaves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_heatwaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_heat_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_heat_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Ocean heat content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_heat_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Ocean acidification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Time scales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_the_physical_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_the_physical_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Effects on the physical environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_the_physical_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects on the physical environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_the_physical_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea_level_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_level_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sea level rise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_level_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_ocean_currents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_ocean_currents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Changing ocean currents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_ocean_currents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Increasing stratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduced_oxygen_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_oxygen_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Reduced oxygen levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_oxygen_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceans_turning_green" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans_turning_green"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Oceans turning green </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans_turning_green-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_to_Earth's_weather_system_and_wind_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_to_Earth's_weather_system_and_wind_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Changes to Earth's weather system and wind patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_to_Earth's_weather_system_and_wind_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intensifying_tropical_cyclones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensifying_tropical_cyclones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Intensifying tropical cyclones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensifying_tropical_cyclones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salinity_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinity_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Salinity changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinity_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_ice_decline_and_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_ice_decline_and_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Sea ice decline and changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_ice_decline_and_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_biological_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_biological_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Impacts on biological processes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_biological_processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts on biological processes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_biological_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ocean_productivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_productivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ocean productivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_productivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calcifying_organisms_and_ocean_acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calcifying_organisms_and_ocean_acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Calcifying organisms and ocean acidification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calcifying_organisms_and_ocean_acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmful_algal_blooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmful_algal_blooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Harmful algal blooms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmful_algal_blooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_coral_reefs_and_fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_coral_reefs_and_fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Impacts on coral reefs and fisheries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_coral_reefs_and_fisheries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts on coral reefs and fisheries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_coral_reefs_and_fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coral_reefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coral_reefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Coral reefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coral_reefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Effects on fisheries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_marine_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_marine_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Impacts on marine mammals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_on_marine_mammals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts on marine mammals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_marine_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions_and_habitats_particularly_affected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_and_habitats_particularly_affected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Regions and habitats particularly affected </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions_and_habitats_particularly_affected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_bears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_bears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Polar bears </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_bears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Seals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolphins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolphins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Dolphins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolphins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Atlantic_right_whales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Atlantic_right_whales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 North Atlantic right whales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Atlantic_right_whales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_feedback_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_feedback_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Potential feedback effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Potential_feedback_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Potential feedback effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Potential_feedback_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methane_release_from_methane_clathrate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methane_release_from_methane_clathrate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Methane release from methane clathrate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methane_release_from_methane_clathrate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Effects of climate change on oceans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevolge_van_aardverwarming_op_oseane" title="Gevolge van aardverwarming op oseane – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gevolge van aardverwarming op oseane" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="آثار الاحتباس الحراري على المحيطات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آثار الاحتباس الحراري على المحيطات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="সমুদ্রের উপর জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের প্রভাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমুদ্রের উপর জলবায়ু পরিবর্তনের প্রভাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efectos_del_cambio_clim%C3%A1tico_en_los_oc%C3%A9anos" title="Efectos del cambio climático en los océanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efectos del cambio climático en los océanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="تاثیرات تغییرات اقلیمی روی اقیانوس‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاثیرات تغییرات اقلیمی روی اقیانوس‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effets_du_changement_climatique_sur_les_oc%C3%A9ans" title="Effets du changement climatique sur les océans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Effets du changement climatique sur les océans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94%EA%B0%80_%ED%95%B4%EC%96%91%EC%97%90_%EB%AF%B8%EC%B9%98%EB%8A%94_%EC%98%81%ED%96%A5" title="기후변화가 해양에 미치는 영향 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기후변화가 해양에 미치는 영향" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetti_del_cambiamento_climatico_sugli_oceani" title="Effetti del cambiamento climatico sugli oceani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetti del cambiamento climatico sugli oceani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D" title="השפעות שינויי האקלים על האוקיינוסים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השפעות שינויי האקלים על האוקיינוסים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Ефектите на климатските промени врз океаните – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ефектите на климатските промени врз океаните" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampak_pamanasan_global_pado_lauik" title="Dampak pamanasan global pado lauik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dampak pamanasan global pado lauik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsekvenser_av_global_oppvarming_for_havet" title="Konsekvenser av global oppvarming for havet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konsekvenser av global oppvarming for havet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%90%D8%B2" title="په سمندرونو باندې د اقلیمي بدلون اغېز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په سمندرونو باندې د اقلیمي بدلون اغېز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF" title="氣候變化對海洋的影響 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氣候變化對海洋的影響" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5347373#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&oldid=1260319619" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&id=1260319619&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEffects_of_climate_change_on_oceans">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEffects_of_climate_change_on_oceans">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5347373" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png/400px-Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png/600px-Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption> Overview of climatic changes and their effects on the ocean. Regional effects are displayed in italics.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm/300px--The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="361" data-mwtitle="The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm/The_Ocean_A_Driving_Force_for_Weather_and_Climate.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>This NASA animation conveys Earth's oceanic processes as a driving force among Earth's interrelated systems.</figcaption></figure> There are many effects of climate change on oceans. One of the most important is an increase in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">ocean temperatures</a>. More frequent <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">marine heatwaves</a> are linked to this. The rising temperature contributes to a <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rise in sea levels</a> due to the expansion of water as it warms and the melting of <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> on land. Other effects on <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> include <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">sea ice decline</a>, reducing <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">pH values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">oxygen levels</a>, as well as increased <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">ocean stratification</a>. All this can lead to changes of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean currents">ocean currents</a>, for example a weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC).<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a> The main cause of these changes are the <a href="/wiki/Emissions_of_greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions of greenhouse gases">emissions of greenhouse gases</a> from human activities, mainly burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> are examples of greenhouse gases. The additional <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> leads to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean warming</a> because the ocean takes up most of the additional heat in the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The ocean also absorbs some of the extra <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere">carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere</a>. This causes the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">pH value of the seawater to drop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-4">[4]</a> Scientists estimate that the ocean absorbs about 25% of all human-caused CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-:12-4">[4]</a> The various layers of the oceans have different temperatures. For example, the water is colder towards the bottom of the ocean. This temperature stratification will increase as the ocean surface warms due to rising air temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: 471  Connected to this is a decline in mixing of the ocean layers, so that warm water stabilises near the surface. A reduction of cold, deep <a href="/wiki/Water_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water circulation">water circulation</a> follows. The reduced vertical mixing makes it harder for the ocean to absorb heat. So a larger share of future warming goes into the atmosphere and land. One result is an increase in the amount of energy available for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> and other storms. Another result is a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> for fish in the upper ocean layers. These changes also reduce the ocean's capacity to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">store carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> At the same time, contrasts in <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> are increasing. Salty areas are becoming saltier and fresher areas less salty.<a href="#cite_note-ChengSalinity-7">[7]</a> Warmer water cannot contain the same amount of oxygen as cold water. As a result, oxygen from the oceans moves to the atmosphere. Increased <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">thermal stratification</a> may reduce the supply of oxygen from surface waters to deeper waters. This lowers the water's oxygen content even more.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The ocean has already lost oxygen throughout its <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_minimum_zone" title="Oxygen minimum zone">Oxygen minimum zones</a> are increasing in size worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: 471  These changes harm <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>, and this can lead to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> or changes in species distribution.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a> This in turn can <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">affect fishing</a> and coastal tourism. For example, rising water temperatures are harming tropical <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. The direct effect is <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">coral bleaching</a> on these reefs, because they are sensitive to even minor temperature changes. So a small increase in water temperature could have a significant impact in these environments. Another example is loss of <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> habitats due to warming. This will have severe impacts on <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a> and other animals that rely on it. The effects of climate change on oceans put additional pressures on ocean ecosystems which are already under pressure by other <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">impacts from human activities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_due_to_rising_greenhouse_gas_levels">Changes due to rising greenhouse gas levels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Changes due to rising greenhouse gas levels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955-_Ocean_heat_content_-_NOAA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1955-_Ocean_heat_content_-_NOAA.svg/220px-1955-_Ocean_heat_content_-_NOAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1955-_Ocean_heat_content_-_NOAA.svg/330px-1955-_Ocean_heat_content_-_NOAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1955-_Ocean_heat_content_-_NOAA.svg/440px-1955-_Ocean_heat_content_-_NOAA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Most <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">excess heat</a> trapped by human-induced <a href="/wiki/Global_Warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Warming">global warming</a> is absorbed by the oceans, penetrating to its deeper layers.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA_NASA_OHC_1957_-9">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg/220px-WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg/330px-WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg/440px-WhereIsTheHeatOfGlobalWarming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Energy (heat) added to various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> due to global warming (data from 2007).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></div> Presently (2020), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels</a> of more than 410 parts per million (ppm) are nearly 50% higher than preindustrial levels. These elevated levels and rapid growth rates are unprecedented in the <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> record's 55 million years.<a href="#cite_note-:12-4">[4]</a> The source for this excess CO2 is clearly established as human-driven, reflecting a mix of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">fossil fuel burning, industrial, and land-use/land-change emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-4">[4]</a> The idea that the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> serves as a major sink for anthropogenic CO2 has been discussed in scientific literature since at least the late 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:12-4">[4]</a> Several pieces of evidence point to the ocean absorbing roughly a quarter of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-:12-4">[4]</a> The latest key findings about the observed changes and impacts from 2019 include:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is virtually certain that the global ocean has warmed unabated since 1970 and has taken up more than 90% of the excess heat in the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> [...]. Since 1993, the rate of ocean warming has more than doubled [...]. <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine heatwaves</a> have very likely doubled in frequency since 1982 and are increasing in intensity [...]. By absorbing more CO2, the ocean has undergone increasing surface <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a> [...]. A <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">loss of oxygen</a> has occurred from the surface to 1000 m [...].<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>IPCC <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate" title="Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate">Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> (2019), <a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a>: 9 </cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_ocean_temperature">Rising ocean temperature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rising ocean temperature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_vs_Ocean_Temperature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Land_vs_Ocean_Temperature.svg/220px-Land_vs_Ocean_Temperature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Land_vs_Ocean_Temperature.svg/330px-Land_vs_Ocean_Temperature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Land_vs_Ocean_Temperature.svg/440px-Land_vs_Ocean_Temperature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Land surface temperatures have increased faster than ocean temperatures as the ocean absorbs about 92% of excess heat generated by climate change.<a href="#cite_note-ocean_heat_92-10">[10]</a> Chart with data from NASA<a href="#cite_note-nasa_temperatures-11">[11]</a> showing how land and sea surface air temperatures have changed vs a pre-industrial baseline.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Increased_Trend_in_Sea_Temperature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Increased_Trend_in_Sea_Temperature.png/220px-Increased_Trend_in_Sea_Temperature.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Increased_Trend_in_Sea_Temperature.png/330px-Increased_Trend_in_Sea_Temperature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Increased_Trend_in_Sea_Temperature.png/440px-Increased_Trend_in_Sea_Temperature.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>The illustration of temperature changes from 1960 to 2019 across each ocean starting at the Southern Ocean around Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-:14-12">[12]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine heatwave</a></div> It is clear that the ocean is warming as a result of climate change, and this rate of warming is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a>: 9  The global ocean was the warmest it had ever been recorded by humans in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:110-13">[13]</a> This is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean heat content</a>, which exceeded the previous 2021 maximum in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:110-13">[13]</a> The steady rise in ocean temperatures is an unavoidable result of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Energy_Imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's Energy Imbalance">Earth's energy imbalance</a>, which is primarily caused by rising levels of greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-:110-13">[13]</a> Between pre-industrial times and the 2011–2020 decade, the ocean's surface has heated between 0.68 and 1.01 °C.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a>: 1214  The majority of ocean heat gain occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>. For example, between the 1950s and the 1980s, the temperature of the Antarctic Southern Ocean rose by 0.17 °C (0.31 °F), nearly twice the rate of the global ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Gille_2002-15">[15]</a> The warming rate varies with depth. The upper ocean (above 700 m) is warming the fastest. At an ocean depth of a thousand metres the warming occurs at a rate of nearly 0.4 °C per century (data from 1981 to 2019).<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: Figure 5.4  In deeper zones of the ocean (globally speaking), at 2000 metres depth, the warming has been around 0.1 °C per century.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: Figure 5.4  The warming pattern is different for the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Ocean">Antarctic Ocean</a> (at 55°S), where the highest warming (0.3 °C per century) has been observed at a depth of 4500 m.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: Figure 5.4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_heatwaves">Marine heatwaves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marine heatwaves">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine heatwaves">Marine heatwaves</a> also take their toll on marine life: For example, due to fall-out from the 2019-2021 Pacific Northwest marine heatwave,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> <a href="/wiki/Chionoecetes#Population_decline_in_the_Bering_Sea" title="Chionoecetes">snow crab</a> populations declined 84% between 2018 and 2022, a loss of 9.8 billion crabs.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine heatwave</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_heatwave&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Scientists predict that the frequency, duration, scale (or area) and intensity of marine heatwaves will continue to increase.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_heatwave_:20-18">[18]</a>: 1227  This is because sea surface temperatures will continue to increase with global warming. The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> in 2022 has summarized research findings to date and stated that "marine heatwaves are more frequent [...], more intense and longer [...] since the 1980s, and since at least 2006 very likely attributable to anthropogenic climate change".<a href="#cite_note-Marine_heatwave_:19-19">[19]</a>: 381  This confirms earlier findings in a report by the IPCC in 2019 which had found that "marine heatwaves [...] have doubled in frequency and have become longer lasting, more intense and more extensive (very likely).".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>: 67  The extent of ocean warming depends on <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emission</a> scenarios, and thus humans' <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> efforts. Scientists predict that marine heatwaves will become "four times more frequent in 2081–2100 compared to 1995–2014" under the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">lower greenhouse gas emissions scenario</a>, or eight times more frequent under the higher emissions scenario.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_heatwave_:20-18">[18]</a>: 1214 </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ocean_heat_content">Ocean heat content</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ocean heat content">edit</a>]</div> The ocean temperature varies from place to place. Temperatures are higher near the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and lower at the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">poles</a>. As a result, changes in total ocean heat content best illustrate ocean warming. When compared to 1969–1993, heat uptake has increased between 1993 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: 457  <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">Ocean heat content</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_heat_content&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">Ocean heat content</a> (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>. To calculate the ocean heat content, it is necessary to measure <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">ocean temperature</a> at many different locations and depths. <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">Integrating the areal density</a> of a change in <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpic energy</a> over an ocean basin or entire ocean gives the total ocean heat uptake.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_:1-21">[21]</a> Between 1971 and 2018, the rise in ocean heat content accounted for over 90% of Earth's excess energy from <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Energy_Imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's Energy Imbalance">global heating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_EarthSysSciData_20200907-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_Chen-2021-23">[23]</a> The main driver of this increase was caused by humans via their rising <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_AR6_WG1_Chapter92-24">[24]</a>: 1228  By 2020, about one third of the added energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_OHC2020-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2023, the world's oceans were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2022 record maximum.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_Cheng2024-27">[27]</a> The five highest ocean heat observations to a depth of 2000 meters occurred in the period 2019–2023. The North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> all recorded their highest heat observations for more than sixty years of global measurements.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_ncei-28">[28]</a> Ocean heat content and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> are important <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">indicators of climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_:0-29">[29]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_acidification">Ocean acidification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ocean acidification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mean-seawater-ph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mean-seawater-ph.png/220px-Mean-seawater-ph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mean-seawater-ph.png/330px-Mean-seawater-ph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mean-seawater-ph.png/440px-Mean-seawater-ph.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Ocean acidification: mean seawater pH. Mean seawater pH is shown based on in-situ measurements of pH from the <a href="/wiki/Station_ALOHA" class="mw-redirect" title="Station ALOHA">Aloha station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SDG_Tracker-30">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_Acidification_under_Low_and_High_Carbon_Emission_Scenarios.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ocean_Acidification_under_Low_and_High_Carbon_Emission_Scenarios.png/220px-Ocean_Acidification_under_Low_and_High_Carbon_Emission_Scenarios.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ocean_Acidification_under_Low_and_High_Carbon_Emission_Scenarios.png/330px-Ocean_Acidification_under_Low_and_High_Carbon_Emission_Scenarios.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ocean_Acidification_under_Low_and_High_Carbon_Emission_Scenarios.png/440px-Ocean_Acidification_under_Low_and_High_Carbon_Emission_Scenarios.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Change in pH since the beginning of the industrial revolution. <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">RCP2.6</a> scenario is "low CO2 emissions". <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">RCP8.5</a> scenario is "high CO2 emissions".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_acidification&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> is the ongoing decrease in the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_role-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</a> from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels</a> exceeding 422 ppm (as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> CO2 from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>H2CO3) which <a href="/wiki/Dissociate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociate">dissociates</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicarbonate ion">bicarbonate ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3) and a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">hydrogen ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+). The presence of free hydrogen ions (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H+) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidity</a> (this does not mean that <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> is acidic yet; it is still <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a>, with a pH higher than 8). <a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification" title="Marine biogenic calcification">Marine calcifying organisms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_raven05-34">[34]</a> A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO2. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO2 exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> zones, proximity to large continental rivers, <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> coverage, and atmospheric exchange with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> burning and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_Jian2019-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> A lower ocean pH has a range of potentially harmful effects for <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine organisms</a>. Scientists have observed for example reduced calcification, lowered <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune responses</a>, and reduced energy for basic functions such as reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_bleaching-38">[38]</a> Ocean acidification can impact <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a> that provide food and livelihoods for many people. About one billion people are wholly or partially dependent on the fishing, tourism, and coastal management services provided by <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>. Ongoing acidification of the oceans may therefore threaten <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a> linked with the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_auto-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:18-40">[40]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_scales">Time scales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Time scales">edit</a>]</div> Many ocean-related elements of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a> respond slowly to warming. For instance, acidification of the deep ocean will continue for millennia, and the same is true for the increase in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean heat content</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-41">[41]</a>: 43  Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> will continue for centuries or even millennia even if <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> are brought to zero, due to the slow response of <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheets">ice sheets</a> to warming and the continued uptake of heat by the oceans, which expand when warmed.<a href="#cite_note-:15-41">[41]</a>: 77  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_the_physical_environment">Effects on the physical environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects on the physical environment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_level_rise">Sea level rise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sea level rise">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880-_Global_average_sea_level_rise_(SLR)_-_annually.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1880-_Global_average_sea_level_rise_%28SLR%29_-_annually.svg/220px-1880-_Global_average_sea_level_rise_%28SLR%29_-_annually.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1880-_Global_average_sea_level_rise_%28SLR%29_-_annually.svg/330px-1880-_Global_average_sea_level_rise_%28SLR%29_-_annually.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1880-_Global_average_sea_level_rise_%28SLR%29_-_annually.svg/440px-1880-_Global_average_sea_level_rise_%28SLR%29_-_annually.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The global average sea level has risen about 250 millimetres (9.8 in) since 1880,<a href="#cite_note-EPA_SLR_202207-42">[42]</a> increasing the elevation on top of which other types of flooding (<a href="/wiki/Tidal_flooding" title="Tidal flooding">high-tide flooding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a>) occur.</figcaption></figure> Many coastal cities will experience <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a> in the coming decades and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a>: 1318  Local <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, which may be natural but can be increased by human activity, can exacerbate coastal flooding.<a href="#cite_note-:16-43">[43]</a> Coastal flooding will threaten hundreds of millions of people by 2050, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-43">[43]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_level_rise&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Between 1901 and 2018, the average <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-44">[44]</a>: 1216  This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-44">[44]</a>: 1216  The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.<a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_WMO_20230421-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> due to human activities is the main cause.<a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM-46">[46]</a>: 5, 8  Between 1993 and 2018, melting <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheets">ice sheets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> accounted for 44% of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, with another 42% resulting from <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_WCRP2018-47">[47]</a>: 1576 </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_ocean_currents">Changing ocean currents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Changing ocean currents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Ocean_currents_and_global_climate" title="Ocean">Ocean § Ocean currents and global climate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Waves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpg/220px-Waves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Waves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpg/330px-Waves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Waves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpg/440px-Waves_on_Ocean_Coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a> on an ocean coast</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean currents">Ocean currents</a> are caused by temperature variations caused by sunlight and air temperatures at various latitudes, as well as prevailing winds and the different densities of salt and fresh water. Warm air rises near the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. Later, as it moves toward the poles, it cools again. Cool air sinks near the poles, but warms and rises again as it moves toward the equator. This produces <a href="/wiki/Hadley_cell" title="Hadley cell">Hadley cells</a>, which are large-scale wind patterns, with similar effects driving a mid-latitude cell in each hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-:11-48">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Wind patterns associated with these circulation cells drive surface currents which push the surface water to higher latitudes where the air is colder.<a href="#cite_note-:11-48">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This cools the water, causing it to become very dense in comparison to lower latitude waters, causing it to sink to the ocean floor, forming <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Deep_Water" title="North Atlantic Deep Water">North Atlantic Deep Water</a> (NADW) in the north and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Bottom_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Bottom Water">Antarctic Bottom Water</a> (AABW) in the south.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Driven by this sinking and the upwelling that occurs in lower latitudes, as well as the driving force of the winds on surface water, the ocean currents act to circulate water throughout the sea. When global warming is factored in, changes occur, particularly in areas where deep water is formed.<a href="#cite_note-:19-50">[50]</a> As the oceans warm and glaciers and <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice caps</a> melt, more and more fresh water is released into the high latitude regions where deep water forms, lowering the density of the surface water. As a result, the water sinks more slowly than it would normally.<a href="#cite_note-:19-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation</a> (AMOC) may have weakened since the preindustrial era, according to modern observations and paleoclimate reconstructions (the AMOC is part of a global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>), but there is too much uncertainty in the data to know for certain.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a>: 1237  Climate change projections assessed in 2021 indicate that the AMOC is very likely to weaken over the course of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a>: 1214  A weakening of this magnitude could have a significant impact on global climate, with the North Atlantic being particularly vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a>: 19  Any changes in ocean currents affect the ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide (which is affected by water temperature) as well as ocean productivity because the currents transport nutrients (see <a href="#Impacts_on_phytoplankton_and_net_primary_production">Impacts on phytoplankton and net primary production</a>). Because the AMOC deep ocean circulation is slow (it takes hundreds to thousands of years to circulate the entire ocean), it is slow to respond to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:53-51">[51]</a>: 137  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_stratification">Increasing stratification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Increasing stratification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Physical_properties" title="Ocean">Ocean § Physical properties</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drivers_of_hypoxia_and_acidification_in_upwelling_shelf_systems.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Drivers_of_hypoxia_and_acidification_in_upwelling_shelf_systems.svg/260px-Drivers_of_hypoxia_and_acidification_in_upwelling_shelf_systems.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Drivers_of_hypoxia_and_acidification_in_upwelling_shelf_systems.svg/390px-Drivers_of_hypoxia_and_acidification_in_upwelling_shelf_systems.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Drivers_of_hypoxia_and_acidification_in_upwelling_shelf_systems.svg/520px-Drivers_of_hypoxia_and_acidification_in_upwelling_shelf_systems.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption> Drivers of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a> and ocean acidification intensification in <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> shelf systems. Equatorward winds drive the upwelling of low <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> (DO), high nutrient, and high <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_inorganic_carbon" title="Dissolved inorganic carbon">dissolved inorganic carbon</a> (DIC) water from above the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_minimum_zone" title="Oxygen minimum zone">oxygen minimum zone</a>. Cross-shelf gradients in productivity and bottom water residence times drive the strength of DO (DIC) decrease (increase) as water transits across a productive <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chan2019-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> Changes in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">ocean stratification</a> are significant because they can influence productivity and oxygen levels. The separation of water into layers based on density is known as stratification. Stratification by layers occurs in all ocean basins. The stratified layers limit how much vertical water mixing takes place, reducing the exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and particles between the upper ocean and the interior.<a href="#cite_note-change-54">[54]</a> Since 1970, there has been an increase in stratification in the upper ocean due to global warming and, in some areas, salinity changes.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a> The salinity changes are caused by evaporation in tropical waters, which results in higher salinity and density levels. Meanwhile, melting ice can cause a decrease in salinity at higher latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a> Temperature, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> and pressure all influence <a href="/wiki/Density_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Density of water">water density</a>. As surface waters are often warmer than deep waters, they are less dense, resulting in stratification.<a href="#cite_note-change-54">[54]</a> This stratification is crucial not just in the production of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which has worldwide weather and climate ramifications, but it is also significant because stratification controls the movement of nutrients from deep water to the surface. This increases ocean productivity and is associated with the compensatory downward flow of water that carries oxygen from the atmosphere and surface waters into the deep sea.<a href="#cite_note-:53-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduced_oxygen_levels">Reduced oxygen levels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reduced oxygen levels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_areas_of_hypoxia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_areas_of_hypoxia.jpg/300px-Global_areas_of_hypoxia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_areas_of_hypoxia.jpg/450px-Global_areas_of_hypoxia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Global_areas_of_hypoxia.jpg/600px-Global_areas_of_hypoxia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Global map of low and declining oxygen levels in the open ocean and coastal waters. The map indicates coastal sites where anthropogenic nutrients have resulted in oxygen declines to less than 2 mg L–1 (red dots), as well as ocean <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_minimum_zone" title="Oxygen minimum zone">oxygen minimum zones</a> at 300 metres (blue shaded regions).<a href="#cite_note-:8-55">[55]</a></figcaption></figure> Climate change has an impact on ocean oxygen, both in coastal areas and in the open ocean.<a href="#cite_note-:8-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Open_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Open ocean">open ocean</a> naturally has some areas of low oxygen, known as <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_minimum_zone" title="Oxygen minimum zone">oxygen minimum zones</a>. These areas are isolated from the atmospheric oxygen by sluggish ocean circulation. At the same time, oxygen is consumed when sinking organic matter from surface waters is broken down. These low oxygen ocean areas are expanding as a result of ocean warming which both reduces water circulation and also reduces the oxygen content of that water, while the solubility of oxygen declines as the temperature rises.<a href="#cite_note-:1-56">[56]</a> Overall ocean oxygen concentrations are estimated to have declined 2% over 50 years from the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-56">[56]</a> The nature of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean circulation</a> means that in general these low oxygen regions are more pronounced in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Low oxygen represents a stress for almost all marine animals. Very low oxygen levels create regions with much reduced <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. It is predicted that these low oxygen zones will expand in future due to climate change, and this represents a serious threat to marine life in these oxygen minimum zones.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a>   The second area of concern relates to coastal waters where increasing nutrient supply from rivers to coastal areas leads to increasing production and sinking organic matter which in some coastal regions leads to extreme oxygen depletion, sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> These dead zones are expanding driven particularly by increasing nutrient inputs, but also compounded by increasing ocean stratification driven by climate change.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceans_turning_green">Oceans turning green</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oceans turning green">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery"> Satellite image</a> analysis reveals that the oceans have been gradually turning green from blue as climate breakdown continues. The color change has been detected for a majority of the word's ocean surfaces and may be due to changing <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> populations caused by climate change.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_to_Earth's_weather_system_and_wind_patterns">Changes to Earth's weather system and wind patterns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Changes to Earth's weather system and wind patterns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Effects of climate change on the water cycle</a></div> Climate change and the associated warming of the ocean will lead to widespread changes to the Earth's climate and weather system including increased <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> intensities and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">weather extremes</a> with some areas becoming wetter and others drier.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a> Changing wind patterns are predicted to increase wave heights in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a>: 1310  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intensifying_tropical_cyclones">Intensifying tropical cyclones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Intensifying tropical cyclones">edit</a>]</div> Human-induced climate change "continues to warm the oceans which provide the memory of past accumulated effects".<a href="#cite_note-:9-61">[61]</a> The result is a higher ocean heat content and higher sea surface temperatures. In turn, this "invigorates <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> to make them more intense, bigger, longer lasting and greatly increases their flooding rains".<a href="#cite_note-:9-61">[61]</a> One example is <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:9-61">[61]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> affects <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> in a variety of ways: an intensification of <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> and wind speed, an increase in the frequency of very intense <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storms</a> and a poleward extension of where the cyclones reach maximum <a href="/wiki/Intensity_mapping" title="Intensity mapping">intensity</a> are among the consequences of human-induced climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:52-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM-63">[63]</a> Tropical cyclones use warm, moist air as their source of energy or fuel. As climate change is <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">warming ocean temperatures</a>, there is potentially more of this fuel available.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Between 1979 and 2017, there was a global increase in the proportion of tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher on the <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a>. The trend was most clear in the north Indian Ocean,<a href="#cite_note-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:10-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Indian_Ocean_Islands_tundra" title="Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra">Southern Indian Ocean.</a> In the north Indian Ocean, particularly the Arabian Sea, the frequency, duration, and intensity of cyclones have increased significantly. There has been a 52% increase in the number of cyclones in the Arabian Sea, while the number of very severe cyclones have increased by 150%, during 1982–2019. Meanwhile, the total duration of cyclones in the Arabian Sea has increased by 80% while that of very severe cyclones has increased by 260%.<a href="#cite_note-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:10-65">[65]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pacific">North Pacific</a>, tropical cyclones have been moving poleward into colder waters and there was no increase in intensity over this period.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> With 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming, a greater percentage (+13%) of tropical cyclones are expected to reach Category 4 and 5 strength.<a href="#cite_note-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:52-62">[62]</a> A 2019 study indicates that climate change has been driving the observed trend of <a href="/wiki/Rapid_intensification" title="Rapid intensification">rapid intensification</a> of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin. Rapidly intensifying cyclones are hard to forecast and therefore pose additional risk to coastal communities.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salinity_changes">Salinity changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Salinity changes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Salinity" title="Ocean">Ocean § Salinity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Effects of climate change on the water cycle</a></div> Due to global warming and increased glacier melt, <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> patterns may be altered by increasing amounts of freshwater released into oceans and, therefore, changing ocean salinity. Thermohaline circulation is responsible for bringing up cold, nutrient-rich water from the depths of the ocean, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Seawater consists of fresh water and salt, and the concentration of salt in seawater is called salinity. Salt does not evaporate, thus the precipitation and evaporation of freshwater influences salinity strongly. Changes in the water cycle are therefore strongly visible in surface salinity measurements, which has been known since the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-ChengSalinity-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The long term observation records show a clear trend: the global salinity patterns are amplifying in this period.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> This means that the high saline regions have become more saline, and regions of low salinity have become less saline. The regions of high salinity are dominated by evaporation, and the increase in salinity shows that evaporation is increasing even more. The same goes for regions of low salinity that are becoming less saline, which indicates that precipitation is becoming more intensified.<a href="#cite_note-:0-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_ice_decline_and_changes">Sea ice decline and changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sea ice decline and changes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/220px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/330px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg/440px-NSIDC_arctic_sea_ice_extent_since_1979.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Decline in arctic sea ice extent (area) from 1979 to 2022</figcaption></figure> Sea ice decline occurs more in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, where it is more a matter of changing sea ice conditions. <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_sea_ice_decline&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> region has declined in recent decades in area and volume due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. It has been melting more in summer than it refreezes in winter. <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a>, caused by <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing#Forcing_due_to_changes_in_atmospheric_gases" title="Radiative forcing">greenhouse gas forcing</a> is responsible for the decline in Arctic sea ice. The decline of sea ice in the Arctic has been accelerating during the early twenty-first century, with a decline rate of 4.7% per decade (it has declined over 50% since the first satellite records).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arctic_sea_ice_decline_:22-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arctic_sea_ice_decline_:32-76">[76]</a> Summertime sea ice will likely cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice#Recent_trends_and_climate_change" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice § Recent trends and climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_sea_ice&action=edit#Recent_trends_and_climate_change">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Sea ice extent in Antarctica varies a lot year by year. This makes it difficult determine a trend, and record highs and record lows have been observed between 2013 and 2023. The general trend since 1979, the start of the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite era">satellite measurements</a>, has been roughly flat. Between 2015 and 2023, there has been a decline in sea ice, but due to the high variability, this does not correspond to a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">significant</a> trend.<a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_sea_ice_:2-78">[78]</a> The flat trend is in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice</a>, which has seen a declining trend.<a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_sea_ice_:2-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_sea_ice_:0-79">[79]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_biological_processes">Impacts on biological processes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impacts on biological processes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Examples_of_projected_impacts_and_vulnerabilities_associated_with_climate_change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Examples_of_projected_impacts_and_vulnerabilities_associated_with_climate_change.svg/220px-Examples_of_projected_impacts_and_vulnerabilities_associated_with_climate_change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Examples_of_projected_impacts_and_vulnerabilities_associated_with_climate_change.svg/330px-Examples_of_projected_impacts_and_vulnerabilities_associated_with_climate_change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Examples_of_projected_impacts_and_vulnerabilities_associated_with_climate_change.svg/440px-Examples_of_projected_impacts_and_vulnerabilities_associated_with_climate_change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Examples of projected <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">impacts and vulnerabilities for fisheries</a> associated with climate change</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_productivity">Ocean productivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ocean productivity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Oxygen,_photosynthesis_and_carbon_cycle" title="Ocean">Ocean § Oxygen, photosynthesis and carbon cycle</a></div> The process of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> in the surface ocean releases oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide. This photosynthesis in the ocean is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> – microscopic free-floating algae. After the plants grow, bacterial decomposition of the organic matter formed by photosynthesis in the ocean consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The sinking and bacterial decomposition of some organic matter in deep ocean water, at depths where the waters are out of contact with the atmosphere, leads to a reduction in oxygen concentrations and increase in carbon dioxide, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:53-51">[51]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">cycling of carbon dioxide in oceans</a> is an important part of the global <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>. The photosynthesis in surface waters consumes nutrients (e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus) and transfers these nutrients to deep water as the organic matter produced by photosynthesis sinks upon the death of the organisms. Productivity in surface waters therefore depends in part on the transfer of nutrients from deep water back to the surface by ocean mixing and currents. The increasing <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification of the oceans</a> due to climate change therefore acts generally to reduce ocean productivity. However, in some areas, such as previously ice covered regions, productivity may increase. This trend is already observable and is projected to continue under current projected climate change.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> for example, productivity is estimated to have declined over the past sixty years due to climate warming and is projected to continue.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Ocean productivity under a very high emission scenario (<a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">RCP8.5</a>) is very likely to drop by 4-11% by 2100.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: 452  The decline will show regional variations. For example, the tropical ocean NPP will decline more: by 7–16% for the same emissions scenario.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: 452  Less <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> will likely sink from the upper oceans into deeper ocean layers due to increased ocean stratification and a reduction in nutrient supply.<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: 452  The reduction in ocean productivity is due to the "combined effects of warming, stratification, light, nutrients and predation".<a href="#cite_note-:10-5">[5]</a>: 452  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calcifying_organisms_and_ocean_acidification">Calcifying organisms and ocean acidification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Calcifying organisms and ocean acidification">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Complexity_of_research_findings" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification § Complexity of research findings</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_acidification&action=edit#Complexity_of_research_findings">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The full ecological consequences of the changes in calcification due to ocean acidification are complex but it appears likely that many calcifying species will be adversely affected by ocean acidification.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:14-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:43-82">[82]</a>: 413  Increasing ocean acidification makes it more difficult for shell-accreting organisms to access carbonate ions, essential for the production of their hard exoskeletal shell.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:11-83">[83]</a> Oceanic <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcifying</a> organism span the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> from <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophs</a> and include organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">coccolithophores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:3-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:0-85">[85]</a> Overall, all marine ecosystems on Earth will be exposed to changes in acidification and several other ocean biogeochemical changes.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Ocean acidification may force some organisms to reallocate resources away from productive endpoints in order to maintain calcification.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> For example, the oyster <a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Magallana gigas</a> is recognized to experience metabolic changes alongside altered <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> rates due to energetic tradeoffs resulting from pH imbalances.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:6-88">[88]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harmful_algal_blooms">Harmful algal blooms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Harmful algal blooms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">Harmful algal bloom</a></div> Although the drivers of <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a> (HABs) are poorly understood, they appear to have increased in range and frequency in coastal areas since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a>: 16  This is the result of human induced factors such as increased nutrient inputs (<a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>) and climate change (in particular the warming of water temperatures).<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a>: 16  The parameters that affect the formation of HABs are ocean warming, marine heatwaves, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">oxygen loss</a>, eutrophication and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>: 582  These increases in HABs are of concern because of the impact of their occurrence on local food security, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> and the economy.<a href="#cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">[2]</a>: 16  It is however also possible that the perceived increase in HABs globally is simply due to more severe bloom impacts and better monitoring and not due to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:4-90">[90]</a>: 463  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_coral_reefs_and_fisheries">Impacts on coral reefs and fisheries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impacts on coral reefs and fisheries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coral_reefs">Coral reefs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coral reefs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bleached_Staghorn_Coral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bleached_Staghorn_Coral.jpg/220px-Bleached_Staghorn_Coral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bleached_Staghorn_Coral.jpg/330px-Bleached_Staghorn_Coral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bleached_Staghorn_Coral.jpg/440px-Bleached_Staghorn_Coral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bleached Staghorn coral in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>.</figcaption></figure> While some mobile marine species can migrate in response to climate change, others such as <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> find this much more difficult. A <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> is an underwater <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> characterised by reef-building corals. Reefs are formed by <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a> of coral <a href="/wiki/Polyp_(zoology)" title="Polyp (zoology)">polyps</a> held together by <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Coral reefs are important centres of biodiversity and vital to millions of people who rely on them for coastal protection, food and for sustaining tourism in many regions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-92">[92]</a> Warm water corals are clearly in decline, with losses of 50% over the last 30–50 years due to multiple threats from ocean warming, ocean acidification, <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">pollution</a> and physical damage from activities such as fishing. These pressures are expected to intensify.<a href="#cite_note-:3-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">warming ocean surface waters</a> can lead to <a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">bleaching</a> of the corals which can cause serious damage and/or coral death. The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> in 2022 found that: "Since the early 1980s, the frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events have increased sharply worldwide".<a href="#cite_note-:4-90">[90]</a>: 416  Marine heatwaves have caused coral reef mass mortality.<a href="#cite_note-:4-90">[90]</a>: 381  It is expected that many coral reefs will suffer irreversible changes and loss due to marine heatwaves with global temperatures increasing by more than 1.5 °C.<a href="#cite_note-:4-90">[90]</a>: 382  Coral bleaching occurs when thermal stress from a warming ocean results in the expulsion of the symbiotic algae that resides within coral tissues. These symbiotic algae are the reason for the bright, vibrant colors of coral reefs.<a href="#cite_note-:72-93">[93]</a> A 1-2°C sustained increase in seawater temperatures is sufficient for bleaching to occur, which turns corals white.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> If a coral is bleached for a prolonged period of time, death may result. In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, before 1998 there were no such events. The first event happened in 1998 and after that, they began to occur more frequently. Between 2016 and 2020 there were three of them.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Apart from coral bleaching, the reducing pH value in oceans is also a problem for coral reefs because ocean acidification reduces <a href="/wiki/Coralline_algae" title="Coralline algae">coralline algal</a> <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> of coralline algal <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> determines how the algae will respond to ocean acidification.<a href="#cite_note-:17-96">[96]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Corals" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification § Corals</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocean_acidification&action=edit#Corals">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Warm water corals are clearly in decline, with losses of 50% over the last 30–50 years due to multiple threats from ocean warming, ocean acidification, <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">pollution</a> and physical damage from activities such as fishing, and these pressures are expected to intensify.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:32-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:43-82">[82]</a>: 416  The fluid in the internal compartments (the coelenteron) where corals grow their <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> is also extremely important for calcification growth. When the saturation state of aragonite in the external seawater is at ambient levels, the corals will grow their aragonite crystals rapidly in their internal compartments, hence their exoskeleton grows rapidly. If the saturation state of aragonite in the external seawater is lower than the ambient level, the corals have to work harder to maintain the right balance in the internal compartment. When that happens, the process of growing the crystals slows down, and this slows down the rate of how much their exoskeleton is growing. Depending on the aragonite saturation state in the surrounding water, the corals may halt growth because pumping aragonite into the internal compartment will not be energetically favorable.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Under the current progression of carbon emissions, around 70% of North Atlantic cold-water corals will be living in corrosive waters by 2050–60.<a href="#cite_note-Ocean_acidification_Perez2018-99">[99]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_fisheries">Effects on fisheries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Effects on fisheries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_and_fisheries&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Fisheries are affected by climate change in many ways: marine <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> are being affected by <a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">rising ocean temperatures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">ocean deoxygenation</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a> are being impacted by changes in water temperature, water flow, and fish habitat loss.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> These effects vary in the context of each <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:03-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> is modifying fish distributions<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and the productivity of marine and freshwater species. Climate change is expected to lead to significant changes in the availability and trade of <a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">fish products</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:7-105">[105]</a> The geopolitical and economic consequences will be significant, especially for the countries most dependent on the sector. The biggest decreases in maximum catch potential can be expected in the tropics, mostly in the South Pacific regions.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:7-105">[105]</a>: iv  The impacts of climate change on ocean systems has impacts on the <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, on the livelihoods of the communities that depend on fisheries, and on the ability of the oceans to capture and store carbon (<a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biological pump</a>). The effect of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> means that coastal <a href="/wiki/Fishing_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing community">fishing communities</a> are significantly impacted by climate change, while changing rainfall patterns and water use impact on inland freshwater fisheries and aquaculture.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:1-106">[106]</a> Increased risks of floods, diseases, parasites and <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a> are climate change impacts on <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> which can lead to losses of production and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:7-105">[105]</a> It is projected that "climate change decreases the modelled global fish community biomass by as much as 30% by 2100".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_on_marine_mammals">Impacts on marine mammals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impacts on marine mammals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_and_habitats_particularly_affected">Regions and habitats particularly affected</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regions and habitats particularly affected">edit</a>]</div> Some effects on <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, especially those in the Arctic, are very direct such as <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">loss of habitat</a>, temperature stress, and exposure to severe weather. Other effects are more indirect, such as changes in host pathogen associations, changes in body condition because of predator–prey interaction, changes in exposure to toxins and CO2 emissions, and increased human interactions.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Despite the large potential impacts of ocean warming on marine mammals, the global vulnerability of marine mammals to global warming is still poorly understood.<a href="#cite_note-:02-109">[109]</a> Marine mammals have evolved to live in oceans, but climate change is affecting their natural habitat.<a href="#cite_note-Hardwood-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simmonds-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tynan-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Learmonth-113">[113]</a> Some species may not adapt fast enough, which might lead to their extinction.<a href="#cite_note-:18-114">[114]</a> It has been generally assumed that the Arctic marine mammals were the most vulnerable in the face of climate change given the substantial observed and projected <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline in Arctic sea ice</a>. However, research has shown that the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> host the species that are most vulnerable to global warming.<a href="#cite_note-:02-109">[109]</a> The North Pacific has already been identified as a hotspot for human threats for marine mammals<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and is now also a hotspot for vulnerability to global warming. Marine mammals in this region will face double jeopardy from both human activities (e.g., marine traffic, pollution and offshore oil and gas development) and global warming, with potential additive or synergetic effects. As a result, these <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> face irreversible consequences for marine ecosystem functioning.<a href="#cite_note-:02-109">[109]</a> Marine organisms usually tend to encounter relatively stable temperatures compared to terrestrial species and thus are likely to be more sensitive to temperature change than terrestrial organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Yao-116">[116]</a> Therefore, the ocean warming will lead to the migration of increased species, as endangered species look for a more suitable habitat. If sea temperatures continue to rise, then some fauna may move to cooler water and some range-edge species may disappear from regional waters or experience a reduced global range.<a href="#cite_note-Yao-116">[116]</a> Change in the abundance of some species will alter the food resources available to marine mammals, which then results in marine mammals' biogeographic shifts. Furthermore, if a species is unable to successfully migrate to a suitable environment, it will be at risk of extinction if it cannot adapt to rising temperatures of the ocean. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a> leads to loss of the sea ice habitat, elevations of water and air temperature, and increased occurrence of severe weather. The loss of sea ice habitat will reduce the abundance of seal prey for marine mammals, particularly polar bears.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Sea ice changes may also have indirect effects on animal heath due to changes in the transmission of pathogens, impacts on animals' body condition due to shifts in the prey-based <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a>, and increased exposure to toxicants as a result of increased human habitation in the Arctic habitat.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Sea level rise is also important when assessing the impacts of global warming on marine mammals, since it affects coastal environments that marine mammal species rely on.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar_bears">Polar bears</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Polar bears">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_bear_waiting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Polar_bear_waiting.jpg/220px-Polar_bear_waiting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Polar_bear_waiting.jpg/330px-Polar_bear_waiting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Polar_bear_waiting.jpg/440px-Polar_bear_waiting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A polar bear waiting in the Fall for the sea ice to form.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear_conservation#Climate_change" title="Polar bear conservation">Polar bear conservation § Climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polar_bear_conservation&action=edit#Climate_change">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The key danger for polar bears posed by the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> is malnutrition or starvation due to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a>. Polar bears hunt seals from a platform of sea ice. Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.<a href="#cite_note-Polar_bear_conservation_stirling1999-120">[120]</a> Reduction in sea-ice cover also forces bears to swim longer distances, which further depletes their energy stores and occasionally leads to <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Polar_bear_conservation_monnett2006-121">[121]</a> Thinner sea ice tends to deform more easily, which appears to make it more difficult for polar bears to access seals.<a href="#cite_note-Polar_bear_conservation_amstrup2007-122">[122]</a> Insufficient nourishment leads to lower reproductive rates in adult females and lower survival rates in cubs and juvenile bears, in addition to poorer body condition in bears of all ages.<a href="#cite_note-Polar_bear_conservation_derocher2004-123">[123]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seals">Seals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Seals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal#Climate_change" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal § Climate change</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harp_seal_mother_and_pup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harp_seal_mother_and_pup.jpg/220px-Harp_seal_mother_and_pup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harp_seal_mother_and_pup.jpg/330px-Harp_seal_mother_and_pup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Harp_seal_mother_and_pup.jpg/440px-Harp_seal_mother_and_pup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal</a> mother nursing pup on <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Seals</a> are another marine mammal that are susceptible to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:18-114">[114]</a> Much like polar bears, some seal species have evolved to rely on sea ice. They use the ice platforms for breeding and raising young seal pups. In 2010 and 2011, sea ice in the Northwest Atlantic was at or near an all-time low and <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seals</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seals</a> that bred on thin ice saw increased death rates.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seals</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a> saw extreme reductions over a 20-year study, during which scientists measured increased sea surface temperature anomalies.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dolphins">Dolphins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dolphins">edit</a>]</div> Climate change has had a significant impact on various dolphin species. For example: In the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> intensity, and sea levels have led to a reduction in prey resources, causing a steep decline in the <a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_common_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-beaked common dolphin">short-beaked common dolphin</a> subpopulation in the Mediterranean, which was classified as endangered in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> At the Shark Bay World Heritage Area in Western Australia, the local population of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin">Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin</a> had a significant decline following a marine heatwave in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/River_dolphin" title="River dolphin">River dolphins</a> are highly affected by climate change as high evaporation rates, increased water temperatures, decreased precipitation, and increased <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a> occur.<a href="#cite_note-:5-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-130">[130]</a><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Dolphin#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Dolphin">Dolphin § Impacts of climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolphin&action=edit#Impacts_of_climate_change">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Dolphins are marine mammals with broad geographic extent, making them susceptible to climate change in various ways. The most common effect of climate change on dolphins is the increasing water temperatures across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-Dolphin_Evans-2013-2-131">[131]</a> This has caused a large variety of dolphin species to experience range shifts, in which the species move from their typical geographic region to cooler waters.<a href="#cite_note-Dolphin_Würsig-2001-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Another side effect of increasing water temperatures is the increase in <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algae blooms</a>, which has caused a mass die-off of bottlenose dolphins.<a href="#cite_note-Dolphin_Evans-2013-2-131">[131]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Atlantic_right_whales">North Atlantic right whales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: North Atlantic right whales">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale#Climate_change" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale § Climate change</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Atlantic_right_whale&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> poses a clear and growing threat to right whales.<a href="#cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:3-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:7-135">[135]</a> Documented effects in the scientific literature include impacts on <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, range, prey access, <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict" title="Human–wildlife conflict">interactions with human activities</a>, and individual health condition.<a href="#cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:7-135">[135]</a> Climate-driven changes to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean circulation</a> and water temperatures have affected the species' foraging and habitat use patterns, with numerous harmful consequences.<a href="#cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:2-136">[136]</a> Warming waters lead to decreased abundance of an important prey species, the zooplankton <a href="/wiki/Calanus_finmarchicus" title="Calanus finmarchicus">Calanus finmarchicus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:4-137">[137]</a> This reduction in prey availability affects the health of the right whale population in numerous ways. The most direct impacts are on the survival and reproductive success of individual whales, as lower C. finmarchicus densities have been associated with malnutrition-related health issues<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and difficulties successfully giving birth to and rearing calves.<a href="#cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:2-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_feedback_effects">Potential feedback effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Potential feedback effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methane_release_from_methane_clathrate">Methane release from methane clathrate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Methane release from methane clathrate">edit</a>]</div> Rising ocean temperatures also have the potential to impact <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrate</a> reservoirs located under the ocean floor sediments. These trap large amounts of the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, which ocean warming has the potential to release. However, it is currently considered unlikely that gas clathrates (mostly methane) in subsea <a href="/wiki/Clathrate_compound" title="Clathrate compound">clathrates</a> will lead to a "detectable departure from the emissions trajectory during this century".<a href="#cite_note-:15-41">[41]</a>: 107  In 2004 the global inventory of ocean methane clathrates was estimated to occupy between one and five million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_kilometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic kilometre">cubic kilometres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milkov_2004-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_island_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on island nations">Effects of climate change on island nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Effects of climate change on the water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_the_Ocean_and_Cryosphere_in_a_Changing_Climate" title="Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate">Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> (2019)</li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/30px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/44px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/59px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKäseGeuer2018" class="citation book cs1">Käse, Laura; Geuer, Jana K. (2018). "Phytoplankton Responses to Marine Climate Change – an Introduction". YOUMARES 8 – Oceans Across Boundaries: Learning from each other. pp. 55–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-93284-2_5">10.1007/978-3-319-93284-2_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-93283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-93283-5"><bdi>978-3-319-93283-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134263396">134263396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phytoplankton+Responses+to+Marine+Climate+Change+%E2%80%93+an+Introduction&rft.btitle=YOUMARES+8+%E2%80%93+Oceans+Across+Boundaries%3A+Learning+from+each+other&rft.pages=55-71&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134263396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-93284-2_5&rft.isbn=978-3-319-93283-5&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4se&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Geuer%2C+Jana+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SROCC_SPM_20190925-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SROCC_SPM_20190925_2-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Summary for Policymakers". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/097A895553D86981DFE6195ADFD3DDA4/stamped-9781009157971pre2_3-36.pdf/summary-for-policymakers.pdf">The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> (PDF). 2019. pp. 3–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157964.001">10.1017/9781009157964.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-915796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-915796-4"><bdi>978-1-00-915796-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329115423/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/097A895553D86981DFE6195ADFD3DDA4/stamped-9781009157971pre2_3-36.pdf/summary-for-policymakers.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.btitle=The+Ocean+and+Cryosphere+in+a+Changing+Climate&rft.pages=3-36&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009157964.001&rft.isbn=978-1-00-915796-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F097A895553D86981DFE6195ADFD3DDA4%2Fstamped-9781009157971pre2_3-36.pdf%2Fsummary-for-policymakers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengAbrahamHausfatherTrenberth2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E. (11 January 2019). "How fast are the oceans warming?". Science. 363 (6423): 128–129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...363..128C">2019Sci...363..128C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aav7619">10.1126/science.aav7619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30630919">30630919</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57825894">57825894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=How+fast+are+the+oceans+warming%3F&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=6423&rft.pages=128-129&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aav7619&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57825894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30630919&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...363..128C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lijing&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John&rft.au=Hausfather%2C+Zeke&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoneyBuschCooleyKroeker2020" class="citation journal cs1">Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (2020-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012320-083019">"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities"</a>. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 45 (1): 83–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012320-083019">10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=The+Impacts+of+Ocean+Acidification+on+Marine+Ecosystems+and+Reliant+Human+Communities&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-112&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012320-083019&rft.aulast=Doney&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rft.au=Busch%2C+D.+Shallin&rft.au=Cooley%2C+Sarah+R.&rft.au=Kroeker%2C+Kristy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-environ-012320-083019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> 2017-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_5-10">k</a> Bindoff, N.L., W.W.L. Cheung, J.G. Kairo, J. Arístegui, V.A. Guinder, R. Hallberg, N. Hilmi, N. Jiao, M.S. Karim, L. Levin, S. O'Donoghue, S.R. Purca Cuicapusa, B. Rinkevich, T. Suga, A. Tagliabue, and P. Williamson, 2019: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL-1.pdf">Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220141419/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL-1.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/">IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712081923/https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/">Archived</a> 2021-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2020" class="citation news cs1">Freedman, Andrew (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/09/29/global-ocean-layers-warming/">"Mixing of the planet's ocean waters is slowing down, speeding up global warming, study finds"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015040856/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/09/29/global-ocean-layers-warming/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mixing+of+the+planet%27s+ocean+waters+is+slowing+down%2C+speeding+up+global+warming%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fweather%2F2020%2F09%2F29%2Fglobal-ocean-layers-warming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChengSalinity-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChengSalinity_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChengSalinity_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengTrenberthGruberAbraham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Lijing; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Gruber, Nicolas; Abraham, John P.; Fasullo, John T.; Li, Guancheng; Mann, Michael E.; Zhao, Xuanming; Zhu, Jiang (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-20-0366.1">"Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle"</a>. Journal of Climate. 33 (23): 10357–10381. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCli...3310357C">2020JCli...3310357C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-20-0366.1">10.1175/jcli-d-20-0366.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=Improved+Estimates+of+Changes+in+Upper+Ocean+Salinity+and+the+Hydrological+Cycle&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=10357-10381&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2Fjcli-d-20-0366.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCli...3310357C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lijing&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Gruber%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Fasullo%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Li%2C+Guancheng&rft.au=Mann%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Xuanming&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252Fjcli-d-20-0366.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterJickells2012" class="citation book cs1">Chester, R.; Jickells, Tim (2012). "Chapter 9: Nutrients oxygen organic carbon and the carbon cycle in seawater". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Marine+Geochemistry%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9781118349090">Marine geochemistry</a> (3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley/Blackwell. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34909-0"><bdi>978-1-118-34909-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781078031">781078031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218073309/https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Marine+Geochemistry%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9781118349090">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-18. Retrieved 2022-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Nutrients+oxygen+organic+carbon+and+the+carbon+cycle+in+seawater&rft.btitle=Marine+geochemistry&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=182-183&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley%2FBlackwell&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781078031&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34909-0&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Jickells%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Fen-us%2FMarine%2BGeochemistry%252C%2B3rd%2BEdition-p-9781118349090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_NASA_OHC_1957_-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_NASA_OHC_1957_9-0">^</a> Top 700 meters: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindseyDahlman2023" class="citation web cs1">Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content">"Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content"</a>. climate.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231029171303/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climate.gov&rft.atitle=Climate+Change%3A+Ocean+Heat+Content&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Dahlman%2C+Luann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.gov%2Fnews-features%2Funderstanding-climate%2Fclimate-change-ocean-heat-content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> ● Top 2000 meters: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ocean-warming/">"Ocean Warming / Latest Measurement: December 2022 / 345 (± 2) zettajoules since 1955"</a>. NASA.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020033606/https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ocean-warming/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Ocean+Warming+%2F+Latest+Measurement%3A+December+2022+%2F+345+%28%C2%B1+2%29+zettajoules+since+1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fvital-signs%2Focean-warming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocean_heat_92-10"><a href="#cite_ref-ocean_heat_92_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-oceans-are-heating-up-faster-than-expected/">"The Oceans Are Heating Up Faster Than Expected"</a>. scientific american. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303222236/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-oceans-are-heating-up-faster-than-expected/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oceans+Are+Heating+Up+Faster+Than+Expected&rft.pub=scientific+american&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-oceans-are-heating-up-faster-than-expected%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_temperatures-11"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_temperatures_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/">"Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416074510/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Annual+Mean+Surface+Air+Temperature+Change&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.giss.nasa.gov%2Fgistemp%2Fgraphs_v4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengAbrahamZhuTrenberth2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Zhu, Jiang; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John; Boyer, Tim; Locarnini, Ricardo; Zhang, Bin; Yu, Fujiang; Wan, Liying; Chen, Xingrong (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00376-020-9283-7">"Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019"</a>. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 37 (2): 137–142. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AdAtS..37..137C">2020AdAtS..37..137C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00376-020-9283-7">10.1007/s00376-020-9283-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210157933">210157933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.atitle=Record-Setting+Ocean+Warmth+Continued+in+2019&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-142&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210157933%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-020-9283-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020AdAtS..37..137C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lijing&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiang&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Fasullo%2C+John&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Tim&rft.au=Locarnini%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Bin&rft.au=Yu%2C+Fujiang&rft.au=Wan%2C+Liying&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00376-020-9283-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:110-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:110_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:110_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:110_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengAbrahamTrenberthFasullo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John; Boyer, Tim; Mann, Michael E.; Zhu, Jiang; Wang, Fan; Locarnini, Ricardo; Li, Yuanlong; Zhang, Bin; Yu, Fujiang; Wan, Liying; Chen, Xingrong; Feng, Licheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9832248">"Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans"</a>. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 40 (6): 963–974. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AdAtS..40..963C">2023AdAtS..40..963C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00376-023-2385-2">10.1007/s00376-023-2385-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0256-1530">0256-1530</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9832248">9832248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36643611">36643611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.atitle=Another+Year+of+Record+Heat+for+the+Oceans&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=963-974&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9832248%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023AdAtS..40..963C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36643611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-023-2385-2&rft.issn=0256-1530&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lijing&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Fasullo%2C+John&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Tim&rft.au=Mann%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Fan&rft.au=Locarnini%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Li%2C+Yuanlong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Bin&rft.au=Yu%2C+Fujiang&rft.au=Wan%2C+Liying&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingrong&rft.au=Feng%2C+Licheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9832248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR6_WG1_Chapter9-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WG1_Chapter9_14-8">i</a> Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024162651/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809131444/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Archived</a> 2021-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gille_2002-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Gille_2002_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGille2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gille" title="Sarah Gille">Gille, Sarah T.</a> (2002-02-15). "Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950s". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 295 (5558): 1275–1277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...295.1275G">2002Sci...295.1275G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1065863">10.1126/science.1065863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11847337">11847337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31434936">31434936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Warming+of+the+Southern+Ocean+Since+the+1950s&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5558&rft.pages=1275-1277&rft.date=2002-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1065863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31434936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11847337&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...295.1275G&rft.aulast=Gille&rft.aufirst=Sarah+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkhordarianNielsenBaehr2022" class="citation journal cs1">Barkhordarian, Armineh; Nielsen, David Marcolino; Baehr, Johanna (2022-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00461-2">"Recent marine heatwaves in the North Pacific warming pool can be attributed to rising atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases"</a>. Communications Earth & Environment. 3 (1): 131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ComEE...3..131B">2022ComEE...3..131B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00461-2">10.1038/s43247-022-00461-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-4435">2662-4435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Recent+marine+heatwaves+in+the+North+Pacific+warming+pool+can+be+attributed+to+rising+atmospheric+levels+of+greenhouse+gases&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=131&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft.issn=2662-4435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00461-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ComEE...3..131B&rft.aulast=Barkhordarian&rft.aufirst=Armineh&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+David+Marcolino&rft.au=Baehr%2C+Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs43247-022-00461-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2022" class="citation news cs1">Bryce, Emma (2022-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/oct/20/billions-gone-whats-behind-the-disappearance-of-alaska-snow-crabs">"Billions gone: what's behind the disappearance of Alaska snow crabs?"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725133837/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/oct/20/billions-gone-whats-behind-the-disappearance-of-alaska-snow-crabs">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-25. Retrieved 2023-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Billions+gone%3A+what%27s+behind+the+disappearance+of+Alaska+snow+crabs%3F&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Foct%2F20%2Fbillions-gone-whats-behind-the-disappearance-of-alaska-snow-crabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marine_heatwave_:20-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marine_heatwave_:20_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marine_heatwave_:20_18-1">b</a> Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G.  Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L.  Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marine_heatwave_:19-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Marine_heatwave_:19_19-0">^</a> Cooley, S., D. Schoeman, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, S. Donner, D.Y. Ghebrehiwet, S.-I. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter03.pdf">Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 379–550, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.005. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> IPCC, 2019: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/02_SROCC_TS_FINAL.pdf">Technical Summary</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/">IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate</a> [H.- O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 39–69. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.002 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_:1-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_heat_content_:1_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra2008" class="citation book cs1">Dijkstra, Henk A. (2008). Dynamical oceanography ([Corr. 2nd print.] ed.). Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540763758" title="Special:BookSources/9783540763758"><bdi>9783540763758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamical+oceanography&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=276&rft.edition=%5BCorr.+2nd+print.%5D&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783540763758&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=Henk+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_EarthSysSciData_20200907-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_heat_content_EarthSysSciData_20200907_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_SchuckmannChengPalmerHansen2020" class="citation journal cs1">von Schuckmann, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et al. (7 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-12-2013-2020">"Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?"</a>. Earth System Science Data. 12 (3): 2013–2041. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ESSD...12.2013V">2020ESSD...12.2013V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-12-2013-2020">10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F443809">20.500.11850/443809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+System+Science+Data&rft.atitle=Heat+stored+in+the+Earth+system%3A+where+does+the+energy+go%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2013-2041&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F443809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fessd-12-2013-2020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ESSD...12.2013V&rft.aulast=von+Schuckmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+L.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+J.&rft.au=Tassone%2C+C.&rft.au=Aich%2C+V.&rft.au=Adusumilli%2C+S.&rft.au=Beltrami%2C+H.&rft.au=Boyer%2C+T.&rft.au=Cuesta-Valero%2C+F.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fessd-12-2013-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_Chen-2021-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_heat_content_Chen-2021_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengAbrahamTrenberthFasullo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Trenberth, Kevin; Fasullo, John; Boyer, Tim; Locarnini, Ricardo; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00376-021-0447-x">"Upper Ocean Temperatures Hit Record High in 2020"</a>. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 38 (4): 523–530. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AdAtS..38..523C">2021AdAtS..38..523C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00376-021-0447-x">10.1007/s00376-021-0447-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231672261">231672261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.atitle=Upper+Ocean+Temperatures+Hit+Record+High+in+2020&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=523-530&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231672261%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-021-0447-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021AdAtS..38..523C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lijing&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Fasullo%2C+John&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Tim&rft.au=Locarnini%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Bin&rft.au=Yu%2C+Fujiang&rft.au=Wan%2C+Liying&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00376-021-0447-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_AR6_WG1_Chapter92-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_heat_content_AR6_WG1_Chapter92_24-0">^</a> Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024162651/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809131444/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Archived</a> 2021-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_OHC2020-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_heat_content_OHC2020_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuAnn_Dahlman_and_Rebecca_Lindsey2020" class="citation web cs1">LuAnn Dahlman and Rebecca Lindsey (2020-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content">"Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Change%3A+Ocean+Heat+Content&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft.au=LuAnn+Dahlman+and+Rebecca+Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.gov%2Fnews-features%2Funderstanding-climate%2Fclimate-change-ocean-heat-content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climatecentral.org/news/ocean-depths-are-trapping-heat-19922">"Study: Deep Ocean Waters Trapping Vast Store of Heat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_Central" title="Climate Central">Climate Central</a>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Central&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Deep+Ocean+Waters+Trapping+Vast+Store+of+Heat&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatecentral.org%2Fnews%2Focean-depths-are-trapping-heat-19922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_Cheng2024-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_heat_content_Cheng2024_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengAbrahamTrenberthBoyer2024" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Lijing; Abraham, John; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Boyer, Tim; Mann, Michael E.; Zhu, Jiang; Wang, Fan; Yu, Fujiang; Locarnini, Ricardo; Fasullo, John; Zheng, Fei; Li, Yuanlong; et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00376-024-3378-5">"New record ocean temperatures and related climate indicators in 2023"</a>. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. 41 (6): 1068–1082. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024AdAtS..41.1068C">2024AdAtS..41.1068C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00376-024-3378-5">10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0256-1530">0256-1530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.atitle=New+record+ocean+temperatures+and+related+climate+indicators+in+2023&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1068-1082&rft.date=2024&rft.issn=0256-1530&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-024-3378-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024AdAtS..41.1068C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lijing&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Tim&rft.au=Mann%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Fan&rft.au=Yu%2C+Fujiang&rft.au=Locarnini%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Fasullo%2C+John&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Fei&rft.au=Li%2C+Yuanlong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00376-024-3378-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_ncei-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_heat_content_ncei_28-0">^</a> NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Monthly Global Climate Report for Annual 2023, published online January 2024, Retrieved on February 4, 2024 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202313">https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202313</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_heat_content_:0-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_heat_content_:0_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengFosterHausfatherTrenberth2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Lijing; Foster, Grant; Hausfather, Zeke; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Abraham, John (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJCLI-D-21-0895.1">"Improved Quantification of the Rate of Ocean Warming"</a>. Journal of Climate. 35 (14): 4827–4840. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JCli...35.4827C">2022JCli...35.4827C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJCLI-D-21-0895.1">10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0895.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=Improved+Quantification+of+the+Rate+of+Ocean+Warming&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=4827-4840&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2FJCLI-D-21-0895.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JCli...35.4827C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lijing&rft.au=Foster%2C+Grant&rft.au=Hausfather%2C+Zeke&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252FJCLI-D-21-0895.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDG_Tracker-30"><a href="#cite_ref-SDG_Tracker_30-0">^</a> Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdg-tracker.org/oceans">SDG 14 - Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122161929/https://sdg-tracker.org/oceans">Archived</a> 2022-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." SDG-Tracker.org, website (2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGattusoMagnanBilléCheung2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gattuso, J.-P.; Magnan, A.; Billé, R.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Howes, E. L.; Joos, F.; Allemand, D.; Bopp, L.; Cooley, S. R.; Eakin, C. M.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Kelly, R. P.; Pörtner, H.-O.; Rogers, A. D.; Baxter, J. M.; Laffoley, D.; Osborn, D.; Rankovic, A.; Rochette, J.; Sumaila, U. R.; Treyer, S.; Turley, C. (3 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/6491/1/Gattuso%20et%20al.pdf">"Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO 2 emissions scenarios"</a> (PDF). Science. 349 (6243): aac4722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aac4722">10.1126/science.aac4722</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26138982">26138982</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206639157">206639157</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209154056/https://plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/6491/1/Gattuso%20et%20al.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Contrasting+futures+for+ocean+and+society+from+different+anthropogenic+CO+2+emissions+scenarios&rft.volume=349&rft.issue=6243&rft.pages=aac4722&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206639157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26138982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aac4722&rft.aulast=Gattuso&rft.aufirst=J.-P.&rft.au=Magnan%2C+A.&rft.au=Bill%C3%A9%2C+R.&rft.au=Cheung%2C+W.+W.+L.&rft.au=Howes%2C+E.+L.&rft.au=Joos%2C+F.&rft.au=Allemand%2C+D.&rft.au=Bopp%2C+L.&rft.au=Cooley%2C+S.+R.&rft.au=Eakin%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Hoegh-Guldberg%2C+O.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+R.+P.&rft.au=P%C3%B6rtner%2C+H.-O.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+A.+D.&rft.au=Baxter%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Laffoley%2C+D.&rft.au=Osborn%2C+D.&rft.au=Rankovic%2C+A.&rft.au=Rochette%2C+J.&rft.au=Sumaila%2C+U.+R.&rft.au=Treyer%2C+S.&rft.au=Turley%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplymsea.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F6491%2F1%2FGattuso%2520et%2520al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_role-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_role_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerhaarFrölicherJoos2023" class="citation journal cs1">Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91">"Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO2 greenhouse gases"</a>. Environmental Research Letters. 18 (2): 024033. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ERL....18b4033T">2023ERL....18b4033T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Facaf91">10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326">1748-9326</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255431338">255431338</a>. <q>Figure 1f</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Ocean+acidification+in+emission-driven+temperature+stabilization+scenarios%3A+the+role+of+TCRE+and+non-CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+greenhouse+gases&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=024033&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Facaf91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255431338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1748-9326&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ERL....18b4033T&rft.aulast=Terhaar&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6licher%2C+Thomas+L.&rft.au=Joos%2C+Fortunat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Facaf91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxygen2024" class="citation web cs1">Oxygen, Pro (2024-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.co2.earth/">"Earth's CO2 Home Page"</a>. Retrieved 2024-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth%27s+CO2+Home+Page&rft.date=2024-09-21&rft.aulast=Oxygen&rft.aufirst=Pro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.co2.earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_raven05-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_raven05_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/-/media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2005/9634.pdf">Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide</a> (PDF). Royal Society. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85403-617-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85403-617-2"><bdi>0-85403-617-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ocean+acidification+due+to+increasing+atmospheric+carbon+dioxide&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-85403-617-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FRoyal_Society_Content%2Fpolicy%2Fpublications%2F2005%2F9634.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_Jian2019-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_Jian2019_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangCarterFeelyLauvset2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Li-Qing; Carter, Brendan R.; Feely, Richard A.; Lauvset, Siv K.; Olsen, Are (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6901524">"Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future"</a>. Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...918624J">2019NatSR...918624J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-55039-4">10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6901524">6901524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31819102">31819102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Surface+ocean+pH+and+buffer+capacity%3A+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18624&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6901524%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31819102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-55039-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...918624J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Li-Qing&rft.au=Carter%2C+Brendan+R.&rft.au=Feely%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Lauvset%2C+Siv+K.&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Are&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6901524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> 16 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangYamamoto-KawaiWilliams2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Y.; Yamamoto-Kawai, M.; Williams, W.J. (2020-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019GL086421">"Two Decades of Ocean Acidification in the Surface Waters of the Beaufort Gyre, Arctic Ocean: Effects of Sea Ice Melt and Retreat From 1997–2016"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 47 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019GL086421">10.1029/2019GL086421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214271838">214271838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Two+Decades+of+Ocean+Acidification+in+the+Surface+Waters+of+the+Beaufort+Gyre%2C+Arctic+Ocean%3A+Effects+of+Sea+Ice+Melt+and+Retreat+From+1997%E2%80%932016&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2020-02-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2019GL086421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214271838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Yamamoto-Kawai%2C+M.&rft.au=Williams%2C+W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2019GL086421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaupré-LaperrièreMucciThomas2020" class="citation journal cs1">Beaupré-Laperrière, Alexis; Mucci, Alfonso; Thomas, Helmuth (2020-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-17-3923-2020">"The recent state and variability of the carbonate system of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and adjacent basins in the context of ocean acidification"</a>. Biogeosciences. 17 (14): 3923–3942. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020BGeo...17.3923B">2020BGeo...17.3923B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-17-3923-2020">10.5194/bg-17-3923-2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221369828">221369828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeosciences&rft.atitle=The+recent+state+and+variability+of+the+carbonate+system+of+the+Canadian+Arctic+Archipelago+and+adjacent+basins+in+the+context+of+ocean+acidification&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3923-3942&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221369828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fbg-17-3923-2020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020BGeo...17.3923B&rft.aulast=Beaupr%C3%A9-Laperri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.au=Mucci%2C+Alfonso&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Helmuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fbg-17-3923-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_bleaching-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_bleaching_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyKlineDiaz-PulidoDove2008" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, K. R. N.; Kline, D. I.; Diaz-Pulido, G.; Dove, S.; Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (11 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2580748">"Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (45): 17442–17446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10517442A">2008PNAS..10517442A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0804478105">10.1073/pnas.0804478105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2580748">2580748</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18988740">18988740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ocean+acidification+causes+bleaching+and+productivity+loss+in+coral+reef+builders&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=17442-17446&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2580748%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18988740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0804478105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..10517442A&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=K.+R.+N.&rft.au=Kline%2C+D.+I.&rft.au=Diaz-Pulido%2C+G.&rft.au=Dove%2C+S.&rft.au=Hoegh-Guldberg%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2580748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_auto-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_auto_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2009" class="citation news cs1">Dean, Cornelia (30 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/science/earth/31ocean.html">"Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says"</a>. New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rising+Acidity+Is+Threatening+Food+Web+of+Oceans%2C+Science+Panel+Says&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F31%2Fscience%2Fearth%2F31ocean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:18-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:18_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2012" class="citation journal cs1">Service, Robert E. (13 July 2012). "Rising Acidity Brings an Ocean of Trouble". Science. 337 (6091): 146–148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..146S">2012Sci...337..146S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.337.6091.146">10.1126/science.337.6091.146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22798578">22798578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Rising+Acidity+Brings+an+Ocean+of+Trouble&rft.volume=337&rft.issue=6091&rft.pages=146-148&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22798578&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.337.6091.146&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...337..146S&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_41-2">c</a> Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A. Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, N.P. Gillett, L. Goldfarb, I. Gorodetskaya, J.M. Gutierrez, R. Hamdi, E. Hawkins, H.T. Hewitt, P. Hope, A.S. Islam, C. Jones, D.S. Kaufman, R.E. Kopp, Y. Kosaka, J. Kossin, S. Krakovska, J.-Y. Lee, et al., 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf">Technical Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721021347/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809131444/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Archived</a> 2021-08-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 33−144. </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_SLR_202207-42"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_SLR_202207_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-sea-level">"Climate Change Indicators: Sea Level / Figure 1. Absolute Sea Level Change"</a>. EPA.gov. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230904035800/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-sea-level">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2023. <q>Data sources: CSIRO, 2017. NOAA, 2022.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA.gov&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Indicators%3A+Sea+Level+%2F+Figure+1.+Absolute+Sea+Level+Change&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fclimate-indicators%2Fclimate-change-indicators-sea-level&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsLinckeHinkelBrown2021" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholls, Robert J.; Lincke, Daniel; Hinkel, Jochen; Brown, Sally; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Meyssignac, Benoit; Hanson, Susan E.; Merkens, Jan-Ludolf; Fang, Jiayi (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/4621313">"A global analysis of subsidence, relative sea-level change and coastal flood exposure"</a>. Nature Climate Change. 11 (4): 338–342. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCC..11..338N">2021NatCC..11..338N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-021-00993-z">10.1038/s41558-021-00993-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232145685">232145685</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810084243/https://zenodo.org/record/4621313">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-10. Retrieved 2022-11-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=A+global+analysis+of+subsidence%2C+relative+sea-level+change+and+coastal+flood+exposure&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=338-342&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232145685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-021-00993-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCC..11..338N&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Lincke%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hinkel%2C+Jochen&rft.au=Brown%2C+Sally&rft.au=Vafeidis%2C+Athanasios+T.&rft.au=Meyssignac%2C+Benoit&rft.au=Hanson%2C+Susan+E.&rft.au=Merkens%2C+Jan-Ludolf&rft.au=Fang%2C+Jiayi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F4621313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fox-Kemper, B.; <a href="/wiki/Helene_Hewitt" title="Helene Hewitt">Hewitt, Helene T.</a>; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"</a> (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024162651/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2022-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Ocean%2C+Cryosphere+and+Sea+Level+Change&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Fox-Kemper&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+Helene+T.&rft.au=Xiao%2C+C.&rft.au=A%C3%B0algeirsd%C3%B3ttir%2C+G.&rft.au=Drijfhout%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+T.+L.&rft.au=Golledge%2C+N.+R.&rft.au=Hemer%2C+M.&rft.au=Kopp%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Krinner%2C+G.&rft.au=Mix%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea_level_rise_WMO_20230421-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_WMO_20230421_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-annual-report-highlights-continuous-advance-of-climate-change">"WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change"</a>. World Meteorological Organization. 21 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217002918/https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-annual-report-highlights-continuous-advance-of-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <q>Press Release Number: 21042023.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+annual+report+highlights+continuous+advance+of+climate+change&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwmo.int%2Fnews%2Fmedia-centre%2Fwmo-annual-report-highlights-continuous-advance-of-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM_46-0">^</a> IPCC, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">Summary for Policymakers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205522/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526182346/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 3−32, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.001">10.1017/9781009157896.001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea_level_rise_WCRP2018-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_WCRP2018_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWCRP_Global_Sea_Level_Budget_Group2018" class="citation journal cs1">WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-10-1551-2018">"Global sea-level budget 1993–present"</a>. Earth System Science Data. 10 (3): 1551–1590. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ESSD...10.1551W">2018ESSD...10.1551W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-10-1551-2018">10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F287786">20.500.11850/287786</a>. <q>This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+System+Science+Data&rft.atitle=Global+sea-level+budget+1993%E2%80%93present&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1551-1590&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F287786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fessd-10-1551-2018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ESSD...10.1551W&rft.au=WCRP+Global+Sea+Level+Budget+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fessd-10-1551-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrujillo2014" class="citation book cs1">Trujillo, Alan P. (2014). Essentials of oceanography. Harold V. Thurman (11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-81405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-81405-0"><bdi>978-0-321-81405-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/815043823">815043823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+oceanography&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F815043823&rft.isbn=978-0-321-81405-0&rft.aulast=Trujillo&rft.aufirst=Alan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Talley, L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sam.ucsd.edu/sio210/lect_5/lecture_5.html">Sio 210 talley topic 5: North Atlantic circulation and water masses. thermohaline forcing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115030425/http://sam.ucsd.edu/sio210/lect_5/lecture_5.html">Archived</a> 2015-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenberthCaron2001" class="citation journal cs1">Trenberth, K; Caron, J (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1234671">"Estimates of Meridional Atmosphere and Ocean Heat Transports"</a>. Journal of Climate. 14 (16): 3433–43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JCli...14.3433T">2001JCli...14.3433T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282001%29014%3C3433%3AEOMAAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<3433:EOMAAO>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028100910/https://zenodo.org/record/1234671">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-28. Retrieved 2022-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=Estimates+of+Meridional+Atmosphere+and+Ocean+Heat+Transports&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=3433-43&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0442%282001%29014%3C3433%3AEOMAAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JCli...14.3433T&rft.aulast=Trenberth&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Caron%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1234671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:53-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:53_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterJickells2012" class="citation book cs1">Chester, R.; Jickells, Tim (2012). "Chapter 9: Nutrients oxygen organic carbon and the carbon cycle in seawater". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Marine+Geochemistry%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9781118349090">Marine geochemistry</a> (3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley/Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34909-0"><bdi>978-1-118-34909-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781078031">781078031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218073309/https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Marine+Geochemistry%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9781118349090">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-18. Retrieved 2022-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Nutrients+oxygen+organic+carbon+and+the+carbon+cycle+in+seawater&rft.btitle=Marine+geochemistry&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley%2FBlackwell&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781078031&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34909-0&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Jickells%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Fen-us%2FMarine%2BGeochemistry%252C%2B3rd%2BEdition-p-9781118349090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan2019-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Chan2019_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanBarthKroekerLubchenco2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Francis; Barth, John; Kroeker, Kristy; Lubchenco, Jane; Menge, Bruce (1 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2019.312">"The Dynamics and Impact of Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia: Insights from Sustained Investigations in the Northern California Current Large Marine Ecosystem"</a>. Oceanography. 32 (3): 62–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2019.312">10.5670/oceanog.2019.312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202922296">202922296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanography&rft.atitle=The+Dynamics+and+Impact+of+Ocean+Acidification+and+Hypoxia%3A+Insights+from+Sustained+Investigations+in+the+Northern+California+Current+Large+Marine+Ecosystem&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=62-71&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5670%2Foceanog.2019.312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202922296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Barth%2C+John&rft.au=Kroeker%2C+Kristy&rft.au=Lubchenco%2C+Jane&rft.au=Menge%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5670%252Foceanog.2019.312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> 2017-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGewin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gewin, Virginia (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F466812a">"Oceanography: Dead in the water"</a>. Nature. 466 (7308): 812–814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F466812a">10.1038/466812a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20703282">20703282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4358903">4358903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Oceanography%3A+Dead+in+the+water&rft.volume=466&rft.issue=7308&rft.pages=812-814&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4358903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20703282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F466812a&rft.aulast=Gewin&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F466812a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-change-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-change_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-change_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiChengZhuTrenberth2020" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Guancheng; Cheng, Lijing; Zhu, Jiang; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Mann, Michael E.; Abraham, John P. (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/b5e27d36-d40c-428c-bfc7-32646be12f5c">"Increasing ocean stratification over the past half-century"</a>. Nature Climate Change. 10 (12): 1116–1123. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCC..10.1116L">2020NatCC..10.1116L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-020-00918-2">10.1038/s41558-020-00918-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221985871">221985871</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110065328/https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/b5e27d36-d40c-428c-bfc7-32646be12f5c">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2022-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Increasing+ocean+stratification+over+the+past+half-century&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1116-1123&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221985871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-020-00918-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCC..10.1116L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Guancheng&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Lijing&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiang&rft.au=Trenberth%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=Mann%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Abraham%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsphere.psu.edu%2Fresources%2Fb5e27d36-d40c-428c-bfc7-32646be12f5c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitburgLevinOschliesGrégoire2018" class="citation journal cs1">Breitburg, Denise; Levin, Lisa A.; Oschlies, Andreas; Grégoire, Marilaure; Chavez, Francisco P.; Conley, Daniel J.; Garçon, Véronique; Gilbert, Denis; Gutiérrez, Dimitri; Isensee, Kirsten; Jacinto, Gil S.; Limburg, Karin E.; Montes, Ivonne; Naqvi, S. W. A.; Pitcher, Grant C.; Rabalais, Nancy N.; Roman, Michael R.; Rose, Kenneth A.; Seibel, Brad A.; Telszewski, Maciej; Yasuhara, Moriaki; Zhang, Jing (5 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam7240">"Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters"</a>. Science. 359 (6371): eaam7240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...359M7240B">2018Sci...359M7240B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam7240">10.1126/science.aam7240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29301986">29301986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206657115">206657115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Declining+oxygen+in+the+global+ocean+and+coastal+waters&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=6371&rft.pages=eaam7240&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aam7240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206657115%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29301986&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...359M7240B&rft.aulast=Breitburg&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Levin%2C+Lisa+A.&rft.au=Oschlies%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Gr%C3%A9goire%2C+Marilaure&rft.au=Chavez%2C+Francisco+P.&rft.au=Conley%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Gar%C3%A7on%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Denis&rft.au=Guti%C3%A9rrez%2C+Dimitri&rft.au=Isensee%2C+Kirsten&rft.au=Jacinto%2C+Gil+S.&rft.au=Limburg%2C+Karin+E.&rft.au=Montes%2C+Ivonne&rft.au=Naqvi%2C+S.+W.+A.&rft.au=Pitcher%2C+Grant+C.&rft.au=Rabalais%2C+Nancy+N.&rft.au=Roman%2C+Michael+R.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Kenneth+A.&rft.au=Seibel%2C+Brad+A.&rft.au=Telszewski%2C+Maciej&rft.au=Yasuhara%2C+Moriaki&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aam7240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOschliesBrandtStrammaSchmidtko2018" class="citation journal cs1">Oschlies, Andreas; Brandt, Peter; Stramma, Lothar; Schmidtko, Sunke (2018). "Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation". Nature Geoscience. 11 (7): 467–473. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatGe..11..467O">2018NatGe..11..467O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-018-0152-2">10.1038/s41561-018-0152-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135112478">135112478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Drivers+and+mechanisms+of+ocean+deoxygenation&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=467-473&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135112478%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-018-0152-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatGe..11..467O&rft.aulast=Oschlies&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Peter&rft.au=Stramma%2C+Lothar&rft.au=Schmidtko%2C+Sunke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitburgLevinOschliesGrégoire2018" class="citation journal cs1">Breitburg, Denise; Levin, Lisa A.; Oschlies, Andreas; Grégoire, Marilaure; Chavez, Francisco P.; Conley, Daniel J.; Garçon, Véronique; Gilbert, Denis; Gutiérrez, Dimitri; Isensee, Kirsten; Jacinto, Gil S.; Limburg, Karin E.; Montes, Ivonne; Naqvi, S. W. A.; Pitcher, Grant C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam7240">"Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters"</a>. Science. 359 (6371): eaam7240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...359M7240B">2018Sci...359M7240B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam7240">10.1126/science.aam7240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29301986">29301986</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206657115">206657115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Declining+oxygen+in+the+global+ocean+and+coastal+waters&rft.volume=359&rft.issue=6371&rft.pages=eaam7240&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aam7240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206657115%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29301986&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...359M7240B&rft.aulast=Breitburg&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Levin%2C+Lisa+A.&rft.au=Oschlies%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Gr%C3%A9goire%2C+Marilaure&rft.au=Chavez%2C+Francisco+P.&rft.au=Conley%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Gar%C3%A7on%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Denis&rft.au=Guti%C3%A9rrez%2C+Dimitri&rft.au=Isensee%2C+Kirsten&rft.au=Jacinto%2C+Gil+S.&rft.au=Limburg%2C+Karin+E.&rft.au=Montes%2C+Ivonne&rft.au=Naqvi%2C+S.+W.+A.&rft.au=Pitcher%2C+Grant+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aam7240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The Guardian, 2023 July 12 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/12/worlds-oceans-changing-colour-due-to-climate-breakdown-study-suggests">"World's Oceans Changing Colour Due to Climate Breakdown"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Cael, B.B., Bisson, K., Boss, E. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06321-z">"Global climate-change trends detected in indicators of ocean ecology"</a> Nature (2023) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdérizSilvaMortlockMori2021" class="citation journal cs1">Odériz, I.; Silva, R.; Mortlock, T.R.; Mori, N.; Shimura, T.; Webb, A.; Padilla-Hernández, R.; Villers, S. (2021-06-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021GL093622">"Natural Variability and Warming Signals in Global Ocean Wave Climates"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (11). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GeoRL..4893622O">2021GeoRL..4893622O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021GL093622">10.1029/2021GL093622</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2433%2F263318">2433/263318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236280747">236280747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Natural+Variability+and+Warming+Signals+in+Global+Ocean+Wave+Climates&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2021-06-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2433%2F263318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236280747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2021GL093622&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021GeoRL..4893622O&rft.aulast=Od%C3%A9riz&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Silva%2C+R.&rft.au=Mortlock%2C+T.R.&rft.au=Mori%2C+N.&rft.au=Shimura%2C+T.&rft.au=Webb%2C+A.&rft.au=Padilla-Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C+R.&rft.au=Villers%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2021GL093622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenberthChengJacobsZhang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Trenberth, Kevin E.; Cheng, Lijing; Jacobs, Peter; Zhang, Yongxin; Fasullo, John (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018EF000825">"Hurricane Harvey Links to Ocean Heat Content and Climate Change Adaptation"</a>. Earth's Future. 6 (5): 730–744. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EaFut...6..730T">2018EaFut...6..730T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018EF000825">10.1029/2018EF000825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%27s+Future&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Harvey+Links+to+Ocean+Heat+Content+and+Climate+Change+Adaptation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=730-744&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2018EF000825&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018EaFut...6..730T&rft.aulast=Trenberth&rft.aufirst=Kevin+E.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Lijing&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Peter&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yongxin&rft.au=Fasullo%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2018EF000825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:52-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:52_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:52_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnutsonCamargoChanEmanuel2019" class="citation journal cs1">Knutson, Thomas; Camargo, Suzana J.; Chan, Johnny C. L.; Emanuel, Kerry; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Kossin, James; Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay; Satoh, Masaki; Sugi, Masato; Walsh, Kevin; Wu, Liguang (August 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-18-0194.1">"Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II. Projected Response to Anthropogenic Warming"</a>. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 101 (3): BAMS–D–18–0194.1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020BAMS..101E.303K">2020BAMS..101E.303K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-18-0194.1">10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0194.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F124705">1721.1/124705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&rft.atitle=Tropical+Cyclones+and+Climate+Change+Assessment%3A+Part+II.+Projected+Response+to+Anthropogenic+Warming&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=BAMS-D-18-0194.1&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F124705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2FBAMS-D-18-0194.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020BAMS..101E.303K&rft.aulast=Knutson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Camargo%2C+Suzana+J.&rft.au=Chan%2C+Johnny+C.+L.&rft.au=Emanuel%2C+Kerry&rft.au=Ho%2C+Chang-Hoi&rft.au=Kossin%2C+James&rft.au=Mohapatra%2C+Mrutyunjay&rft.au=Satoh%2C+Masaki&rft.au=Sugi%2C+Masato&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Wu%2C+Liguang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252FBAMS-D-18-0194.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_63-0">^</a> IPCC, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">Summary for Policymakers</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York City, US, pp. 8–9; 15–16, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/major-tropical-cyclones-have-become-15-more-likely-over-past-40-years">"Major tropical cyclones have become '15% more likely' over past 40 years"</a>. Carbon Brief. May 18, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808212654/https://www.carbonbrief.org/major-tropical-cyclones-have-become-15-more-likely-over-past-40-years">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=Major+tropical+cyclones+have+become+%2715%25+more+likely%27+over+past+40+years&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fmajor-tropical-cyclones-have-become-15-more-likely-over-past-40-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:10-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:10_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change_:10_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshpandeSinghGanadhiRoxy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Deshpande, Medha; Singh, Vineet Kumar; Ganadhi, Mano Kranthi; Roxy, M. K.; Emmanuel, R.; Kumar, Umesh (2021-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05880-z">"Changing status of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean"</a>. Climate Dynamics. 57 (11): 3545–3567. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ClDy...57.3545D">2021ClDy...57.3545D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00382-021-05880-z">10.1007/s00382-021-05880-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0894">1432-0894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Changing+status+of+tropical+cyclones+over+the+north+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3545-3567&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft.issn=1432-0894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-021-05880-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ClDy...57.3545D&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Medha&rft.au=Singh%2C+Vineet+Kumar&rft.au=Ganadhi%2C+Mano+Kranthi&rft.au=Roxy%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Emmanuel%2C+R.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Umesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-021-05880-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghRoxy2022" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Vineet Kumar; Roxy, M.K. (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825222000514">"A review of ocean-atmosphere interactions during tropical cyclones in the north Indian Ocean"</a>. Earth-Science Reviews. 226: 103967. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.04384">2012.04384</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESRv..22603967S">2022ESRv..22603967S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.103967">10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+review+of+ocean-atmosphere+interactions+during+tropical+cyclones+in+the+north+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=226&rft.pages=103967&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2012.04384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.103967&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESRv..22603967S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Vineet+Kumar&rft.au=Roxy%2C+M.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012825222000514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossinKnappOlanderVelden2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kossin, James P.; Knapp, Kenneth R.; Olander, Timothy L.; Velden, Christopher S. (May 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7275711">"Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (22): 11975–11980. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11711975K">2020PNAS..11711975K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1920849117">10.1073/pnas.1920849117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7275711">7275711</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32424081">32424081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Global+increase+in+major+tropical+cyclone+exceedance+probability+over+the+past+four+decades&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=11975-11980&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7275711%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32424081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1920849117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11711975K&rft.aulast=Kossin&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft.au=Olander%2C+Timothy+L.&rft.au=Velden%2C+Christopher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7275711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsSutherlandBouwerCheong2019" class="citation book cs1">Collins, M.; Sutherland, M.; Bouwer, L.; Cheong, S.-M.; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/10_SROCC_Ch06_FINAL.pdf">"Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks"</a> (PDF). IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. p. 602. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220151131/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/10_SROCC_Ch06_FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Extremes%2C+Abrupt+Changes+and+Managing+Risks&rft.btitle=IPCC+Special+Report+on+the+Ocean+and+Cryosphere+in+a+Changing+Climate&rft.pages=602&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+M.&rft.au=Bouwer%2C+L.&rft.au=Cheong%2C+S.-M.&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6licher%2C+T.&rft.au=Jacot+Des+Combes%2C+H.&rft.au=Koll+Roxy%2C+M.&rft.au=Losada%2C+I.+J.&rft.au=McInnes%2C+K.&rft.au=Ratter%2C+B.&rft.au=Rivera-Arriaga%2C+E.&rft.au=Susanto%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Swingedouw%2C+D.&rft.au=Tibig%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2019%2F11%2F10_SROCC_Ch06_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldar2018" class="citation book cs1">Haldar, Ishita (30 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_k9bDwAAQBAJ&q=Thermohaline+circulation+is+responsible+for+bringing+up+cold%2C+nutrient-rich+water+from+the+depths+of+the+ocean%2C+a+process+known+as+upwelling&pg=PT28">Global Warming: The Causes and Consequences</a>. Readworthy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-935345-7-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-935345-7-1"><bdi>978-81-935345-7-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416155350/https://books.google.com/books?id=_k9bDwAAQBAJ&q=Thermohaline+circulation+is+responsible+for+bringing+up+cold%2C+nutrient-rich+water+from+the+depths+of+the+ocean%2C+a+process+known+as+upwelling&pg=PT28">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-16. Retrieved 2022-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Warming%3A+The+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.pub=Readworthy&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.isbn=978-81-935345-7-1&rft.aulast=Haldar&rft.aufirst=Ishita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_k9bDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThermohaline%2Bcirculation%2Bis%2Bresponsible%2Bfor%2Bbringing%2Bup%2Bcold%252C%2Bnutrient-rich%2Bwater%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bdepths%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bocean%252C%2Ba%2Bprocess%2Bknown%2Bas%2Bupwelling%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWüst1936" class="citation cs2">Wüst, Georg (1936), Louis, Herbert; Panzer, Wolfgang (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanrep.geomar.de/50356/">"Oberflächensalzgehalt, Verdunstung und Niederschlag auf dem Weltmeere"</a>, Länderkundliche Forschung : Festschrift zur Vollendung des sechzigsten Lebensjahres Norbert Krebs, Stuttgart, Germany: Engelhorn, pp. 347–359, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607135915/https://oceanrep.geomar.de/50356/">archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-07, retrieved 2021-06-07</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%C3%A4nderkundliche+Forschung+%3A+Festschrift+zur+Vollendung+des+sechzigsten+Lebensjahres+Norbert+Krebs&rft.atitle=Oberfl%C3%A4chensalzgehalt%2C+Verdunstung+und+Niederschlag+auf+dem+Weltmeere&rft.pages=347-359&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCst&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanrep.geomar.de%2F50356%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-71"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuzen2017" class="citation book cs1">Euzen, Agathe (2017). The ocean revealed. Paris: CNRS Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-271-11907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-271-11907-0"><bdi>978-2-271-11907-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ocean+revealed.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=CNRS+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-271-11907-0&rft.aulast=Euzen&rft.aufirst=Agathe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurackWijffels2010" class="citation journal cs1">Durack, Paul J.; Wijffels, Susan E. (2010-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2010JCLI3377.1">"Fifty-Year Trends in Global Ocean Salinities and Their Relationship to Broad-Scale Warming"</a>. Journal of Climate. 23 (16): 4342–4362. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JCli...23.4342D">2010JCli...23.4342D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2010JCLI3377.1">10.1175/2010JCLI3377.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=Fifty-Year+Trends+in+Global+Ocean+Salinities+and+Their+Relationship+to+Broad-Scale+Warming&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=4342-4362&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2010JCLI3377.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JCli...23.4342D&rft.aulast=Durack&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft.au=Wijffels%2C+Susan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F2010JCLI3377.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-73"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614170939/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/oceans/critical-issues-marine-pollution/">"Marine pollution, explained"</a>. National Geographic. 2019-08-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/oceans/critical-issues-marine-pollution/">the original</a> on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-04-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Marine+pollution%2C+explained&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Foceans%2Fcritical-issues-marine-pollution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangDongBaileyHolland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Yiyi; Dong, Xiquan; Bailey, David A.; <a href="/wiki/Marika_Holland" title="Marika Holland">Holland, Marika M.</a>; Xi, Baike; DuVivier, Alice K.; Kay, Jennifer E.; Landrum, Laura L.; Deng, Yi (2019-06-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019gl082791">"Thicker Clouds and Accelerated Arctic Sea Ice Decline: The Atmosphere-Sea Ice Interactions in Spring"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (12): 6980–6989. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.6980H">2019GeoRL..46.6980H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019gl082791">10.1029/2019gl082791</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F634665">10150/634665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189968828">189968828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Thicker+Clouds+and+Accelerated+Arctic+Sea+Ice+Decline%3A+The+Atmosphere-Sea+Ice+Interactions+in+Spring&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6980-6989&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F634665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189968828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GeoRL..46.6980H&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2019gl082791&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yiyi&rft.au=Dong%2C+Xiquan&rft.au=Bailey%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Holland%2C+Marika+M.&rft.au=Xi%2C+Baike&rft.au=DuVivier%2C+Alice+K.&rft.au=Kay%2C+Jennifer+E.&rft.au=Landrum%2C+Laura+L.&rft.au=Deng%2C+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2019gl082791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arctic_sea_ice_decline_:22-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Arctic_sea_ice_decline_:22_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenftlebenLauerKarpechko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Senftleben, Daniel; Lauer, Axel; Karpechko, Alexey (2020-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-19-0075.1">"Constraining Uncertainties in CMIP5 Projections of September Arctic Sea Ice Extent with Observations"</a>. Journal of Climate. 33 (4): 1487–1503. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCli...33.1487S">2020JCli...33.1487S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2Fjcli-d-19-0075.1">10.1175/jcli-d-19-0075.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8755">0894-8755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210273007">210273007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=Constraining+Uncertainties+in+CMIP5+Projections+of+September+Arctic+Sea+Ice+Extent+with+Observations&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1487-1503&rft.date=2020-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2Fjcli-d-19-0075.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210273007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0894-8755&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JCli...33.1487S&rft.aulast=Senftleben&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Lauer%2C+Axel&rft.au=Karpechko%2C+Alexey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252Fjcli-d-19-0075.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arctic_sea_ice_decline_:32-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Arctic_sea_ice_decline_:32_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadavKumarMohan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yadav, Juhi; Kumar, Avinash; Mohan, Rahul (2020-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y">"Dramatic decline of Arctic sea ice linked to global warming"</a>. Natural Hazards. 103 (2): 2617–2621. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatHa.103.2617Y">2020NatHa.103.2617Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-020-04064-y">10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-030X">0921-030X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218762126">218762126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Hazards&rft.atitle=Dramatic+decline+of+Arctic+sea+ice+linked+to+global+warming&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2617-2621&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-020-04064-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218762126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-030X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatHa.103.2617Y&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Juhi&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Avinash&rft.au=Mohan%2C+Rahul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-020-04064-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1107244530/ice-in-the-arctic-is-melting-even-faster-than-scientists-expected-study-finds">"Ice in the Arctic is melting even faster than scientists expected, study finds"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Ice+in+the+Arctic+is+melting+even+faster+than+scientists+expected%2C+study+finds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F06%2F24%2F1107244530%2Fice-in-the-arctic-is-melting-even-faster-than-scientists-expected-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antarctic_sea_ice_:2-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_sea_ice_:2_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_sea_ice_:2_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/understanding-climate-antarctic-sea-ice-extent">"Understanding climate: Antarctic sea ice extent"</a>. NOAA Climate.gov. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Climate.gov&rft.atitle=Understanding+climate%3A+Antarctic+sea+ice+extent&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.gov%2Fnews-features%2Funderstanding-climate%2Funderstanding-climate-antarctic-sea-ice-extent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antarctic_sea_ice_:0-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_sea_ice_:0_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/">"Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis"</a>. National Snow & Ice Data Centre. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Snow+%26+Ice+Data+Centre&rft.atitle=Arctic+Sea+Ice+News+and+Analysis&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2Farcticseaicenews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoxyModiMurtuguddeValsala2016" class="citation journal cs1">Roxy, Mathew Koll; Modi, Aditi; Murtugudde, Raghu; Valsala, Vinu; Panickal, Swapna; Prasanna Kumar, S.; Ravichandran, M.; Vichi, Marcello; Lévy, Marina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015GL066979">"A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (2): 826–833. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..43..826R">2016GeoRL..43..826R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2015GL066979">10.1002/2015GL066979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96439754">96439754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=A+reduction+in+marine+primary+productivity+driven+by+rapid+warming+over+the+tropical+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=826-833&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96439754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2015GL066979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016GeoRL..43..826R&rft.aulast=Roxy&rft.aufirst=Mathew+Koll&rft.au=Modi%2C+Aditi&rft.au=Murtugudde%2C+Raghu&rft.au=Valsala%2C+Vinu&rft.au=Panickal%2C+Swapna&rft.au=Prasanna+Kumar%2C+S.&rft.au=Ravichandran%2C+M.&rft.au=Vichi%2C+Marcello&rft.au=L%C3%A9vy%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2015GL066979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:14-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:14_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoneyBuschCooleyKroeker2020" class="citation journal cs1">Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (2020-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012320-083019">"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities"</a>. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 45 (1): 83–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012320-083019">10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225741986">225741986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Environment+and+Resources&rft.atitle=The+Impacts+of+Ocean+Acidification+on+Marine+Ecosystems+and+Reliant+Human+Communities&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-112&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-environ-012320-083019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225741986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Doney&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rft.au=Busch%2C+D.+Shallin&rft.au=Cooley%2C+Sarah+R.&rft.au=Kroeker%2C+Kristy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-environ-012320-083019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:43-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:43_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:43_82-1">b</a> Cooley, S., D. Schoeman, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, S. Donner, D.Y. Ghebrehiwet, S.-I. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter03.pdf">Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021104519/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter03.pdf">Archived</a> 21 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Archived</a> 28 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 379–550. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:11-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:11_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2">"PMEL CO2 – Carbon Dioxide Program"</a>. NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. Retrieved 2021-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Pacific+Marine+Environmental+Laboratory&rft.atitle=PMEL+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+%E2%80%93+Carbon+Dioxide+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmel.noaa.gov%2Fco2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:3-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:3_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraWeiRolloAmaro2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mora, Camilo; Wei, Chih-Lin; Rollo, Audrey; Amaro, Teresa; Baco, Amy R.; Billett, David; Bopp, Laurent; Chen, Qi; Collier, Mark; Danovaro, Roberto; Gooday, Andrew J.; Grupe, Benjamin M.; Halloran, Paul R.; Ingels, Jeroen; Jones, Daniel O. B. (2013-10-15). Mace, Georgina M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3797030">"Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century"</a>. PLOS Biology. 11 (10): e1001682. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001682">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3797030">3797030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24143135">24143135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Biotic+and+Human+Vulnerability+to+Projected+Changes+in+Ocean+Biogeochemistry+over+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e1001682&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3797030%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24143135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001682&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rft.au=Wei%2C+Chih-Lin&rft.au=Rollo%2C+Audrey&rft.au=Amaro%2C+Teresa&rft.au=Baco%2C+Amy+R.&rft.au=Billett%2C+David&rft.au=Bopp%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Chen%2C+Qi&rft.au=Collier%2C+Mark&rft.au=Danovaro%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Gooday%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Grupe%2C+Benjamin+M.&rft.au=Halloran%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Ingels%2C+Jeroen&rft.au=Jones%2C+Daniel+O.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3797030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:0-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:0_85-0">^</a> National Research Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12877&page=R1">Overview of Climate Changes and Illustrative Impacts. Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906174354/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12877&page=R1">Archived</a> 6 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011. 1. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairchildHales2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fairchild, William; Hales, Burke (14 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2020.590236">"High-Resolution Carbonate System Dynamics of Netarts Bay, OR From 2014 to 2019"</a>. Frontiers in Marine Science. 7: 590236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2020.590236">10.3389/fmars.2020.590236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=High-Resolution+Carbonate+System+Dynamics+of+Netarts+Bay%2C+OR+From+2014+to+2019&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=590236&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2020.590236&rft.aulast=Fairchild&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Hales%2C+Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2020.590236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodSpicerWiddicombe2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Hannah L.; Spicer, John I.; Widdicombe, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587798">"Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society B">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a>. 275 (1644): 1767–1773. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0343">10.1098/rspb.2008.0343</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587798">2587798</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18460426">18460426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Ocean+acidification+may+increase+calcification+rates%2C+but+at+a+cost&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1644&rft.pages=1767-1773&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2587798%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18460426&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0343&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Hannah+L.&rft.au=Spicer%2C+John+I.&rft.au=Widdicombe%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2587798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:6-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:6_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuckerFalkenberg2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ducker, James; Falkenberg, Laura J. (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2020.597441">"How the Pacific Oyster Responds to Ocean Acidification: Development and Application of a Meta-Analysis Based Adverse Outcome Pathway"</a>. Frontiers in Marine Science. 7: 597441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2020.597441">10.3389/fmars.2020.597441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=How+the+Pacific+Oyster+Responds+to+Ocean+Acidification%3A+Development+and+Application+of+a+Meta-Analysis+Based+Adverse+Outcome+Pathway&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=597441&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2020.597441&rft.aulast=Ducker&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Falkenberg%2C+Laura+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2020.597441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter04.pdf">Chapter 4: Water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329200926/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter04.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Archived</a> 2022-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712 </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_90-3">d</a> Cooley, S., D. Schoeman, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, S. Donner, D.Y. Ghebrehiwet, S.-I. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter03.pdf">Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and Their Services</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021104519/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter03.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228114918/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Archived</a> 2022-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 379–550 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coral.org/en/coral-reefs-101/how-reefs-are-made/">"How Reefs Are Made"</a>. Coral Reef Alliance. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030053454/https://coral.org/en/coral-reefs-101/how-reefs-are-made/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coral+Reef+Alliance&rft.atitle=How+Reefs+Are+Made&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoral.org%2Fen%2Fcoral-reefs-101%2Fhow-reefs-are-made%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoegh-GuldbergPoloczanskaSkirvingDove2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove; Poloczanska, Elvira S.; Skirving, William; Dove, Sophie (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2017.00158">"Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification"</a>. Frontiers in Marine Science. 4: 158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2017.00158">10.3389/fmars.2017.00158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Coral+Reef+Ecosystems+under+Climate+Change+and+Ocean+Acidification&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2017.00158&rft.aulast=Hoegh-Guldberg&rft.aufirst=Ove&rft.au=Poloczanska%2C+Elvira+S.&rft.au=Skirving%2C+William&rft.au=Dove%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2017.00158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-93"><a href="#cite_ref-:72_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoegh-GuldbergMumbyHootenSteneck2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Mumby, P. J.; Hooten, A. J.; Steneck, R. S.; Greenfield, P.; Gomez, E.; Harvell, C. D.; Sale, P. F.; Edwards, A. J.; Caldeira, K.; Knowlton, N.; Eakin, C. M.; Iglesias-Prieto, R.; Muthiga, N.; Bradbury, R. H.; Dubi, A.; Hatziolos, M. E. (14 December 2007). "Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification". Science. 318 (5857): 1737–1742. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318.1737H">2007Sci...318.1737H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1152509">10.1126/science.1152509</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F28834">1885/28834</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18079392">18079392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12607336">12607336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Coral+Reefs+Under+Rapid+Climate+Change+and+Ocean+Acidification&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=5857&rft.pages=1737-1742&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F28834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12607336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...318.1737H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18079392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1152509&rft.aulast=Hoegh-Guldberg&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Mumby%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Hooten%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Steneck%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Greenfield%2C+P.&rft.au=Gomez%2C+E.&rft.au=Harvell%2C+C.+D.&rft.au=Sale%2C+P.+F.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Caldeira%2C+K.&rft.au=Knowlton%2C+N.&rft.au=Eakin%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Iglesias-Prieto%2C+R.&rft.au=Muthiga%2C+N.&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Dubi%2C+A.&rft.au=Hatziolos%2C+M.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Coral reefs as world heritage". International Environmental Law and the Conservation of Coral Reefs. 2011. pp. 187–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203816882-16">10.4324/9780203816882-16</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81688-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81688-2"><bdi>978-0-203-81688-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coral+reefs+as+world+heritage&rft.btitle=International+Environmental+Law+and+the+Conservation+of+Coral+Reefs&rft.pages=187-223&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203816882-16&rft.isbn=978-0-203-81688-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2020" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Jordan (25 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/coral-bleaching-great-barrier-reef-2645576557.html">"Great Barrier Reef Has Third Major Bleaching Event in Five Years"</a>. Ecowatch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326163152/https://www.ecowatch.com/coral-bleaching-great-barrier-reef-2645576557.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Great+Barrier+Reef+Has+Third+Major+Bleaching+Event+in+Five+Years&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecowatch.com%2Fcoral-bleaching-great-barrier-reef-2645576557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwallHarveyComeauCornwall2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cornwall, Christopher E.; Harvey, Ben P.; Comeau, Steeve; Cornwall, Daniel L.; Hall-Spencer, Jason M.; Peña, Viviana; Wada, Shigeki; Porzio, Lucia (January 2022). "Understanding coralline algal responses to ocean acidification: Meta-analysis and synthesis". Global Change Biology. 28 (2): 362–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.15899">10.1111/gcb.15899</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F18263">10026.1/18263</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34689395">34689395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239767511">239767511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Understanding+coralline+algal+responses+to+ocean+acidification%3A+Meta-analysis+and+synthesis&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=362-374&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10026.1%2F18263&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239767511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34689395&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgcb.15899&rft.aulast=Cornwall&rft.aufirst=Christopher+E.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Ben+P.&rft.au=Comeau%2C+Steeve&rft.au=Cornwall%2C+Daniel+L.&rft.au=Hall-Spencer%2C+Jason+M.&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Viviana&rft.au=Wada%2C+Shigeki&rft.au=Porzio%2C+Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_:32-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_:32_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoegh-GuldbergPoloczanskaSkirvingDove2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove; Poloczanska, Elvira S.; Skirving, William; Dove, Sophie (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2017.00158">"Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification"</a>. Frontiers in Marine Science. 4: 158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2017.00158">10.3389/fmars.2017.00158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Coral+Reef+Ecosystems+under+Climate+Change+and+Ocean+Acidification&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2017.00158&rft.aulast=Hoegh-Guldberg&rft.aufirst=Ove&rft.au=Poloczanska%2C+Elvira+S.&rft.au=Skirving%2C+William&rft.au=Dove%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2017.00158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenHolcomb2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, A.; Holcomb, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2009.102">"Why Corals Care About Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism"</a>. Oceanography. 24 (4): 118–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2009.102">10.5670/oceanog.2009.102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanography&rft.atitle=Why+Corals+Care+About+Ocean+Acidification%3A+Uncovering+the+Mechanism&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=118-127&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5670%2Foceanog.2009.102&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Holcomb%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5670%252Foceanog.2009.102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocean_acidification_Perez2018-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Ocean_acidification_Perez2018_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérezFontelaGarcía-IbañezMercier2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez, F.; Fontela, M.; García-Ibañez, M.; Mercier, H.; Velo, A.; Lherminier, P.; Zunino, P.; de la Paz, M.; Alonso, F.; Guallart, E.; Padín, T. (22 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00426/53783/">"Meridional overturning circulation conveys fast acidification to the deep Atlantic Ocean"</a>. Nature. 554 (7693): 515–518. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.554..515P">2018Natur.554..515P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature25493">10.1038/nature25493</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F162241">10261/162241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29433125">29433125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3497477">3497477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Meridional+overturning+circulation+conveys+fast+acidification+to+the+deep+Atlantic+Ocean&rft.volume=554&rft.issue=7693&rft.pages=515-518&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F162241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3497477%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.554..515P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29433125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature25493&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Fontela%2C+M.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Iba%C3%B1ez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mercier%2C+H.&rft.au=Velo%2C+A.&rft.au=Lherminier%2C+P.&rft.au=Zunino%2C+P.&rft.au=de+la+Paz%2C+M.&rft.au=Alonso%2C+F.&rft.au=Guallart%2C+E.&rft.au=Pad%C3%ADn%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchimer.ifremer.fr%2Fdoc%2F00426%2F53783%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf">Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513164252/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Assessment_Report_of_the_Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>. (15 MB). </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoney,_S._C.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Doney, S. C. (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.precaution.org/lib/06/ocean_acidification_from_c02_060301.pdf">"The Dangers of Ocean Acidification"</a> (PDF). Scientific American. 294 (3): 58–65. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SciAm.294c..58D">2006SciAm.294c..58D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0306-58">10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16502612">16502612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Dangers+of+Ocean+Acidification&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=58-65&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16502612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0306-58&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006SciAm.294c..58D&rft.au=Doney%2C+S.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.precaution.org%2Flib%2F06%2Focean_acidification_from_c02_060301.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2015" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, OAR (2015-04-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/cira/climate-action-benefits-freshwater-fish">"Climate Action Benefits: Freshwater Fish"</a>. US EPA. Retrieved 2020-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=Climate+Action+Benefits%3A+Freshwater+Fish&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcira%2Fclimate-action-benefits-freshwater-fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:03-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:03_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherdonMagnanRogersSumaila2016" class="citation journal cs1">Weatherdon, Lauren V.; Magnan, Alexandre K.; Rogers, Alex D.; Sumaila, U. Rashid; Cheung, William W. L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2016.00048">"Observed and Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture, Coastal Tourism, and Human Health: An Update"</a>. Frontiers in Marine Science. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2016.00048">10.3389/fmars.2016.00048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-7745">2296-7745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Observed+and+Projected+Impacts+of+Climate+Change+on+Marine+Fisheries%2C+Aquaculture%2C+Coastal+Tourism%2C+and+Human+Health%3A+An+Update&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2016.00048&rft.issn=2296-7745&rft.aulast=Weatherdon&rft.aufirst=Lauren+V.&rft.au=Magnan%2C+Alexandre+K.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Alex+D.&rft.au=Sumaila%2C+U.+Rashid&rft.au=Cheung%2C+William+W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2016.00048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung,_W.W.L.2009" class="citation report cs1">Cheung, W.W.L.; et al. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113553/http://www.seaaroundus.org/ClimateChange/images/Pew%20OSS%20Final%20climate%20change%20and%20fisheries.pdf">Redistribution of Fish Catch by Climate Change. A Summary of a New Scientific Analysis</a> (PDF). Sea Around Us (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/ClimateChange/images/Pew%20OSS%20Final%20climate%20change%20and%20fisheries.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Redistribution+of+Fish+Catch+by+Climate+Change.+A+Summary+of+a+New+Scientific+Analysis&rft.date=2009-10&rft.au=Cheung%2C+W.W.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2FClimateChange%2Fimages%2FPew%2520OSS%2520Final%2520climate%2520change%2520and%2520fisheries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:7-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:7_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:7_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:7_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel_BarangeTarûb_BahriMalcolm_C._M._BeveridgeK._L._Cochrane2018" class="citation book cs1">Manuel Barange; Tarûb Bahri; Malcolm C. M. Beveridge; K. L. Cochrane; S. Funge Smith; Florence Poulain, eds. (2018). Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-130607-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-130607-9"><bdi>978-92-5-130607-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078885208">1078885208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impacts+of+climate+change+on+fisheries+and+aquaculture%3A+synthesis+of+current+knowledge%2C+adaptation+and+mitigation+options&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078885208&rft.isbn=978-92-5-130607-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:1-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_and_fisheries_:1_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change_(IPCC)2022" class="citation cs2">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ocean-and-cryosphere-in-a-changing-climate/sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-lowlying-islands-coasts-and-communities/5D756335C9C3A6DDFAE0219073349E8D">"Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities"</a>, The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 321–446, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157964.006">10.1017/9781009157964.006</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-915796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-915796-4"><bdi>978-1-00-915796-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246522316">246522316</a>, retrieved 2022-04-06</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ocean+and+Cryosphere+in+a+Changing+Climate%3A+Special+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Sea+Level+Rise+and+Implications+for+Low-Lying+Islands%2C+Coasts+and+Communities&rft.pages=321-446&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246522316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009157964.006&rft.isbn=978-1-00-915796-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Focean-and-cryosphere-in-a-changing-climate%2Fsea-level-rise-and-implications-for-lowlying-islands-coasts-and-communities%2F5D756335C9C3A6DDFAE0219073349E8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarozzaBianchiGalbraith2019" class="citation journal cs1">Carozza, David A.; Bianchi, Daniele; Galbraith, Eric D. (2019). Bates, Amanda (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12832">"Metabolic impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems: Implications for fish communities and fisheries"</a>. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 28 (2): 158–169. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GloEB..28..158C">2019GloEB..28..158C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgeb.12832">10.1111/geb.12832</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-822X">1466-822X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91507418">91507418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Ecology+and+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Metabolic+impacts+of+climate+change+on+marine+ecosystems%3A+Implications+for+fish+communities+and+fisheries&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-169&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgeb.12832&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91507418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1466-822X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GloEB..28..158C&rft.aulast=Carozza&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Bianchi%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Galbraith%2C+Eric+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fgeb.12832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurekGullandO'Hara2008" class="citation journal cs1">Burek, Kathy A.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; O'Hara, Todd M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F06-0553.1">"Effects of Climate Change on Arctic Marine Mammal Health"</a>. Ecological Applications. 18 (2): S126–S134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EcoAp..18S.126B">2008EcoAp..18S.126B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F06-0553.1">10.1890/06-0553.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40062160">40062160</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18494366">18494366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Climate+Change+on+Arctic+Marine+Mammal+Health&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=S126-S134&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F06-0553.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18494366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40062160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EcoAp..18S.126B&rft.aulast=Burek&rft.aufirst=Kathy+A.&rft.au=Gulland%2C+Frances+M.+D.&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+Todd+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1890%252F06-0553.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbouyDelattreDonatiFrölicher2020" class="citation journal cs1">Albouy, Camille; <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Delattre" title="Valentine Delattre">Delattre, Valentine</a>; Donati, Giulia; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Albouy-Boyer, Severine; Rufino, Marta; Pellissier, Loïc; Mouillot, David; Leprieur, Fabien (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6969058">"Global vulnerability of marine mammals to global warming"</a>. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 548. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..10..548A">2020NatSR..10..548A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-57280-3">10.1038/s41598-019-57280-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6969058">6969058</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31953496">31953496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Global+vulnerability+of+marine+mammals+to+global+warming&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=548&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6969058%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31953496&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-57280-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..10..548A&rft.aulast=Albouy&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft.au=Delattre%2C+Valentine&rft.au=Donati%2C+Giulia&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6licher%2C+Thomas+L.&rft.au=Albouy-Boyer%2C+Severine&rft.au=Rufino%2C+Marta&rft.au=Pellissier%2C+Lo%C3%AFc&rft.au=Mouillot%2C+David&rft.au=Leprieur%2C+Fabien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6969058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardwood-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Hardwood_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarwood2001" class="citation journal cs1">Harwood, John (1 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1542%282001%29082%3C0630%3AMMATEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Marine mammals and their environment in the twenty-first century"</a>. Journal of Mammalogy. 82 (3): 630–640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1542%282001%29082%3C0630%3AMMATEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082<0630:MMATEI>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=Marine+mammals+and+their+environment+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=630-640&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F1545-1542%282001%29082%3C0630%3AMMATEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1644%252F1545-1542%25282001%2529082%253C0630%253AMMATEI%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmonds-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Simmonds_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmondsIsaac2007" class="citation journal cs1">Simmonds, Mark P.; Isaac, Stephen J. (5 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605307001524">"The impacts of climate change on marine mammals: early signs of significant problems"</a>. Oryx. 41 (1): 19–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605307001524">10.1017/s0030605307001524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=The+impacts+of+climate+change+on+marine+mammals%3A+early+signs+of+significant+problems&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-26&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0030605307001524&rft.aulast=Simmonds&rft.aufirst=Mark+P.&rft.au=Isaac%2C+Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0030605307001524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tynan-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Tynan_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTynanDeMaster1997" class="citation journal cs1">Tynan, Cynthia T.; DeMaster, Douglas P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic50-4-308.pdf">"Observations and Predictions of Arctic Climatic Change: Potential Effects on Marine Mammals"</a> (PDF). Arctic. 50 (4): 308–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic1113">10.14430/arctic1113</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120232244/https://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic50-4-308.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-04-01. <q>Animals have a high risk of mortality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic&rft.atitle=Observations+and+Predictions+of+Arctic+Climatic+Change%3A+Potential+Effects+on+Marine+Mammals&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=308-322&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14430%2Farctic1113&rft.aulast=Tynan&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+T.&rft.au=DeMaster%2C+Douglas+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aina.ucalgary.ca%2Farctic%2FArctic50-4-308.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Learmonth-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Learmonth_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLearmonthMacleodSantosPierce2006" class="citation book cs1">Learmonth, JA; Macleod, CD; Santos, MB; Pierce, GJ; Crick, HQP; Robinson, RA (2006). "Potential effects of climate change on marine mammals". In Gibson, RN; Atkinson, RJA; Gordon, JDM (eds.). Oceanography and marine biology an annual review. Volume 44. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. pp. 431–464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-0639-1"><bdi>978-1-4200-0639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potential+effects+of+climate+change+on+marine+mammals&rft.btitle=Oceanography+and+marine+biology+an+annual+review.+Volume+44&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=431-464&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-0639-1&rft.aulast=Learmonth&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Macleod%2C+CD&rft.au=Santos%2C+MB&rft.au=Pierce%2C+GJ&rft.au=Crick%2C+HQP&rft.au=Robinson%2C+RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaidreStirlingLowryWiig2008" class="citation journal cs1">Laidre, Kristin L.; Stirling, Ian; Lowry, Lloyd F.; Wiig, Øystein; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Ferguson, Steven H. (January 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F06-0546.1">"Quantifying the Sensitivity of Arctic Marine Mammals to Climate-Induced Habitat Change"</a>. Ecological Applications. 18 (2): S97–S125. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EcoAp..18S..97L">2008EcoAp..18S..97L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F06-0546.1">10.1890/06-0546.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40062159">40062159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18494365">18494365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+Sensitivity+of+Arctic+Marine+Mammals+to+Climate-Induced+Habitat+Change&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=S97-S125&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F06-0546.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18494365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40062159%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EcoAp..18S..97L&rft.aulast=Laidre&rft.aufirst=Kristin+L.&rft.au=Stirling%2C+Ian&rft.au=Lowry%2C+Lloyd+F.&rft.au=Wiig%2C+%C3%98ystein&rft.au=Heide-J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Mads+Peter&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Steven+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1890%252F06-0546.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilaKaschnerDormann2018" class="citation journal cs1">Avila, Isabel C.; Kaschner, Kristin; Dormann, Carsten F. (May 2018). "Current global risks to marine mammals: Taking stock of the threats". Biological Conservation. 221: 44–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018BCons.221...44A">2018BCons.221...44A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2018.02.021">10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Current+global+risks+to+marine+mammals%3A+Taking+stock+of+the+threats&rft.volume=221&rft.pages=44-58&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2018.02.021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018BCons.221...44A&rft.aulast=Avila&rft.aufirst=Isabel+C.&rft.au=Kaschner%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Dormann%2C+Carsten+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yao-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yao_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaoSomero2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yao, Cui-Luan; Somero, George N. (February 2014). "The impact of ocean warming on marine organisms". Chinese Science Bulletin. 59 (5–6): 468–479. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ChSBu..59..468Y">2014ChSBu..59..468Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0113-0">10.1007/s11434-014-0113-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98449170">98449170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Science+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+ocean+warming+on+marine+organisms&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=468-479&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98449170%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0113-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ChSBu..59..468Y&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Cui-Luan&rft.au=Somero%2C+George+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerocher2004" class="citation journal cs1">Derocher, A. E. (2004-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F44.2.163">"Polar Bears in a Warming Climate"</a>. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 44 (2): 163–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F44.2.163">10.1093/icb/44.2.163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680496">21680496</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13716867">13716867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Polar+Bears+in+a+Warming+Climate&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-176&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13716867%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21680496&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F44.2.163&rft.aulast=Derocher&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F44.2.163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurekGullandO'Hara2008" class="citation journal cs1">Burek, Kathy A.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; O'Hara, Todd M. (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F06-0553.1">"Effects of Climate Change on Arctic Marine Mammal Health"</a>. Ecological Applications. 18 (sp2): S126–S134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EcoAp..18S.126B">2008EcoAp..18S.126B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F06-0553.1">10.1890/06-0553.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18494366">18494366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Climate+Change+on+Arctic+Marine+Mammal+Health&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=sp2&rft.pages=S126-S134&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18494366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F06-0553.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EcoAp..18S.126B&rft.aulast=Burek&rft.aufirst=Kathy+A.&rft.au=Gulland%2C+Frances+M.+D.&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+Todd+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1890%252F06-0553.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlickCloughNunley" class="citation web cs1">Glick, Patrick; Clough, Jonathan; Nunley, Brad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025102/http://www.nwf.org/pdf/Reports/FullSeaLevelRiseandCoastalHabitats_ChesapeakeRegion.pdf">"Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Habitats in the Chesapeake Bay Region"</a> (PDF). National Wildlife Federation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwf.org/pdf/Reports/FullSeaLevelRiseandCoastalHabitats_ChesapeakeRegion.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea-Level+Rise+and+Coastal+Habitats+in+the+Chesapeake+Bay+Region&rft.pub=National+Wildlife+Federation&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Clough%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Nunley%2C+Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%2Fpdf%2FReports%2FFullSeaLevelRiseandCoastalHabitats_ChesapeakeRegion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polar_bear_conservation_stirling1999-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Polar_bear_conservation_stirling1999_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirlingLunnIacozza1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stirling_(biologist)" title="Ian Stirling (biologist)">Stirling, Ian</a>; Lunn, N. J.; Iacozza, J. (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic52-3-294.pdf">"Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in Western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change"</a> (PDF). Arctic. 52 (3): 294–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic935">10.14430/arctic935</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic&rft.atitle=Long-term+trends+in+the+population+ecology+of+polar+bears+in+Western+Hudson+Bay+in+relation+to+climatic+change&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=294-306&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14430%2Farctic935&rft.aulast=Stirling&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Lunn%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Iacozza%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.aina.ucalgary.ca%2Farctic%2FArctic52-3-294.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polar_bear_conservation_monnett2006-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Polar_bear_conservation_monnett2006_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonnettGleason2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Monnett" title="Charles Monnett">Monnett, Charles</a>; Gleason, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.chem.ucsb.edu/~devries/ES/polar%20bears%20Charles%20Monnett.pdf">"Observations of mortality associated with extended open-water swimming by polar bears in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Polar_Biology" title="Polar Biology">Polar Biology</a>. 29 (8): 681–687. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PoBio..29..681M">2006PoBio..29..681M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00300-005-0105-2">10.1007/s00300-005-0105-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24270374">24270374</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810160133/https://web.chem.ucsb.edu/~devries/ES/polar%20bears%20Charles%20Monnett.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Biology&rft.atitle=Observations+of+mortality+associated+with+extended+open-water+swimming+by+polar+bears+in+the+Alaskan+Beaufort+Sea&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=681-687&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24270374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00300-005-0105-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PoBio..29..681M&rft.aulast=Monnett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Gleason%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.chem.ucsb.edu%2F~devries%2FES%2Fpolar%2520bears%2520Charles%2520Monnett.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polar_bear_conservation_amstrup2007-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Polar_bear_conservation_amstrup2007_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmstrupMarcotDouglas2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Amstrup" title="Steven Amstrup">Amstrup, Steven C.</a>; Marcot, Bruce G.; Douglas, David C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025220330/http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/special/polar_bears/docs/USGS_PolarBear_Amstrup_Forecast_lowres.pdf">Forecasting the range-wide status of polar bears at selected times in the 21st Century</a> (PDF). Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/special/polar_bears/docs/USGS_PolarBear_Amstrup_Forecast_lowres.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forecasting+the+range-wide+status+of+polar+bears+at+selected+times+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Reston%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Amstrup&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft.au=Marcot%2C+Bruce+G.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fspecial%2Fpolar_bears%2Fdocs%2FUSGS_PolarBear_Amstrup_Forecast_lowres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polar_bear_conservation_derocher2004-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Polar_bear_conservation_derocher2004_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerocherLunnStirling2004" class="citation journal cs1">Derocher, Andrew E.; Lunn, Nicholas J.; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Stirling_(biologist)" title="Ian Stirling (biologist)">Stirling, Ian</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F44.2.163">"Polar bears in a Warming Climate"</a>. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 44 (2): 163–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F44.2.163">10.1093/icb/44.2.163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21680496">21680496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Polar+bears+in+a+Warming+Climate&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-176&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F44.2.163&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21680496&rft.aulast=Derocher&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft.au=Lunn%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Stirling%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficb%252F44.2.163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStensonHammill2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stenson, G. B.; Hammill, M. O. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsu074">"Can ice breeding seals adapt to habitat loss in a time of climate change?"</a>. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 71 (7): 1977–1986. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsu074">10.1093/icesjms/fsu074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Can+ice+breeding+seals+adapt+to+habitat+loss+in+a+time+of+climate+change%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1977-1986&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsu074&rft.aulast=Stenson&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft.au=Hammill%2C+M.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficesjms%252Ffsu074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonYoungYurkowskiAnderson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, Steven H.; Young, Brent G.; Yurkowski, David J.; Anderson, Randi; Willing, Cornelia; Nielsen, Ole (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5292026">"Demographic, ecological, and physiological responses of ringed seals to an abrupt decline in sea ice availability"</a>. PeerJ. 5: e2957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.2957">10.7717/peerj.2957</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5292026">5292026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28168119">28168119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Demographic%2C+ecological%2C+and+physiological+responses+of+ringed+seals+to+an+abrupt+decline+in+sea+ice+availability&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=e2957&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5292026%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28168119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.2957&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Steven+H.&rft.au=Young%2C+Brent+G.&rft.au=Yurkowski%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Randi&rft.au=Willing%2C+Cornelia&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5292026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForcadaTrathanReidMurphy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Forcada, Jaume; Trathan, P. N.; Reid, K.; Murphy, E. J. (2005). "The Effects of Global Climate Variability in Pup Production of Antarctic Fur Seals". Ecology. 86 (9): 2408–2417. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Ecol...86.2408F">2005Ecol...86.2408F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F04-1153">10.1890/04-1153</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3451030">3451030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Global+Climate+Variability+in+Pup+Production+of+Antarctic+Fur+Seals&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2408-2417&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3451030%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F04-1153&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Ecol...86.2408F&rft.aulast=Forcada&rft.aufirst=Jaume&rft.au=Trathan%2C+P.+N.&rft.au=Reid%2C+K.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCañadasVázquez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cañadas, A.; Vázquez, J.A. (2017-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2017.03.006">"Common dolphins in the Alboran Sea: Facing a reduction in their suitable habitat due to an increase in Sea surface temperature"</a>. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 141: 306–318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.141..306C">2017DSRII.141..306C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2017.03.006">10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep+Sea+Research+Part+II%3A+Topical+Studies+in+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Common+dolphins+in+the+Alboran+Sea%3A+Facing+a+reduction+in+their+suitable+habitat+due+to+an+increase+in+Sea+surface+temperature&rft.volume=141&rft.pages=306-318&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2017.03.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017DSRII.141..306C&rft.aulast=Ca%C3%B1adas&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.dsr2.2017.03.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildKrützenRankinHoppitt2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wild, Sonja; Krützen, Michael; Rankin, Robert W.; Hoppitt, William J.E.; Gerber, Livia; Allen, Simon J. (2019-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.02.047">"Long-term decline in survival and reproduction of dolphins following a marine heatwave"</a>. Current Biology. 29 (7): R239–R240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29.R239W">2019CBio...29.R239W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.02.047">10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F1a397eb9-1713-49b5-a2fb-f0d7c747e724">1983/1a397eb9-1713-49b5-a2fb-f0d7c747e724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30939303">30939303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Long-term+decline+in+survival+and+reproduction+of+dolphins+following+a+marine+heatwave&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=R239-R240&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F1a397eb9-1713-49b5-a2fb-f0d7c747e724&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30939303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.02.047&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29.R239W&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft.au=Kr%C3%BCtzen%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rankin%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Hoppitt%2C+William+J.E.&rft.au=Gerber%2C+Livia&rft.au=Allen%2C+Simon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.02.047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-129"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWürsigReevesOrtega-Ortiz2002" class="citation book cs1">Würsig, Bernd; Reeves, Randall R.; Ortega-Ortiz, J. G. (2002). "Global Climate Change and Marine Mammals". Marine Mammals. pp. 589–608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0529-7_17">10.1007/978-1-4615-0529-7_17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46573-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46573-4"><bdi>978-0-306-46573-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Global+Climate+Change+and+Marine+Mammals&rft.btitle=Marine+Mammals&rft.pages=589-608&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0529-7_17&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46573-4&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCrsig&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Reeves%2C+Randall+R.&rft.au=Ortega-Ortiz%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-130"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez-SalazarCollWhitehead2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gomez-Salazar, Catalina; Coll, Marta; Whitehead, Hal (December 2012). "River dolphins as indicators of ecosystem degradation in large tropical rivers". Ecological Indicators. 23: 19–26. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EcInd..23...19G">2012EcInd..23...19G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2012.02.034">10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.02.034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Indicators&rft.atitle=River+dolphins+as+indicators+of+ecosystem+degradation+in+large+tropical+rivers&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=19-26&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2012.02.034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012EcInd..23...19G&rft.aulast=Gomez-Salazar&rft.aufirst=Catalina&rft.au=Coll%2C+Marta&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolphin_Evans-2013-2-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dolphin_Evans-2013-2_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolphin_Evans-2013-2_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansBjørge2013" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Peter G.H.; Bjørge, Arne (November 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seawatchfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Evans-Bj%C3%B8rge_2013.pdf">"Impacts of climate change on marine mammals"</a> (PDF). MCCIP Science Review 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MCCIP+Science+Review+2013&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+climate+change+on+marine+mammals&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.H.&rft.au=Bj%C3%B8rge%2C+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seawatchfoundation.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F05%2FEvans-Bj%25C3%25B8rge_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolphin_Würsig-2001-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Dolphin_Würsig-2001_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWürsigReevesOrtega-Ortiz2001" class="citation cs2">Würsig, Bernd; Reeves, Randall R.; Ortega-Ortiz, J. G. (2001), Evans, Peter G. H.; Raga, Juan Antonio (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0529-7_17">"Global Climate Change and Marine Mammals"</a>, Marine Mammals: Biology and Conservation, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 589–608, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0529-7_17">10.1007/978-1-4615-0529-7_17</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-0529-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-0529-7"><bdi>978-1-4615-0529-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 2021-05-01</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Mammals%3A+Biology+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Global+Climate+Change+and+Marine+Mammals&rft.pages=589-608&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0529-7_17&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-0529-7&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCrsig&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Reeves%2C+Randall+R.&rft.au=Ortega-Ortiz%2C+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-0529-7_17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvadeoLluch-BeldaGómez-GallardoUrbán-Ramírez2010" class="citation journal cs1">Salvadeo, CJ; Lluch-Belda, D; Gómez-Gallardo, A; Urbán-Ramírez, J; MacLeod, CD (2010-03-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v11/n1/p13-19/">"Climate change and a poleward shift in the distribution of the Pacific white-sided dolphin in the northeastern Pacific"</a>. Endangered Species Research. 11 (1): 13–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr00252">10.3354/esr00252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1863-5407">1863-5407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Species+Research&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+a+poleward+shift+in+the+distribution+of+the+Pacific+white-sided+dolphin+in+the+northeastern+Pacific&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-19&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fesr00252&rft.issn=1863-5407&rft.aulast=Salvadeo&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Lluch-Belda%2C+D&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Gallardo%2C+A&rft.au=Urb%C3%A1n-Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+J&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+CD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Fabstracts%2Fesr%2Fv11%2Fn1%2Fp13-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:3-134"><a href="#cite_ref-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:3_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeszaros2020" class="citation web cs1">Meszaros, Jessica (2020-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wlrn.org/2020-02-14/climate-change-is-contributing-to-right-whale-deaths">"Climate Change Is Contributing To Right Whale Deaths"</a>. WLRN. Retrieved 2023-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WLRN&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Is+Contributing+To+Right+Whale+Deaths&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.aulast=Meszaros&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlrn.org%2F2020-02-14%2Fclimate-change-is-contributing-to-right-whale-deaths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:7-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:7_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:7_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullandBakerHoweLaBrecque2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gulland, Frances M. D.; Baker, Jason D.; Howe, Marian; LaBrecque, Erin; Leach, Lauri; Moore, Sue E.; Reeves, Randall R.; Thomas, Peter O. (2022-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecochg.2022.100054">"A review of climate change effects on marine mammals in United States waters: Past predictions, observed impacts, current research and conservation imperatives"</a>. Climate Change Ecology. 3: 100054. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CCEco...300054G">2022CCEco...300054G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecochg.2022.100054">10.1016/j.ecochg.2022.100054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2666-9005">2666-9005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+Ecology&rft.atitle=A+review+of+climate+change+effects+on+marine+mammals+in+United+States+waters%3A+Past+predictions%2C+observed+impacts%2C+current+research+and+conservation+imperatives&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=100054&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft.issn=2666-9005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecochg.2022.100054&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022CCEco...300054G&rft.aulast=Gulland&rft.aufirst=Frances+M.+D.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Jason+D.&rft.au=Howe%2C+Marian&rft.au=LaBrecque%2C+Erin&rft.au=Leach%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Moore%2C+Sue+E.&rft.au=Reeves%2C+Randall+R.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ecochg.2022.100054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:2-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:2_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:2_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-GutbrodGreeneDaviesJohns2021" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Gutbrod, Erin; Greene, Charles; Davies, Kimberley; Johns, David (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/34-3_meyer-gutbrod.pdf">"Ocean Regime Shift is Driving Collapse of the North Atlantic Right Whale Population"</a> (PDF). Oceanography. 34 (3): 22–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2021.308">10.5670/oceanog.2021.308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-8275">1042-8275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanography&rft.atitle=Ocean+Regime+Shift+is+Driving+Collapse+of+the+North+Atlantic+Right+Whale+Population&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22-31&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5670%2Foceanog.2021.308&rft.issn=1042-8275&rft.aulast=Meyer-Gutbrod&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=Greene%2C+Charles&rft.au=Davies%2C+Kimberley&rft.au=Johns%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftos.org%2Foceanography%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2F34-3_meyer-gutbrod.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:4-137"><a href="#cite_ref-North_Atlantic_right_whale_:4_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennanMapsGentlemanLavoie2021" class="citation journal cs1">Brennan, Catherine E.; Maps, Frédéric; Gentleman, Wendy C.; Lavoie, Diane; Chassé, Joël; Plourde, Stéphane; Johnson, Catherine L. (September–October 2021). "Ocean circulation changes drive shifts in Calanus abundance in North Atlantic right whale foraging habitat: A model comparison of cool and warm year scenarios". Progress in Oceanography. 197: 102629. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PrOce.19702629B">2021PrOce.19702629B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pocean.2021.102629">10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102629</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6611">0079-6611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Ocean+circulation+changes+drive+shifts+in+Calanus+abundance+in+North+Atlantic+right+whale+foraging+habitat%3A+A+model+comparison+of+cool+and+warm+year+scenarios&rft.volume=197&rft.pages=102629&rft.date=2021-09%2F2021-10&rft.issn=0079-6611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pocean.2021.102629&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PrOce.19702629B&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Catherine+E.&rft.au=Maps%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Gentleman%2C+Wendy+C.&rft.au=Lavoie%2C+Diane&rft.au=Chass%C3%A9%2C+Jo%C3%ABl&rft.au=Plourde%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Catherine+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanleyByrnesPendletonMayo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ganley, Laura C.; Byrnes, Jarrett; Pendleton, Daniel E.; Mayo, Charles A.; Friedland, Kevin D.; Redfern, Jessica V.; Turner, Jefferson T.; Brault, Solange (2022-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2022.e02193">"Effects of changing temperature phenology on the abundance of a critically endangered baleen whale"</a>. Global Ecology and Conservation. 38: e02193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2022.e02193">10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2351-9894">2351-9894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Ecology+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Effects+of+changing+temperature+phenology+on+the+abundance+of+a+critically+endangered+baleen+whale&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=e02193&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2022.e02193&rft.issn=2351-9894&rft.aulast=Ganley&rft.aufirst=Laura+C.&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+Jarrett&rft.au=Pendleton%2C+Daniel+E.&rft.au=Mayo%2C+Charles+A.&rft.au=Friedland%2C+Kevin+D.&rft.au=Redfern%2C+Jessica+V.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Jefferson+T.&rft.au=Brault%2C+Solange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gecco.2022.e02193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavrilchukLesageFortuneTrites2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gavrilchuk, Katherine; Lesage, Véronique; Fortune, Sarah M. E.; Trites, Andrew W.; Plourde, Stéphane (2021-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v44/p113-136/">"Foraging habitat of North Atlantic right whales has declined in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, and may be insufficient for successful reproduction"</a>. Endangered Species Research. 44: 113–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr01097">10.3354/esr01097</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1863-5407">1863-5407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Species+Research&rft.atitle=Foraging+habitat+of+North+Atlantic+right+whales+has+declined+in+the+Gulf+of+St.+Lawrence%2C+Canada%2C+and+may+be+insufficient+for+successful+reproduction&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=113-136&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fesr01097&rft.issn=1863-5407&rft.aulast=Gavrilchuk&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Lesage%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Fortune%2C+Sarah+M.+E.&rft.au=Trites%2C+Andrew+W.&rft.au=Plourde%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.int-res.com%2Fabstracts%2Fesr%2Fv44%2Fp113-136%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milkov_2004-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Milkov_2004_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilkov2004" class="citation journal cs1">Milkov, A. V. (2004). "Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: How much is really out there?". Earth-Science Reviews. 66 (3–4): 183–197. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESRv...66..183M">2004ESRv...66..183M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2003.11.002">10.1016/j.earscirev.2003.11.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Global+estimates+of+hydrate-bound+gas+in+marine+sediments%3A+How+much+is+really+out+there%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=183-197&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2003.11.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ESRv...66..183M&rft.aulast=Milkov&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEffects+of+climate+change+on+oceans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/wg1/">IPCC Working Group I (WG I)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> group which assesses the physical scientific aspects of the climate system and climate change.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate-change/effects-of-climate-change">Effects of climate change</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/climatechange/">United Nations Environment Programme and climate change</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/climatechange">Fisheries and Aquaculture: Climate Change</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&oldid=1260319619">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&oldid=1260319619</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Effects_of_climate_change" title="Category:Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceans" title="Category:Oceans">Oceans</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from March 2023">Articles with failed verification from March 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 02:51 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-6xbrp","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.306","walltime":"3.566","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21553,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":499290,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7266,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":569932,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3215.630 1 -total"," 38.99% 1253.817 1 Template:Reflist"," 38.46% 1236.577 13 Template:Excerpt"," 21.40% 688.132 80 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.12% 261.181 42 Template:Rp"," 7.71% 247.824 42 Template:R/superscript"," 6.64% 213.601 15 Template:Cite_book"," 4.02% 129.252 1 Template:Climate_change"," 3.73% 120.074 126 Template:R/where"," 2.73% 87.920 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.479","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11295849,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","380","15.3"],["?","340","13.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","320","12.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","240","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","6.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.0"],["extract_names \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1605\u003E","40","1.6"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","40","1.6"],["[others]","560","22.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-74f675c4bb-vl7vt","timestamp":"20241130025151","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Effects of climate change on oceans","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5347373","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5347373","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-05-21T23:46:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T02:51:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Overview_of_climatic_changes_and_their_effects_on_the_ocean.png"}</script> </body> </html>