CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Religion Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="eFEAjIcV1-V5PDHHKxDEFpDmSTQqsX4iBGw4ExW3AX4j18JeaCuypOn6VAnjZiz0q24NBU9aK-89sCOzegTS-w" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Religion?after=50%2C2444215" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Religion Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '8eceb4f58ee2b0718cf1b58485ccadc0eb8d7549'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14035,"monthly_visitors":"102 million","monthly_visitor_count":102411812,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":102,"user_count":283250015,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740032952000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740032952000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-40698df34f913bd208bb70f09d2feb7c6286046250be17a4db35bba2c08b0e2f.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-a22f75d8519394c21253dae46c8c5d60ad36ea68c7d494347ec64229d8c1cf85.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-5708a105dd66b4c7d0ef30b7c094b1048423f0042bd2a7b123f2d99ee3cf46d9.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Religion</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">768,748 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Religion</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Religion">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69193570" data-work_id="69193570" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69193570/Religion_and_the_Public_Defender">Religion and the Public Defender</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This essay argues that the public defender should not undertake, or fail to undertake, any action to the legal detriment of a client on the basis of a conflict the attorney perceives between religious and professional responsibility,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69193570" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This essay argues that the public defender should not undertake, or fail to undertake, any action to the legal detriment of a client on the basis of a conflict the attorney perceives between religious and professional responsibility, except for imminent death or serious bodily harm to another. Having accepted the responsibility of representing indigent criminal defendants, the public defender is duty-bound to not compromise that responsibility for competing religious obligations. This argument rests on four premises: (1) the public defender occupies a unique position in our legal system, and options available to private interest lawyers or other clients should not be available to the public defender; (2) any deviation from the governing professional constraints in representing a client that stems from conflicting religious belief and harms the client is both professional unethical and immoral; (3) religion is at best equivocal in addressing the propriety of specific actions taken or...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69193570" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ff0728701fff6db10e429c1bd661008" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79381950,"asset_id":69193570,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79381950/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28134375" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SadiqReza">Sadiq Reza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28134375" type="text/json">{"id":28134375,"first_name":"Sadiq","last_name":"Reza","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SadiqReza","display_name":"Sadiq Reza","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SadiqReza?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28134375/7959668/8916067/s65_sadiq.reza.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69193570 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69193570"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69193570, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69193570", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69193570 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69193570; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69193570"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69193570 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69193570"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69193570; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69193570]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69193570").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69193570").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69193570"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="309843" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_system">Legal system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="309843" type="text/json">{"id":309843,"name":"Legal system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_system?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69193570]'), work: {"id":69193570,"title":"Religion and the Public Defender","created_at":"2022-01-22T12:36:55.987-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69193570/Religion_and_the_Public_Defender?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_69193570","summary":"This essay argues that the public defender should not undertake, or fail to undertake, any action to the legal detriment of a client on the basis of a conflict the attorney perceives between religious and professional responsibility, except for imminent death or serious bodily harm to another. Having accepted the responsibility of representing indigent criminal defendants, the public defender is duty-bound to not compromise that responsibility for competing religious obligations. This argument rests on four premises: (1) the public defender occupies a unique position in our legal system, and options available to private interest lawyers or other clients should not be available to the public defender; (2) any deviation from the governing professional constraints in representing a client that stems from conflicting religious belief and harms the client is both professional unethical and immoral; (3) religion is at best equivocal in addressing the propriety of specific actions taken or...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79381950,"asset_id":69193570,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28134375,"first_name":"Sadiq","last_name":"Reza","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SadiqReza","display_name":"Sadiq Reza","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SadiqReza?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28134375/7959668/8916067/s65_sadiq.reza.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":309843,"name":"Legal system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_system?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1143628,"name":"Professional Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Professional_Responsibility?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44987568" data-work_id="44987568" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44987568/Les_religions_face_%C3%A0_la_pand%C3%A9mie_du_Covid_19">Les religions face à la pandémie du Covid-19</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44987568" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="873c613f56d01bf06c5dfddc66b5f1ee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65531838,"asset_id":44987568,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65531838/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="326797" href="https://universite-lyon2.academia.edu/OulddaliAhmed">Oulddali Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="326797" type="text/json">{"id":326797,"first_name":"Oulddali","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"universite-lyon2","page_name":"OulddaliAhmed","display_name":"Oulddali Ahmed","profile_url":"https://universite-lyon2.academia.edu/OulddaliAhmed?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/326797/2153193/158275396/s65_oulddali.ahmed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44987568 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44987568"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44987568, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44987568", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44987568 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44987568; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44987568"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44987568 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44987568"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44987568; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44987568]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44987568").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44987568").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44987568"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44987568]'), work: {"id":44987568,"title":"Les religions face à la pandémie du Covid-19","created_at":"2021-01-27T01:51:21.625-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44987568/Les_religions_face_%C3%A0_la_pand%C3%A9mie_du_Covid_19?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_44987568","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65531838,"asset_id":44987568,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":326797,"first_name":"Oulddali","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"universite-lyon2","page_name":"OulddaliAhmed","display_name":"Oulddali Ahmed","profile_url":"https://universite-lyon2.academia.edu/OulddaliAhmed?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/326797/2153193/158275396/s65_oulddali.ahmed.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28112084" data-work_id="28112084" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28112084/Call_for_Papers_Understanding_and_Explanation_in_the_Study_of_Religions_In_memory_of_Walter_Burkert_Jagiellonian_University_Cracow_7th_9th_November_2016_">Call for Papers: Understanding and Explanation in the Study of Religions. In memory of Walter Burkert (Jagiellonian University, Cracow, 7th - 9th November 2016)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Scholars of all disciplines are invited to contribute papers that engage with – but are not limited to – the following topics: An integration of philology, history, and the scientific approaches to religion (tribute to Walter Burkert):... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28112084" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Scholars of all disciplines are invited to contribute papers that engage with – but are not limited to – the following topics:<br /><br />An integration of philology, history, and the scientific approaches to religion (tribute to Walter Burkert):<br /><br />• Contribution of philology to understanding of religious phenomena (classical philology, Biblical studies, Oriental Studies);<br />• Language as a source of data for the study of religion;<br />• "From biological programs to semantic chains": ways of explaining or understanding myths and rituals (historical, anthropological and cognitive perspectives);<br />• Anthropology of sacrifice (texts, images and theories);<br />• Anthropology of mysticism and mystery cults;<br />• Religion and power: rituals of submission, movements of disobedience;<br />• Relationship between religion and morality in cultural evolution from antiquity to the present day;<br />• Nomothetic/idiographic controversy and the academic study of religion;<br />• Quality and quantity in the methodology of scientific studies of religion.<br /><br />The cognitive study of religion, evolutionary psychology, and sociobiology; new tracks in the landscape:<br /><br />• Understanding in the cognitive study of religions: the researcher's mind vs religious representations;<br />• A body in the field: sensorimotor experience as a hermeneutical tool in anthropological research;<br />• Understanding and explaining the human propensity to sacrifice one's life for genetic strangers;<br />• Cognitive studies of religion and the problem of reductionism;<br />• Religion and the theory of the levels of integration (strata ontologies, religion as emergent quality);<br />• Cybernetics and system theory as integrative paradigm for the studies of religion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28112084" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ddac16a39487f11a1918e7fa4a710808" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48428275,"asset_id":28112084,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48428275/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="290105" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/LechTrzcionkowski">Lech Trzcionkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="290105" type="text/json">{"id":290105,"first_name":"Lech","last_name":"Trzcionkowski","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"LechTrzcionkowski","display_name":"Lech Trzcionkowski","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/LechTrzcionkowski?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/290105/71544/2946755/s65_lech.trzcionkowski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28112084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28112084"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28112084, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28112084", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28112084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28112084; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28112084"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28112084 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28112084"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28112084; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28112084]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28112084").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28112084").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28112084"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48550" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies">Religious Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48550" type="text/json">{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28112084]'), work: {"id":28112084,"title":"Call for Papers: Understanding and Explanation in the Study of Religions. In memory of Walter Burkert (Jagiellonian University, Cracow, 7th - 9th November 2016)","created_at":"2016-08-29T23:13:23.469-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28112084/Call_for_Papers_Understanding_and_Explanation_in_the_Study_of_Religions_In_memory_of_Walter_Burkert_Jagiellonian_University_Cracow_7th_9th_November_2016_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_28112084","summary":"Scholars of all disciplines are invited to contribute papers that engage with – but are not limited to – the following topics:\n\nAn integration of philology, history, and the scientific approaches to religion (tribute to Walter Burkert):\n\n• Contribution of philology to understanding of religious phenomena (classical philology, Biblical studies, Oriental Studies);\n• Language as a source of data for the study of religion;\n• \"From biological programs to semantic chains\": ways of explaining or understanding myths and rituals (historical, anthropological and cognitive perspectives);\n• Anthropology of sacrifice (texts, images and theories);\n• Anthropology of mysticism and mystery cults;\n• Religion and power: rituals of submission, movements of disobedience;\n• Relationship between religion and morality in cultural evolution from antiquity to the present day;\n• Nomothetic/idiographic controversy and the academic study of religion;\n• Quality and quantity in the methodology of scientific studies of religion.\n\nThe cognitive study of religion, evolutionary psychology, and sociobiology; new tracks in the landscape:\n\n• Understanding in the cognitive study of religions: the researcher's mind vs religious representations;\n• A body in the field: sensorimotor experience as a hermeneutical tool in anthropological research;\n• Understanding and explaining the human propensity to sacrifice one's life for genetic strangers;\n• Cognitive studies of religion and the problem of reductionism;\n• Religion and the theory of the levels of integration (strata ontologies, religion as emergent quality);\n• Cybernetics and system theory as integrative paradigm for the studies of religion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48428275,"asset_id":28112084,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":290105,"first_name":"Lech","last_name":"Trzcionkowski","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"LechTrzcionkowski","display_name":"Lech Trzcionkowski","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/LechTrzcionkowski?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/290105/71544/2946755/s65_lech.trzcionkowski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33006017" data-work_id="33006017" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33006017/Geography_Gender_and_the_Supine_Goddess">Geography Gender and the Supine Goddess</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What implications does the Srin-mo, a pre-Buddhist deity who traverses across almost all of the periods of time in Tibetan religious life, have on the social status of women? Embodying the places and spaces of Tibet, a malevolent demoness... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33006017" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What implications does the Srin-mo, a pre-Buddhist deity who traverses across almost all of the periods of time in Tibetan religious life, have on the social status of women? Embodying the places and spaces of Tibet, a malevolent demoness called the Srin-mo has been essential in laying the formation of Tibetan Buddhism. The concept of the Srin-mo can be traced back to the pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet: Bön. The story of the Srin-mo is not a creation myth in the sense of a worldly inception,  but the story of the demoness does represent the creation of a harmonious society, spurring from the preceding time of primordial chaos found amongst the Bön religion. Looking at the origins of the demoness’ story is necessary in order to understand how and why the Srin-mo holds efficacious power over the land and people of Tibet. Here, I will investigate the case of the Srin-mo, which is controversially one of the most important beings in Tibet, but unquestionably, an irrevocable component of understanding what implications geography holds on Tibet.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33006017" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f97d64e9bda94a6201fa90dd2dd2fbad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53119744,"asset_id":33006017,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53119744/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60543347" href="https://guilford.academia.edu/LizzieRuprecht">Lizzie Ruprecht</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60543347" type="text/json">{"id":60543347,"first_name":"Lizzie","last_name":"Ruprecht","domain_name":"guilford","page_name":"LizzieRuprecht","display_name":"Lizzie Ruprecht","profile_url":"https://guilford.academia.edu/LizzieRuprecht?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60543347/15765042/16963574/s65_lizzie.ruprecht.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33006017 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33006017"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33006017, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33006017", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33006017 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33006017; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33006017"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33006017 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33006017"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33006017; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33006017]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33006017").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33006017").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33006017"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore">Mythology And Folklore</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="123" type="text/json">{"id":123,"name":"Mythology And Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33006017]'), work: {"id":33006017,"title":"Geography Gender and the Supine Goddess","created_at":"2017-05-13T21:26:04.132-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33006017/Geography_Gender_and_the_Supine_Goddess?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_33006017","summary":"What implications does the Srin-mo, a pre-Buddhist deity who traverses across almost all of the periods of time in Tibetan religious life, have on the social status of women? Embodying the places and spaces of Tibet, a malevolent demoness called the Srin-mo has been essential in laying the formation of Tibetan Buddhism. The concept of the Srin-mo can be traced back to the pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet: Bön. The story of the Srin-mo is not a creation myth in the sense of a worldly inception, but the story of the demoness does represent the creation of a harmonious society, spurring from the preceding time of primordial chaos found amongst the Bön religion. Looking at the origins of the demoness’ story is necessary in order to understand how and why the Srin-mo holds efficacious power over the land and people of Tibet. Here, I will investigate the case of the Srin-mo, which is controversially one of the most important beings in Tibet, but unquestionably, an irrevocable component of understanding what implications geography holds on Tibet. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53119744,"asset_id":33006017,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60543347,"first_name":"Lizzie","last_name":"Ruprecht","domain_name":"guilford","page_name":"LizzieRuprecht","display_name":"Lizzie Ruprecht","profile_url":"https://guilford.academia.edu/LizzieRuprecht?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60543347/15765042/16963574/s65_lizzie.ruprecht.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":123,"name":"Mythology And Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":788,"name":"Mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology?f_ri=106"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=106"},{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":2272,"name":"Gender History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":2905,"name":"Tibetan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=106"},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=106"},{"id":10104,"name":"Ancient Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":10453,"name":"Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism?f_ri=106"},{"id":18313,"name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_Buddhism?f_ri=106"},{"id":19335,"name":"Ancient myth and religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_myth_and_religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":28977,"name":"Comparative mythology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_mythology?f_ri=106"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":49663,"name":"Women and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":111884,"name":"Tibetan History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibetan_History?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37880737" data-work_id="37880737" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37880737/Philosophical_assumptions_related_to_the_question_What_is_a_god_in_HB_scholarship">Philosophical assumptions related to the question " What is a god? " in HB scholarship</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37880737" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b79e34ac92c64c0fbf14f75b52cb17d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57946866,"asset_id":37880737,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57946866/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1383372" href="https://nwu.academia.edu/JacoGericke">Jaco Gericke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1383372" type="text/json">{"id":1383372,"first_name":"Jaco","last_name":"Gericke","domain_name":"nwu","page_name":"JacoGericke","display_name":"Jaco Gericke","profile_url":"https://nwu.academia.edu/JacoGericke?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1383372/502951/25315573/s65_jaco.gericke.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37880737 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37880737"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37880737, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37880737", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37880737 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37880737; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37880737"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37880737 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37880737"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37880737; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37880737]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37880737").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37880737").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37880737"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="902" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion">Philosophy Of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="902" type="text/json">{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1021" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy">Comparative Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1021" type="text/json">{"id":1021,"name":"Comparative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37880737]'), work: {"id":37880737,"title":"Philosophical assumptions related to the question \" What is a god? \" in HB scholarship","created_at":"2018-11-29T19:38:23.767-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37880737/Philosophical_assumptions_related_to_the_question_What_is_a_god_in_HB_scholarship?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_37880737","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57946866,"asset_id":37880737,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1383372,"first_name":"Jaco","last_name":"Gericke","domain_name":"nwu","page_name":"JacoGericke","display_name":"Jaco Gericke","profile_url":"https://nwu.academia.edu/JacoGericke?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1383372/502951/25315573/s65_jaco.gericke.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1021,"name":"Comparative Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1053,"name":"History of Ideas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Ideas?f_ri=106"},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":2562,"name":"Philosophical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":4173,"name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible?f_ri=106"},{"id":4769,"name":"Old Testament Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Testament_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":6528,"name":"Biblical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":6529,"name":"Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Testament?f_ri=106"},{"id":6964,"name":"History of concepts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_concepts?f_ri=106"},{"id":9214,"name":"Essentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essentialism?f_ri=106"},{"id":9882,"name":"History Of The Bible/Biblical Canon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_The_Bible_Biblical_Canon?f_ri=106"},{"id":10946,"name":"Biblical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":24602,"name":"Biblical Interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Interpretation?f_ri=106"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":172953,"name":"Biblical Hermeneutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Hermeneutics?f_ri=106"},{"id":445280,"name":"Hebrew Bible/Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament?f_ri=106"},{"id":567839,"name":"History of Reception of Biblical Texts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Reception_of_Biblical_Texts?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44310922 coauthored" data-work_id="44310922" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44310922/Burials_offerings_flints_and_the_cult_of_ancestors_The_case_of_Nakum_Structure_X_Peten_Guatemala">Burials, offerings, flints and the cult of ancestors: The case of Nakum Structure X, Peten, Guatemala</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent investigations at the Maya centre of Nakum (located in northeastern Guatemala) included intensive excavations of Structure X (a.k.a. Structure 104)-one of the largest pyramidal temples at this site. This research showed that the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44310922" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent investigations at the Maya centre of Nakum (located in northeastern Guatemala) included intensive excavations of Structure X (a.k.a. Structure 104)-one of the largest pyramidal temples at this site. This research showed that the first major version of this building consisted of a three-terraced platform dated to the Middle Preclassic period (750-300 bc), which was part of an important complex, the so-called E-Group. Such groups constitute the oldest manifestation of monumental architecture in the Maya Lowlands. With time, Structure X was converted into a large pyramidal structure in which several burials were situated during the Classic period (ad 250-800), making it an important mausoleum with interments of important elite members of local society. One of these burials (no. 8) was discovered below the floor of the temple building located on top of the pyramid and was a richly equipped tomb. It is most likely the resting place of one of the Nakum kings reigning during the Early-Late Classic transition (c. ad 550-650). This tomb had 11 vessels, including beautiful examples of polychrome Maya ceramics (representing different supernatural beings), many marine materials, five stingray spines and other artefacts. The tomb chamber was also covered by a deposit consisting of several thousand flint flakes that most probably had some symbolic meaning. In this article we discuss ancient Maya burial customs as documented in Structure X and present it in a wider perspective. We also describe similar lithic deposits associated with some of the richest Lowland Maya tombs and present their meaning and symbolism. Resumen Las investigaciones recientes en el centro maya de Nakum (localizado en el Noreste de Guatemala) incluyeron excavaciones intensivas del Edificio X (también conocido como Edificio 104)-uno de los templos piramidales más grandes en este sitio. Los trabajos de investigación demostraron que la primera versión mayor de este edificio consistió en una plataforma de tres terrazas fechada para el período Preclásico Medio (750-300 a.C.), la que formaba parte de un complejo importante de edificaciones al que se denomina como tipo Grupo E. Este tipo de grupos constituyen la manifestación mas antigua de la arquitectura monumental en las Tierras Bajas Mayas. Con el tiempo, el Edificio X fue convertido en una piramide grande, en la cual durante el período Clásico (250-800 d.C.) fueron depositados varios entierros, lo que le convierte en un mausoleo importante que contiene sepulturas de los miembros de la elite local. Uno de estos entierros (No. 8) es una tumba con una rica</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44310922" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74d07417d1cc93e94398f542a4179d5f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64696820,"asset_id":44310922,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64696820/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="72680776" href="https://uj-pl.academia.edu/ContributionsinNewWorldArchaeology">Contributions in New World Archaeology</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="72680776" type="text/json">{"id":72680776,"first_name":"Contributions in","last_name":"New World Archaeology","domain_name":"uj-pl","page_name":"ContributionsinNewWorldArchaeology","display_name":"Contributions in New World Archaeology","profile_url":"https://uj-pl.academia.edu/ContributionsinNewWorldArchaeology?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/72680776/42463856/34065415/s65_contributions_in.new_world_archaeology.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44310922">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44310922"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ucalgary.academia.edu/VariniaMatute">Varinia Matute</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/BernardHermes">Bernard Hermes</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44310922'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44310922').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44310922 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44310922"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44310922, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44310922", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44310922 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44310922; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44310922"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44310922 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44310922"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44310922; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44310922]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44310922").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44310922").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44310922"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="388" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies">Latin American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="388" type="text/json">{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44310922]'), work: {"id":44310922,"title":"Burials, offerings, flints and the cult of ancestors: The case of Nakum Structure X, Peten, Guatemala","created_at":"2020-10-16T08:48:29.932-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44310922/Burials_offerings_flints_and_the_cult_of_ancestors_The_case_of_Nakum_Structure_X_Peten_Guatemala?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_44310922","summary":"Recent investigations at the Maya centre of Nakum (located in northeastern Guatemala) included intensive excavations of Structure X (a.k.a. Structure 104)-one of the largest pyramidal temples at this site. This research showed that the first major version of this building consisted of a three-terraced platform dated to the Middle Preclassic period (750-300 bc), which was part of an important complex, the so-called E-Group. Such groups constitute the oldest manifestation of monumental architecture in the Maya Lowlands. With time, Structure X was converted into a large pyramidal structure in which several burials were situated during the Classic period (ad 250-800), making it an important mausoleum with interments of important elite members of local society. One of these burials (no. 8) was discovered below the floor of the temple building located on top of the pyramid and was a richly equipped tomb. It is most likely the resting place of one of the Nakum kings reigning during the Early-Late Classic transition (c. ad 550-650). This tomb had 11 vessels, including beautiful examples of polychrome Maya ceramics (representing different supernatural beings), many marine materials, five stingray spines and other artefacts. The tomb chamber was also covered by a deposit consisting of several thousand flint flakes that most probably had some symbolic meaning. In this article we discuss ancient Maya burial customs as documented in Structure X and present it in a wider perspective. We also describe similar lithic deposits associated with some of the richest Lowland Maya tombs and present their meaning and symbolism. Resumen Las investigaciones recientes en el centro maya de Nakum (localizado en el Noreste de Guatemala) incluyeron excavaciones intensivas del Edificio X (también conocido como Edificio 104)-uno de los templos piramidales más grandes en este sitio. Los trabajos de investigación demostraron que la primera versión mayor de este edificio consistió en una plataforma de tres terrazas fechada para el período Preclásico Medio (750-300 a.C.), la que formaba parte de un complejo importante de edificaciones al que se denomina como tipo Grupo E. Este tipo de grupos constituyen la manifestación mas antigua de la arquitectura monumental en las Tierras Bajas Mayas. Con el tiempo, el Edificio X fue convertido en una piramide grande, en la cual durante el período Clásico (250-800 d.C.) fueron depositados varios entierros, lo que le convierte en un mausoleo importante que contiene sepulturas de los miembros de la elite local. Uno de estos entierros (No. 8) es una tumba con una rica","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64696820,"asset_id":44310922,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":72680776,"first_name":"Contributions in","last_name":"New World Archaeology","domain_name":"uj-pl","page_name":"ContributionsinNewWorldArchaeology","display_name":"Contributions in New World Archaeology","profile_url":"https://uj-pl.academia.edu/ContributionsinNewWorldArchaeology?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/72680776/42463856/34065415/s65_contributions_in.new_world_archaeology.jpg"},{"id":7798672,"first_name":"Varinia","last_name":"Matute","domain_name":"ucalgary","page_name":"VariniaMatute","display_name":"Varinia Matute","profile_url":"https://ucalgary.academia.edu/VariniaMatute?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":9298056,"first_name":"Bernard","last_name":"Hermes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BernardHermes","display_name":"Bernard Hermes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BernardHermes?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":4651,"name":"Mesoamerican Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mesoamerican_Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":17715,"name":"Maya Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maya_Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":24829,"name":"Mesoamerica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mesoamerica?f_ri=106"},{"id":66905,"name":"Guatemala","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guatemala?f_ri=106"},{"id":157969,"name":"Latinoamerica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latinoamerica?f_ri=106"},{"id":179319,"name":"Mayas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mayas?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24010197" data-work_id="24010197" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24010197/Fr%C3%BChes_Christentum_in_K%C3%A4rnten_Carinthia_I_161_1971_3_33_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_K%C3%A4rnten_Fr%C3%BChes_Christentum_in_K%C3%A4rnten_Sonderausstellung_vom_15_Juli_bis_15_Oktober_1971_Begleitheft_Klagenfurt_1971_">Frühes Christentum in Kärnten. Carinthia I 161 (1971), 3-33 [= Landesmuseum für Kärnten, Frühes Christentum in Kärnten. Sonderausstellung vom 15. Juli bis 15. Oktober 1971, Begleitheft (Klagenfurt 1971)].</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24010197" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="442ffdfca7a5a3e2a4938f6ed0d78c95" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46642520,"asset_id":24010197,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46642520/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46068020" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GernotPiccottini">Gernot Piccottini (1941-2018)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46068020" type="text/json">{"id":46068020,"first_name":"Gernot","last_name":"Piccottini (1941-2018)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GernotPiccottini","display_name":"Gernot Piccottini (1941-2018)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GernotPiccottini?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24010197 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24010197"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24010197, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24010197", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_24010197 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24010197; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_24010197"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_24010197 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="24010197"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 24010197; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=24010197]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_24010197").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_24010197").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="24010197"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=24010197]'), work: {"id":24010197,"title":"Frühes Christentum in Kärnten. Carinthia I 161 (1971), 3-33 [= Landesmuseum für Kärnten, Frühes Christentum in Kärnten. Sonderausstellung vom 15. Juli bis 15. Oktober 1971, Begleitheft (Klagenfurt 1971)].","created_at":"2016-04-04T06:20:10.132-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/24010197/Fr%C3%BChes_Christentum_in_K%C3%A4rnten_Carinthia_I_161_1971_3_33_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_K%C3%A4rnten_Fr%C3%BChes_Christentum_in_K%C3%A4rnten_Sonderausstellung_vom_15_Juli_bis_15_Oktober_1971_Begleitheft_Klagenfurt_1971_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_24010197","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46642520,"asset_id":24010197,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46068020,"first_name":"Gernot","last_name":"Piccottini (1941-2018)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GernotPiccottini","display_name":"Gernot Piccottini (1941-2018)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GernotPiccottini?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":393,"name":"Classical Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":816,"name":"Classics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classics?f_ri=106"},{"id":958,"name":"Historical Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=106"},{"id":2473,"name":"Material Culture Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Material_Culture_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":2986,"name":"Material culture of religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Material_culture_of_religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":3617,"name":"Early Church","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Church?f_ri=106"},{"id":5041,"name":"Late Antique Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":5326,"name":"Early Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Christianity?f_ri=106"},{"id":10104,"name":"Ancient Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":11076,"name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antiquity?f_ri=106"},{"id":48762,"name":"Church architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_architecture?f_ri=106"},{"id":90262,"name":"Roman Small Finds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Small_Finds?f_ri=106"},{"id":292072,"name":"Early Christian Mosaics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Christian_Mosaics?f_ri=106"},{"id":455005,"name":"Noricum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noricum?f_ri=106"},{"id":634974,"name":"Roman Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Archaeology?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45973603" data-work_id="45973603" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45973603/Rejection_of_Reason_and_the_Fall_of_Empire_A_">Rejection of Reason and the Fall of Empire (A)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Islam experienced blossoming as well as waning. The Book of Allah transformed a tribal culture into an empire. The ascent of the umma was enabled by turning to revelation. The fall was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45973603" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Islam experienced blossoming as well as waning. The Book of Allah transformed a tribal culture into an empire. The ascent of the umma was enabled by turning to revelation. The fall was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to tradition. The ways of the forefathers, recorded in the books of traditions, supplanted the Book of Allah. The turn was triggered by the request of rulers to record the prophetic traditions. As a result, tradition surpassed revelation. The turn represented a shift from an Allah-centric to a prophet-centric paradigm. The turn was assisted by the rejection of reason. The turn produced adverse effects. The rejection of reason made revelation hard to understand and follow. The repression of reason entailed the subjugation of reason to tradition in the exegesis of revelation. The reluctance to engage reason corrupted the knowledge of revelation. The corruption of knowledge extended to the corruption of the sharia. The repression of reason eroded the people’s power to reflect rationally. The repression of reason resulted in a closing of the Muslim mind. The umma’s power to think waned. The result was the corruption of exegesis, jurisprudence and the sharia. The corruption of knowledge is reflected in the proliferation of capital punishments, for example for apostasy and adultery. The proclivity to extremism is reflected in the treatment of acts of terror as “martyrdom operations” by wayward ulama. Exegesis and jurisprudence turned from reason. The rejection of reason, in particular the teaching of causation, plunged umma into stagnation. The rejection of reason was justified by portraying the use of reason to understand revelation as kufr. But Allah exhorts us to use reason to understand revelation. The rejection of reason defies the teaching of revelation. In politics, the bias against reason intensified the repression of the rationalists by Musa al-Hadi in 786. The slaughter of five-thousand philosophers was an event not unlike the Reign of Terror of the Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Sixteen thousand followers of “tradition” were killed at the guillotine with the emergence of the Age of Reason, touted by the European Enlightenment, a millennium afterwards. As a result of the rejection of reason, it was harder to understand and follow revelation. The perception that “all knowledge is in the Quran” did not improve matters. This was problematic. For it automatically withheld the designation of “knowledge” from all knowledge not in the Book of Allah. This perception reflected a corruption of knowledge. It was a reflection of hubris. In response to the bewilderment triggered the prohibition of the use of reason, exegetes alleged that revelation features “ambiguous” passages. The rejection of reason severed the umma from its moorings. Furthermore, it made it hard to understand key terms as “mutashabihat,” “hikma,” and “hawa.” As a result, Muslims turned to tradition, which replaced reason for the purpose of explaining revelation. To justify the treatment of tradition as fit to “explain” revelation, tradition was treated as “revelation.” Tradition was conflated with revelation. Furthermore, treating tradition as a “judge” of revelation reversed the relation of revelation and tradition. The word of God was subordinated to the words of persons. The designation of tradition as “revelation” transformed Islam into “traditional Islam.” The abrogation of the verses of reconciliation by the ayah as-sayf transformed Islam into Islamism. It is necessary to restore revelation to its pre-eminence in relation to tradition, to rehabilitate reason, and to ensure that all legislation is in accord with revelation. The disintegration of the empire was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to tradition. The turn was expedited by the repression of reason.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45973603" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1f7e696264f1545bc245696f2c0946b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":120346486,"asset_id":45973603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120346486/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2644808" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy">Leslie Terebessy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2644808" type="text/json">{"id":2644808,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Terebessy","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"LeslieTerebessy","display_name":"Leslie Terebessy","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2644808/842515/35075059/s65_leslie.terebessy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45973603 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45973603"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45973603, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45973603", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45973603 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45973603; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45973603"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45973603 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45973603"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45973603; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45973603]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45973603").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45973603").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45973603"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45973603]'), work: {"id":45973603,"title":"Rejection of Reason and the Fall of Empire (A)","created_at":"2021-04-08T03:27:02.969-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45973603/Rejection_of_Reason_and_the_Fall_of_Empire_A_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_45973603","summary":"Islam experienced blossoming as well as waning. The Book of Allah transformed a tribal culture into an empire. The ascent of the umma was enabled by turning to revelation. The fall was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to tradition. The ways of the forefathers, recorded in the books of traditions, supplanted the Book of Allah. The turn was triggered by the request of rulers to record the prophetic traditions. As a result, tradition surpassed revelation. The turn represented a shift from an Allah-centric to a prophet-centric paradigm. The turn was assisted by the rejection of reason. The turn produced adverse effects. The rejection of reason made revelation hard to understand and follow. The repression of reason entailed the subjugation of reason to tradition in the exegesis of revelation. The reluctance to engage reason corrupted the knowledge of revelation. The corruption of knowledge extended to the corruption of the sharia. The repression of reason eroded the people’s power to reflect rationally. The repression of reason resulted in a closing of the Muslim mind. The umma’s power to think waned. The result was the corruption of exegesis, jurisprudence and the sharia. The corruption of knowledge is reflected in the proliferation of capital punishments, for example for apostasy and adultery. The proclivity to extremism is reflected in the treatment of acts of terror as “martyrdom operations” by wayward ulama. Exegesis and jurisprudence turned from reason. The rejection of reason, in particular the teaching of causation, plunged umma into stagnation. The rejection of reason was justified by portraying the use of reason to understand revelation as kufr. But Allah exhorts us to use reason to understand revelation. The rejection of reason defies the teaching of revelation. In politics, the bias against reason intensified the repression of the rationalists by Musa al-Hadi in 786. The slaughter of five-thousand philosophers was an event not unlike the Reign of Terror of the Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Sixteen thousand followers of “tradition” were killed at the guillotine with the emergence of the Age of Reason, touted by the European Enlightenment, a millennium afterwards. As a result of the rejection of reason, it was harder to understand and follow revelation. The perception that “all knowledge is in the Quran” did not improve matters. This was problematic. For it automatically withheld the designation of “knowledge” from all knowledge not in the Book of Allah. This perception reflected a corruption of knowledge. It was a reflection of hubris. In response to the bewilderment triggered the prohibition of the use of reason, exegetes alleged that revelation features “ambiguous” passages. The rejection of reason severed the umma from its moorings. Furthermore, it made it hard to understand key terms as “mutashabihat,” “hikma,” and “hawa.” As a result, Muslims turned to tradition, which replaced reason for the purpose of explaining revelation. To justify the treatment of tradition as fit to “explain” revelation, tradition was treated as “revelation.” Tradition was conflated with revelation. Furthermore, treating tradition as a “judge” of revelation reversed the relation of revelation and tradition. The word of God was subordinated to the words of persons. The designation of tradition as “revelation” transformed Islam into “traditional Islam.” The abrogation of the verses of reconciliation by the ayah as-sayf transformed Islam into Islamism. It is necessary to restore revelation to its pre-eminence in relation to tradition, to rehabilitate reason, and to ensure that all legislation is in accord with revelation. The disintegration of the empire was triggered by the re-orientation from revelation to tradition. The turn was expedited by the repression of reason.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":120346486,"asset_id":45973603,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2644808,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Terebessy","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"LeslieTerebessy","display_name":"Leslie Terebessy","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/LeslieTerebessy?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2644808/842515/35075059/s65_leslie.terebessy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=106"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=106"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=106"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=106"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=106"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=106"},{"id":6544,"name":"Islamic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education?f_ri=106"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=106"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=106"},{"id":27669,"name":"Quran","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran?f_ri=106"},{"id":116844,"name":"Qur'an","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran-3?f_ri=106"},{"id":1223710,"name":"Muslim philosophy and thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim_philosophy_and_thought?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36293046" data-work_id="36293046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36293046/Plato_Mary_Baker_Eddy_and_Kenneth_Burke_Can_We_Talk_About_Substance">Plato, Mary Baker Eddy, and Kenneth Burke:Can We Talk About Substance?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Kenneth Burke confessed that Permanence and Change was a secularization of the writing of Mary Baker Eddy that he learned in his Christian Science childhood. Eddy’s Platonic treatment of substance as “truth” engages with the tension... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36293046" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Kenneth Burke confessed that Permanence and Change was a secularization of the writing of Mary Baker Eddy that he learned in his Christian Science childhood. Eddy’s Platonic treatment of substance as “truth” engages with the tension between the symbolic and the nonsymbolic, foreshadowing Burke’s treatment of substance in relation to symbol, nonsymbol, and identification. The ways in which substance and identification interact in the works of Plato, Eddy, and Burke follow a line of discursive development that can illuminate critical review of how different forms of public discourse argue for “truth.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36293046" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e9efcac6c2f17690c1b2b93e30dcbdc6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66191395,"asset_id":36293046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66191395/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22141198" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LouiseZamparutti">Louise Zamparutti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22141198" type="text/json">{"id":22141198,"first_name":"Louise","last_name":"Zamparutti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LouiseZamparutti","display_name":"Louise Zamparutti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LouiseZamparutti?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22141198/10262955/19893826/s65_louise.zamparutti.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36293046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36293046"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36293046, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36293046", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36293046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36293046; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36293046"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36293046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36293046"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36293046; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36293046]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36293046").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36293046").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36293046"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="953" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="953" type="text/json">{"id":953,"name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhetoric?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6986" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_rhetoric">Classical rhetoric</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6986" type="text/json">{"id":6986,"name":"Classical rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_rhetoric?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29347" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kenneth_Burke">Kenneth Burke</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29347" type="text/json">{"id":29347,"name":"Kenneth Burke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kenneth_Burke?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36293046]'), work: {"id":36293046,"title":"Plato, Mary Baker Eddy, and Kenneth Burke:Can We Talk About Substance?","created_at":"2018-03-30T12:14:32.709-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36293046/Plato_Mary_Baker_Eddy_and_Kenneth_Burke_Can_We_Talk_About_Substance?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_36293046","summary":"Kenneth Burke confessed that Permanence and Change was a secularization of the writing of Mary Baker Eddy that he learned in his Christian Science childhood. Eddy’s Platonic treatment of substance as “truth” engages with the tension between the symbolic and the nonsymbolic, foreshadowing Burke’s treatment of substance in relation to symbol, nonsymbol, and identification. The ways in which substance and identification interact in the works of Plato, Eddy, and Burke follow a line of discursive development that can illuminate critical review of how different forms of public discourse argue for “truth.”","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66191395,"asset_id":36293046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":22141198,"first_name":"Louise","last_name":"Zamparutti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LouiseZamparutti","display_name":"Louise Zamparutti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LouiseZamparutti?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22141198/10262955/19893826/s65_louise.zamparutti.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":953,"name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhetoric?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":6986,"name":"Classical rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_rhetoric?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":29347,"name":"Kenneth Burke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kenneth_Burke?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_843190" data-work_id="843190" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/843190/A_Faith_Based_Case_for_the_Dream_Act">A Faith-Based Case for the Dream Act</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/843190" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="195e045bcb47b2415624dfdf1b48d236" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31239832,"asset_id":843190,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31239832/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="92470" href="https://moody.academia.edu/BradleyBaurain">Bradley Baurain</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="92470" type="text/json">{"id":92470,"first_name":"Bradley","last_name":"Baurain","domain_name":"moody","page_name":"BradleyBaurain","display_name":"Bradley Baurain","profile_url":"https://moody.academia.edu/BradleyBaurain?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/92470/3345329/3936424/s65_bradley.baurain.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_843190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="843190"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 843190, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_843190", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_843190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 843190; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_843190"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_843190 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="843190"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 843190; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=843190]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_843190").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_843190").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="843190"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3843" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration">Immigration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3843" type="text/json">{"id":3843,"name":"Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=843190]'), work: {"id":843190,"title":"A Faith-Based Case for the Dream Act","created_at":"2011-08-18T21:11:07.972-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/843190/A_Faith_Based_Case_for_the_Dream_Act?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_843190","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31239832,"asset_id":843190,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":92470,"first_name":"Bradley","last_name":"Baurain","domain_name":"moody","page_name":"BradleyBaurain","display_name":"Bradley Baurain","profile_url":"https://moody.academia.edu/BradleyBaurain?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/92470/3345329/3936424/s65_bradley.baurain.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":3843,"name":"Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5547,"name":"Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy?f_ri=106"},{"id":6831,"name":"Securitization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Securitization?f_ri=106"},{"id":101921,"name":"Dream Act","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dream_Act?f_ri=106"},{"id":127408,"name":"Immigration and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immigration_and_Education?f_ri=106"},{"id":143965,"name":"Social Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Conflict?f_ri=106"},{"id":200040,"name":"Religion and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Education?f_ri=106"},{"id":965117,"name":"Democracy and Citizenship Education: Citizenship Identities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy_and_Citizenship_Education_Citizenship_Identities?f_ri=106"},{"id":965123,"name":"Xenophobia and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xenophobia_and_Racism?f_ri=106"},{"id":965126,"name":"Transmigration and Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmigration_and_Immigration?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49791254" data-work_id="49791254" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49791254/Religious_Hatred_Prejudice_Islamophobia_and_Antisemitism_in_Global_Context">Religious Hatred: Prejudice, Islamophobia, and Antisemitism in Global Context</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book shows how scholarly studies of prejudice, identity formation, and genocide studies can shed light on global examples of religious hatred. The book is divided into four parts, focusing respectively on: theories of prejudice and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49791254" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book shows how scholarly studies of prejudice, identity formation, and genocide studies can shed light on global examples of religious hatred. The book is divided into four parts, focusing respectively on: theories of prejudice and violence; historical developments of antisemitism, Islamophobia, and race; contemporary Western antisemitism and Islamophobia; and, prejudices beyond the West in the Islamic, Buddhist, and Hindu traditions. Each part ends with a special focus section.<br /><br />Key features include:<br />- A compelling synthesis of theories of prejudice, identity, and hatred to explain Islamophobia and antisemitism.<br />- An innovative theory of human violence and genocide which explains the link to prejudice.<br />- Case studies of both Western antisemitism and Islamophobia in history and today, alongside global studies of Islamic antisemitism and Hindu and Buddhist Islamophobia<br />- Integrates discussion of race and racialisation as aspects of Islamophobic and antisemitic prejudice in relation to their framing in religious discourses.<br />- Accessible for general readers and students, it can be employed as a textbook for students or read with benefit by scholars for its novel synthesis and theories.<br /><br />The book focuses on antisemitism and Islamophobia, both in the West and beyond, including examples of prejudices and hatred in the Islamic, Hindu, and Buddhist traditions. Drawing on examples from Europe, North America, MENA, South and Southeast Asia, and Africa, Paul Hedges points to common patterns, while identifying the specifics of local context.<br />Religious Hatred is an essential guide for understanding the historical origins of religious hatred, the manifestations of this hatred across diverse religious and cultural contexts, and the strategies employed by activists and peacemakers to overcome this hatred.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49791254" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="858380a4d6bbc4ab1476b5702a28b9cc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68022380,"asset_id":49791254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68022380/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="69600" href="https://rsis.academia.edu/PaulHedges">Paul Hedges</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="69600" type="text/json">{"id":69600,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Hedges","domain_name":"rsis","page_name":"PaulHedges","display_name":"Paul Hedges","profile_url":"https://rsis.academia.edu/PaulHedges?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/69600/19491/15881201/s65_paul.hedges.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49791254 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49791254"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49791254, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49791254", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49791254 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49791254; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49791254"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49791254 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49791254"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49791254; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49791254]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49791254").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49791254").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49791254"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3972" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies">Genocide Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3972" type="text/json">{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5531" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Prejudice_">Antisemitism (Prejudice)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5531" type="text/json">{"id":5531,"name":"Antisemitism (Prejudice)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Prejudice_?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5686" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism">Political Violence and Terrorism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5686" type="text/json">{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49791254]'), work: {"id":49791254,"title":"Religious Hatred: Prejudice, Islamophobia, and Antisemitism in Global Context","created_at":"2021-07-12T04:46:14.633-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49791254/Religious_Hatred_Prejudice_Islamophobia_and_Antisemitism_in_Global_Context?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_49791254","summary":"This book shows how scholarly studies of prejudice, identity formation, and genocide studies can shed light on global examples of religious hatred. The book is divided into four parts, focusing respectively on: theories of prejudice and violence; historical developments of antisemitism, Islamophobia, and race; contemporary Western antisemitism and Islamophobia; and, prejudices beyond the West in the Islamic, Buddhist, and Hindu traditions. Each part ends with a special focus section.\n\nKey features include:\n- A compelling synthesis of theories of prejudice, identity, and hatred to explain Islamophobia and antisemitism.\n- An innovative theory of human violence and genocide which explains the link to prejudice.\n- Case studies of both Western antisemitism and Islamophobia in history and today, alongside global studies of Islamic antisemitism and Hindu and Buddhist Islamophobia\n- Integrates discussion of race and racialisation as aspects of Islamophobic and antisemitic prejudice in relation to their framing in religious discourses.\n- Accessible for general readers and students, it can be employed as a textbook for students or read with benefit by scholars for its novel synthesis and theories.\n\nThe book focuses on antisemitism and Islamophobia, both in the West and beyond, including examples of prejudices and hatred in the Islamic, Hindu, and Buddhist traditions. Drawing on examples from Europe, North America, MENA, South and Southeast Asia, and Africa, Paul Hedges points to common patterns, while identifying the specifics of local context.\nReligious Hatred is an essential guide for understanding the historical origins of religious hatred, the manifestations of this hatred across diverse religious and cultural contexts, and the strategies employed by activists and peacemakers to overcome this hatred.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68022380,"asset_id":49791254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":69600,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Hedges","domain_name":"rsis","page_name":"PaulHedges","display_name":"Paul Hedges","profile_url":"https://rsis.academia.edu/PaulHedges?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/69600/19491/15881201/s65_paul.hedges.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5531,"name":"Antisemitism (Prejudice)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Prejudice_?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5906,"name":"Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prejudice?f_ri=106"},{"id":6245,"name":"Stereotypes and Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stereotypes_and_Prejudice?f_ri=106"},{"id":9086,"name":"Hate Speech","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hate_Speech?f_ri=106"},{"id":12742,"name":"Holocaust Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Holocaust_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":16356,"name":"Antisemitism/Racisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Racisms?f_ri=106"},{"id":17501,"name":"Islamophobia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamophobia?f_ri=106"},{"id":43152,"name":"antisemitism and Islamophobia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/antisemitism_and_Islamophobia?f_ri=106"},{"id":43575,"name":"Holocaust","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Holocaust?f_ri=106"},{"id":51753,"name":"Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide?f_ri=106"},{"id":54355,"name":"Antisemitism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism?f_ri=106"},{"id":87413,"name":"Christian Antisemitism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Antisemitism?f_ri=106"},{"id":94860,"name":"Islam and Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Christianity?f_ri=106"},{"id":166370,"name":"Islamophobia and Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamophobia_and_Media?f_ri=106"},{"id":880005,"name":"islam and Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/islam_and_Hinduism?f_ri=106"},{"id":1008054,"name":"Islamophobia In Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamophobia_In_Europe?f_ri=106"},{"id":2116992,"name":"Islam and Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Buddhism?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33770566" data-work_id="33770566" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33770566/How_an_earthquake_in_1546_made_the_Kotel_possible">How an earthquake in 1546 made the “Kotel” possible</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There was no Kotel prior to the middle of 16th century. Jews did not pray at the Western Wall until some time in the 16th or 17th century. One of the reasons why Jews did not pray there was because for many centuries access to it was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33770566" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There was no Kotel prior to the middle of 16th century. Jews did not pray at the Western Wall until some time in the 16th or 17th century. One of the reasons why Jews did not pray there was because for many centuries access to it was blocked by residential buildings. All this changed at noon on Thursday January 14, 1546, when a severe earthquake hit the region.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33770566" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="112a5544d85cb60f28a45440b6ed1f8a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60386231,"asset_id":33770566,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60386231/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15902948" href="https://biu.academia.edu/meirloewenberg">Meir Loewenberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15902948" type="text/json">{"id":15902948,"first_name":"Meir","last_name":"Loewenberg","domain_name":"biu","page_name":"meirloewenberg","display_name":"Meir Loewenberg","profile_url":"https://biu.academia.edu/meirloewenberg?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15902948/91161134/79942353/s65_meir.loewenberg.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33770566 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33770566"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33770566, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33770566", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33770566 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33770566; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33770566"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33770566 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33770566"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33770566; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33770566]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33770566").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33770566").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33770566"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1891080" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jerusalem_temple_mount">Jerusalem temple mount</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1891080" type="text/json">{"id":1891080,"name":"Jerusalem temple mount","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jerusalem_temple_mount?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2020315" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Jerusalem_Archaeology_of_Jerusalem_Jewish_Temple">History of Jerusalem, Archaeology of Jerusalem, Jewish Temple</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2020315" type="text/json">{"id":2020315,"name":"History of Jerusalem, Archaeology of Jerusalem, Jewish Temple","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Jerusalem_Archaeology_of_Jerusalem_Jewish_Temple?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33770566]'), work: {"id":33770566,"title":"How an earthquake in 1546 made the “Kotel” possible","created_at":"2017-07-04T12:41:12.638-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33770566/How_an_earthquake_in_1546_made_the_Kotel_possible?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_33770566","summary":"There was no Kotel prior to the middle of 16th century. Jews did not pray at the Western Wall until some time in the 16th or 17th century. One of the reasons why Jews did not pray there was because for many centuries access to it was blocked by residential buildings. All this changed at noon on Thursday January 14, 1546, when a severe earthquake hit the region. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60386231,"asset_id":33770566,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15902948,"first_name":"Meir","last_name":"Loewenberg","domain_name":"biu","page_name":"meirloewenberg","display_name":"Meir Loewenberg","profile_url":"https://biu.academia.edu/meirloewenberg?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15902948/91161134/79942353/s65_meir.loewenberg.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1891080,"name":"Jerusalem temple mount","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jerusalem_temple_mount?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2020315,"name":"History of Jerusalem, Archaeology of Jerusalem, Jewish Temple","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Jerusalem_Archaeology_of_Jerusalem_Jewish_Temple?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4498138" data-work_id="4498138" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4498138/Perspectives_on_Ecclesiology_and_Ethnography_edited_by_Pete_Ward_Review_">Perspectives on Ecclesiology and Ethnography, edited by Pete Ward (Review) </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4498138" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fc520ce3f2ca9d45bbcadf7b1e5e702f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34055160,"asset_id":4498138,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34055160/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5068033" href="https://dbq.academia.edu/cbjames">Christopher B James</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5068033" type="text/json">{"id":5068033,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"James","domain_name":"dbq","page_name":"cbjames","display_name":"Christopher B James","profile_url":"https://dbq.academia.edu/cbjames?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5068033/2211058/24512799/s65_christopher.james.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4498138 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4498138"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4498138, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4498138", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4498138 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4498138; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4498138"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4498138 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4498138"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4498138; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4498138]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4498138").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4498138").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4498138"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2547" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practical_theology">Practical theology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2547" type="text/json">{"id":2547,"name":"Practical theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practical_theology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2561" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Theology">Systematic Theology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2561" type="text/json">{"id":2561,"name":"Systematic Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Theology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8572" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Congregational_Studies">Congregational Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8572" type="text/json">{"id":8572,"name":"Congregational Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Congregational_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4498138]'), work: {"id":4498138,"title":"Perspectives on Ecclesiology and Ethnography, edited by Pete Ward (Review) ","created_at":"2013-09-16T02:08:13.566-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4498138/Perspectives_on_Ecclesiology_and_Ethnography_edited_by_Pete_Ward_Review_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_4498138","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34055160,"asset_id":4498138,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5068033,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"James","domain_name":"dbq","page_name":"cbjames","display_name":"Christopher B James","profile_url":"https://dbq.academia.edu/cbjames?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5068033/2211058/24512799/s65_christopher.james.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2547,"name":"Practical theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practical_theology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2561,"name":"Systematic Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Theology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":8572,"name":"Congregational Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Congregational_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":12614,"name":"Ecclesiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecclesiology?f_ri=106"},{"id":14893,"name":"Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10985347" data-work_id="10985347" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10985347/Die_Evolution_von_Religion_in_theologischer_Perspektive">Die Evolution von Religion in theologischer Perspektive</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article is about the question whether or not human religiousness can be interpreted and explained by evolution. First four concepts of evolution are introduced and discussed (general, teleological, functional, Darwinian). It turns... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10985347" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article is about the question whether or not human religiousness can be interpreted and explained by evolution. First four concepts of evolution are introduced and discussed (general, teleological, functional, Darwinian). It turns out that a purely functional understanding of evolution proves to be to narrow. It is argued that only a combination between an essentialist and functionalist understanding of religion is sustainable. From this perspective a taxonomy of religions is developed to classify them. The core of the argument is that religion can be understood as a continuing process of selftranscendence. Thus the aspects of rite, myth, mysticism can be understood as results of this process of selftranscendence. Finally the relation between human religiousness and Christian belief is being discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10985347" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba3cc2fe196e56c40ca72ecfe3f9fb2f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36725365,"asset_id":10985347,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36725365/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12471707" href="https://uni-giessen.academia.edu/WolfgangAchtner">Wolfgang Achtner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12471707" type="text/json">{"id":12471707,"first_name":"Wolfgang","last_name":"Achtner","domain_name":"uni-giessen","page_name":"WolfgangAchtner","display_name":"Wolfgang Achtner","profile_url":"https://uni-giessen.academia.edu/WolfgangAchtner?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12471707/3567318/4186391/s65_wolfgang.achtner.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10985347 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10985347"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10985347, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10985347", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10985347 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10985347; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10985347"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10985347 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10985347"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10985347; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10985347]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10985347").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10985347").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10985347"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="772" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution">Human Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="772" type="text/json">{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1302" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology">Theology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1302" type="text/json">{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10985347]'), work: {"id":10985347,"title":"Die Evolution von Religion in theologischer Perspektive","created_at":"2015-02-22T00:47:41.201-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10985347/Die_Evolution_von_Religion_in_theologischer_Perspektive?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_10985347","summary":"This article is about the question whether or not human religiousness can be interpreted and explained by evolution. First four concepts of evolution are introduced and discussed (general, teleological, functional, Darwinian). It turns out that a purely functional understanding of evolution proves to be to narrow. It is argued that only a combination between an essentialist and functionalist understanding of religion is sustainable. From this perspective a taxonomy of religions is developed to classify them. The core of the argument is that religion can be understood as a continuing process of selftranscendence. Thus the aspects of rite, myth, mysticism can be understood as results of this process of selftranscendence. Finally the relation between human religiousness and Christian belief is being discussed. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36725365,"asset_id":10985347,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12471707,"first_name":"Wolfgang","last_name":"Achtner","domain_name":"uni-giessen","page_name":"WolfgangAchtner","display_name":"Wolfgang Achtner","profile_url":"https://uni-giessen.academia.edu/WolfgangAchtner?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12471707/3567318/4186391/s65_wolfgang.achtner.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":7322,"name":"Mysticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mysticism?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37435172" data-work_id="37435172" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37435172/Grundz%C3%BCge_einer_Religionsgeschichte_der_Franz%C3%B6sischen_Revolution">Grundzüge einer Religionsgeschichte der Französischen Revolution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article puts the focus on the role of religion during the French Revolution. It tries to combine two often separated streams of research: the sacralisation of the nation and the pluralisation of religions. It will also be argued that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37435172" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article puts the focus on the role of religion during the French Revolution. It tries to combine two often separated streams of research: the sacralisation of the nation and the pluralisation of religions. It will also be argued that there is not only one type of violent religion during revolution. "Religion" does not necessarily lead to violent conflicts but there are other kinds of religion during revolutions: for example religions of political indifference as well as concepts of universal religion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37435172" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f651b1e60fc6c0e38064295c77e12fe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57401099,"asset_id":37435172,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57401099/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1232104" href="https://uni-leipzig.academia.edu/ManuelStadler">Manuel Stadler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1232104" type="text/json">{"id":1232104,"first_name":"Manuel","last_name":"Stadler","domain_name":"uni-leipzig","page_name":"ManuelStadler","display_name":"Manuel Stadler","profile_url":"https://uni-leipzig.academia.edu/ManuelStadler?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1232104/3529342/167491536/s65_manuel.stadler.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37435172 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37435172"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37435172, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37435172", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37435172 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37435172; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37435172"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37435172 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37435172"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37435172; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37435172]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37435172").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37435172").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37435172"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4652" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution">French Revolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4652" type="text/json">{"id":4652,"name":"French Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5686" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism">Political Violence and Terrorism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5686" type="text/json">{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37435172]'), work: {"id":37435172,"title":"Grundzüge einer Religionsgeschichte der Französischen Revolution","created_at":"2018-09-18T01:15:26.418-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37435172/Grundz%C3%BCge_einer_Religionsgeschichte_der_Franz%C3%B6sischen_Revolution?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_37435172","summary":"This article puts the focus on the role of religion during the French Revolution. It tries to combine two often separated streams of research: the sacralisation of the nation and the pluralisation of religions. It will also be argued that there is not only one type of violent religion during revolution. \"Religion\" does not necessarily lead to violent conflicts but there are other kinds of religion during revolutions: for example religions of political indifference as well as concepts of universal religion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57401099,"asset_id":37435172,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1232104,"first_name":"Manuel","last_name":"Stadler","domain_name":"uni-leipzig","page_name":"ManuelStadler","display_name":"Manuel Stadler","profile_url":"https://uni-leipzig.academia.edu/ManuelStadler?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1232104/3529342/167491536/s65_manuel.stadler.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":4652,"name":"French Revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Violence_and_Terrorism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":9803,"name":"Social Drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Drama?f_ri=106"},{"id":23466,"name":"French Revolution and Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Revolution_and_Napoleon?f_ri=106"},{"id":110888,"name":"Gallicanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gallicanism?f_ri=106"},{"id":139925,"name":"Napoleon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Napoleon?f_ri=106"},{"id":323501,"name":"Schisma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schisma?f_ri=106"},{"id":448244,"name":"Religious Conflicts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Conflicts?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41587645" data-work_id="41587645" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41587645/The_Civic_Seminary_The_Sources_of_Modern_Public_Education_in_Lutheran_Germany">The Civic Seminary: The Sources of Modern Public Education in Lutheran Germany</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This Article documents how and why the sixteenth-century Lutheran Reformation helped to build the modern public education system of the West. Rejecting the medieval tradition of church education primarily for and by the clergy, Martin... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41587645" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This Article documents how and why the sixteenth-century Lutheran Reformation helped to build the modern public education system of the West. Rejecting the medieval tradition of church education primarily for and by the clergy, Martin Luther argued that all Christians need to be educated to be able to read the Bible on their own, to participate fully in the life of the church, state, and society, and to prepare for their distinct vocations. Lutheran Germany and Scandinavia thus set up public schools as "civic seminaries," in Philip Melanchthon's apt phrase, designed to offer general spiritual and civic education for all. In early modern Lutheran lands, the state replaced the church as the chief educator of the community, and free basic education with standard curricula was made compulsory for all children, boys and girls alike. The Article offers case studies of new German city and territorial laws on education on the books and in action, and it reflects on the enduring significance of this early experiment in education even in our day.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41587645" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ef440b1e354a72a78bff955d5fb9a80a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61744716,"asset_id":41587645,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61744716/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="116656678" href="https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr">John Witte, Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="116656678" type="text/json">{"id":116656678,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Witte, Jr.","domain_name":"emory","page_name":"JohnWitteJr","display_name":"John Witte, Jr.","profile_url":"https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/116656678/28474126/26627414/s65_john.witte_jr..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41587645 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41587645"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41587645, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41587645", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41587645 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41587645; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41587645"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41587645 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41587645"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41587645; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41587645]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41587645").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41587645").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41587645"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41587645]'), work: {"id":41587645,"title":"The Civic Seminary: The Sources of Modern Public Education in Lutheran Germany","created_at":"2020-01-10T15:22:53.006-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41587645/The_Civic_Seminary_The_Sources_of_Modern_Public_Education_in_Lutheran_Germany?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_41587645","summary":"This Article documents how and why the sixteenth-century Lutheran Reformation helped to build the modern public education system of the West. Rejecting the medieval tradition of church education primarily for and by the clergy, Martin Luther argued that all Christians need to be educated to be able to read the Bible on their own, to participate fully in the life of the church, state, and society, and to prepare for their distinct vocations. Lutheran Germany and Scandinavia thus set up public schools as \"civic seminaries,\" in Philip Melanchthon's apt phrase, designed to offer general spiritual and civic education for all. In early modern Lutheran lands, the state replaced the church as the chief educator of the community, and free basic education with standard curricula was made compulsory for all children, boys and girls alike. The Article offers case studies of new German city and territorial laws on education on the books and in action, and it reflects on the enduring significance of this early experiment in education even in our day.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61744716,"asset_id":41587645,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":116656678,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Witte, Jr.","domain_name":"emory","page_name":"JohnWitteJr","display_name":"John Witte, Jr.","profile_url":"https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/116656678/28474126/26627414/s65_john.witte_jr..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5150,"name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lutheranism?f_ri=106"},{"id":14893,"name":"Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":36017,"name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Luther?f_ri=106"},{"id":50576,"name":"Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germany?f_ri=106"},{"id":191780,"name":"Philipp Melanchthon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philipp_Melanchthon?f_ri=106"},{"id":2916882,"name":"Johannes Brenz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Johannes_Brenz?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29669920 coauthored" data-work_id="29669920" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29669920/Muslim_women_and_sport">Muslim women and sport</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29669920" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3e3926cc357841cd303761893ea0558b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50104919,"asset_id":29669920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50104919/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="166896" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/GertrudPfister">Gertrud Pfister</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="166896" type="text/json">{"id":166896,"first_name":"Gertrud","last_name":"Pfister","domain_name":"ku-dk","page_name":"GertrudPfister","display_name":"Gertrud Pfister","profile_url":"https://ku-dk.academia.edu/GertrudPfister?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-29669920">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-29669920"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/TansinBenn">Tansin Benn</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://squ.academia.edu/YousraAlsinani">Yousra Alsinani</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-29669920'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-29669920').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29669920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29669920"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29669920, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29669920", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29669920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29669920; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29669920"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29669920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29669920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29669920; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29669920]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29669920").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29669920").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29669920"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7099" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Studies">Case Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7099" type="text/json">{"id":7099,"name":"Case Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9112" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity">Physical Activity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9112" type="text/json">{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29669920]'), work: {"id":29669920,"title":"Muslim women and sport","created_at":"2016-11-04T09:49:08.713-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29669920/Muslim_women_and_sport?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_29669920","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50104919,"asset_id":29669920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":166896,"first_name":"Gertrud","last_name":"Pfister","domain_name":"ku-dk","page_name":"GertrudPfister","display_name":"Gertrud Pfister","profile_url":"https://ku-dk.academia.edu/GertrudPfister?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":45712019,"first_name":"Tansin","last_name":"Benn","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TansinBenn","display_name":"Tansin Benn","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TansinBenn?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45712019/13146656/14453292/s65_tansin.benn.jpg"},{"id":56338217,"first_name":"Yousra","last_name":"Alsinani","domain_name":"squ","page_name":"YousraAlsinani","display_name":"Yousra Alsinani","profile_url":"https://squ.academia.edu/YousraAlsinani?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/56338217/94831404/83795900/s65_yousra.alsinani.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":7099,"name":"Case Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":41861,"name":"War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War?f_ri=106"},{"id":49905,"name":"Sport","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sport?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7214871" data-work_id="7214871" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7214871/Liliths_Fire_Examining_Original_Sources_of_Power_Re_defining_Sacred_Texts_as_Transformative_Theological_Practice">Lilith's Fire: Examining Original Sources of Power Re-defining Sacred Texts as Transformative Theological Practice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper offers a reinterpretation of the divine as embodied by the Semitic goddess Lilith, she who has been represented and misrepresented in a variety of sacred texts. Working with Lilith as both symbol and archetype, I will analyze... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7214871" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper offers a reinterpretation of the divine as embodied by the Semitic goddess Lilith, she who has been represented and misrepresented in a variety of sacred texts. Working with Lilith as both symbol and archetype, I will analyze texts in which she appears, tracing her historical development and metamorphosis from goddess to demon to symbol of independence and open sexuality. As part of this analysis, I will discuss how Lilith's demonization was designed to keep women alienated from their own 'original sources' of power and spiritual authority. The essay concludes with an appreciation of feminist texts, including the first midrash or reinterpretation of the Alphabet of Ben Sira, and more recent work. I also bring in feminist scholars' reclamation of the Sacred Feminine through poetic/liturgical responses to damaging canonical texts. My paper argues that this literature, too, should be regarded as 'sacred text,' since these women-centered writings have become texts of empowerment for contemporary women as well as part of their spiritual practice.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7214871" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="523b22c8a43f914b55bb43330536841b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33838335,"asset_id":7214871,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33838335/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12527762" href="https://sofia.academia.edu/DGrenn">Dvorah Grenn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12527762" type="text/json">{"id":12527762,"first_name":"Dvorah","last_name":"Grenn","domain_name":"sofia","page_name":"DGrenn","display_name":"Dvorah Grenn","profile_url":"https://sofia.academia.edu/DGrenn?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7214871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7214871"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7214871, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7214871", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7214871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7214871; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7214871"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7214871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7214871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7214871; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7214871]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7214871").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7214871").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7214871"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="983" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies">Jewish Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="983" type="text/json">{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies">Women's Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1138" type="text/json">{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7214871]'), work: {"id":7214871,"title":"Lilith's Fire: Examining Original Sources of Power Re-defining Sacred Texts as Transformative Theological Practice","created_at":"2014-05-31T07:02:28.666-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7214871/Liliths_Fire_Examining_Original_Sources_of_Power_Re_defining_Sacred_Texts_as_Transformative_Theological_Practice?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_7214871","summary":"This paper offers a reinterpretation of the divine as embodied by the Semitic goddess Lilith, she who has been represented and misrepresented in a variety of sacred texts. Working with Lilith as both symbol and archetype, I will analyze texts in which she appears, tracing her historical development and metamorphosis from goddess to demon to symbol of independence and open sexuality. As part of this analysis, I will discuss how Lilith's demonization was designed to keep women alienated from their own 'original sources' of power and spiritual authority. The essay concludes with an appreciation of feminist texts, including the first midrash or reinterpretation of the Alphabet of Ben Sira, and more recent work. I also bring in feminist scholars' reclamation of the Sacred Feminine through poetic/liturgical responses to damaging canonical texts. My paper argues that this literature, too, should be regarded as 'sacred text,' since these women-centered writings have become texts of empowerment for contemporary women as well as part of their spiritual practice.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33838335,"asset_id":7214871,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12527762,"first_name":"Dvorah","last_name":"Grenn","domain_name":"sofia","page_name":"DGrenn","display_name":"Dvorah Grenn","profile_url":"https://sofia.academia.edu/DGrenn?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":10453,"name":"Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism?f_ri=106"},{"id":26445,"name":"Judaism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaism?f_ri=106"},{"id":26592,"name":"Sacred Texts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sacred_Texts?f_ri=106"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":61004,"name":"Amulets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amulets?f_ri=106"},{"id":132158,"name":"Goddess","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goddess?f_ri=106"},{"id":177785,"name":"Feminist Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":394692,"name":"Lilith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lilith?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38307917" data-work_id="38307917" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38307917/Global_Military_Studies_Review_Vol_2_no_1_pdf">Global Military Studies Review Vol 2 no 1.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38307917" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2b3b631bfa4e93026a8618f8f3e86b7c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58356486,"asset_id":38307917,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58356486/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3940080" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JOkolieOsemenePhD">James Okolie-Osemene PhD</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3940080" type="text/json">{"id":3940080,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Okolie-Osemene PhD","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JOkolieOsemenePhD","display_name":"James Okolie-Osemene PhD","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JOkolieOsemenePhD?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3940080/2539159/2947162/s65_james.okolie-osemene.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38307917 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38307917"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38307917, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38307917", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38307917 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38307917; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38307917"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38307917 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38307917"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38307917; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38307917]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38307917").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38307917").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38307917"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="559" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Science">Military Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="559" type="text/json">{"id":559,"name":"Military Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Science?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_">Strategy (Military Science)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="579" type="text/json">{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38307917]'), work: {"id":38307917,"title":"Global Military Studies Review Vol 2 no 1.pdf","created_at":"2019-02-07T21:13:24.851-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38307917/Global_Military_Studies_Review_Vol_2_no_1_pdf?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_38307917","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58356486,"asset_id":38307917,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3940080,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Okolie-Osemene PhD","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JOkolieOsemenePhD","display_name":"James Okolie-Osemene PhD","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JOkolieOsemenePhD?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3940080/2539159/2947162/s65_james.okolie-osemene.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":559,"name":"Military Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Science?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=106"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=106"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=106"},{"id":7870,"name":"Medieval Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=106"},{"id":1328372,"name":"Meditarrenean Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meditarrenean_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":1688588,"name":"Meditarranean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meditarranean_History?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49618188" data-work_id="49618188" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49618188/What_Happens_when_the_Story_is_Told_Afterthoughts_on_Narrative_Culture_and_the_Aesthetics_of_Religion_The_Case_of_Armenian_Christians_from_Musa_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1">What Happens when the Story is Told? Afterthoughts on Narrative Culture and the Aesthetics of Religion: The Case of Armenian Christians from Musa Dağı</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">By following the sectional structure of this volume, these afterthoughts explore a multitude of venues for approaching aesthetics as a means to study the dynamics of religious narratives and their reception. They not only elaborate on the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49618188" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">By following the sectional structure of this volume, these afterthoughts explore a multitude of venues for approaching aesthetics as a means to study the dynamics of religious narratives and their reception. They not only elaborate on the theoretical and methodological potential of the aesthetics of religion for the study of narrative cultures in diverse religious contexts, but also explore the main insights of this volume’s contributions by applying it to a case study. The afterthoughts follow the sectional structure of this volume and engage in methodological and theoretical reflections on issues central to the aesthetics of religion. To demonstrate how the theoretical and methodological approach as proposed in this volume could be put into practice and work within the context of a single case study, these afterthoughts illustrate how the aesthetics approach can be used to elucidate less obvious forms of narrative cultures and the different aesthetic means of their transmission within different religious and cultural contexts. By presenting a case study in which different narrative cultures are intertwined through lines of socially and culturally interconnected storyworlds, the most significant insights of these afterthoughts outline the potential framework for future analysis that emerges through the assemblage of the individual contributions. With the aim to highlight unrecognized connections and expand on the aesthetic junctures of sensation and imagination, a nuanced consideration of all dimensions and aspects promises to exemplify the theoretical and methodological relevance of the aesthetic frame and narrative focus as integral to the makeup of this volume and the study of religion as a whole.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49618188" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="394b8b247a5e6c7e9c5223eff88e293f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68981005,"asset_id":49618188,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68981005/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="133305" href="https://wichita.academia.edu/JensKreinath">Jens Kreinath</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="133305" type="text/json">{"id":133305,"first_name":"Jens","last_name":"Kreinath","domain_name":"wichita","page_name":"JensKreinath","display_name":"Jens Kreinath","profile_url":"https://wichita.academia.edu/JensKreinath?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/133305/35458/21463295/s65_jens.kreinath.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49618188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49618188"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49618188, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49618188", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49618188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49618188; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49618188"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49618188 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49618188"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49618188; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49618188]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49618188").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49618188").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49618188"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="997" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reception_Studies">Reception Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="997" type="text/json">{"id":997,"name":"Reception Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reception_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2852" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative">Narrative</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2852" type="text/json">{"id":2852,"name":"Narrative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4058" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual">Ritual</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4058" type="text/json">{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49618188]'), work: {"id":49618188,"title":"What Happens when the Story is Told? Afterthoughts on Narrative Culture and the Aesthetics of Religion: The Case of Armenian Christians from Musa Dağı","created_at":"2021-07-08T13:37:00.838-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49618188/What_Happens_when_the_Story_is_Told_Afterthoughts_on_Narrative_Culture_and_the_Aesthetics_of_Religion_The_Case_of_Armenian_Christians_from_Musa_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_49618188","summary":"By following the sectional structure of this volume, these afterthoughts explore a multitude of venues for approaching aesthetics as a means to study the dynamics of religious narratives and their reception. They not only elaborate on the theoretical and methodological potential of the aesthetics of religion for the study of narrative cultures in diverse religious contexts, but also explore the main insights of this volume’s contributions by applying it to a case study. The afterthoughts follow the sectional structure of this volume and engage in methodological and theoretical reflections on issues central to the aesthetics of religion. To demonstrate how the theoretical and methodological approach as proposed in this volume could be put into practice and work within the context of a single case study, these afterthoughts illustrate how the aesthetics approach can be used to elucidate less obvious forms of narrative cultures and the different aesthetic means of their transmission within different religious and cultural contexts. By presenting a case study in which different narrative cultures are intertwined through lines of socially and culturally interconnected storyworlds, the most significant insights of these afterthoughts outline the potential framework for future analysis that emerges through the assemblage of the individual contributions. With the aim to highlight unrecognized connections and expand on the aesthetic junctures of sensation and imagination, a nuanced consideration of all dimensions and aspects promises to exemplify the theoretical and methodological relevance of the aesthetic frame and narrative focus as integral to the makeup of this volume and the study of religion as a whole.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68981005,"asset_id":49618188,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":133305,"first_name":"Jens","last_name":"Kreinath","domain_name":"wichita","page_name":"JensKreinath","display_name":"Jens Kreinath","profile_url":"https://wichita.academia.edu/JensKreinath?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/133305/35458/21463295/s65_jens.kreinath.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":997,"name":"Reception Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reception_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2852,"name":"Narrative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":14070,"name":"Transmedial Storytelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmedial_Storytelling?f_ri=106"},{"id":14138,"name":"Armenian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":14554,"name":"Armenian Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Culture?f_ri=106"},{"id":14578,"name":"Method and Theory in the Study of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Method_and_Theory_in_the_Study_of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":19635,"name":"Anthropology of the Senses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_the_Senses?f_ri=106"},{"id":22253,"name":"Religion and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":26936,"name":"Reception History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reception_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":48551,"name":"Ritual Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":55115,"name":"Aesthetics of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics_of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":96728,"name":"Study of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":182456,"name":"METHOD AND THEORY FOR THE STUDY OF RELIGION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/METHOD_AND_THEORY_FOR_THE_STUDY_OF_RELIGION?f_ri=106"},{"id":346828,"name":"Study of Religion as an Analytical Discipline","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_of_Religion_as_an_Analytical_Discipline?f_ri=106"},{"id":371517,"name":"Hatay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hatay?f_ri=106"},{"id":541529,"name":"Anthropology of the Senses; Anthropology of Religion; Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_the_Senses_Anthropology_of_Religion_Aesthetics?f_ri=106"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":1284470,"name":"The Place of Aesthetics In the Social and Behavioral Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Place_of_Aesthetics_In_the_Social_and_Behavioral_Sciences?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41587772" data-work_id="41587772" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41587772/Tax_Exemption_of_Church_Property_Historical_Anomaly_or_Valid_Constitutional_Practice">Tax Exemption of Church Property: Historical Anomaly or Valid Constitutional Practice?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The practice of taxing church property while exempting other nonprofit groups appears to violate the “no special burden” principle of the free exercise clause. The Supreme Court case of Walz v. Commission charted a course between the free... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41587772" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The practice of taxing church property while exempting other nonprofit groups appears to violate the “no special burden” principle of the free exercise clause. The Supreme Court case of Walz v. Commission charted a course between the free exercise and establishment clause. The Court argued from neutrality, separatism, and history to state that tax exemption of church property is part of an unbroken national tradition. However, the Court’s neutrality argument does not address constitutionality, its separatism argument is contrived, and historically, only established religions have been exempt from taxation. <br /> <br />Past tax exemptions are rooted in two traditions: the common law adopted from England that granted exemptions to established churches, and the equity law tradition that granted exemptions to all churches. The common law tradition was restricted to certain types of church property of established churches, and the exemptions could be put on hold during times of emergency. The equity tradition gave churches another chance; ecclesiastical and charitable organizations could be tax exempt. <br /> <br />These traditions continued uninterrupted in the early American republic. Three provisions ultimately provided ground for a challenge to the tax exemption of church property. The disestablishment of religion undercut the authority of officials to prefer one religion over the other. The truncation of the equity tradition removed the equitable privileges given to charities. Finally, equal and uniform taxation was considered a basis of American life. <br /> <br />In modern theory, churches are seen as beneficial to society because they promote public morality, charity, and education. The law of equity is now based in statutory schemes or state constitutions, but the religious use of property is key to its tax exempt status. In the future, courts must find a via media between the eradication of exemptions and blanket endorsements.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41587772" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eac81bb1d8ea6b574f088870a4d4cef4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61744835,"asset_id":41587772,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61744835/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="116656678" href="https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr">John Witte, Jr.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="116656678" type="text/json">{"id":116656678,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Witte, Jr.","domain_name":"emory","page_name":"JohnWitteJr","display_name":"John Witte, Jr.","profile_url":"https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/116656678/28474126/26627414/s65_john.witte_jr..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41587772 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41587772"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41587772, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41587772", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41587772 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41587772; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41587772"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41587772 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41587772"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41587772; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41587772]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41587772").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41587772").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41587772"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1454" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law">Tax Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1454" type="text/json">{"id":1454,"name":"Tax Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41587772]'), work: {"id":41587772,"title":"Tax Exemption of Church Property: Historical Anomaly or Valid Constitutional Practice?","created_at":"2020-01-10T15:48:33.980-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41587772/Tax_Exemption_of_Church_Property_Historical_Anomaly_or_Valid_Constitutional_Practice?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_41587772","summary":"The practice of taxing church property while exempting other nonprofit groups appears to violate the “no special burden” principle of the free exercise clause. The Supreme Court case of Walz v. Commission charted a course between the free exercise and establishment clause. The Court argued from neutrality, separatism, and history to state that tax exemption of church property is part of an unbroken national tradition. However, the Court’s neutrality argument does not address constitutionality, its separatism argument is contrived, and historically, only established religions have been exempt from taxation.\r\n\r\nPast tax exemptions are rooted in two traditions: the common law adopted from England that granted exemptions to established churches, and the equity law tradition that granted exemptions to all churches. The common law tradition was restricted to certain types of church property of established churches, and the exemptions could be put on hold during times of emergency. The equity tradition gave churches another chance; ecclesiastical and charitable organizations could be tax exempt.\r\n\r\nThese traditions continued uninterrupted in the early American republic. Three provisions ultimately provided ground for a challenge to the tax exemption of church property. The disestablishment of religion undercut the authority of officials to prefer one religion over the other. The truncation of the equity tradition removed the equitable privileges given to charities. Finally, equal and uniform taxation was considered a basis of American life.\r\n\r\nIn modern theory, churches are seen as beneficial to society because they promote public morality, charity, and education. The law of equity is now based in statutory schemes or state constitutions, but the religious use of property is key to its tax exempt status. In the future, courts must find a via media between the eradication of exemptions and blanket endorsements.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61744835,"asset_id":41587772,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":116656678,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Witte, Jr.","domain_name":"emory","page_name":"JohnWitteJr","display_name":"John Witte, Jr.","profile_url":"https://emory.academia.edu/JohnWitteJr?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/116656678/28474126/26627414/s65_john.witte_jr..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1454,"name":"Tax Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_Law?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":4565,"name":"Law and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=106"},{"id":116468,"name":"Church and State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_and_State?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11748935" data-work_id="11748935" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11748935/Was_Hegel_an_Islamophobe_And_Why_Does_it_Matter">Was Hegel an Islamophobe? And Why Does it Matter?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11748935" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0655e9b053daf76e5974c0c47cb5505f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37177329,"asset_id":11748935,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37177329/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="286682" href="https://gmu.academia.edu/MohammadSalama">Mohammad Salama</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="286682" type="text/json">{"id":286682,"first_name":"Mohammad","last_name":"Salama","domain_name":"gmu","page_name":"MohammadSalama","display_name":"Mohammad Salama","profile_url":"https://gmu.academia.edu/MohammadSalama?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/286682/939916/24457805/s65_mohammad.salama.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11748935 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11748935"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11748935, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11748935", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11748935 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11748935; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11748935"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11748935 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11748935"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11748935; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11748935]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11748935").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11748935").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11748935"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History">European History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="131" type="text/json">{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11748935]'), work: {"id":11748935,"title":"Was Hegel an Islamophobe? And Why Does it Matter?","created_at":"2015-03-31T22:37:21.845-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11748935/Was_Hegel_an_Islamophobe_And_Why_Does_it_Matter?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_11748935","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37177329,"asset_id":11748935,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":286682,"first_name":"Mohammad","last_name":"Salama","domain_name":"gmu","page_name":"MohammadSalama","display_name":"Mohammad Salama","profile_url":"https://gmu.academia.edu/MohammadSalama?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/286682/939916/24457805/s65_mohammad.salama.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":659,"name":"Comparative Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=106"},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":1270,"name":"Arabic Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":2722,"name":"Arabic Language and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Language_and_Linguistics?f_ri=106"},{"id":3324,"name":"Arabic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic?f_ri=106"},{"id":3620,"name":"Comparative History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":6544,"name":"Islamic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Education?f_ri=106"},{"id":6869,"name":"Qur'anic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":7942,"name":"Hegel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hegel?f_ri=106"},{"id":7983,"name":"Quranic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Studies-1?f_ri=106"},{"id":8444,"name":"Modernist Literature (Literary Modernism)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modernist_Literature_Literary_Modernism_?f_ri=106"},{"id":9919,"name":"Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language (TAFL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_Arabic_as_a_Foreign_Language_TAFL_?f_ri=106"},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=106"},{"id":47698,"name":"Quranic Exegesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quranic_Exegesis?f_ri=106"},{"id":48650,"name":"Philosophy and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":170491,"name":"Religion and philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":261690,"name":"Continental Philsophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philsophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":330018,"name":"Arabic-English translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic-English_translation?f_ri=106"},{"id":735672,"name":"Arabic Language and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Language_and_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":1005546,"name":"Comparative Philosophy and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Philosophy_and_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":1223687,"name":"Quran and Tafsir Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quran_and_Tafsir_Studies?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_51658796" data-work_id="51658796" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51658796/Joseph_Campbell_on_Jews_and_Judaism">Joseph Campbell on Jews and Judaism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Joseph Campbell's private expressions of antisemitism have been documented by his acquaintances, his students, and even his friends. But Campbell's own writings attest to his prejudice. Nearly all of his references to Jews and Judaism are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_51658796" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Joseph Campbell's private expressions of antisemitism have been documented by his acquaintances, his students, and even his friends. But Campbell's own writings attest to his prejudice. Nearly all of his references to Jews and Judaism are disdainful and hostile. Campbell's dislike of Judaism does stem in part from his dislike of Western religions generally and to that extent cannot be said to reflect antisemitism. But his dislike ofJudaism is especially uncompromising and, more, appeals to common antisemitic stereotypes. At the same time Campbell applauds the mythology of Judaism, as he does every other mythology, and really seeks to substitute the mythology for the religion. There are those who like both Jews and Judaism. There are those who dislike Jews but like Judaism. There are those who like Jews but dislike Judaism. In the companion article to this one Robert Ackerman argues that James Frazer came to be such a person. Finally, there are those who dislike both Jews and Judaism. Sadly, Joseph Campbell, the celebrated scholar of myth, falls here. Ever since Brendan Gill broke the news of Campbell's antisemitism, 1 confirmations have abounded. Arnold Krupat, a longtime colleague of Campbell's at Sarah Lawrence College, relates an incident at a faculty gathering : At some point in the evening, Campbell, responding to a remark I can't recall, said something to the effect that he could always spot a Jew. I, a Jew, said,`Oh?' Whereupon Campbell went into a description of how the New York Athletic Club had ingeniously managed for years to keep Jews out. He went on and on, telling his story in the most charming and amiable fashion, without any self-consciousness about the views he was expressing and, indeed, without any overt animus-for all that he obviously relished the notion of keeping Jews out of anywhere any time, forever. 2 Even more unsettling is the recollection of Eve Feldman, a former student of Campbell's. Having told her teacher that she was Jewish and that she wanted to study the Hebrew Bible, she was informed : that the God of the Hebrews was an evil God, and that the American Indians' feeling for color and beauty was totally absent from the Bible. .. . [I]mmediately after this opening gambit Campbell became agitated. `He was sweating and pacing and running his fingers through his hair. He began to spew out this</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/51658796" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="175f6030c97489fd8779cb61b6345099" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69285998,"asset_id":51658796,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69285998/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="504434" href="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/RobertASegal">Robert A. Segal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="504434" type="text/json">{"id":504434,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"A. Segal","domain_name":"aberdeen","page_name":"RobertASegal","display_name":"Robert A. Segal","profile_url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/RobertASegal?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_51658796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="51658796"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 51658796, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_51658796", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_51658796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51658796; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_51658796"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_51658796 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="51658796"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51658796; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51658796]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_51658796").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_51658796").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="51658796"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=51658796]'), work: {"id":51658796,"title":"Joseph Campbell on Jews and Judaism","created_at":"2021-09-09T18:25:29.279-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/51658796/Joseph_Campbell_on_Jews_and_Judaism?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_51658796","summary":"Joseph Campbell's private expressions of antisemitism have been documented by his acquaintances, his students, and even his friends. But Campbell's own writings attest to his prejudice. Nearly all of his references to Jews and Judaism are disdainful and hostile. Campbell's dislike of Judaism does stem in part from his dislike of Western religions generally and to that extent cannot be said to reflect antisemitism. But his dislike ofJudaism is especially uncompromising and, more, appeals to common antisemitic stereotypes. At the same time Campbell applauds the mythology of Judaism, as he does every other mythology, and really seeks to substitute the mythology for the religion. There are those who like both Jews and Judaism. There are those who dislike Jews but like Judaism. There are those who like Jews but dislike Judaism. In the companion article to this one Robert Ackerman argues that James Frazer came to be such a person. Finally, there are those who dislike both Jews and Judaism. Sadly, Joseph Campbell, the celebrated scholar of myth, falls here. Ever since Brendan Gill broke the news of Campbell's antisemitism, 1 confirmations have abounded. Arnold Krupat, a longtime colleague of Campbell's at Sarah Lawrence College, relates an incident at a faculty gathering : At some point in the evening, Campbell, responding to a remark I can't recall, said something to the effect that he could always spot a Jew. I, a Jew, said,`Oh?' Whereupon Campbell went into a description of how the New York Athletic Club had ingeniously managed for years to keep Jews out. He went on and on, telling his story in the most charming and amiable fashion, without any self-consciousness about the views he was expressing and, indeed, without any overt animus-for all that he obviously relished the notion of keeping Jews out of anywhere any time, forever. 2 Even more unsettling is the recollection of Eve Feldman, a former student of Campbell's. Having told her teacher that she was Jewish and that she wanted to study the Hebrew Bible, she was informed : that the God of the Hebrews was an evil God, and that the American Indians' feeling for color and beauty was totally absent from the Bible. .. . [I]mmediately after this opening gambit Campbell became agitated. `He was sweating and pacing and running his fingers through his hair. He began to spew out this","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69285998,"asset_id":51658796,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":504434,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"A. Segal","domain_name":"aberdeen","page_name":"RobertASegal","display_name":"Robert A. Segal","profile_url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/RobertASegal?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63298248" data-work_id="63298248" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63298248/Peter_Hocken_New_Patterns_of_Formation_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Church_and_the_Role_of_Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal_pp_127_141_">Peter Hocken - New Patterns of Formation in the Roman Catholic Church and the Role of Catholic Charismatic Renewal (pp. 127-141)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines how currents of renewal, particularly the charismatic movement, have been leading to new patterns of Christian formation within the Roman Catholic Church. I will look first at the overall context; secondly, at the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_63298248" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines how currents of renewal, particularly the<br />charismatic movement, have been leading to new patterns of Christian<br />formation within the Roman Catholic Church. I will look first at the<br />overall context; secondly, at the first stage of reform and renewal in<br />Catholic formation (1965-85) This article examines how currents of renewal, particularly the charismatic movement, have been leading to new patterns of Christian formation within the Roman Catholic Church. I will look first at the overall context; secondly, at the first stage of reform and renewal in Catholic formation</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63298248" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eeb54297f73dbca704bc5290ca2191af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75774086,"asset_id":63298248,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75774086/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67658876" href="https://independent.academia.edu/APTSPress">Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies and APTS Press</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67658876" type="text/json">{"id":67658876,"first_name":"Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies and","last_name":"APTS Press","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"APTSPress","display_name":"Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies and APTS Press","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/APTSPress?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67658876/49563240/37545349/s65_asian_journal_of_pentecostal_studies_and.apts_press.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63298248 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63298248"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63298248, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63298248", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_63298248 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63298248; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_63298248"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_63298248 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63298248"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63298248; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63298248]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_63298248").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_63298248").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="63298248"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6528" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies">Biblical Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6528" type="text/json">{"id":6528,"name":"Biblical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7520" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture_and_Religious_Studies">Popular Culture and Religious Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7520" type="text/json">{"id":7520,"name":"Popular Culture and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=63298248]'), work: {"id":63298248,"title":"Peter Hocken - New Patterns of Formation in the Roman Catholic Church and the Role of Catholic Charismatic Renewal (pp. 127-141)","created_at":"2021-12-05T21:43:31.821-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63298248/Peter_Hocken_New_Patterns_of_Formation_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Church_and_the_Role_of_Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal_pp_127_141_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_63298248","summary":"This article examines how currents of renewal, particularly the\ncharismatic movement, have been leading to new patterns of Christian\nformation within the Roman Catholic Church. I will look first at the\noverall context; secondly, at the first stage of reform and renewal in\nCatholic formation (1965-85) This article examines how currents of renewal, particularly the charismatic movement, have been leading to new patterns of Christian formation within the Roman Catholic Church. I will look first at the overall context; secondly, at the first stage of reform and renewal in Catholic formation","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75774086,"asset_id":63298248,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67658876,"first_name":"Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies and","last_name":"APTS Press","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"APTSPress","display_name":"Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies and APTS Press","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/APTSPress?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67658876/49563240/37545349/s65_asian_journal_of_pentecostal_studies_and.apts_press.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":6528,"name":"Biblical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":7520,"name":"Popular Culture and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":10695,"name":"Catholic Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catholic_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":26305,"name":"Bible","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bible?f_ri=106"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":50620,"name":"Charismatic Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charismatic_Christianity?f_ri=106"},{"id":75000,"name":"Philosophy and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":75991,"name":"Charismatic leaders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charismatic_leaders?f_ri=106"},{"id":103130,"name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catholic_Church?f_ri=106"},{"id":103677,"name":"Charismatic leadership","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charismatic_leadership?f_ri=106"},{"id":118877,"name":"Catholics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catholics?f_ri=106"},{"id":136996,"name":"Pentecostalism and Charismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pentecostalism_and_Charismatics?f_ri=106"},{"id":147595,"name":"Bible Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bible_Study?f_ri=106"},{"id":265632,"name":"Theology and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":267727,"name":"Christian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":276451,"name":"Theology \u0026 Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology_and_Religious_Studies-1?f_ri=106"},{"id":519090,"name":"Biblical Theological Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Theological_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":619004,"name":"Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_and_Cross-Cultural_Studies?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36530848" data-work_id="36530848" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36530848/A_Critical_Companion_to_John_Skelton_Edited_book_">A Critical Companion to John Skelton [Edited book]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">John Skelton is a central literary figure and the leading poet during the first thirty years of Tudor rule. Nevertheless, he remains challenging and even contradictory for modern audiences. This book aims to provide an authoritative... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36530848" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">John Skelton is a central literary figure and the leading poet during the first thirty years of Tudor rule. Nevertheless, he remains challenging and even contradictory for modern audiences.<br /><br />This book aims to provide an authoritative guide to this complex poet and his works, setting him in his historical, religious, and social contexts. Beginning with an exploration of his life and career, it goes on to cover all the major aspects of his poetry, from the literary traditions in which he wrote and the form of his compositions to the manuscript contexts and later reception. Contributors: Tom Betteridge, Julia Boffey, John Burrow, David Carlson, Helen Cooper, Elisabeth Dutton, A.S.G. Edwards, Jane Griffiths, Nadine Kuipers, Carol Meale, John Scattergood, Sebastian Sobecki, Greg Waite</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36530848" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8101debe6daaa635f33d8fb2f3e30c36" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57734575,"asset_id":36530848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57734575/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="518053" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/SebastianSobecki">Sebastian Sobecki</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="518053" type="text/json">{"id":518053,"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Sobecki","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"SebastianSobecki","display_name":"Sebastian Sobecki","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/SebastianSobecki?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/518053/181683/80649399/s65_sebastian.sobecki.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36530848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36530848"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36530848, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36530848", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36530848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36530848; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36530848"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36530848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36530848"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36530848; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36530848]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36530848").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36530848").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36530848"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">38</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36530848]'), work: {"id":36530848,"title":"A Critical Companion to John Skelton [Edited book]","created_at":"2018-04-29T06:46:03.705-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36530848/A_Critical_Companion_to_John_Skelton_Edited_book_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_36530848","summary":"John Skelton is a central literary figure and the leading poet during the first thirty years of Tudor rule. Nevertheless, he remains challenging and even contradictory for modern audiences.\n\nThis book aims to provide an authoritative guide to this complex poet and his works, setting him in his historical, religious, and social contexts. Beginning with an exploration of his life and career, it goes on to cover all the major aspects of his poetry, from the literary traditions in which he wrote and the form of his compositions to the manuscript contexts and later reception. Contributors: Tom Betteridge, Julia Boffey, John Burrow, David Carlson, Helen Cooper, Elisabeth Dutton, A.S.G. Edwards, Jane Griffiths, Nadine Kuipers, Carol Meale, John Scattergood, Sebastian Sobecki, Greg Waite","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57734575,"asset_id":36530848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":518053,"first_name":"Sebastian","last_name":"Sobecki","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"SebastianSobecki","display_name":"Sebastian Sobecki","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/SebastianSobecki?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/518053/181683/80649399/s65_sebastian.sobecki.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":827,"name":"Latin Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":1228,"name":"Medieval Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":2987,"name":"Renaissance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renaissance_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":3027,"name":"Renaissance Humanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renaissance_Humanism?f_ri=106"},{"id":3059,"name":"Religion and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics?f_ri=106"},{"id":3581,"name":"Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry?f_ri=106"},{"id":4805,"name":"Medieval English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_English_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":5166,"name":"Tudor England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tudor_England?f_ri=106"},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=106"},{"id":7343,"name":"History of English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_English_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":7353,"name":"Early Modern England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_England?f_ri=106"},{"id":10304,"name":"Tudor History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tudor_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":11791,"name":"Early Modern Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":14170,"name":"Medieval England","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_England?f_ri=106"},{"id":15412,"name":"Early Modern Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Britain?f_ri=106"},{"id":17440,"name":"Humanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanism?f_ri=106"},{"id":17916,"name":"Renaissance literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renaissance_literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":19456,"name":"Early Modern English drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_English_drama?f_ri=106"},{"id":22585,"name":"English Renaissance Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Renaissance_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":22589,"name":"John Skelton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Skelton?f_ri=106"},{"id":33433,"name":"Thomas Cardinal Wolsey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thomas_Cardinal_Wolsey?f_ri=106"},{"id":33672,"name":"Tudor Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tudor_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":44332,"name":"Early Modern Drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Drama?f_ri=106"},{"id":56281,"name":"English language and literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_and_literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":80324,"name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Henry_VIII?f_ri=106"},{"id":81894,"name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Ages?f_ri=106"},{"id":101864,"name":"Neolatin Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolatin_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":510341,"name":"Neolatin Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolatin_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":1124933,"name":"Medieval and Neolatin Texts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_and_Neolatin_Texts?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45450787" data-work_id="45450787" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45450787/Neat_Nature_The_Relation_between_Nature_and_Art_in_a_Dutch_Cabinet_of_Curiosities_from_the_Early_Eighteenth_Century">Neat Nature: The Relation between Nature and Art in a Dutch Cabinet of Curiosities from the Early Eighteenth Century</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Neat nature: the relation between nature and art in a Dutch cabinet of curiosities from the early eighteenth century van de Roemer, B.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45450787" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="04eb5caa6cadd5b499f8a1c5143551a2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65959679,"asset_id":45450787,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65959679/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33191993" href="https://uva.academia.edu/BertvandeRoemer">Bert van de Roemer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33191993" type="text/json">{"id":33191993,"first_name":"Bert","last_name":"van de Roemer","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"BertvandeRoemer","display_name":"Bert van de Roemer","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/BertvandeRoemer?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33191993/9848261/78506305/s65_bert.van_de_roemer.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45450787 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45450787"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45450787, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45450787", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45450787 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45450787; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45450787"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45450787 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45450787"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45450787; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45450787]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45450787").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45450787").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45450787"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="173" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology">Zoology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="173" type="text/json">{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1236" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art">Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1236" type="text/json">{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3723" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science">History of Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3723" type="text/json">{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45450787]'), work: {"id":45450787,"title":"Neat Nature: The Relation between Nature and Art in a Dutch Cabinet of Curiosities from the Early Eighteenth Century","created_at":"2021-03-10T04:02:01.086-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45450787/Neat_Nature_The_Relation_between_Nature_and_Art_in_a_Dutch_Cabinet_of_Curiosities_from_the_Early_Eighteenth_Century?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_45450787","summary":"Neat nature: the relation between nature and art in a Dutch cabinet of curiosities from the early eighteenth century van de Roemer, B.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65959679,"asset_id":45450787,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33191993,"first_name":"Bert","last_name":"van de Roemer","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"BertvandeRoemer","display_name":"Bert van de Roemer","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/BertvandeRoemer?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33191993/9848261/78506305/s65_bert.van_de_roemer.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":173,"name":"Zoology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":7049,"name":"Crustacea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crustacea?f_ri=106"},{"id":12974,"name":"Drawing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drawing?f_ri=106"},{"id":54418,"name":"Geometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geometry?f_ri=106"},{"id":76714,"name":"Color","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Color?f_ri=106"},{"id":115368,"name":"Colour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colour?f_ri=106"},{"id":141885,"name":"Rational","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational?f_ri=106"},{"id":257992,"name":"Historical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Studies?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9562871" data-work_id="9562871" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9562871/Evolving_Into_A_Vibrant_Religious_Institute_When_Charism_Harmonizes_With_The_Catholic_Church">Evolving Into A Vibrant Religious Institute: When Charism Harmonizes With The Catholic Church</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">I recently published a book about the theological, canonical and practical elements involved in forming a new religious community in the Catholic Church. This paper provides the way to purchase the book, its description and the table... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9562871" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">I recently published a book about the theological, canonical and practical elements involved in forming a new religious community in the Catholic Church.    This paper provides the way to purchase the book, its description and the table of contents.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9562871" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="62ce3697f6934a506459e80834bc19bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35779905,"asset_id":9562871,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35779905/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6419969" href="https://wwwstpauluniversity.academia.edu/DrEileenCJaramillo">Dr. Eileen C. Jaramillo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6419969" type="text/json">{"id":6419969,"first_name":"Dr. Eileen C.","last_name":"Jaramillo","domain_name":"wwwstpauluniversity","page_name":"DrEileenCJaramillo","display_name":"Dr. Eileen C. Jaramillo","profile_url":"https://wwwstpauluniversity.academia.edu/DrEileenCJaramillo?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6419969/2600625/122768762/s65_dr._eileen_c..jaramillo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9562871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9562871"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9562871, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9562871", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9562871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9562871; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9562871"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9562871 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9562871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9562871; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9562871]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9562871").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9562871").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9562871"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality">Spirituality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3815" type="text/json">{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40122" type="text/json">{"id":40122,"name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Catholicism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114828" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuns">Nuns</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="114828" type="text/json">{"id":114828,"name":"Nuns","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuns?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9562871]'), work: {"id":9562871,"title":"Evolving Into A Vibrant Religious Institute: When Charism Harmonizes With The Catholic Church","created_at":"2014-11-30T03:13:17.074-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9562871/Evolving_Into_A_Vibrant_Religious_Institute_When_Charism_Harmonizes_With_The_Catholic_Church?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_9562871","summary":"I recently published a book about the theological, canonical and practical elements involved in forming a new religious community in the Catholic Church. This paper provides the way to purchase the book, its description and the table of contents. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35779905,"asset_id":9562871,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6419969,"first_name":"Dr. Eileen C.","last_name":"Jaramillo","domain_name":"wwwstpauluniversity","page_name":"DrEileenCJaramillo","display_name":"Dr. Eileen C. Jaramillo","profile_url":"https://wwwstpauluniversity.academia.edu/DrEileenCJaramillo?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6419969/2600625/122768762/s65_dr._eileen_c..jaramillo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":40122,"name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Catholicism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":114828,"name":"Nuns","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuns?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":749417,"name":"Sisterhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sisterhood?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26275918" data-work_id="26275918" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26275918/La_la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9_des_rep%C3%A8res_pour_en_parler_et_l_enseigner">La laïcité: des repères pour en parler et l’enseigner</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Qu’est-ce que la laïcité ? Comment, dans un contexte scolaire, faire observer la laïcité, comme cadre neutre respectueux de tous ? Comment, dans le cadre de cours, aborder la laïcité comme principe structurant de notre société, mais aussi... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26275918" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Qu’est-ce que la laïcité ? Comment, dans un contexte scolaire, faire<br />observer la laïcité, comme cadre neutre respectueux de tous ?<br />Comment, dans le cadre de cours, aborder la laïcité comme<br />principe structurant de notre société, mais aussi comme sujet<br />qui provoque débats, parce qu’il est le résultat d’évolutions historiques ?<br />Ce volume, fruit d’un travail collectif de personnes engagées sur différents<br />terrains du champ éducatif, cherche à présenter des pistes de réflexion sous<br />une forme dynamique, autour d’une architecture synthétique.<br />• Une dynamique structurée selon trois types de repères pour penser et<br />agir avec des élèves.<br />• Une dynamique liant des textes courts, des développements plus<br />conséquents à lire en ligne, des compléments en vidéo, des adresses utiles<br />vers les textes institutionnels. Des pictogrammes signalent ces ressources<br />et ces liens.<br />• Une dynamique à créer en proposant aux étudiants, aux stagiaires et<br />aux formateurs de se saisir de ces textes.<br />• Une dynamique à amplifier en alimentant la page Laïcité (<a href="http://www.univnantes/" rel="nofollow">www.univnantes/</a><br />espe/laicite) avec de nouvelles ressources.<br />Ce numéro de la collection « Repères » pour la laïcité est le produit du<br />partenariat entre l’ESPE de l’académie de Nantes (Université de Nantes) et<br />l’Institut du Pluralisme religieux et de l’Athéisme, réseau pluridisciplinaire<br />(créé par la région Pays de la Loire).<br />Anne Vézier, Maître de conférences en histoire et didactique de l’histoire,<br />Référente Laïcité ESPE Académie de Nantes, Université de Nantes<br />John Tolan, Professeur d’histoire médiévale, Université de Nantes<br />Dominique Avon, Professeur d’histoire contemporaine, Université du Maine</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26275918" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="010a720b158db7b34915fcb618d2a81b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46589449,"asset_id":26275918,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46589449/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1142923" href="https://univ-nantes.academia.edu/JohnTolan">John Tolan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1142923" type="text/json">{"id":1142923,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Tolan","domain_name":"univ-nantes","page_name":"JohnTolan","display_name":"John Tolan","profile_url":"https://univ-nantes.academia.edu/JohnTolan?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1142923/402190/491250/s65_john.tolan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26275918 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26275918"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26275918, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26275918", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26275918 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26275918; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26275918"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26275918 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26275918"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26275918; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26275918]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26275918").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26275918").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26275918"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="922" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education">Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="922" type="text/json">{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1601" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education">Teacher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1601" type="text/json">{"id":1601,"name":"Teacher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2397" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Education">Religious Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2397" type="text/json">{"id":2397,"name":"Religious Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26275918]'), work: {"id":26275918,"title":"La laïcité: des repères pour en parler et l’enseigner","created_at":"2016-06-18T02:19:22.751-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26275918/La_la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9_des_rep%C3%A8res_pour_en_parler_et_l_enseigner?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_26275918","summary":"Qu’est-ce que la laïcité ? Comment, dans un contexte scolaire, faire\nobserver la laïcité, comme cadre neutre respectueux de tous ?\nComment, dans le cadre de cours, aborder la laïcité comme\nprincipe structurant de notre société, mais aussi comme sujet\nqui provoque débats, parce qu’il est le résultat d’évolutions historiques ?\nCe volume, fruit d’un travail collectif de personnes engagées sur différents\nterrains du champ éducatif, cherche à présenter des pistes de réflexion sous\nune forme dynamique, autour d’une architecture synthétique.\n• Une dynamique structurée selon trois types de repères pour penser et\nagir avec des élèves.\n• Une dynamique liant des textes courts, des développements plus\nconséquents à lire en ligne, des compléments en vidéo, des adresses utiles\nvers les textes institutionnels. Des pictogrammes signalent ces ressources\net ces liens.\n• Une dynamique à créer en proposant aux étudiants, aux stagiaires et\naux formateurs de se saisir de ces textes.\n• Une dynamique à amplifier en alimentant la page Laïcité (www.univnantes/\nespe/laicite) avec de nouvelles ressources.\nCe numéro de la collection « Repères » pour la laïcité est le produit du\npartenariat entre l’ESPE de l’académie de Nantes (Université de Nantes) et\nl’Institut du Pluralisme religieux et de l’Athéisme, réseau pluridisciplinaire\n(créé par la région Pays de la Loire).\nAnne Vézier, Maître de conférences en histoire et didactique de l’histoire,\nRéférente Laïcité ESPE Académie de Nantes, Université de Nantes\nJohn Tolan, Professeur d’histoire médiévale, Université de Nantes\nDominique Avon, Professeur d’histoire contemporaine, Université du Maine","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46589449,"asset_id":26275918,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1142923,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Tolan","domain_name":"univ-nantes","page_name":"JohnTolan","display_name":"John Tolan","profile_url":"https://univ-nantes.academia.edu/JohnTolan?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1142923/402190/491250/s65_john.tolan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1601,"name":"Teacher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2397,"name":"Religious Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Education?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":11932,"name":"Secularization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularization?f_ri=106"},{"id":13545,"name":"Teacher Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Training?f_ri=106"},{"id":19283,"name":"Secularisms and Secularities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularisms_and_Secularities?f_ri=106"},{"id":22198,"name":"Secondary Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secondary_Education?f_ri=106"},{"id":95623,"name":"Laicite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laicite?f_ri=106"},{"id":200040,"name":"Religion and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Education?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34601421" data-work_id="34601421" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34601421/Turismo_religioso_en_la_Bas%C3%ADlica_del_Cristo_Negro_de_Esquipulas_Guatemala">Turismo religioso en la Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas, Guatemala.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Resumen: Los santuarios religiosos representan, en la actualidad, espacios de atracción de turistas, creyentes o no, y de devotos; sobresalen algunos que, por su magnetismo espiritual, exhiben áreas extendidas de adherencia devocional y... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34601421" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Resumen: Los santuarios religiosos representan, en la actualidad, espacios de atracción de turistas, creyentes o no, y de devotos; sobresalen algunos que, por su magnetismo espiritual, exhiben áreas extendidas de adherencia devocional y turística. Guatemala se inserta en el escenario anterior a través del caso de la Basílica de Esquipulas que resguarda a la venerada imagen del Cristo Negro; ubicada en la Ciudad-Santuario homónima al suroriente del arribo cíclico de miles de turistas y peregrinos que incentivan la economía local. El contexto territorial referido motivó la realización de este trabajo que tiene como objetivo revelar características geográficas del turismo religioso en el Santuario del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas; en una primera parte, se precisan los postulados teórico-conceptuales examinados que atañen al turismo religioso; posteriormente, se describen particularidades geográficas del contexto regional y local; finalmente, se detallan los hallazgos que comprueban la importancia geográfica del turismo religioso en el Santuario a partir de la investigación en gabinete y el trabajo realizado en campo. Palabras claves: Turismo religioso, lugar sagrado, magnetismo espiritual, Esquipulas. Abstract: At present, religious sanctuaries all over the world, attract a considerable amount of tourists, devotees or otherwise. Due to their spiritual magnetism, these places create ample devotional and tourist hinterlands. It is in this context that Guatemala stands prominently; in the southeast of the country, the Esquipulas Basilica homes the wood-carved Black Christ, a popular image which annually attracts thousands of tourists and pilgrims that endorse the local economy. Considering this situation, the city of Esquipulas is recognized as the Faith Capital of Central America. This paper aims at examining the geographical attributes of religious tourism in the Black Christ sanctuary of Esquipulas. In the first part of the text, we present the theoretical platform used to study religious tourism; then, we describe the geographical features of Esquipulas at both regional and local scales. Finally, we present our main research results; they authenticate the geographical importance of religious tourism in this Basilica.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34601421" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="158908a25407ad01f2d70f8af0dc0a0e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54467341,"asset_id":34601421,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54467341/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48303461" href="https://unam.academia.edu/LeonardoDanielRosasPaz">Leonardo Daniel Rosas Paz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48303461" type="text/json">{"id":48303461,"first_name":"Leonardo Daniel","last_name":"Rosas Paz","domain_name":"unam","page_name":"LeonardoDanielRosasPaz","display_name":"Leonardo Daniel Rosas Paz","profile_url":"https://unam.academia.edu/LeonardoDanielRosasPaz?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48303461/13311640/23574975/s65_leonardo_daniel.rosas_paz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34601421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34601421"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34601421, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34601421", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34601421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34601421; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34601421"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34601421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34601421"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34601421; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34601421]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34601421").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34601421").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34601421"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53141" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography_of_Religion">Geography of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53141" type="text/json">{"id":53141,"name":"Geography of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66905" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="66905" type="text/json">{"id":66905,"name":"Guatemala","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guatemala?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="172509" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Tourism">Religious Tourism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="172509" type="text/json">{"id":172509,"name":"Religious Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Tourism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34601421]'), work: {"id":34601421,"title":"Turismo religioso en la Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas, Guatemala.","created_at":"2017-09-18T16:45:26.879-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34601421/Turismo_religioso_en_la_Bas%C3%ADlica_del_Cristo_Negro_de_Esquipulas_Guatemala?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_34601421","summary":"Resumen: Los santuarios religiosos representan, en la actualidad, espacios de atracción de turistas, creyentes o no, y de devotos; sobresalen algunos que, por su magnetismo espiritual, exhiben áreas extendidas de adherencia devocional y turística. Guatemala se inserta en el escenario anterior a través del caso de la Basílica de Esquipulas que resguarda a la venerada imagen del Cristo Negro; ubicada en la Ciudad-Santuario homónima al suroriente del arribo cíclico de miles de turistas y peregrinos que incentivan la economía local. El contexto territorial referido motivó la realización de este trabajo que tiene como objetivo revelar características geográficas del turismo religioso en el Santuario del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas; en una primera parte, se precisan los postulados teórico-conceptuales examinados que atañen al turismo religioso; posteriormente, se describen particularidades geográficas del contexto regional y local; finalmente, se detallan los hallazgos que comprueban la importancia geográfica del turismo religioso en el Santuario a partir de la investigación en gabinete y el trabajo realizado en campo. Palabras claves: Turismo religioso, lugar sagrado, magnetismo espiritual, Esquipulas. Abstract: At present, religious sanctuaries all over the world, attract a considerable amount of tourists, devotees or otherwise. Due to their spiritual magnetism, these places create ample devotional and tourist hinterlands. It is in this context that Guatemala stands prominently; in the southeast of the country, the Esquipulas Basilica homes the wood-carved Black Christ, a popular image which annually attracts thousands of tourists and pilgrims that endorse the local economy. Considering this situation, the city of Esquipulas is recognized as the Faith Capital of Central America. This paper aims at examining the geographical attributes of religious tourism in the Black Christ sanctuary of Esquipulas. In the first part of the text, we present the theoretical platform used to study religious tourism; then, we describe the geographical features of Esquipulas at both regional and local scales. Finally, we present our main research results; they authenticate the geographical importance of religious tourism in this Basilica.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54467341,"asset_id":34601421,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48303461,"first_name":"Leonardo Daniel","last_name":"Rosas Paz","domain_name":"unam","page_name":"LeonardoDanielRosasPaz","display_name":"Leonardo Daniel Rosas Paz","profile_url":"https://unam.academia.edu/LeonardoDanielRosasPaz?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48303461/13311640/23574975/s65_leonardo_daniel.rosas_paz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":53141,"name":"Geography of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":66905,"name":"Guatemala","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guatemala?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":172509,"name":"Religious Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Tourism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1691939,"name":"Black Christ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Christ?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41575551" data-work_id="41575551" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41575551/Remembering_Margaret_Chatterjee">Remembering Margaret Chatterjee</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article sketches some of the main ideas that informed the work of the post-colonial Indian philosopher Margaret Chatterjee (1925-2019). A philosopher of language and religion, her work straddles the "frozen" traditions of the east... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41575551" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article sketches some of the main ideas that informed the work of the post-colonial Indian philosopher Margaret Chatterjee (1925-2019). A philosopher of language and religion, her work straddles the "frozen" traditions of the east and the west, and astutely philosophizes about Gandhian thought in the realm of religious alterity and coevality.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41575551" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="75b0d26d73ca8b9ef8044cc3067a998d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61731462,"asset_id":41575551,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61731462/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4158023" href="https://unipune.academia.edu/MuzaffarAli">Muzaffar Ali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4158023" type="text/json">{"id":4158023,"first_name":"Muzaffar","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"MuzaffarAli","display_name":"Muzaffar Ali","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/MuzaffarAli?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41575551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41575551"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41575551, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41575551", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41575551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41575551; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41575551"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41575551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41575551"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41575551; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41575551]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41575551").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41575551").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41575551"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="101" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages">Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="101" type="text/json">{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="809" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytic_Philosophy">Analytic Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="809" type="text/json">{"id":809,"name":"Analytic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytic_Philosophy?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="902" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion">Philosophy Of Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="902" type="text/json">{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41575551]'), work: {"id":41575551,"title":"Remembering Margaret Chatterjee","created_at":"2020-01-09T09:12:24.969-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41575551/Remembering_Margaret_Chatterjee?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_41575551","summary":"This article sketches some of the main ideas that informed the work of the post-colonial Indian philosopher Margaret Chatterjee (1925-2019). A philosopher of language and religion, her work straddles the \"frozen\" traditions of the east and the west, and astutely philosophizes about Gandhian thought in the realm of religious alterity and coevality.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61731462,"asset_id":41575551,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4158023,"first_name":"Muzaffar","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"MuzaffarAli","display_name":"Muzaffar Ali","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/MuzaffarAli?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":101,"name":"Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":809,"name":"Analytic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytic_Philosophy?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":41435,"name":"Indian Writing in English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Writing_in_English?f_ri=106"},{"id":106829,"name":"Contemporary Indian Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Indian_Philosophy?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1034128" data-work_id="1034128" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1034128/Review_of_Religion_and_the_New_Immigrants_by_Ebaugh_and_Chafetz">Review of Religion and the New Immigrants by Ebaugh and Chafetz</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1034128" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e3a19aab234a1c7f5bd864e75ec3618" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6310912,"asset_id":1034128,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6310912/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="702340" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/CarlLBankston">Carl L Bankston</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="702340" type="text/json">{"id":702340,"first_name":"Carl","last_name":"L Bankston","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"CarlLBankston","display_name":"Carl L Bankston","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/CarlLBankston?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/702340/237150/33166651/s65_carl.l_bankston.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1034128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1034128"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1034128, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1034128", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1034128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1034128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1034128"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1034128 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1034128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1034128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1034128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1034128").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1034128").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1034128"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="294" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies">Ethnic Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="294" type="text/json">{"id":294,"name":"Ethnic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1034128]'), work: {"id":1034128,"title":"Review of Religion and the New Immigrants by Ebaugh and Chafetz","created_at":"2011-10-22T04:18:47.792-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1034128/Review_of_Religion_and_the_New_Immigrants_by_Ebaugh_and_Chafetz?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_1034128","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":6310912,"asset_id":1034128,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":702340,"first_name":"Carl","last_name":"L Bankston","domain_name":"tulane","page_name":"CarlLBankston","display_name":"Carl L Bankston","profile_url":"https://tulane.academia.edu/CarlLBankston?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/702340/237150/33166651/s65_carl.l_bankston.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":294,"name":"Ethnic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=106"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=106"},{"id":16622,"name":"Contemporary International Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_International_Migration?f_ri=106"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=106"},{"id":48523,"name":"Book Reviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Book_Reviews?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39529778" data-work_id="39529778" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39529778/Adolf_Stoecker_and_the_German_Jews">Adolf Stoecker and the German Jews</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is a draft section of a chapter in my forthcoming Ph.D., in which I explore the anti-Semitic theories and theological views of 19th-century German preacher and politician Adolf Stoecker. I examine Stoecker's influence on Nazism, and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39529778" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a draft section of a chapter in my forthcoming Ph.D., in which I explore the anti-Semitic theories and theological views of 19th-century German preacher and politician Adolf Stoecker. I examine Stoecker's influence on Nazism, and suggest that whilst Stoecker certainly influenced Nazi ideology, it is a mistake to view his own anti-Semitism through the lens of the Holocaust.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39529778" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a55b951e2713cf50d7271811b432c279" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59679759,"asset_id":39529778,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59679759/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="68689180" href="https://csu-au.academia.edu/RyanBuesnel">Ryan Buesnel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="68689180" type="text/json">{"id":68689180,"first_name":"Ryan","last_name":"Buesnel","domain_name":"csu-au","page_name":"RyanBuesnel","display_name":"Ryan Buesnel","profile_url":"https://csu-au.academia.edu/RyanBuesnel?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/68689180/56091465/44285341/s65_ryan.buesnel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39529778 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39529778"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39529778, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39529778", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39529778 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39529778; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39529778"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39529778 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39529778"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39529778; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39529778]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39529778").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39529778").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39529778"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="983" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies">Jewish Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="983" type="text/json">{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1302" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology">Theology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1302" type="text/json">{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5531" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Prejudice_">Antisemitism (Prejudice)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5531" type="text/json">{"id":5531,"name":"Antisemitism (Prejudice)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Prejudice_?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39529778]'), work: {"id":39529778,"title":"Adolf Stoecker and the German Jews","created_at":"2019-06-12T03:17:08.111-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39529778/Adolf_Stoecker_and_the_German_Jews?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_39529778","summary":"This is a draft section of a chapter in my forthcoming Ph.D., in which I explore the anti-Semitic theories and theological views of 19th-century German preacher and politician Adolf Stoecker. I examine Stoecker's influence on Nazism, and suggest that whilst Stoecker certainly influenced Nazi ideology, it is a mistake to view his own anti-Semitism through the lens of the Holocaust. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59679759,"asset_id":39529778,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":68689180,"first_name":"Ryan","last_name":"Buesnel","domain_name":"csu-au","page_name":"RyanBuesnel","display_name":"Ryan Buesnel","profile_url":"https://csu-au.academia.edu/RyanBuesnel?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/68689180/56091465/44285341/s65_ryan.buesnel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5531,"name":"Antisemitism (Prejudice)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism_Prejudice_?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":10106,"name":"Protestantism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protestantism?f_ri=106"},{"id":14893,"name":"Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":19140,"name":"19th Century German History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_German_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":42290,"name":"The Third Reich","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Third_Reich?f_ri=106"},{"id":54355,"name":"Antisemitism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisemitism?f_ri=106"},{"id":66678,"name":"Nazism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nazism?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18032021" data-work_id="18032021" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18032021/Book_Review_The_Stranger_Next_Door_Arlene_Stein_2001_">Book Review: The Stranger Next Door (Arlene Stein, 2001)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the field of identity politics and cultural identity, the representation of differences plays a crucial role. The extent of the differences a society has determines the social outcomes in divergent ways. Surely, there are other... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18032021" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the field of identity politics and cultural identity, the representation of differences plays a crucial role. The extent of the differences a society has determines the social outcomes in divergent ways. Surely, there are other variables that cause social anxiety or communal solidarity such as religious views, socio-political conditions and also gender relations. To the point of departure, the case of homosexuality, or in a general way, the boundaries of sexuality is very controversial field so as to reveal the effects of ideologies, social conditions and historical past where all of these evolved through times. In order to understand and to reach a general view, the experiences of small towns are very decisive and unavoidable parts of such studies. As a basic explanation, that is why Arlene Stein chooses to make an ethnographic study in the USA around 1990s. In this paper, I will try to make a basic analysis of ‘The Stranger Next Door: The Story of a Small Community’s Battle Over Sex, Faith and Civil Rights’ by presenting my reading of this story and through reacting to the general points.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18032021" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="601cc89c6b50e83953257bfae454786c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39839199,"asset_id":18032021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39839199/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18212940" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErdemSelvin">Erdem Selvin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18212940" type="text/json">{"id":18212940,"first_name":"Erdem","last_name":"Selvin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ErdemSelvin","display_name":"Erdem Selvin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ErdemSelvin?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18212940/6437188/18919568/s65_erdem.selvin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18032021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18032021"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18032021, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18032021", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18032021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18032021; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18032021"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18032021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18032021"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18032021; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18032021]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18032021").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18032021").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18032021"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18032021]'), work: {"id":18032021,"title":"Book Review: The Stranger Next Door (Arlene Stein, 2001)","created_at":"2015-11-09T11:10:09.218-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18032021/Book_Review_The_Stranger_Next_Door_Arlene_Stein_2001_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_18032021","summary":"In the field of identity politics and cultural identity, the representation of differences plays a crucial role. The extent of the differences a society has determines the social outcomes in divergent ways. Surely, there are other variables that cause social anxiety or communal solidarity such as religious views, socio-political conditions and also gender relations. To the point of departure, the case of homosexuality, or in a general way, the boundaries of sexuality is very controversial field so as to reveal the effects of ideologies, social conditions and historical past where all of these evolved through times. In order to understand and to reach a general view, the experiences of small towns are very decisive and unavoidable parts of such studies. As a basic explanation, that is why Arlene Stein chooses to make an ethnographic study in the USA around 1990s. In this paper, I will try to make a basic analysis of ‘The Stranger Next Door: The Story of a Small Community’s Battle Over Sex, Faith and Civil Rights’ by presenting my reading of this story and through reacting to the general points.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39839199,"asset_id":18032021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18212940,"first_name":"Erdem","last_name":"Selvin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ErdemSelvin","display_name":"Erdem Selvin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ErdemSelvin?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18212940/6437188/18919568/s65_erdem.selvin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":975,"name":"Sex and Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_and_Gender?f_ri=106"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=106"},{"id":2553,"name":"Social Networking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networking?f_ri=106"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=106"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=106"},{"id":4714,"name":"Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexuality?f_ri=106"},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=106"},{"id":4918,"name":"Gay And Lesbian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gay_And_Lesbian_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":7024,"name":"Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender?f_ri=106"},{"id":7490,"name":"Gender Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Equality?f_ri=106"},{"id":13430,"name":"Social Exclusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Exclusion?f_ri=106"},{"id":14998,"name":"Gender and Sexuality Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":112634,"name":"Sexual Deviant Behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_Deviant_Behaviour?f_ri=106"},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48562621" data-work_id="48562621" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48562621/Is_our_brain_hardwired_to_produce_God_or_is_our_brain_hardwired_to_perceive_God_A_systematic_review_on_the_role_of_the_brain_in_mediating_religious_experience">Is our brain hardwired to produce God, or is our brain hardwired to perceive God? A systematic review on the role of the brain in mediating religious experience</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To figure out whether the main empirical question "Is our brain hardwired to believe in and produce God, or is our brain hardwired to perceive and experience God?" is answered, this paper presents systematic critical review of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48562621" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To figure out whether the main empirical question "Is our brain hardwired to believe in and produce God, or is our brain hardwired to perceive and experience God?" is answered, this paper presents systematic critical review of the positions, arguments and controversies of each side of the neuroscientific-theological debate and puts forward an integral view where the human is seen as a psychosomatic entity consisting of the multiple levels and dimensions of human existence (physical, biological, psychological, and spiritual reality), allowing consciousness/mind/spirit and brain/body/matter to be seen as different sides of the same phenomenon, neither reducible to each other. The emergence of a form of causation distinctive from physics where mental/conscious agency (a) is neither identical with nor reducible to brain processes and (b) does exert "downward" causal influence on brain plasticity and the various levels of brain functioning is discussed. This manuscript also discusses the role of cognitive processes in religious experience and outlines what can neuroscience offer for study of religious experience and what is the significance of this study for neuroscience, clinicians, theology and philosophy. A methodological shift from "explanation" to "description" of religious experience is suggested. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion between theologians, cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48562621" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="01bd1ee96750f569602ad0f68795caf6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67151612,"asset_id":48562621,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67151612/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32999407" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFingelkurts">Andrew Fingelkurts</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32999407" type="text/json">{"id":32999407,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Fingelkurts","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndrewFingelkurts","display_name":"Andrew Fingelkurts","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFingelkurts?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48562621 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48562621"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48562621, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48562621", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_48562621 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48562621; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_48562621"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_48562621 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48562621"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48562621; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48562621]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48562621").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48562621").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48562621"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161" type="text/json">{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48562621]'), work: {"id":48562621,"title":"Is our brain hardwired to produce God, or is our brain hardwired to perceive God? A systematic review on the role of the brain in mediating religious experience","created_at":"2021-05-04T23:17:04.605-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48562621/Is_our_brain_hardwired_to_produce_God_or_is_our_brain_hardwired_to_perceive_God_A_systematic_review_on_the_role_of_the_brain_in_mediating_religious_experience?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_48562621","summary":"To figure out whether the main empirical question \"Is our brain hardwired to believe in and produce God, or is our brain hardwired to perceive and experience God?\" is answered, this paper presents systematic critical review of the positions, arguments and controversies of each side of the neuroscientific-theological debate and puts forward an integral view where the human is seen as a psychosomatic entity consisting of the multiple levels and dimensions of human existence (physical, biological, psychological, and spiritual reality), allowing consciousness/mind/spirit and brain/body/matter to be seen as different sides of the same phenomenon, neither reducible to each other. The emergence of a form of causation distinctive from physics where mental/conscious agency (a) is neither identical with nor reducible to brain processes and (b) does exert \"downward\" causal influence on brain plasticity and the various levels of brain functioning is discussed. This manuscript also discusses the role of cognitive processes in religious experience and outlines what can neuroscience offer for study of religious experience and what is the significance of this study for neuroscience, clinicians, theology and philosophy. A methodological shift from \"explanation\" to \"description\" of religious experience is suggested. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion between theologians, cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67151612,"asset_id":48562621,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32999407,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Fingelkurts","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndrewFingelkurts","display_name":"Andrew Fingelkurts","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewFingelkurts?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=106"},{"id":280,"name":"Cartography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cartography?f_ri=106"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=106"},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=106"},{"id":9040,"name":"Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consciousness?f_ri=106"},{"id":12385,"name":"Conscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conscience?f_ri=106"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=106"},{"id":100966,"name":"Brain Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Plasticity?f_ri=106"},{"id":102272,"name":"Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mind?f_ri=106"},{"id":138524,"name":"Cognitive Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Processing?f_ri=106"},{"id":154636,"name":"Cognitive Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Process?f_ri=106"},{"id":159033,"name":"Genetic determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_determinism?f_ri=106"},{"id":208996,"name":"Cognitive processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_processes?f_ri=106"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36294314" data-work_id="36294314" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36294314/_Native_Messengers_of_God_in_Canada_1996_">“Native Messengers of God in Canada?” (1996)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">NATIVE MESSENGERS OF GOD IN CANADA?: A TEST CASE FOR BAHA’I UNIVERSALISM (1996) *** Christopher Buck, “Native Messengers of God in Canada?: A Test Case for Baha’i Universalism.” Baha’i Studies Review 6 (1996): 97–133. *** Award... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36294314" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">NATIVE MESSENGERS OF GOD IN CANADA?: <br />A TEST CASE FOR BAHA’I UNIVERSALISM (1996) <br /> <br />*** Christopher Buck, “Native Messengers of God in Canada?: A Test Case for Baha’i Universalism.” Baha’i Studies Review 6 (1996): 97–133. <br /> <br />*** Award for Excellence in Baha’i Studies. Association for Baha’i Studies, 1994. <br /> <br />EPILOGUE <br /> <br />Thereupon Tekanawitaˀ [Deganawida, the Peacemaker] stood up in the center of the gathering place, and then he said, “First I will answer what it means to say, ‘Now it is arriving, the Good Message.’ This indeed, is what it means: When it stops, the slaughter of your own people who live here on earth, then everywhere peace will come about, by day and also by night, and it will come about that as one travels around, everyone will be related. … <br /> <br />Now again, secondly, I say, ‘Now it is arriving, the power,’ and this means that the different nations, all the nations, will become just a single one, and the Great Law will come into being, so that now all will be related to each other, and there will come to be just a single family, and in the future, in days to come, this family will continue on. <br /> <br />Now in turn, the other, my third saying, ‘Now it is arriving, the Peace,’ this means that everyone will become related, men and also women, and also the young people and the children, and when all are relatives, every nation, then there will be peace as they roam about by day and also by night. … <br /> <br />Then there will be truthfulness, and they will uphold hope and charity, so that it is peace that will unite all the people, indeed, it will be as though they have but one mind, and they are a single person with only one body and one head and one life, which means that there will be unity.” … <br /> <br />When they are functioning, the Good Message and also the Power and the Peace, moreover, these will be the principal things everybody will live by; these will be the great values among the people.” <br /> <br />– Chief John Arthur Gibson, Concerning the League: The Iroquois League as Dictated in Onondaga, newly elicited, edited and translated by Hanni Woodbury in Collaboration with Reg Henry and Harry Webster on the Basis of A.A. Goldenweiser’s Manuscript. Memoir 9 (Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, 1992): 36–41.   <br />ABSTRACT <br /> <br />Academic and popular interest has lent prestige to native spirituality and has brought it into prominence. The United Nations proclamation of 1993 as the International Year of Indigenous People gave native peoples international recognition. A corresponding interest in native culture has “valorised” (brought respect to) native spirituality. <br /> <br />The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Canada took a position of advocacy on behalf of First Nations Canadians in its formal submission to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples in the fall of 1993. The strong native presence in Canadian Bahá’í community life raises the question of the place of native spirituality within a Bahá’í worldview. <br /> <br />Homefront “pioneers” have extended Bahá’í universalism to a recognition of the richness and authenticity of native cultural values. Such recognition has been supported by local Bahá’í policy, as attested in teaching pamphlets addressed to native peoples, in which the concept of First World messengers of God has been validated. Although theoretically acknowledged, explicit recognition of native messengers of God has yet to be formalised in Bahá’í doctrine. <br /> <br />This study discusses the possibilities of incorporating the principle of “Messengers of God to Indigenous Peoples” within formal Bahá’í doctrine, reflecting a development that has already taken place in popular Bahá’í belief in the North American context. A hitherto under-studied Persian text of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá establishes the principle in such a way that its explicit enunciation is now possible. <br /> <br />The problem of historical attestation remains. The prophetic credentials of Iroquois culture hero and statesman Deganawida are critically examined as a test case. The legend of Deganawida has a kernel of historicity overlaid by hagiography, with admitted Christian influence. Nonetheless, if the Bahá’í principle of “Progressive Revelation” can assimilate the Amerindian spiritual legacy as distinct from and developmentally asynchronous with Irano-Semitic and Sino-Indic religious histories, then it might be possible to accord Deganawida a provisional status with Bahá’í prophetology, and still affirm Bahá’u’lláh’s unific role in world history, as oral cultures take their place alongside the more familiar “literate” traditions. <br /> <br /><a href="https://www.academia.edu/36294314/_Native_Messengers_of_God_in_Canada_1996_" rel="nofollow">https://www.academia.edu/36294314/_Native_Messengers_of_God_in_Canada_1996_</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36294314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="452fce4af96a02da85350c933aeb18b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56200759,"asset_id":36294314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56200759/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="184507" href="https://psu-us.academia.edu/ChristopherBuck">Christopher Buck</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="184507" type="text/json">{"id":184507,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Buck","domain_name":"psu-us","page_name":"ChristopherBuck","display_name":"Christopher Buck","profile_url":"https://psu-us.academia.edu/ChristopherBuck?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/184507/1953985/8181236/s65_christopher.buck.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36294314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36294314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36294314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36294314", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36294314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36294314; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36294314"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36294314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36294314"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36294314; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36294314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36294314").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36294314").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36294314"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">41</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="107" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abrahamic_Religions">Abrahamic Religions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="107" type="text/json">{"id":107,"name":"Abrahamic Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abrahamic_Religions?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="119" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Religions">Native American Religions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="119" type="text/json">{"id":119,"name":"Native American Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Religions?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="120" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements">New Religious Movements</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="120" type="text/json">{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36294314]'), work: {"id":36294314,"title":"“Native Messengers of God in Canada?” (1996)","created_at":"2018-03-30T18:53:10.820-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36294314/_Native_Messengers_of_God_in_Canada_1996_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_36294314","summary":"NATIVE MESSENGERS OF GOD IN CANADA?:\r\nA TEST CASE FOR BAHA’I UNIVERSALISM (1996)\r\n\r\n*** Christopher Buck, “Native Messengers of God in Canada?: A Test Case for Baha’i Universalism.” Baha’i Studies Review 6 (1996): 97–133. \r\n\r\n*** Award for Excellence in Baha’i Studies. Association for Baha’i Studies, 1994.\r\n\r\nEPILOGUE\r\n\r\nThereupon Tekanawitaˀ [Deganawida, the Peacemaker] stood up in the center of the gathering place, and then he said, “First I will answer what it means to say, ‘Now it is arriving, the Good Message.’ This indeed, is what it means: When it stops, the slaughter of your own people who live here on earth, then everywhere peace will come about, by day and also by night, and it will come about that as one travels around, everyone will be related. …\r\n\r\nNow again, secondly, I say, ‘Now it is arriving, the power,’ and this means that the different nations, all the nations, will become just a single one, and the Great Law will come into being, so that now all will be related to each other, and there will come to be just a single family, and in the future, in days to come, this family will continue on.\r\n\r\nNow in turn, the other, my third saying, ‘Now it is arriving, the Peace,’ this means that everyone will become related, men and also women, and also the young people and the children, and when all are relatives, every nation, then there will be peace as they roam about by day and also by night. … \r\n\r\nThen there will be truthfulness, and they will uphold hope and charity, so that it is peace that will unite all the people, indeed, it will be as though they have but one mind, and they are a single person with only one body and one head and one life, which means that there will be unity.” …\r\n\r\nWhen they are functioning, the Good Message and also the Power and the Peace, moreover, these will be the principal things everybody will live by; these will be the great values among the people.”\r\n\r\n– Chief John Arthur Gibson, Concerning the League: The Iroquois League as Dictated in Onondaga, newly elicited, edited and translated by Hanni Woodbury in Collaboration with Reg Henry and Harry Webster on the Basis of A.A. Goldenweiser’s Manuscript. Memoir 9 (Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, 1992): 36–41. \u2028\r\nABSTRACT\r\n\r\nAcademic and popular interest has lent prestige to native spirituality and has brought it into prominence. The United Nations proclamation of 1993 as the International Year of Indigenous People gave native peoples international recognition. A corresponding interest in native culture has “valorised” (brought respect to) native spirituality. \r\n\r\nThe National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Canada took a position of advocacy on behalf of First Nations Canadians in its formal submission to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples in the fall of 1993. The strong native presence in Canadian Bahá’í community life raises the question of the place of native spirituality within a Bahá’í worldview. \r\n\r\nHomefront “pioneers” have extended Bahá’í universalism to a recognition of the richness and authenticity of native cultural values. Such recognition has been supported by local Bahá’í policy, as attested in teaching pamphlets addressed to native peoples, in which the concept of First World messengers of God has been validated. Although theoretically acknowledged, explicit recognition of native messengers of God has yet to be formalised in Bahá’í doctrine. \r\n\r\nThis study discusses the possibilities of incorporating the principle of “Messengers of God to Indigenous Peoples” within formal Bahá’í doctrine, reflecting a development that has already taken place in popular Bahá’í belief in the North American context. A hitherto under-studied Persian text of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá establishes the principle in such a way that its explicit enunciation is now possible. \r\n\r\nThe problem of historical attestation remains. The prophetic credentials of Iroquois culture hero and statesman Deganawida are critically examined as a test case. The legend of Deganawida has a kernel of historicity overlaid by hagiography, with admitted Christian influence. Nonetheless, if the Bahá’í principle of “Progressive Revelation” can assimilate the Amerindian spiritual legacy as distinct from and developmentally asynchronous with Irano-Semitic and Sino-Indic religious histories, then it might be possible to accord Deganawida a provisional status with Bahá’í prophetology, and still affirm Bahá’u’lláh’s unific role in world history, as oral cultures take their place alongside the more familiar “literate” traditions. \r\n \r\nhttps://www.academia.edu/36294314/_Native_Messengers_of_God_in_Canada_1996_","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56200759,"asset_id":36294314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":184507,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Buck","domain_name":"psu-us","page_name":"ChristopherBuck","display_name":"Christopher Buck","profile_url":"https://psu-us.academia.edu/ChristopherBuck?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/184507/1953985/8181236/s65_christopher.buck.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":107,"name":"Abrahamic Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abrahamic_Religions?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":119,"name":"Native American Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Religions?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106"},{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":299,"name":"Native American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":381,"name":"Canadian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":926,"name":"Indigenous Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":927,"name":"Indigenous or Aboriginal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_or_Aboriginal_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":2412,"name":"Canadian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":3175,"name":"American Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Indian_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":3348,"name":"Baha'i studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bahai_studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":3561,"name":"Reciprocity (Social and Cultural Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reciprocity_Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology_?f_ri=106"},{"id":6242,"name":"Global Egalitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Egalitarianism?f_ri=106"},{"id":6337,"name":"Oral history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_history?f_ri=106"},{"id":7093,"name":"New Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religions?f_ri=106"},{"id":7540,"name":"Oral Traditions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_Traditions?f_ri=106"},{"id":7694,"name":"Egalitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egalitarianism?f_ri=106"},{"id":8920,"name":"History of Canada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Canada?f_ri=106"},{"id":10099,"name":"History of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religions?f_ri=106"},{"id":11879,"name":"Native American Literature (Literature)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Literature_Literature_?f_ri=106"},{"id":13116,"name":"Aboriginal history in Canada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aboriginal_history_in_Canada?f_ri=106"},{"id":15149,"name":"Indigenous Peoples Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples_Rights?f_ri=106"},{"id":15504,"name":"Native American","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American?f_ri=106"},{"id":18753,"name":"American Indian \u0026 Alaska Native","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Indian_and_Alaska_Native?f_ri=106"},{"id":19495,"name":"Indigenous Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indigenous_Peoples?f_ri=106"},{"id":25998,"name":"American Indian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Indian_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":36593,"name":"Native American Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Anthropology?f_ri=106"},{"id":36600,"name":"Native American (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_History_?f_ri=106"},{"id":37665,"name":"First Nations of Canada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/First_Nations_of_Canada?f_ri=106"},{"id":54114,"name":"Canada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canada?f_ri=106"},{"id":57889,"name":"American Indian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Indian_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":112210,"name":"Native Americans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_Americans?f_ri=106"},{"id":125222,"name":"Universalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universalism?f_ri=106"},{"id":147877,"name":"Aboriginal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aboriginal_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":222695,"name":"Six Nations of the Grand River","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River?f_ri=106"},{"id":394316,"name":"Iroquois Indians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iroquois_Indians?f_ri=106"},{"id":502989,"name":"Baha'i Faith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bahai_Faith-1?f_ri=106"},{"id":1035278,"name":"Native Canadian Literatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_Canadian_Literatures?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43179761 coauthored" data-work_id="43179761" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43179761/Corona_und_Religion_Modifikation_religi%C3%B6ser_Rituale_im_Rahmen_der_ausserordentlichen_Lage">Corona und Religion. Modifikation religiöser Rituale im Rahmen der ausserordentlichen Lage</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43179761" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="249c26782fea1013591bbb188407eeeb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63444109,"asset_id":43179761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63444109/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="128023931" href="https://lahoreschoolofeconomice.academia.edu/LauraPeter">Laura Peter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="128023931" type="text/json">{"id":128023931,"first_name":"Laura","last_name":"Peter","domain_name":"lahoreschoolofeconomice","page_name":"LauraPeter","display_name":"Laura Peter","profile_url":"https://lahoreschoolofeconomice.academia.edu/LauraPeter?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/128023931/42978027/39760821/s65_laura.peter.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-43179761">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-43179761"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uzh.academia.edu/Lo%C3%AFcBawidamann">Loïc Bawidamann</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uzh.academia.edu/RafaelWalthert">Rafael Walthert</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-43179761'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-43179761').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43179761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43179761"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43179761, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43179761", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43179761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43179761; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43179761"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43179761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43179761"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43179761; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43179761]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43179761").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43179761").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43179761"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion">Sociology of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="217" type="text/json">{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="899" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority">Legitimacy and Authority</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="899" type="text/json">{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1902" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practice_theory">Practice theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1902" type="text/json">{"id":1902,"name":"Practice theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practice_theory?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43179761]'), work: {"id":43179761,"title":"Corona und Religion. Modifikation religiöser Rituale im Rahmen der ausserordentlichen Lage","created_at":"2020-05-27T09:37:43.897-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43179761/Corona_und_Religion_Modifikation_religi%C3%B6ser_Rituale_im_Rahmen_der_ausserordentlichen_Lage?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_43179761","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63444109,"asset_id":43179761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":128023931,"first_name":"Laura","last_name":"Peter","domain_name":"lahoreschoolofeconomice","page_name":"LauraPeter","display_name":"Laura Peter","profile_url":"https://lahoreschoolofeconomice.academia.edu/LauraPeter?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/128023931/42978027/39760821/s65_laura.peter.jpg"},{"id":158492084,"first_name":"Loïc","last_name":"Bawidamann","domain_name":"uzh","page_name":"LoïcBawidamann","display_name":"Loïc Bawidamann","profile_url":"https://uzh.academia.edu/Lo%C3%AFcBawidamann?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158492084/44631545/39422140/s65_lo_c.bawidamann.jpg"},{"id":12663203,"first_name":"Rafael","last_name":"Walthert","domain_name":"uzh","page_name":"RafaelWalthert","display_name":"Rafael Walthert","profile_url":"https://uzh.academia.edu/RafaelWalthert?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12663203/3837718/4490595/s65_rafael.walthert.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":899,"name":"Legitimacy and Authority","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy_and_Authority?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1902,"name":"Practice theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practice_theory?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=106"},{"id":13340,"name":"Pierre Bourdieu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pierre_Bourdieu?f_ri=106"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=106"},{"id":24217,"name":"Ritual Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory?f_ri=106"},{"id":29382,"name":"Emile Durkheim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emile_Durkheim?f_ri=106"},{"id":39358,"name":"Randall Collins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Randall_Collins?f_ri=106"},{"id":44638,"name":"Max Weber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Max_Weber?f_ri=106"},{"id":48551,"name":"Ritual Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":103130,"name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catholic_Church?f_ri=106"},{"id":152580,"name":"Switzerland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Switzerland?f_ri=106"},{"id":805635,"name":"Religous Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religous_Studies?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36849643 coauthored" data-work_id="36849643" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36849643/Evidence_of_tobacco_from_a_Late_Archaic_smoking_tube_recovered_from_the_Flint_River_site_in_southeastern_North_America">Evidence of tobacco from a Late Archaic smoking tube recovered from the Flint River site in southeastern North America</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Tobacco use was widespread amongst the indigenous populations throughout North and South America prior to European contact; however, the geographical and temporal spread of the plant is poorly understood. Organic residue analysis is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36849643" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tobacco use was widespread amongst the indigenous populations throughout North and South America prior to <br />European contact; however, the geographical and temporal spread of the plant is poorly understood. Organic <br />residue analysis is providing a new source of information on the diffusion of tobacco based on the presence of <br />nicotine extracted from smoking pipes recovered from archaeological contexts. Using gas chromatography-mass <br />spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) we identified <br />nicotine in a Late Archaic (1685-1530 cal B.C) smoking pipe from the Flint River site in Northern Alabama. This <br />evidence suggests the exploitation of tobacco spread into the southeastern North America nearly a millennium <br />earlier than the current hypothesis on the rate of dispersion of tobacco in pre-Columbian North America</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36849643" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="811a34bc4dacf4d5d83797d580e346c2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57728098,"asset_id":36849643,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57728098/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37772532" href="https://troy.academia.edu/StephenCarmody">Stephen B Carmody</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37772532" type="text/json">{"id":37772532,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Carmody","domain_name":"troy","page_name":"StephenCarmody","display_name":"Stephen B Carmody","profile_url":"https://troy.academia.edu/StephenCarmody?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-36849643">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-36849643"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeraDavis">Jera Davis</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-36849643'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-36849643').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36849643 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36849643"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36849643, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36849643", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36849643 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36849643; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36849643"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36849643 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36849643"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36849643; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36849643]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36849643").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36849643").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36849643"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="399" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology">Prehistoric Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="399" type="text/json">{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9109" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tobacco">Tobacco</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9109" type="text/json">{"id":9109,"name":"Tobacco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tobacco?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40886" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Pipes_and_Smoking">Archaeology of Pipes and Smoking</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="40886" type="text/json">{"id":40886,"name":"Archaeology of Pipes and Smoking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Pipes_and_Smoking?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36849643]'), work: {"id":36849643,"title":"Evidence of tobacco from a Late Archaic smoking tube recovered from the Flint River site in southeastern North America","created_at":"2018-06-15T08:30:23.401-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36849643/Evidence_of_tobacco_from_a_Late_Archaic_smoking_tube_recovered_from_the_Flint_River_site_in_southeastern_North_America?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_36849643","summary":"Tobacco use was widespread amongst the indigenous populations throughout North and South America prior to\r\nEuropean contact; however, the geographical and temporal spread of the plant is poorly understood. Organic\r\nresidue analysis is providing a new source of information on the diffusion of tobacco based on the presence of\r\nnicotine extracted from smoking pipes recovered from archaeological contexts. Using gas chromatography-mass\r\nspectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) we identified\r\nnicotine in a Late Archaic (1685-1530 cal B.C) smoking pipe from the Flint River site in Northern Alabama. This\r\nevidence suggests the exploitation of tobacco spread into the southeastern North America nearly a millennium\r\nearlier than the current hypothesis on the rate of dispersion of tobacco in pre-Columbian North America","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57728098,"asset_id":36849643,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37772532,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Carmody","domain_name":"troy","page_name":"StephenCarmody","display_name":"Stephen B Carmody","profile_url":"https://troy.academia.edu/StephenCarmody?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":68260244,"first_name":"Jera","last_name":"Davis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeraDavis","display_name":"Jera Davis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeraDavis?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/68260244/17727602/17761325/s65_jera.davis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":9109,"name":"Tobacco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tobacco?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":40886,"name":"Archaeology of Pipes and Smoking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Pipes_and_Smoking?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":619396,"name":"Anthropology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37162200" data-work_id="37162200" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37162200/Columbanus_and_the_Peoples_of_Post_Roman_Europe_ed_Alexander_OHara">Columbanus and the Peoples of Post-Roman Europe, ed. Alexander O'Hara</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The period 550 to 750 was one in which monastic culture became more firmly entrenched in Western Europe. The role of monasteries and their relationship to the social world around them was transformed during this period as monastic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37162200" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The period 550 to 750 was one in which monastic culture became more firmly entrenched in Western Europe. The role of monasteries and their relationship to the social world around them was transformed during this period as monastic institutions became more integrated in social and political power networks. This collected volume of essays focuses on one of the central figures in this process, the Irish ascetic exile and monastic founder, Columbanus (c. 550-615), his travels on the Continent, and the monastic network he and his Frankish disciples established in Merovingian Gaul and Lombard Italy.<br /><br />The post-Roman kingdoms through which Columbanus travelled and established his monastic foundations were made up of many different communities of peoples. As an outsider and immigrant, how did Columbanus and his communities interact with these peoples? How did they negotiate differences and what emerged from these encounters? How societies interact with outsiders can reveal the inner workings and social norms of that culture. This volume aims to explore further the strands of this vibrant contact and to consider all of the geographical spheres in which Columbanus and his monastic communities operated (Ireland, Merovingian Gaul, Alamannia, Lombard Italy) and the varieties of communities he and his successors came in contact with — whether they were royal, ecclesiastic, aristocratic, or grass-roots.<br /><br />Table of Contents<br /><br />Preface<br />List of Abbreviations<br />Maps<br />Contributors<br />Foreword Walter Pohl<br />Part I: Columbanus in Context<br />Chapter 1: Introduction: Columbanus and Europe Alexander O'Hara<br />Chapter 2: Columbanus and the Language of Concord Damian Bracken<br />Part II: The Insular Background<br />Chapter 3: The Political Background to Columbanus's Irish Career Dáibhí Ó Cróinín<br />Chapter 4: Movers and Shakers? How Women Shaped the Career of Columbanus Elva Johnston <br />Chapter 5: Columbanus's Ulster Education Alex Woolf <br />Part III: The Frankish World <br />Chapter 6: Columbanus in Brittany Ian Wood <br />Chapter 7: Columbanus and Shunning: The Irish peregrinus between Gildas, Gaul, and Gregory Clare Stancliffe <br />Chapter 8: Orthodoxy and Authority: Jonas, Eustasius, and the Agrestius Affair Andreas Fischer <br />Chapter 9: Columbanus and the Mission to the Bavarians and the Slavs in the Seventh Century Herwig Wolfram<br />Part IV: On the Fringe: Columbanus and Gallus in Alamannia <br />Chapter 10: Between the Devil and the deep Lake Constance: Jonas of Bobbio, interpretatio Christiana, and the Pagan Religion of the Alamanni Bernhard Maier <br />Chapter 11: Drinking with Woden: A Re-Examination of Jonas's Vita Columbani I. 27 Francesco Borri <br />Chapter 12: Between Metz and Überlingen: Columbanus and Gallus in Alamannia Yaniv Fox <br />Chapter 13: Quicumque sunt rebelles, foras exeant! Columbanus's Rebellious Disciple Gallus Philipp Dörler<br />Part V: Lombard Italy and Columbanus's Legacy <br />Chapter 14: Columbanus, Bobbio, and the Lombards Stefano Gasparri<br />Chapter 15: Disputing Columbanus's Heritage: The Regula cuiusdam patris (with a translation of the Rule) Albrecht Diem</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37162200" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aa71c1e2700ea7c918083f78a9d9d8e2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57113235,"asset_id":37162200,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57113235/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17298" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/AlexanderOHara">Alexander O'Hara</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17298" type="text/json">{"id":17298,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"O'Hara","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"AlexanderOHara","display_name":"Alexander O'Hara","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/AlexanderOHara?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17298/5801/141780272/s65_alexander.o_hara.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37162200 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37162200"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37162200, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37162200", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37162200 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37162200; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37162200"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37162200 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37162200"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37162200; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37162200]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37162200").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37162200").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37162200"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">25</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="383" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies">European Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="383" type="text/json">{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37162200]'), work: {"id":37162200,"title":"Columbanus and the Peoples of Post-Roman Europe, ed. Alexander O'Hara","created_at":"2018-08-01T06:01:29.494-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37162200/Columbanus_and_the_Peoples_of_Post_Roman_Europe_ed_Alexander_OHara?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_37162200","summary":"The period 550 to 750 was one in which monastic culture became more firmly entrenched in Western Europe. The role of monasteries and their relationship to the social world around them was transformed during this period as monastic institutions became more integrated in social and political power networks. This collected volume of essays focuses on one of the central figures in this process, the Irish ascetic exile and monastic founder, Columbanus (c. 550-615), his travels on the Continent, and the monastic network he and his Frankish disciples established in Merovingian Gaul and Lombard Italy.\n\nThe post-Roman kingdoms through which Columbanus travelled and established his monastic foundations were made up of many different communities of peoples. As an outsider and immigrant, how did Columbanus and his communities interact with these peoples? How did they negotiate differences and what emerged from these encounters? How societies interact with outsiders can reveal the inner workings and social norms of that culture. This volume aims to explore further the strands of this vibrant contact and to consider all of the geographical spheres in which Columbanus and his monastic communities operated (Ireland, Merovingian Gaul, Alamannia, Lombard Italy) and the varieties of communities he and his successors came in contact with — whether they were royal, ecclesiastic, aristocratic, or grass-roots.\n\nTable of Contents\n\nPreface\nList of Abbreviations\nMaps\nContributors\nForeword Walter Pohl\nPart I: Columbanus in Context\nChapter 1: Introduction: Columbanus and Europe Alexander O'Hara\nChapter 2: Columbanus and the Language of Concord Damian Bracken\nPart II: The Insular Background\nChapter 3: The Political Background to Columbanus's Irish Career Dáibhí Ó Cróinín\nChapter 4: Movers and Shakers? How Women Shaped the Career of Columbanus Elva Johnston \nChapter 5: Columbanus's Ulster Education Alex Woolf \nPart III: The Frankish World \nChapter 6: Columbanus in Brittany Ian Wood \nChapter 7: Columbanus and Shunning: The Irish peregrinus between Gildas, Gaul, and Gregory Clare Stancliffe \nChapter 8: Orthodoxy and Authority: Jonas, Eustasius, and the Agrestius Affair Andreas Fischer \nChapter 9: Columbanus and the Mission to the Bavarians and the Slavs in the Seventh Century Herwig Wolfram\nPart IV: On the Fringe: Columbanus and Gallus in Alamannia \nChapter 10: Between the Devil and the deep Lake Constance: Jonas of Bobbio, interpretatio Christiana, and the Pagan Religion of the Alamanni Bernhard Maier \nChapter 11: Drinking with Woden: A Re-Examination of Jonas's Vita Columbani I. 27 Francesco Borri \nChapter 12: Between Metz and Überlingen: Columbanus and Gallus in Alamannia Yaniv Fox \nChapter 13: Quicumque sunt rebelles, foras exeant! Columbanus's Rebellious Disciple Gallus Philipp Dörler\nPart V: Lombard Italy and Columbanus's Legacy \nChapter 14: Columbanus, Bobbio, and the Lombards Stefano Gasparri\nChapter 15: Disputing Columbanus's Heritage: The Regula cuiusdam patris (with a translation of the Rule) Albrecht Diem ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57113235,"asset_id":37162200,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17298,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"O'Hara","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"AlexanderOHara","display_name":"Alexander O'Hara","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/AlexanderOHara?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17298/5801/141780272/s65_alexander.o_hara.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration?f_ri=106"},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":1446,"name":"Medieval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":2853,"name":"Medieval Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":7256,"name":"Saints' Cults","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saints_Cults?f_ri=106"},{"id":7908,"name":"Papacy (Medieval Church History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papacy_Medieval_Church_History_?f_ri=106"},{"id":9284,"name":"Early Medieval Ireland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Medieval_Ireland?f_ri=106"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union?f_ri=106"},{"id":11076,"name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antiquity?f_ri=106"},{"id":12614,"name":"Ecclesiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecclesiology?f_ri=106"},{"id":14893,"name":"Church History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Church_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":21987,"name":"Monasticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monasticism?f_ri=106"},{"id":27336,"name":"France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/France?f_ri=106"},{"id":28764,"name":"Merovingian period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merovingian_period?f_ri=106"},{"id":29842,"name":"Ireland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ireland?f_ri=106"},{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy?f_ri=106"},{"id":116852,"name":"Seventh Century","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seventh_Century?f_ri=106"},{"id":140884,"name":"Columbanus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Columbanus?f_ri=106"},{"id":147764,"name":"Trade and travel in medieval Europe and the Mediterranean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_and_travel_in_medieval_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean?f_ri=106"},{"id":1104256,"name":"Columbanian Monasticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Columbanian_Monasticism?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10434410" data-work_id="10434410" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10434410/A_Catholic_Critique_of_the_Healing_Art_of_Reiki">A Catholic Critique of the Healing Art of Reiki</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The complementary therapy known as Reiki is considered from a Catholic perspective. The irreducible content of the practice of Reiki is identified as putative manipulation of the healing energy known as ki by practitioners initiated... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10434410" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The complementary therapy known as Reiki is considered from a Catholic perspective. The irreducible content of the practice of Reiki is identified as putative manipulation of the healing energy known as ki by practitioners initiated through an attunement ritual using secret symbols. Some general problems of describing ki in the language of Catholic theology are discussed. Certain critiques of Reiki by Christian groups are found to be inadequate on the grounds of attributing guilt by association, or targeting beliefs not necessarily held by all Reiki practitioners. Nevertheless, attempting to manipulate ki according to the principles of Reiki is found not to accord with Christian revelation, and the necessity of practitioners being initiated by the use of secret symbols is particularly problematic. Some recommendations are made concerning the pastoral consequences of this conclusion: avoidance of promoting Reiki in a church context, appropriate support for Christians who have received or practiced Reiki themselves, and addressing the provision of Reiki through the public health care system.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10434410" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e84b17d981a43cee457e2920f6fea83e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36477292,"asset_id":10434410,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36477292/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25624967" href="https://cardiff.academia.edu/GarethLeyshon">Gareth Leyshon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25624967" type="text/json">{"id":25624967,"first_name":"Gareth","last_name":"Leyshon","domain_name":"cardiff","page_name":"GarethLeyshon","display_name":"Gareth Leyshon","profile_url":"https://cardiff.academia.edu/GarethLeyshon?f_ri=106","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/575fd683e09410b33a5d579ad24a01b1?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10434410 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10434410"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10434410, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10434410", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10434410 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10434410; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10434410"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10434410 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10434410"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10434410; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10434410]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10434410").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10434410").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10434410"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23179" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23179" type="text/json">{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48550" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies">Religious Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48550" type="text/json">{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10434410]'), work: {"id":10434410,"title":"A Catholic Critique of the Healing Art of Reiki","created_at":"2015-02-01T09:17:14.299-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10434410/A_Catholic_Critique_of_the_Healing_Art_of_Reiki?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_10434410","summary":"The complementary therapy known as Reiki is considered from a Catholic perspective. The irreducible content of the practice of Reiki is identified as putative manipulation of the healing energy known as ki by practitioners initiated through an attunement ritual using secret symbols. Some general problems of describing ki in the language of Catholic theology are discussed. Certain critiques of Reiki by Christian groups are found to be inadequate on the grounds of attributing guilt by association, or targeting beliefs not necessarily held by all Reiki practitioners. Nevertheless, attempting to manipulate ki according to the principles of Reiki is found not to accord with Christian revelation, and the necessity of practitioners being initiated by the use of secret symbols is particularly problematic. Some recommendations are made concerning the pastoral consequences of this conclusion: avoidance of promoting Reiki in a church context, appropriate support for Christians who have received or practiced Reiki themselves, and addressing the provision of Reiki through the public health care system.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36477292,"asset_id":10434410,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25624967,"first_name":"Gareth","last_name":"Leyshon","domain_name":"cardiff","page_name":"GarethLeyshon","display_name":"Gareth Leyshon","profile_url":"https://cardiff.academia.edu/GarethLeyshon?f_ri=106","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/575fd683e09410b33a5d579ad24a01b1?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":23179,"name":"Astrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrophysics?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":267727,"name":"Christian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Studies?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11124547" data-work_id="11124547" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11124547/Ethnic_Identity_in_Tang_China">Ethnic Identity in Tang China</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11124547" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact <a href="mailto:support@jstor.org" rel="nofollow">support@jstor.org</a>.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11124547" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d4428f7b68d1f127a5233cdcaa16fc0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36787277,"asset_id":11124547,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36787277/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26867289" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/YIMENGFENG">YIMENG FENG</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26867289" type="text/json">{"id":26867289,"first_name":"YIMENG","last_name":"FENG","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"YIMENGFENG","display_name":"YIMENG FENG","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/YIMENGFENG?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11124547 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11124547"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11124547, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11124547", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11124547 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11124547; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11124547"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11124547 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11124547"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11124547; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11124547]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11124547").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11124547").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11124547"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2190" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies">Chinese Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2190" type="text/json">{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2839" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sinology">Sinology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2839" type="text/json">{"id":2839,"name":"Sinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sinology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11124547]'), work: {"id":11124547,"title":"Ethnic Identity in Tang China","created_at":"2015-02-26T15:17:39.164-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11124547/Ethnic_Identity_in_Tang_China?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_11124547","summary":"JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36787277,"asset_id":11124547,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26867289,"first_name":"YIMENG","last_name":"FENG","domain_name":"upenn","page_name":"YIMENGFENG","display_name":"YIMENG FENG","profile_url":"https://upenn.academia.edu/YIMENGFENG?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2190,"name":"Chinese Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2839,"name":"Sinology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sinology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=106"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44902609" data-work_id="44902609" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44902609/Os_desafios_das_partes_mais_remotas_o_Santo_Of%C3%ADcio_de_Goa_e_do_M%C3%A9xico_ante_as_suas_%C3%BAltimas_periferias_Macau_e_Manila_s%C3%A9culos_XVI_e_XVII_">Os desafios das “partes mais remotas”: o Santo Ofício de Goa e do México ante as suas últimas periferias (Macau e Manila, séculos XVI e XVII)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44902609" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="436264e86ef31201a743c178238e3cd5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65422504,"asset_id":44902609,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65422504/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="865388" href="https://fcsh-unl.academia.edu/MiguelLouren%C3%A7o">Miguel Rodrigues Lourenço</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="865388" type="text/json">{"id":865388,"first_name":"Miguel","last_name":"Rodrigues Lourenço","domain_name":"fcsh-unl","page_name":"MiguelLourenço","display_name":"Miguel Rodrigues Lourenço","profile_url":"https://fcsh-unl.academia.edu/MiguelLouren%C3%A7o?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/865388/170046874/160026589/s65_miguel.rodrigues_louren_o.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44902609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44902609"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44902609, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44902609", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44902609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44902609; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44902609"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44902609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44902609"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44902609; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44902609]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44902609").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44902609").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44902609"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4916" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Portuguese_Discoveries_and_Expansion">Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4916" type="text/json">{"id":4916,"name":"Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Portuguese_Discoveries_and_Expansion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5410" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5410" type="text/json">{"id":5410,"name":"Inquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inquisition?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6886" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estado_da_India">Estado da India</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6886" type="text/json">{"id":6886,"name":"Estado da India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estado_da_India?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44902609]'), work: {"id":44902609,"title":"Os desafios das “partes mais remotas”: o Santo Ofício de Goa e do México ante as suas últimas periferias (Macau e Manila, séculos XVI e XVII)","created_at":"2021-01-14T03:46:49.378-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44902609/Os_desafios_das_partes_mais_remotas_o_Santo_Of%C3%ADcio_de_Goa_e_do_M%C3%A9xico_ante_as_suas_%C3%BAltimas_periferias_Macau_e_Manila_s%C3%A9culos_XVI_e_XVII_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_44902609","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65422504,"asset_id":44902609,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":865388,"first_name":"Miguel","last_name":"Rodrigues Lourenço","domain_name":"fcsh-unl","page_name":"MiguelLourenço","display_name":"Miguel Rodrigues Lourenço","profile_url":"https://fcsh-unl.academia.edu/MiguelLouren%C3%A7o?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/865388/170046874/160026589/s65_miguel.rodrigues_louren_o.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":4916,"name":"Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Portuguese_Discoveries_and_Expansion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5410,"name":"Inquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inquisition?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":6886,"name":"Estado da India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estado_da_India?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":8785,"name":"Philippines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippines?f_ri=106"},{"id":10099,"name":"History of Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religions?f_ri=106"},{"id":22559,"name":"Philippine Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippine_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":47149,"name":"The Spanish Inquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Spanish_Inquisition?f_ri=106"},{"id":118223,"name":"Centre-Periphery Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centre-Periphery_Relations?f_ri=106"},{"id":125313,"name":"Portuguese Inquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Portuguese_Inquisition?f_ri=106"},{"id":130169,"name":"Macau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macau?f_ri=106"},{"id":211909,"name":"History of Macau (Macau)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Macau_Macau_?f_ri=106"},{"id":407842,"name":"Macau studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macau_studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":2466277,"name":"Goa Inquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Goa_Inquisition?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20575046" data-work_id="20575046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20575046/Jacob_B%C3%B6hme_The_Teutonic_Philosopher">Jacob Böhme - The Teutonic Philosopher</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20575046" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e7c19e7ac45016f2c36b2cb9e1ec5b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41445677,"asset_id":20575046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41445677/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41928152" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GuilhermeFerreira63">Guilherme Ferreira</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41928152" type="text/json">{"id":41928152,"first_name":"Guilherme","last_name":"Ferreira","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuilhermeFerreira63","display_name":"Guilherme Ferreira","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuilhermeFerreira63?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20575046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20575046"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20575046, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20575046", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20575046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20575046; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20575046"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20575046 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20575046"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20575046; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20575046]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20575046").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20575046").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20575046"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48550" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies">Religious Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48550" type="text/json">{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="267727" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Studies">Christian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="267727" type="text/json">{"id":267727,"name":"Christian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20575046]'), work: {"id":20575046,"title":"Jacob Böhme - The Teutonic Philosopher","created_at":"2016-01-22T13:25:01.062-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20575046/Jacob_B%C3%B6hme_The_Teutonic_Philosopher?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_20575046","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41445677,"asset_id":20575046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41928152,"first_name":"Guilherme","last_name":"Ferreira","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GuilhermeFerreira63","display_name":"Guilherme Ferreira","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuilhermeFerreira63?f_ri=106","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":267727,"name":"Christian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44937635" data-work_id="44937635" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44937635/_Ritual_as_theory_theory_as_ritual_">"Ritual as theory, theory as ritual"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44937635" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7cc1b2a7d43b8752414913bec6abd8db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65464920,"asset_id":44937635,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65464920/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5096525" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/MichaelPuett">Michael Puett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5096525" type="text/json">{"id":5096525,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Puett","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"MichaelPuett","display_name":"Michael Puett","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/MichaelPuett?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5096525/2228838/2608575/s65_michael.puett.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44937635 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44937635"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44937635, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44937635", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44937635 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44937635; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44937635"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44937635 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44937635"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44937635; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44937635]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44937635").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44937635").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44937635"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2059" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion">History of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2059" type="text/json">{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2837" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Religions">Chinese Religions</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2837" type="text/json">{"id":2837,"name":"Chinese Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Religions?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4058" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual">Ritual</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4058" type="text/json">{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44937635]'), work: {"id":44937635,"title":"\"Ritual as theory, theory as ritual\"","created_at":"2021-01-19T15:02:33.859-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44937635/_Ritual_as_theory_theory_as_ritual_?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_44937635","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65464920,"asset_id":44937635,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5096525,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Puett","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"MichaelPuett","display_name":"Michael Puett","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/MichaelPuett?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5096525/2228838/2608575/s65_michael.puett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":2837,"name":"Chinese Religions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Religions?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":20774,"name":"Ritual (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Anthropology_?f_ri=106"},{"id":23342,"name":"Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=106"},{"id":24217,"name":"Ritual Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory?f_ri=106"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":48551,"name":"Ritual Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Studies?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3737764" data-work_id="3737764" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3737764/Review_of_Scott_Sijaj_al_Haqq_Kugles_Homosexuality_in_Islam_Critical_Reflections_on_Gay_Lesbian_and_Transgender_Muslims_by_Gibson_Ncube">Review of Scott Sijaj al-Haqq Kugles "Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflections on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims" by Gibson Ncube</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Scott Siraj al---Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Muslims offers a theological perspective into queer sexuality and desire, subjects that continue to be thorny and taboo in Muslim societies. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3737764" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Scott Siraj al---Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Muslims offers a theological perspective into queer sexuality and desire, subjects that continue to be thorny and taboo in Muslim societies. This review proposes an analysis of the manner in which Kugle engages the current state of attitudes vis---à---vis homosexuality in Islam.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3737764" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb5458e26a54cac9a14967cee122315e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31414016,"asset_id":3737764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31414016/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="876959" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ClaremontJournalofReligion">Claremont Journal of Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="876959" type="text/json">{"id":876959,"first_name":"Claremont Journal","last_name":"of Religion","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ClaremontJournalofReligion","display_name":"Claremont Journal of Religion","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ClaremontJournalofReligion?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/876959/317340/2249882/s65_claremont_journal.of_religion.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3737764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3737764"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3737764, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3737764", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3737764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3737764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3737764"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3737764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3737764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3737764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3737764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3737764").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3737764").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3737764"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="975" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_and_Gender">Sex and Gender</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="975" type="text/json">{"id":975,"name":"Sex and Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_and_Gender?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4918" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gay_And_Lesbian_Studies">Gay And Lesbian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4918" type="text/json">{"id":4918,"name":"Gay And Lesbian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gay_And_Lesbian_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5273" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Class">Class</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5273" type="text/json">{"id":5273,"name":"Class","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Class?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3737764]'), work: {"id":3737764,"title":"Review of Scott Sijaj al-Haqq Kugles \"Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflections on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims\" by Gibson Ncube","created_at":"2013-06-18T08:42:51.488-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3737764/Review_of_Scott_Sijaj_al_Haqq_Kugles_Homosexuality_in_Islam_Critical_Reflections_on_Gay_Lesbian_and_Transgender_Muslims_by_Gibson_Ncube?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_3737764","summary":"Scott Siraj al---Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Muslims offers a theological perspective into queer sexuality and desire, subjects that continue to be thorny and taboo in Muslim societies. This review proposes an analysis of the manner in which Kugle engages the current state of attitudes vis---à---vis homosexuality in Islam.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31414016,"asset_id":3737764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":876959,"first_name":"Claremont Journal","last_name":"of Religion","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ClaremontJournalofReligion","display_name":"Claremont Journal of Religion","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ClaremontJournalofReligion?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/876959/317340/2249882/s65_claremont_journal.of_religion.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":975,"name":"Sex and Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_and_Gender?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":4918,"name":"Gay And Lesbian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gay_And_Lesbian_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5273,"name":"Class","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Class?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=106"},{"id":53238,"name":"Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4103468" data-work_id="4103468" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4103468/Dan_Arnold_Buddhists_Brahmins_and_Belief_Epistemology_in_South_Asian_Philosophy_of_Religion">Dan Arnold, Buddhists, Brahmins, and Belief: Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of Religion</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4103468" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0902a358900d7b8845442be257cde21a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42785543,"asset_id":4103468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42785543/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14910" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DEOsto">D. E. Osto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14910" type="text/json">{"id":14910,"first_name":"D. E.","last_name":"Osto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DEOsto","display_name":"D. E. Osto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DEOsto?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14910/915364/162080565/s65_d.e..osto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4103468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4103468"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4103468, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4103468", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4103468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4103468; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4103468"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4103468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4103468"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4103468; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4103468]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4103468").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4103468").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4103468"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4103468]'), work: {"id":4103468,"title":"Dan Arnold, Buddhists, Brahmins, and Belief: Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of Religion","created_at":"2013-07-25T03:59:14.803-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4103468/Dan_Arnold_Buddhists_Brahmins_and_Belief_Epistemology_in_South_Asian_Philosophy_of_Religion?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_4103468","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42785543,"asset_id":4103468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14910,"first_name":"D. E.","last_name":"Osto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DEOsto","display_name":"D. E. Osto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DEOsto?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14910/915364/162080565/s65_d.e..osto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38272942" data-work_id="38272942" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38272942/David_Hume_and_the_Philosophy_of_Religion">David Hume and the Philosophy of Religion</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">David Hume (1711-1776) ranks among the greatest of philosophers and issues of religion lie at the heart of what most concerned him. Although the exact nature of Hume’s attitude to religion is a matter of some controversy, there is general... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38272942" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">David Hume (1711-1776) ranks among the greatest of philosophers and issues of religion lie at the heart of what most concerned him. Although the exact nature of Hume’s attitude to religion is a matter of some controversy, there is general agreement that his basic stance was critical, if not hostile, to the doctrines and dogmas of orthodox religious belief and practice. There remains, however, considerable disagreement about whether or not Hume believed that there is any truth or value in religion. According to some, Hume was a sceptic who regarded all conjectures relating to religious hypotheses to be beyond the scope of human understanding – he neither affirmed nor denied these conjectures. Others read Hume as embracing a highly refined form of “true religion”. On the other side of this spectrum, it is claimed that Hume was committed to atheism, although due to social conditions at the time, this had to be (thinly) concealed or masked. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of Hume’s core concerns and arguments on this subject and to provide the reader with a framework for interpreting and assessing his various contributions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38272942" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="efc3c08a4b74f9dd74c1bdc6b0865f03" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58317811,"asset_id":38272942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58317811/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9741487" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulRussell100">Paul Russell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9741487" type="text/json">{"id":9741487,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Russell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaulRussell100","display_name":"Paul Russell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaulRussell100?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9741487/3050036/168086236/s65_paul.russell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38272942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38272942"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38272942, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38272942", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38272942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38272942; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38272942"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38272942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38272942"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38272942; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38272942]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38272942").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38272942").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38272942"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="902" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion">Philosophy Of Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="902" type="text/json">{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="911" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/17th_Century_and_Early_Modern_Philosophy">17th Century & Early Modern Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="911" type="text/json">{"id":911,"name":"17th Century \u0026 Early Modern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/17th_Century_and_Early_Modern_Philosophy?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38272942]'), work: {"id":38272942,"title":"David Hume and the Philosophy of Religion","created_at":"2019-02-02T04:29:49.150-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38272942/David_Hume_and_the_Philosophy_of_Religion?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_38272942","summary":"David Hume (1711-1776) ranks among the greatest of philosophers and issues of religion lie at the heart of what most concerned him. Although the exact nature of Hume’s attitude to religion is a matter of some controversy, there is general agreement that his basic stance was critical, if not hostile, to the doctrines and dogmas of orthodox religious belief and practice. There remains, however, considerable disagreement about whether or not Hume believed that there is any truth or value in religion. According to some, Hume was a sceptic who regarded all conjectures relating to religious hypotheses to be beyond the scope of human understanding – he neither affirmed nor denied these conjectures. Others read Hume as embracing a highly refined form of “true religion”. On the other side of this spectrum, it is claimed that Hume was committed to atheism, although due to social conditions at the time, this had to be (thinly) concealed or masked. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of Hume’s core concerns and arguments on this subject and to provide the reader with a framework for interpreting and assessing his various contributions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58317811,"asset_id":38272942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9741487,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Russell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaulRussell100","display_name":"Paul Russell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaulRussell100?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9741487/3050036/168086236/s65_paul.russell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":902,"name":"Philosophy Of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":911,"name":"17th Century \u0026 Early Modern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/17th_Century_and_Early_Modern_Philosophy?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1052,"name":"Atheism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atheism?f_ri=106"},{"id":10240,"name":"18th Century Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/18th_Century_Philosophy?f_ri=106"},{"id":19942,"name":"David Hume","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Hume?f_ri=106"},{"id":38772,"name":"Early Modern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Philosophy?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44695061" data-work_id="44695061" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44695061/Early_Christianity_s_Drug_Fuelled_Magic_Rituals">Early Christianity’s Drug Fuelled Magic Rituals?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Did Jesus and his disciples use cannabis and other drugs in magical ceremonies? Author and cannabis historian Chris Bennett takes us through some of the startling ancient evidence of early Christianity’s drug-fuelled rituals. An... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44695061" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Did Jesus and his disciples use cannabis and other drugs in magical ceremonies? Author and cannabis historian Chris Bennett takes us through some of the startling ancient evidence of early Christianity’s drug-fuelled rituals.<br /><br />An illustrated version of this article can be accessed here - <a href="https://www.cannabisculture.com/content/2016/12/20/early-christianitys-drug-fuelled-magic-rituals/" rel="nofollow">https://www.cannabisculture.com/content/2016/12/20/early-christianitys-drug-fuelled-magic-rituals/</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44695061" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7b244d7ba81bcf441a524d9d4fffd85c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65171143,"asset_id":44695061,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65171143/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40231479" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisBennett26">Chris Bennett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40231479" type="text/json">{"id":40231479,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Bennett","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisBennett26","display_name":"Chris Bennett","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisBennett26?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40231479/11270928/38208482/s65_chris.bennett.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44695061 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44695061"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44695061, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44695061", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44695061 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44695061; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44695061"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44695061 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44695061"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44695061; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44695061]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44695061").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44695061").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44695061"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="109" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity">Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="109" type="text/json">{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="110" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="110" type="text/json">{"id":110,"name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gnosticism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44695061]'), work: {"id":44695061,"title":"Early Christianity’s Drug Fuelled Magic Rituals?","created_at":"2020-12-13T08:52:23.032-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44695061/Early_Christianity_s_Drug_Fuelled_Magic_Rituals?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_44695061","summary":"Did Jesus and his disciples use cannabis and other drugs in magical ceremonies? Author and cannabis historian Chris Bennett takes us through some of the startling ancient evidence of early Christianity’s drug-fuelled rituals.\n\nAn illustrated version of this article can be accessed here - https://www.cannabisculture.com/content/2016/12/20/early-christianitys-drug-fuelled-magic-rituals/","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65171143,"asset_id":44695061,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40231479,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Bennett","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisBennett26","display_name":"Chris Bennett","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisBennett26?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40231479/11270928/38208482/s65_chris.bennett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":109,"name":"Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christianity?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":110,"name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gnosticism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":19990,"name":"Magic and the Occult (Anthropology Of Religion)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magic_and_the_Occult_Anthropology_Of_Religion_?f_ri=106"},{"id":21691,"name":"Entheogens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entheogens?f_ri=106"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":51936,"name":"Entheogens and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entheogens_and_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":267727,"name":"Christian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Studies?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6394874" data-work_id="6394874" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6394874/Playing_with_Sacred_Corporeal_Identities_Yeshivah_Students_Fantasies_of_Military_Participation">Playing with Sacred/ Corporeal Identities: Yeshivah Students' Fantasies of Military Participation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A visitor walking through the corners and alleys of the Me'ah She'arim neighborhood in Jerusalem (the Haredi region) is immediately faced with huge Haredi street posters warning: "Suicidal! Be all that you can be in the Nachal…" (Nachal 1... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6394874" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A visitor walking through the corners and alleys of the Me'ah She'arim neighborhood in Jerusalem (the Haredi region) is immediately faced with huge Haredi street posters warning: "Suicidal! Be all that you can be in the Nachal…" (Nachal 1 -name of an</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6394874" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b5de419e8700e2afad471ca11810cdb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33315159,"asset_id":6394874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33315159/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10038503" href="https://huji.academia.edu/NuritStadler">Nurit Stadler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10038503" type="text/json">{"id":10038503,"first_name":"Nurit","last_name":"Stadler","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"NuritStadler","display_name":"Nurit Stadler","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/NuritStadler?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10038503/16190278/16622814/s65_nurit.stadler.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6394874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6394874"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6394874, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6394874", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6394874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6394874; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6394874"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6394874 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6394874"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6394874; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6394874]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6394874").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6394874").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6394874"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="983" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies">Jewish Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="983" type="text/json">{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26445" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaism">Judaism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26445" type="text/json">{"id":26445,"name":"Judaism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48550" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies">Religious Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="48550" type="text/json">{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6394874]'), work: {"id":6394874,"title":"Playing with Sacred/ Corporeal Identities: Yeshivah Students' Fantasies of Military Participation","created_at":"2014-03-12T23:30:53.230-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6394874/Playing_with_Sacred_Corporeal_Identities_Yeshivah_Students_Fantasies_of_Military_Participation?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_6394874","summary":"A visitor walking through the corners and alleys of the Me'ah She'arim neighborhood in Jerusalem (the Haredi region) is immediately faced with huge Haredi street posters warning: \"Suicidal! Be all that you can be in the Nachal…\" (Nachal 1 -name of an","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33315159,"asset_id":6394874,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10038503,"first_name":"Nurit","last_name":"Stadler","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"NuritStadler","display_name":"Nurit Stadler","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/NuritStadler?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10038503/16190278/16622814/s65_nurit.stadler.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":983,"name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":26445,"name":"Judaism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judaism?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31905110" data-work_id="31905110" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31905110/The_Great_Entrance_A_History_of_the_Transfer_of_Gifts_and_other_Preanaphoral_Rites_of_the_Liturgy_of_St_John_Chrysostom">The Great Entrance. A History of the Transfer of Gifts and other Preanaphoral Rites of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Taft R. F. The Great Entrance. A History of the Transfer of Gifts and other Preanaphoral Rites of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. [A History of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, vol. II]. Roma, 1975. (Orientalia Christiana Analecta;... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31905110" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Taft R. F. The Great Entrance. A History of the Transfer of Gifts and other Preanaphoral Rites of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. [A History of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, vol. II]. Roma, 1975. (Orientalia Christiana Analecta; 200).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31905110" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a5d21ed1c8f4da91984ef3661bf6b453" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52188325,"asset_id":31905110,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52188325/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61622879" href="https://userapi.academia.edu/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA">Athos Institute</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61622879" type="text/json">{"id":61622879,"first_name":"Athos","last_name":"Institute","domain_name":"userapi","page_name":"АфонскийСобеседник","display_name":"Athos Institute","profile_url":"https://userapi.academia.edu/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61622879/16011590/16494069/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31905110 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31905110"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31905110, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31905110", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31905110 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31905110; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31905110"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31905110 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31905110"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31905110; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31905110]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31905110").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31905110").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31905110"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">95</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="122" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="122" type="text/json">{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="990" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_and_Byzantine_History">Late Antique and Byzantine History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="990" type="text/json">{"id":990,"name":"Late Antique and Byzantine History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_and_Byzantine_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="991" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_and_Byzantine_Studies">Late Antique and Byzantine Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="991" type="text/json">{"id":991,"name":"Late Antique and Byzantine Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_and_Byzantine_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31905110]'), work: {"id":31905110,"title":"The Great Entrance. A History of the Transfer of Gifts and other Preanaphoral Rites of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom","created_at":"2017-03-17T04:50:50.029-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31905110/The_Great_Entrance_A_History_of_the_Transfer_of_Gifts_and_other_Preanaphoral_Rites_of_the_Liturgy_of_St_John_Chrysostom?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_31905110","summary":"Taft R. F. The Great Entrance. A History of the Transfer of Gifts and other Preanaphoral Rites of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. [A History of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, vol. II]. Roma, 1975. (Orientalia Christiana Analecta; 200).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52188325,"asset_id":31905110,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61622879,"first_name":"Athos","last_name":"Institute","domain_name":"userapi","page_name":"АфонскийСобеседник","display_name":"Athos Institute","profile_url":"https://userapi.academia.edu/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61622879/16011590/16494069/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":122,"name":"Comparative Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":990,"name":"Late Antique and Byzantine History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_and_Byzantine_History?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":991,"name":"Late Antique and Byzantine Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_and_Byzantine_Studies?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":1371,"name":"Liturgical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgical_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":2049,"name":"Patristics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patristics?f_ri=106"},{"id":2059,"name":"History of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":2280,"name":"Historical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":2546,"name":"Liturgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":2547,"name":"Practical theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practical_theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":2977,"name":"Byzantine Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Literature?f_ri=106"},{"id":5959,"name":"Monastic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monastic_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":6044,"name":"Orthodox Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":6280,"name":"Missiology and Mission Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missiology_and_Mission_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":7392,"name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Orthodox_Church?f_ri=106"},{"id":10091,"name":"Byzantine Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":10104,"name":"Ancient Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Religion?f_ri=106"},{"id":10946,"name":"Biblical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":11131,"name":"Mount Athos Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mount_Athos_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":13890,"name":"Byzantine History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":14638,"name":"Byzantine Liturgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Liturgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":14639,"name":"Byzantine Iconography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Iconography?f_ri=106"},{"id":14641,"name":"Byzantine Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":15291,"name":"Late Byzantine history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Byzantine_history?f_ri=106"},{"id":15840,"name":"Russian Orthodoxy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Orthodoxy?f_ri=106"},{"id":19330,"name":"Religious congregations and monastic orders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_congregations_and_monastic_orders?f_ri=106"},{"id":19761,"name":"Myth And Ritual Studies, Liturgics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myth_And_Ritual_Studies_Liturgics?f_ri=106"},{"id":20625,"name":"Byzantine Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Music?f_ri=106"},{"id":21629,"name":"Byzantine monasticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_monasticism?f_ri=106"},{"id":21630,"name":"Byzantine Paleography and codicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Paleography_and_codicology?f_ri=106"},{"id":21987,"name":"Monasticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monasticism?f_ri=106"},{"id":23808,"name":"Christian liturgical music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_liturgical_music?f_ri=106"},{"id":30375,"name":"History of Monasticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Monasticism?f_ri=106"},{"id":30525,"name":"Liturgical History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgical_History?f_ri=106"},{"id":32221,"name":"Byzantine Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Epigraphy?f_ri=106"},{"id":32580,"name":"Liturgical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgical_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":32582,"name":"Eastern Orthodox Liturgical Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Orthodox_Liturgical_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":32955,"name":"Byzantium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantium?f_ri=106"},{"id":33184,"name":"Archaeology of Medieval Monasteries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Medieval_Monasteries?f_ri=106"},{"id":34425,"name":"Monarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monarchy?f_ri=106"},{"id":35551,"name":"Late Antique Liturgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_Liturgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":36686,"name":"Orthodox Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Christianity?f_ri=106"},{"id":38464,"name":"Byzantine historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_historiography?f_ri=106"},{"id":43263,"name":"Patristic Exegesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patristic_Exegesis?f_ri=106"},{"id":44493,"name":"Byzantine Hagiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Hagiography?f_ri=106"},{"id":46789,"name":"Late Medieval Religion, Monasticism and Devotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Medieval_Religion_Monasticism_and_Devotion?f_ri=106"},{"id":48550,"name":"Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":53985,"name":"Patristic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patristic_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":56302,"name":"Patristics and Late Antiquity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patristics_and_Late_Antiquity?f_ri=106"},{"id":69585,"name":"Patriarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patriarchy?f_ri=106"},{"id":71918,"name":"Patrimonio Cultural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patrimonio_Cultural?f_ri=106"},{"id":73790,"name":"Early Medieval Liturgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Medieval_Liturgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":89899,"name":"Medieval Monasticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Monasticism?f_ri=106"},{"id":90192,"name":"Byzantine Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":90204,"name":"Byzantine Art and Archaeolgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Art_and_Archaeolgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":90545,"name":"Liturgy and Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgy_and_Architecture?f_ri=106"},{"id":113341,"name":"Medieval Liturgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Liturgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":115094,"name":"Early Christian Liturgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Christian_Liturgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":125242,"name":"Early Medieval Monasticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Medieval_Monasticism?f_ri=106"},{"id":125431,"name":"Byzantine art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_art?f_ri=106"},{"id":127252,"name":"Sacramental Theology and Liturgical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sacramental_Theology_and_Liturgical_Studies?f_ri=106"},{"id":217031,"name":"Liturgics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgics?f_ri=106"},{"id":225234,"name":"Liturgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgia?f_ri=106"},{"id":233616,"name":"Eastern Orthodoxy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Orthodoxy?f_ri=106"},{"id":238604,"name":"Patristics, Hagiography, Monastic and Cultural History of Athos and Thessaloniki","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patristics_Hagiography_Monastic_and_Cultural_History_of_Athos_and_Thessaloniki?f_ri=106"},{"id":240018,"name":"History and tradition of monasticism at mount Athos and Macedonia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_tradition_of_monasticism_at_mount_Athos_and_Macedonia?f_ri=106"},{"id":240019,"name":"History and traditions of monasticism at mount Athos and Macedonia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_traditions_of_monasticism_at_mount_Athos_and_Macedonia?f_ri=106"},{"id":248716,"name":"Mount Athos and Romanian Princes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mount_Athos_and_Romanian_Princes?f_ri=106"},{"id":263503,"name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mount_Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":270908,"name":"Liturgy, Sacred Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgy_Sacred_Music?f_ri=106"},{"id":301871,"name":"Vatopedi Monastery, Mt. Athos, Greece","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vatopedi_Monastery_Mt._Athos_Greece?f_ri=106"},{"id":319405,"name":"Eastern Orthodox Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Orthodox_Theology?f_ri=106"},{"id":378963,"name":"Greek Patristics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Patristics?f_ri=106"},{"id":415475,"name":"Christian Orthodox Theology, Mount Athos Zealot movement, Imiaslavie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Orthodox_Theology_Mount_Athos_Zealot_movement_Imiaslavie?f_ri=106"},{"id":445934,"name":"Mont Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mont_Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":462326,"name":"Athonite Church Type","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Athonite_Church_Type?f_ri=106"},{"id":510761,"name":"History of Liturgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Liturgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":601664,"name":"Mt. Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mt._Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":638185,"name":"Liturgical Ceremonial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liturgical_Ceremonial?f_ri=106"},{"id":705761,"name":"Byzantine history and archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_history_and_archaeology?f_ri=106"},{"id":727249,"name":"Muntele Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muntele_Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":788049,"name":"Byzantine Architecture on Mount Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Architecture_on_Mount_Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":788051,"name":"Monastic Towers on Mount Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monastic_Towers_on_Mount_Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":943624,"name":"Byzantine Monasticism In Mount Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Monasticism_In_Mount_Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":961560,"name":"Orthodox Monasticism and Mt. Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Monasticism_and_Mt._Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":1031480,"name":"Sociology of Monastic Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Monastic_Life?f_ri=106"},{"id":1124934,"name":"Greek (Byzantine) Texts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Byzantine_Texts?f_ri=106"},{"id":1124935,"name":"Byzantine Diplomatics (Imperial and Patriarchal Chancellery)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Diplomatics_Imperial_and_Patriarchal_Chancellery_?f_ri=106"},{"id":1153692,"name":"Mount Athos Metochia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mount_Athos_Metochia?f_ri=106"},{"id":1188942,"name":"Byzantine Slavic Liturgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Slavic_Liturgy?f_ri=106"},{"id":1367662,"name":"St Silouan the Athonite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/St_Silouan_the_Athonite?f_ri=106"},{"id":1646578,"name":"Gift-giving practices on Mt Athos in Byzantine and Postbyzantine Era","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gift-giving_practices_on_Mt_Athos_in_Byzantine_and_Postbyzantine_Era?f_ri=106"},{"id":1646590,"name":"Archives on Mt Athos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archives_on_Mt_Athos?f_ri=106"},{"id":2603569,"name":"Translation activities of Georgian Athonites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_activities_of_Georgian_Athonites?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2444215" data-work_id="2444215" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2444215/LA_HERMANDAD_DE_LOS_INICIADOS">LA HERMANDAD DE LOS INICIADOS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">¿Qué secreto se esconde tras el primitivo símbolo cristiano del pez? ¿Quiénes fueron los gnósticos y cuál fue su mensaje?¿Por qué fueron condenados como herejes y sus obras perseguidas por la Iglesiade Roma? ¿Qué ocultos secretos... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2444215" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">¿Qué secreto se esconde tras el primitivo símbolo cristiano del pez? ¿Quiénes fueron los gnósticos y cuál fue su mensaje?¿Por qué fueron condenados como herejes y sus obras perseguidas por la Iglesiade Roma? ¿Qué ocultos secretos encerraban sus enseñanzas? ¿Quiénes fueron los alquimistas? ¿Era su propósito transformar el plomo en oro o eran devotos cristianos que escondian algún valioso tesoro oculto bajo metáforas pseudoquímicas? ¿Quién es el enigmático Abraxas? ¿Qué misterioso código se oculta bajo su nombre? ¿Son Ciencias y Religión realmente incompatibles? ¿Es el modelo del Cristianismo Patriarcal adecuado a las necesidades vitales de la sociedad contemporánea? La hermandad de los iniciados narra la historia de una comunidad cristiana formada por doce novicios y regentada por un anciano sacerdote excomulgado, donde estas y muchas otras preguntas encuentran una osada y controvertida respuesta.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2444215" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b9bb6ae79d5a6b69726af4bac5d94751" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78267494,"asset_id":2444215,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78267494/download_file?st=MTc0MDAzMjk1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3180873" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9AntonioDelgadoGonz%C3%A1lez">José Delgado González</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3180873" type="text/json">{"id":3180873,"first_name":"José","last_name":"Delgado González","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoséAntonioDelgadoGonzález","display_name":"José Delgado González","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9AntonioDelgadoGonz%C3%A1lez?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3180873/1046192/36825671/s65_jos_.gonz_lez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2444215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2444215"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2444215, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2444215", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2444215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2444215; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2444215"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2444215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2444215"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2444215; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2444215]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2444215").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2444215").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2444215"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5472" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jungian_psychology">Jungian psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5472" type="text/json">{"id":5472,"name":"Jungian psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jungian_psychology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18867" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carl_G_Jung">Carl G. Jung</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18867" type="text/json">{"id":18867,"name":"Carl G. Jung","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carl_G_Jung?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="278773" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alchimia">Alchimia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="278773" type="text/json">{"id":278773,"name":"Alchimia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alchimia?f_ri=106","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2444215]'), work: {"id":2444215,"title":"LA HERMANDAD DE LOS INICIADOS","created_at":"2013-01-22T02:12:22.877-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2444215/LA_HERMANDAD_DE_LOS_INICIADOS?f_ri=106","dom_id":"work_2444215","summary":"¿Qué secreto se esconde tras el primitivo símbolo cristiano del pez? ¿Quiénes fueron los gnósticos y cuál fue su mensaje?¿Por qué fueron condenados como herejes y sus obras perseguidas por la Iglesiade Roma? ¿Qué ocultos secretos encerraban sus enseñanzas? ¿Quiénes fueron los alquimistas? ¿Era su propósito transformar el plomo en oro o eran devotos cristianos que escondian algún valioso tesoro oculto bajo metáforas pseudoquímicas? ¿Quién es el enigmático Abraxas? ¿Qué misterioso código se oculta bajo su nombre? ¿Son Ciencias y Religión realmente incompatibles? ¿Es el modelo del Cristianismo Patriarcal adecuado a las necesidades vitales de la sociedad contemporánea? La hermandad de los iniciados narra la historia de una comunidad cristiana formada por doce novicios y regentada por un anciano sacerdote excomulgado, donde estas y muchas otras preguntas encuentran una osada y controvertida respuesta.\r\n\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78267494,"asset_id":2444215,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3180873,"first_name":"José","last_name":"Delgado González","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoséAntonioDelgadoGonzález","display_name":"José Delgado González","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9AntonioDelgadoGonz%C3%A1lez?f_ri=106","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3180873/1046192/36825671/s65_jos_.gonz_lez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":5472,"name":"Jungian psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jungian_psychology?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":18867,"name":"Carl G. Jung","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carl_G_Jung?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":278773,"name":"Alchimia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alchimia?f_ri=106","nofollow":true},{"id":331746,"name":"Esoterismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Esoterismo?f_ri=106"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Religion?after=50%2C2444215" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Religion?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Studies">Religious Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="48550">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="48550">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Method_and_Theory_in_the_Study_of_Religion">Method and Theory in the Study of Religion</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="14578">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="14578">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religion">History of Religion</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2059">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2059">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Religion">Comparative Religion</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="122">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="122">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="5326">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="5326">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Religion">Anthropology of Religion</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="619396">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="619396">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religions">History of Religions</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="10099">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="10099">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Religion">Theory of Religion</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="4946">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="4946">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_Studies">Jewish Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="983">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="983">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion_and_Politics">Religion and Politics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="3059">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="3059">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "db45855b7e0b17ecdd5fe0234640759c031bbf909f171366128c6f7362a16933", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="Bkz2oNY-_YuaI3NiaEqtJFnKA_oi1AJBBV1NAfU3VjhdyjRyOQCYygrlFqygPEXGYkJHy0c_V4w8gVahmoSFvQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="AwYRIzIdH52prWk7Q4XxBVwagIr4S4wh0-yeo3vfErJYgNPx3SN63DlrDPWL8xnnZ5LEu52g2ezqMIUDFGzBNw" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>