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id="toc-London_march-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millbank_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millbank_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Millbank occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millbank_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_the_Millbank_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_the_Millbank_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Response to the Millbank occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_the_Millbank_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Students_and_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students_and_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Students and unions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students_and_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Government and press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Related protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-24_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#24_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 24 November </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-24_November-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 24 November subsection </button> <ul id="toc-24_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whitehall_march" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitehall_march"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Whitehall march </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitehall_march-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupations_and_local_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupations_and_local_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Occupations and local protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupations_and_local_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-30_November" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#30_November"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 30 November </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-30_November-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 30 November subsection </button> <ul id="toc-30_November-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_London_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_London_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Central London protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_London_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catford_protest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catford_protest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Catford protest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catford_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Protests elsewhere </div> </a> <ul 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img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg/117px-London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg/176px-London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg/234px-London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg/117px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg/176px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg/234px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg/117px-Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg/176px-Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg/234px-Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">10 November protest against government cuts to education and tuition fees</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">November 10 – December 9, 2010 (2010-11-10 – 2010-12-09)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Increased tuition fees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Lower tuition fees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;">30,000 to 50,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;">Fees were not raised in Wales or Northern Ireland Fees are still raised in England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convicted</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">1</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demolition.10.11.10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo reading "demo–lition 10.11.10"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Demolition.10.11.10.jpg/150px-Demolition.10.11.10.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Demolition.10.11.10.jpg/225px-Demolition.10.11.10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Demolition.10.11.10.jpg/300px-Demolition.10.11.10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>The official logo for the demonstration on 10 November.</figcaption></figure> The 2010 United Kingdom student protests were a series of <a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">demonstrations</a> in November and December 2010 that took place in several areas of the country, with the focal point of protests being in <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">central London</a>. Largely student-led, the protests were held in opposition to planned spending cuts to <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> and an increase of the cap on <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">tuition fees</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government</a> following their <a href="/wiki/Browne_Review" title="Browne Review">review into higher education funding</a> in England. Student groups said that the intended cuts to education were excessive, would damage higher education, give students higher debts, and broke campaign promises made by politicians. The first major demonstration occurred on 10 November, jointly organised by the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Union of Students (United Kingdom)">National Union of Students</a> (NUS) and the <a href="/wiki/University_and_College_Union" title="University and College Union">University and College Union</a> (UCU). It involved between 30,000 and 50,000 demonstrators marching through central London, with several hundred branching off to attack and occupy the Conservative Party headquarters. This measure brought condemnation from the establishment and a divide within the student movement over the appropriateness of such tactics. The <a href="/wiki/National_Campaign_Against_Fees_and_Cuts" title="National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts">National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts</a> (NCAFC) called for a mass walk-out and demonstration on 24 November, with occupations taking place at campuses throughout the UK. A march in central London was <a href="/wiki/Kettling" title="Kettling">kettled</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, resulting in violent confrontation with protesters. Further demonstrations were held in central London on 30 November, when police clashed with protesters and kettled them in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, while other protests took place throughout the country. Another central London protest took place on 9 December, the day that the proposed reforms were passed into law, with protesters clashing with police and being kettled in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>. The student protests were unsuccessful in their aim of preventing the government's reforms in England. However, in Wales and Northern Ireland, devolved authorities decided not to increase the fees, which led to differing fee levels for the devolved nations.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The demonstrations were highly controversial in the UK, being condemned for instances of violence and vandalism by both the establishment and by protestors. The behaviour of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> in dealing with the protests was also widely criticised for alleged instances of untruthfulness and excessive use of force. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Browne_Report_and_proposed_reforms">The Browne Report and proposed reforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Browne Report and proposed reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clegg_Victory_for_the_Gurkhas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Clegg_Victory_for_the_Gurkhas.jpg/300px-Clegg_Victory_for_the_Gurkhas.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Clegg_Victory_for_the_Gurkhas.jpg/450px-Clegg_Victory_for_the_Gurkhas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Clegg_Victory_for_the_Gurkhas.jpg/600px-Clegg_Victory_for_the_Gurkhas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> (left) and Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a> (right) were at the heart of much student anger</figcaption></figure> In November 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> commissioned a study into higher education funding in England. Chaired by <a href="/wiki/John_Browne,_Baron_Browne_of_Madingley" title="John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley">Lord Browne of Madingley</a>, the former chief executive of <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, the report was to be titled the <a href="/wiki/Browne_Review" title="Browne Review">Browne Review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In the build up to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vote_for_Students_pledge" title="Vote for Students pledge">pledged</a> that he would vote against any proposed increase in tuition fees if elected to Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Clegg-4">[4]</a> Following the election and resulting <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>, Clegg made an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">coalition government</a> in which Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> became Prime Minister and Clegg became Deputy Prime Minister. The Browne Review was subsequently published in October 2010, and contained the suggestion that the government should remove outright the existing cap of £3,290 on <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">tuition fees</a>. The government rejected this proposal, instead choosing to keep a cap but increasing it to £9,000.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">David Willetts</a>, the Minister of State for Universities and Science, stated that the measures were "a very progressive package" and "at the end of this we will have a better university system than we have at the moment."<a href="#cite_note-Student_tuition-6">[6]</a> Contravening his pre-election pledge, Clegg expressed support for the rise in the cap on tuition fees, which would result in future students paying higher fees for their university education.<a href="#cite_note-Nick_Clegg-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_opposition">Student opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Student opposition">edit</a>]</div> Student union leaders were critical of the cuts. The <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Union of Students (United Kingdom)">National Union of Students</a> (NUS) feared that the increased cap on tuition fees would prevent potential students from poorer backgrounds from attending university.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron's_response-8">[8]</a> Many protesters focused in particular on Clegg's campaign promise that he would oppose any rise in tuition fees. David Barclay, the president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>'s student union, said: "This is the day a generation of politicians learn that though they might forget their promises, students won't."<a href="#cite_note-Student_tuition-6">[6]</a> Rahul Mansigani, the students' union president for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, said: "Large numbers of students voted for the Liberal Democrats, and there is no question that the pledge is a binding commitment."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Two weeks before, on 28 October, a protest was held in the University of Oxford to coincide with a visit from the Liberal Democrat minister and Business Secretary <a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Vince Cable</a>. Cable cancelled his visit after taking advice from the police about the protest.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Several days later, on 3 November, there was a <a href="/wiki/2010_student_protest_in_Dublin" title="2010 student protest in Dublin">student protest in Dublin</a>. The subsequent London protest was described by one Irish reporter as "scenes bizarrely similar" to those in the Irish capital.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The initial event was the largest student protest in Britain since the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government first proposed the <a href="/wiki/Teaching_and_Higher_Education_Act_1998" title="Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998">Teaching and Higher Education Act</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Thousands-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="10_November">10 November</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 10 November">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_march">London march</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: London march">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Student_protest_march_past_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Student_protest_march_past_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg/220px-Student_protest_march_past_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Student_protest_march_past_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg/330px-Student_protest_march_past_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Student_protest_march_past_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg/440px-Student_protest_march_past_Houses_of_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>10 November demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg/142px-London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg/213px-London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg/284px-London_Protest_2010_-_5164008987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Student_Protest_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/London_Student_Protest_2010.jpg/142px-London_Student_Protest_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/London_Student_Protest_2010.jpg/213px-London_Student_Protest_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/London_Student_Protest_2010.jpg/284px-London_Student_Protest_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees,_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg/288px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg/432px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg/576px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Demo_Lition_10.11.10_-_5166016217.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">10 November protest against government cuts to education and tuition fees</div></div></div></div> The first major demonstration in protest at the government's proposed reforms was held on 10 November 2010 in central London, jointly organised by the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Union of Students (United Kingdom)">National Union of Students</a> (NUS) and the <a href="/wiki/University_and_College_Union" title="University and College Union">University and College Union</a> (UCU). This demonstration was officially known as "Fund Our Future: Stop Education Cuts", although also termed "Demo 2010" or "Demo-lition 10.11.10".<a href="#cite_note-promote-13">[13]</a> Arriving from all regions of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-Student_tuition-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-NI_students-14">[14]</a> approximately 30,000 to 52,000 protesters attended the demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-Student_tuition-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Student_Protest-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demo_2010-16">[16]</a> The demonstration's route was pre-approved with the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a>, with marchers moving from <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> past <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a>, the home of the Prime Minister, and then past the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a>, chanting such slogans as "no ifs, no buts – no education cuts", "they say cut back – we say fight back", "I say Tories – you say scum".<a href="#cite_note-NI_students-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Student_Protest-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demo_2010-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-17">[17]</a> Journalist Harry Mount of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, said: "Perhaps because their cause was justified, the students I saw had none of the swaggering, self-righteous manner of the student protester of legend."<a href="#cite_note-The_students-18">[18]</a> Political groups that sent contingents to take part included the Labour Party, <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolution_(political_group)" title="Revolution (political group)">Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_(Great_Britain)" title="Young Communist League (Great Britain)">Young Communist League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Group_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)">Revolutionary Communist Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Students_(Autonomous)" title="Communist Students (Autonomous)">Communist Students</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morning_Star-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCG-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Communist_Students-21">[21]</a> A few members of parliament (MPs) joined the demonstration, among them Labour MP <a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">John McDonnell</a>, who told reporters: "This is the biggest workers' and students' demonstration in decades. It just shows what can be done when people get angry. We must build on this".<a href="#cite_note-Morning_Star-19">[19]</a> Representatives of the <a href="/wiki/National_Pensioners_Convention" title="National Pensioners Convention">National Pensioners Convention</a> also took part, with the group's banner carrier, Janet Shapiro, stating that: "We're here because we believe education should be free, funded by the taxpayer. It is something that benefits the community, the country."<a href="#cite_note-Channel_4-22">[22]</a> At the end of the march, a <a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">rally</a> took place outside <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a> where demonstrators were addressed by the UCU general secretary Sally Hunt, who introduced a series of clips displayed on a giant plasma screen featuring Clegg giving a series of promises to the electorate on tuition fees, all of which he had subsequently broken.<a href="#cite_note-Channel_4-22">[22]</a> Hunt stated that making the public university system in Britain "the most expensive in the world" was unfair, that discouraging young people from going to college was not progressive, and that the increase in tuition fees represented further debts for students.<a href="#cite_note-promote-13">[13]</a> The rally was also addressed by NUS President <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Porter" title="Aaron Porter">Aaron Porter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> Deputy general secretary <a href="/wiki/Frances_O%27Grady,_Baroness_O%27Grady_of_Upper_Holloway" title="Frances O'Grady, Baroness O'Grady of Upper Holloway">Frances O'Grady</a>.<a href="#cite_note-promote-13">[13]</a> O'Grady offered the message to the government that: "Don't you dare tell us we're all in this together. The deficit certainly wasn't caused by the students."<a href="#cite_note-Channel_4-22">[22]</a> The protest was scheduled to end at 2 pm, but slightly overran.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-23">[23]</a> The Metropolitan Police were expecting 20,000 demonstrators to turn out, well below the 50,000 figure most widely quoted in the press after the event, and did not expect any violence, so deployed only 225 officers to police the event.<a href="#cite_note-Demo_2010-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millbank_occupation">Millbank occupation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Millbank occupation">edit</a>]</div> In the afternoon, as protesters passed the Houses of Parliament and moved towards Tate Britain for the rally, several thousand surrounded <a href="/wiki/Millbank_Tower" title="Millbank Tower">30 Millbank</a> in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">campaign headquarters of the Conservative Party</a>, despite attempts by NUS organisers to stop them.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Forcing their way past the limited police presence,<a href="#cite_note-Met-25">[25]</a> approximately 200 people broke in and occupied the building, whilst a thousand more cheered and supported them from outside.<a href="#cite_note-Demo_2010-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Info-26">[26]</a> These protesters lit placards on fire, and smashed windows before occupying and vandalising the reception area. Staff working in the building were evacuated by police around 1 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Demo_2010-16">[16]</a> Around 100 protesters proceeded to the roof of the building, chanting slogans including "<a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Greece!</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_French_pension_reform_strikes" title="2010 French pension reform strikes">France!</a> Now here too".<a href="#cite_note-NI_students-14">[14]</a> Initial press sources blamed this action on a group of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Student_Protest-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_students-18">[18]</a> This was later disputed, with a reporter from <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> noting that most of the protesters occupying the building were students who had been radicalised in opposition to the cuts, and were not all political anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Info-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg/300px-Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg/450px-Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg/600px-Rooftop_protest_at_30_Millbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Protesters on the roof of 30 Millbank</figcaption></figure> Riot police from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Territorial_Support_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Territorial Support Group">Territorial Support Group</a> arrived an hour after the building was occupied to remove the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Met-25">[25]</a> In retaliation, the police were pelted with eggs, rotten fruit, banners, and shards of glass.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> One of the protesters on the building's roof, Edward Woolard, threw a <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a> onto the police below. He received instant criticism from some of the protesting crowds, who called on those on the roof to "stop throwing shit".<a href="#cite_note-Demo_2010-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[nb 1]</a> To control the situation, police used the controversial technique of <a href="/wiki/Kettling" title="Kettling">kettling</a> to trap the protesters within Millbank Square, the forecourt to 30 Millbank, whilst protesters on the outside of the building were pushed back.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-23">[23]</a> The police began letting demonstrators out of the building from 6:30 pm, arresting those whom they believed were responsible for vandalism.<a href="#cite_note-Demo_2010-16">[16]</a> The demonstration led to a disruption in London's transport, with journalist Harry Mount stating: "I have never seen London traffic so jammed in 39 years living in the city."<a href="#cite_note-The_students-18">[18]</a> Alongside the occupation of Millbank, a smaller number of protesters had travelled to the headquarters of the Liberal Democrats in Cowley Street, where a car window was smashed.<a href="#cite_note-Student_tuition-6">[6]</a> In all, 14 people were injured and required hospitalisation, at least three of whom were police officers, whilst police arrested 35 of the demonstrators, sending them off to various police stations around the city.<a href="#cite_note-Student_tuition-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Demo_2010-16">[16]</a> Later accounts that the numbers arrested had risen to 54, (33 men and 21 women), ten of whom were aged under 18 and the majority of whom were students.<a href="#cite_note-Man_arrested-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_the_Millbank_occupation">Response to the Millbank occupation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Response to the Millbank occupation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Students_and_unions">Students and unions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Students and unions">edit</a>]</div> NUS President Aaron Porter condemned the occupation of 30 Millbank, claiming that it was caused by "those who are here to cause trouble" and that he was "disgusted that the actions of a minority of idiots are trying to undermine 50,000 who came to make a peaceful protest."<a href="#cite_note-Student_Protest-15">[15]</a> General Secretary of UCU Sally Hunt also condemned the occupation, declaring that "the overwhelming majority of staff and students on the march came here to send a clear and peaceful message to the politicians.... The actions of a minority, out of 50,000 people, is regrettable."<a href="#cite_note-NI_students-14">[14]</a> Oxford University's Student Union (OUSU) President David Barclay issued a statement declaring that "OUSU supports the rights of students to protest non-violently. It is hugely unfortunate that some people yesterday were injured and that arrests were made."<a href="#cite_note-Youth_Revolt-32">[31]</a> Contrastingly, other student leaders, trade unionists, and academics expressed support for elements of the occupation of 30 Millbank. Amongst others, the president of University of London Union Clare Solomon, the Education Officer of the London School of Economics, Ashok Kumar, the Education and Campaigns Officer at University College London, Michael Chessum, the National Union of Students' black students' officer Kanjay Sesay, the NUS' LGBT students' officers Vicki Baars and Alan Bailey, the President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Rail,_Maritime_and_Transport_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers">RMT</a> trade union Alex Gordon and the playwright <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hall_(playwright)" title="Lee Hall (playwright)">Lee Hall</a> all signed a statement declaring that: <blockquote>We reject any attempt to characterise the Millbank protest as small, "extremist" or unrepresentative of our movement. We celebrate the fact that thousands of students were willing to send a message to the Tories that we will fight to win. Occupations are a long established tradition in the student movement that should be defended. It is this kind of action in France and Greece that has been an inspiration to many workers and students in Britain faced with such a huge assault on jobs, benefits, housing and the public sector. We stand with the protesters, and anyone who is victimised as a result of the protest.<a href="#cite_note-Sign_the_Unity_Statement-33">[32]</a></blockquote> Solomon informed the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> that she had "no problem with direct actions or occupation", and when questioned regarding the damage done to Millbank, responded that "these were a few windows of the Tory Party headquarters – what they're doing to our education is absolutely millions... and they want to complain about a few windows."<a href="#cite_note-Cameron's_response-8">[8]</a> Some socialist and student commentators criticised Porter and the NUS for their response to the situation, accusing them of careerism.<a href="#cite_note-Palestine-34">[33]</a> Meanwhile, various university Conservative societies around London condemned the protests, and criticised students' unions for providing the "false impression that the majority of students are left-wing" and opposed to the governments' proposed reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Conservative_Societies-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_and_press">Government and press</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government and press">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tory_Scum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tory_Scum.jpg/300px-Tory_Scum.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tory_Scum.jpg/450px-Tory_Scum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Tory_Scum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Conservative graffiti — the words "<a href="/wiki/Tory_scum" title="Tory scum">Tory scum</a>" next to an image of a <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> — on a wall of 30 Millbank, created during the protest. A spray-painted <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism#Circle-A" title="Anarchist symbolism">anarchist symbol</a> can also be seen, along with a poster displaying a <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones" title="Skull and crossbones">skull and crossbones</a> with the words "Don't kill the arts", and discarded <a href="/wiki/Placard" title="Placard">placards</a>, one reading "No ifs, no buts" (part of a slogan ending "no Tory cuts").</figcaption></figure> The Metropolitan Police Service admitted that they were unprepared to deal with the occupation of 30 Millbank, something which they had not been expecting. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stephenson_(police_officer)" title="Paul Stephenson (police officer)">Sir Paul Stephenson</a>, the Metropolitan Police's Commissioner, told the press that he was "embarrassed" by how police had lost control of the situation, and condemned what he saw as "thuggish, loutish behaviour by criminals."<a href="#cite_note-Met-25">[25]</a> Stephenson remarked that "the one thing I would say is that it must have been an awful time for the people trying to go about their daily business in those buildings. I feel terribly sorry that they have had to go through what must have been quite a traumatic experience… We are determined to make sure that sort of thing does not happen again on our streets. I'm clear on that, the Met is clear on that."<a href="#cite_note-Met-25">[25]</a> His views were echoed by <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, who stated: "This is intolerable and all those involved will be pursued and they will face the full force of the law… The Metropolitan Police commissioner has assured me that there will be a vigorous post-incident investigation. He will also be reviewing police planning and response."<a href="#cite_note-Met-25">[25]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> condemned the occupation of Millbank, stating that he would not abandon his position on the issue of education cuts. Speaking from the <a href="/wiki/2010_G20_Seoul_summit" title="2010 G20 Seoul summit">2010 G20 Seoul summit</a> in South Korea, Cameron said the occasion had been "extremely serious" and praised the "bravery" of the police officers. He also stated that the actions of the protesters were "unacceptable" and that "I was worried for the safety of the people in the building because I know people who work there".<a href="#cite_note-Cameron's_response-8">[8]</a> The following morning, Clegg went on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Daybreak_(2010_TV_programme)" title="Daybreak (2010 TV programme)">Daybreak</a> to state: "I should have been more careful perhaps in signing that pledge [to not increase tuition fees]... At the time [prior to his election] I really thought we could do it. I just didn't know, of course, before we came into government, quite what the state of the finances were."<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> A reporter from The Daily Telegraph commented that the "anarchic behaviour" of those occupying Millbank was "counter-productive" to the students' cause, and that it was the photographs of "a few hundred vicious hotheads" that would "linger" in the public imagination rather than that of the main march.<a href="#cite_note-Infantile_behaviour-37">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> reported that an anonymous vice-chancellor from a London university had told them that the violence would undermine the campaign, and that it "could not have gone better for the government. <a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a> will be delighted."<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_protests">Related protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related protests">edit</a>]</div> In the following days, smaller protests were held in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, with no violent confrontations.<a href="#cite_note-Manchester-38">[37]</a> On 11 November, student protesters occupied a building at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> for three hours, demanding to see the accounts that discussed how government funding cuts would affect students. Between 60 and 100 students held a peaceful <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> at Manchester's John Owens Building on Oxford Road after an NUS meeting earlier that day.<a href="#cite_note-Manchester-38">[37]</a> Representing this group, protester Jeremy Buck said: "This is just what a few students who had the energy left after the London demo managed to achieve… Imagine what will happen when they have enough time to organise properly for the 24th. It is a matter of watch this space."<a href="#cite_note-Sign_the_Unity_Statement-33">[32]</a> That same day, protesters at the University of Cambridge held a demonstration against the cuts at the university's annual science, engineering and technology careers fair.<a href="#cite_note-Sign_the_Unity_Statement-33">[32]</a> On 23 November, anti-education cuts protesters had assembled outside of the offices of The Guardian newspaper, where Clegg was giving his <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Young" title="Hugo Young">Hugo Young</a> lecture. They brought out an effigy of Clegg, sentencing it to death and executing it by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>, shouting the slogan "<a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, shame on you, shame on you for turning <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">blue</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Nick_Clegg_must_die-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="24_November">24 November</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 24 November">edit</a>]</div> A second significant demonstration took place in London on 24 November, which again led to clashes with police, this time outside Whitehall, after police <a href="/wiki/Kettling" title="Kettling">kettled</a> a large crowd.<a href="#cite_note-new_era_of_riots-40">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a> An organisation known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Campaign_Against_Fees_and_Cuts" title="National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts">National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts</a> (NCAFC) organised a mass national walk-out of education and protest for 24 November.<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> As a part of this, demonstrations were held in London and other locations across the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-new_era_of_riots-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> According to a group on the social networking website Facebook, 25,000 people had signed up to take the day off from studies and protest prior to the actual event,<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> and these protesters included not only university students, but also school children who had walked out of lessons to join the demonstration.<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a> The NCAFC encouraged protesters to use social media to invite others to join them.<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> One of those protesting was <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Linley" title="Jessica Linley">Jessica Linley</a>, a law student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> who had been crowned <a href="/wiki/Miss_England" title="Miss England">Miss England</a> in September 2010 and who used her status to gain media coverage for the cause, telling press that she would not be able to afford to go to university if the tuition fees were increased, and that "these sweeping austerity measures are unacceptable."<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitehall_march">Whitehall march</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Whitehall march">edit</a>]</div> Several thousand protesters, most of whom were students or school children, gathered in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, central London, late in the morning. They proceeded toward Whitehall shouting the slogan, "fuck <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> Believing that there had been a lack of officers at 10 November demonstration, the Metropolitan Police drafted in 1000 police officers from across <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> to oversee the event, almost five times the number at 10 November.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Police informed press that they planned to monitor fringe elements within the demonstration whom they believed planned to encourage "vandalism and violence".<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24_Nov_protests_Trafalgar_police_van.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/24_Nov_protests_Trafalgar_police_van.jpg/220px-24_Nov_protests_Trafalgar_police_van.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/24_Nov_protests_Trafalgar_police_van.jpg/330px-24_Nov_protests_Trafalgar_police_van.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/24_Nov_protests_Trafalgar_police_van.jpg/440px-24_Nov_protests_Trafalgar_police_van.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>A vandalised police vehicle on Whitehall</figcaption></figure> At Whitehall, just before 1 pm, police prevented the protesters from reaching <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a> and the Houses of Parliament, setting up a line of riot police to kettle the protesters. A reporter The Guardian described the crowd at this point as being "predominantly good natured, although very noisy". Nonetheless, the demonstrators tried to push through the police line, leading to clashes. An unoccupied police van which had been left in the midst of the crowd was vandalised; protesters rocked it back and forth, climbed on its roof, smashed its windows, wrote <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> on it and threw a <a href="/wiki/Smoke_bomb" title="Smoke bomb">smoke bomb</a> inside.<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> A group of school girls encircled the van, urging people not to vandalise it. One of them later told reporters that "the cause that we're here for today isn't about 'I hate the police, I want to burn the police and I want to destroy everything they represent.'"<a href="#cite_note-Other_face-44">[43]</a> At around 6 pm, <a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">mounted police</a> charged at the north end of the crowd to push them back; despite video evidence police denied that this was an actual charge, describing it as crowd control using horses.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battle_lines-46">[45]</a> Roughly 1000 protesters broke free of the police kettle, running throughout central London while pursued by police; The Guardian's Paul Lewis stated that "police were caught in a game of cat and mouse, along <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross" title="Charing Cross">Charing Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> Some of these protesters committed acts of vandalism along the side streets, including knocking over rubbish bins and throwing <a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">traffic cones</a> into the road.<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> Various bus shelters and ticket machines in the area were vandalised, with <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a> diverting buses away from the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a> Approximately 200 protesters were unable to escape and remained kettled in Whitehall. Police falsely informed press that the crowd were provided with toilet facilities and water; protesters disputed these claims on social media, with ULU President Clare Solomon commenting on Facebook: "we're still illegally kettled in the freezing cold on Whitehall. No food, water or toilets despite what the police are telling the media. Thousands of young people needing to go home."<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> To keep warm, protesters set fire to a ticket machine within the Square, prompting riot police to secure the machine and put out the flames.<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> From 9 to 10 pm, police permitted the rest of the Whitehall protesters to leave, approximately nine to ten hours after they had first been contained, some being searched as they left.<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battle_lines-46">[45]</a> During the clashes, police arrested 41 protesters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupations_and_local_protests">Occupations and local protests </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Occupations and local protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Student_Protest-_Liverpool_Walkout_-_5204751462.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Student_Protest-_Liverpool_Walkout_-_5204751462.jpg/220px-Student_Protest-_Liverpool_Walkout_-_5204751462.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Student_Protest-_Liverpool_Walkout_-_5204751462.jpg/330px-Student_Protest-_Liverpool_Walkout_-_5204751462.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Student_Protest-_Liverpool_Walkout_-_5204751462.jpg/440px-Student_Protest-_Liverpool_Walkout_-_5204751462.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A student protest in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> on 24 November 2010</figcaption></figure> Across the UK, protesters occupied university buildings in at least 12 universities.<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a> On 23 November, protesters occupied the picture gallery corridor of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a>. They were later joined by supportive members of university staff who took part in what was labelled a "teach-in".<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> On 24 November, the Language Centre at <a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">London South Bank University</a> was occupied for 51 hours by over 100 students as part of the "Defend LSBU! Defend Our Education!" campaign.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> That same day, students occupied the <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a> Room in <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, stating that they were protesting against "savage cuts to higher education and government attempts to force society to pay for a crisis it didn't cause."<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a> A BBC reporter visited the occupation, remarking that the protesters "seem as distant from the old <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> as they do from the new <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>" and that "you get a reminder that these are students born in the 1990s. They're quoting <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>."<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Protesters also occupied the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_London" title="University of East London">University of East London</a>, demanding that university managers "put pressure on the government on the issue of H[higher] E[ducation] cuts and tuition fee rises".<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> On 24 November, students and supporters went into occupation of <a href="/wiki/Appleton_Tower" title="Appleton Tower">Appleton Tower</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, stating "We stand firm alongside all other students, university staff and others nationwide affected by education cuts and the risk this poses to the future of higher education."<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> At Manchester's University Place, 3000 students assembled to demonstrate, but several hundred broke away to march towards the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">town hall</a>. A group of about 100 occupied a lecture theatre in the Roscoe Building. At the University of Oxford, students initially occupied the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Camera" title="Radcliffe Camera">Radcliffe Camera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> At the University of Cambridge, 200 students scaled the fence of <a href="/wiki/Senate_House_(University_of_Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate House (University of Cambridge)">Senate House</a> and marched onto the grounds of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College</a>, then on 26 November students started an 11-day occupation of part of <a href="/wiki/Old_Schools" title="Old Schools">Old Schools</a>, the main administrative block of the University.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>, 2000 protesters clashed with police when they tried to move into the city centre. Four were arrested. In <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, 3000 demonstrators marched through the city, with nearly 50 occupying a university building.<a href="#cite_note-Students_join_forces-52">[51]</a> Hundreds of students from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_University" title="Kingston University">Kingston University</a> and various local schools staged an impromptu march through the town and a sit down protest at College Roundabout, leading to one arrest. In the morning of 24 November, demonstrators at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> occupied the Aston Webb building, the site of the Prime Ministerial debates earlier in the year; they issued a statement in which they declared that "we believe the government's cuts to be economically unnecessary, unfair and ideologically motivated" and that "if [the government] continue to destroy the livelihoods of the majority to benefit the rich and powerful minority, they will face increasingly widespread and radical action."<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, protesters amassed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>. Hundreds of them had walked out of the local Allerton Grange High School to join the demonstration, and later occupied the Michael Sadler lecture theatre and a room at <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Metropolitan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds Metropolitan University">Leeds Metropolitan University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> A room at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a> was also occupied.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a>, around 200 protesters occupied a lecture theatre after failing to gain entry to the vice-chancellor's building.<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response">Response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Response">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">The great majority of protests across the country [on Wednesday] passed off peacefully… The police let the demonstrators march through town centres and take part in some <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>. However, the actions of the Metropolitan Police yesterday were absolutely outrageous. It's a real scandal that the Met has taken these actions and we would urge them to change their tactics for further demonstrations.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Simon Hardy, of the <a href="/wiki/National_Campaign_Against_Fees_and_Cuts" title="National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts">National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts</a>, <a href="#cite_note-Battle_lines-46">[45]</a></cite></div></blockquote> During the Whitehall incident, the Metropolitan Police publicly defended their use of kettling, with Chief Inspector Jane Connors claiming that they had only used it as "a last resort". She stated: "it's a valid tactic. Police officers came under attack and we needed to make sure the violence didn't spread out across the London streets."<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> The police came under increasing criticism however, particularly as there were large numbers of children and young teenagers in the crowd, who were held for nearly ten hours in near-zero temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battle_lines-46">[45]</a> Green Party MP <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a> brought up the topic in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that afternoon, stating: "there are many hundreds of students and school children who have been kettled for over four hours and are going to be out there for another several hours, according to the police, in the freezing cold… whatever one thinks of the student protest, [holding people against their will in the contained crowd was] neither proportionate, nor, indeed, effective."<a href="#cite_note-Second_day-42">[41]</a> At a meeting of the Metropolitan Police Authority the following day, the Metropolitan Police's Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Sir_Paul_Stephenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Paul Stephenson">Sir Paul Stephenson</a> defended the tactics. He condemned the protest. He was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Jones_(Green_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny Jones (Green politician)">Jenny Jones</a>, a Green Party member of the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>, who told him: "when you imprison thousands of people, which is essentially what you did yesterday, you do have a duty of care to them... You kept people for nine-and-a-half hours. You punished innocent people for going on a protest."<a href="#cite_note-Battle_lines-46">[45]</a> A spokesperson for Prime Minister Cameron stated that "people have a right to engage in lawful and peaceful protest, but there is no place for violence or intimidation",<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a> while education minister <a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">David Willetts</a> responded by claiming that protesting students did not understand the government's plans.<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a> Clegg stated on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a> that "I hate in politics, as in life, to make promises that you then find you can't keep. We made a promise we can't deliver – we didn't win the election outright and there are compromises in coalition."<a href="#cite_note-students_stage_day_of_protests-41">[40]</a> Labour Party leader <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a> stated that he would not rule out joining further demonstrations, remarking that "I was quite tempted to go out and talk to them [the protesters]. Peaceful demonstrations are part of our society. As Labour leader I am willing to talk to people who are part of them."<a href="#cite_note-Battle_lines-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="30_November">30 November</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 30 November">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_London_protests">Central London protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Central London protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_student_protest_30Nov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/London_student_protest_30Nov.jpg/220px-London_student_protest_30Nov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/London_student_protest_30Nov.jpg/330px-London_student_protest_30Nov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/London_student_protest_30Nov.jpg/440px-London_student_protest_30Nov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A number of protesters in central London on 30 November 2010</figcaption></figure> A third central London protest was organised for Tuesday 30 November, a day that saw cold temperatures and snow in the city. Protesters assembled at Trafalgar Square, but a police line prevented their march down Whitehall towards the Houses of Parliament; the NCAFC accused the Police of "pre-emptively block[ing]" the protest route.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54">[53]</a> Fearing that they would be kettled in the Square, protesters dispersed throughout the city center, pursued by police.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-55">[54]</a> Other officers stood photographing and filming the students for later identification, while police vans blocked off certain streets.<a href="#cite_note-SharpBBC-56">[55]</a> Some protesters chanted "Peaceful protest! Peaceful protest!" and "no ifs, no buts, no education cuts", and others blew <a href="/wiki/Vuvuzela" title="Vuvuzela">vuvuzelas</a> and played <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> from portable stereo systems.<a href="#cite_note-SharpBBC-56">[55]</a> A BBC reporter talked to members of the demonstration, noting that while many desired a peaceful outcome, others believed that violent confrontation with the police was inevitable. Many were angry with how they had been portrayed in the media, with one commenting that confrontation was not caused by "hardcore anarchists" but by "students who are very, very angry."<a href="#cite_note-SharpBBC-56">[55]</a> Many protesters ran onto <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall</a> and then past <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a>. Denied access to Parliament Square by police, they turned around and headed toward <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SharpBBC-56">[55]</a> A reporter from The Guardian noted that "the march is fracturing – people are going up different streets and getting lost. <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Texts</a> come through from the front, giving information." The reporter noted that police pursued protesters, and that "it feels like '<a href="/wiki/Kiss_chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss chase">kiss chase</a>' – or, when I see a policeman punch a boy out of the way, entirely without provocation, 'punch chase'."<a href="#cite_note-Tanya_Gold-57">[56]</a> Many protesters returned to Trafalgar Square, where they were still unable to march down to Whitehall due to the heavy police line.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-55">[54]</a> The police kettled those in the Square, whilst some of the protesters waved banners with slogans such as "Don't put the kettle on, Mr. Cameron" and "<a href="/wiki/I_Can%27t_Believe_It%27s_Not_Butter!" title="I Can't Believe It's Not Butter!">I Can't Believe It's Not</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Tanya_Gold-57">[56]</a> The police "put lines [of officers] across all the exits" to the kettled area of the Square, but reportedly allowed small groups of protesters to leave, even though the majority, around 150 to 200, decided to stay and continue protesting in the snow.<a href="#cite_note-Standoff_BBC-58">[57]</a> Some protesters burned placards and one spray-painted the word "Revolution" on <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a>. Others threw plastic bottles and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> at police lines, and at one point there "was a scuffle as a knot of policemen rushed one of the protesters, grabbing him to arrest him, and the crowd flocked angrily to the area."<a href="#cite_note-Standoff_BBC-58">[57]</a> At another time, a group of riot police moved into the crowd of protesters to attempt to secure Nelson's Column, only to be surrounded by demonstrators shouting "Who's kettling who? We're kettling you!"<a href="#cite_note-SharpBBC-56">[55]</a> Other slogans shouted at police during the protest included "Shame on you!" and "Your job's next".<a href="#cite_note-SharpBBC-56">[55]</a> Police then arrested 146 demonstrators who refused to leave the Square; 139 of them were arrested for <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">breach of the peace</a>, whilst seven were arrested on suspicion of violent disorder.<a href="#cite_note-google1-59">[58]</a> Seven more had been arrested in central London earlier in the day.<a href="#cite_note-google1-59">[58]</a> As one reporter noted, "above us, on the steps of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, tourists look confused at this vision of Britain 2010, angry and fighting in the snow."<a href="#cite_note-Tanya_Gold-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catford_protest">Catford protest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Catford protest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_University,_Combination_Room,_2010_student_occupation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cambridge_University%2C_Combination_Room%2C_2010_student_occupation.jpg/170px-Cambridge_University%2C_Combination_Room%2C_2010_student_occupation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cambridge_University%2C_Combination_Room%2C_2010_student_occupation.jpg/255px-Cambridge_University%2C_Combination_Room%2C_2010_student_occupation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cambridge_University%2C_Combination_Room%2C_2010_student_occupation.jpg/340px-Cambridge_University%2C_Combination_Room%2C_2010_student_occupation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Old_Schools" title="Old Schools">Old Schools</a> Combination Room during an eleven-day occupation.</figcaption></figure> The night before, on 28 November, a crowd of two to three hundred protesters gathered outside of <a href="/wiki/Lewisham_Town_Hall" title="Lewisham Town Hall">Lewisham Town Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catford" title="Catford">Catford</a>, south London, where a council meeting was then in progress, to protest against wider public sector cuts. Several Youtube videos of the incident were shown on national news, including the BBC. Many of the protesters had come from nearby sixth forms (due to potential <a href="/wiki/Education_Maintenance_Allowance" title="Education Maintenance Allowance">Education Maintenance Allowance</a> cuts) and also from <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths College</a>. Demonstrators, playing music and political slogans from <a href="/wiki/Boombox" title="Boombox">boomboxes</a> forced their way into the building, where a smoke bomb was let off, while another protester climbed onto the roof and unfurled a banner. Several more flares were set off outside and windows smashed, with riot police from the Territorial Support Group close by, were called and several arrests were made.<a href="#cite_note-Lewisham-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rachel_H-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-LewishamBBC-62">[61]</a> One of the protesters, Sue Luxton, a former Green Party councillor who had subsequently become a teacher, told the press that "I wanted to peacefully express my anger at the cuts... People were angry that they couldn't get in."<a href="#cite_note-LewishamBBC-62">[61]</a> Jeremy Burton, the Lewisham Borough Commander, later told press that "unfortunately due to the actions of a minority of people present a number of my officers were injured whilst carrying out their police duties", with 16 officers being treated for minor injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Lewisham-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_elsewhere">Protests elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Protests elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> On the day of the main demonstration, there were also further protests across the United Kingdom, including in Cardiff, Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, Leeds, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Brighton, York, Manchester, Plymouth, <a href="/wiki/Scunthorpe" title="Scunthorpe">Scunthorpe</a> and Bristol.<a href="#cite_note-Standoff_BBC-58">[57]</a> About 1,500 students, including school children, took part in the protest in Brighton,<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> whilst protests in Bristol involved police being pelted with <a href="/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)" title="Mustard (condiment)">mustard</a> and ten demonstrators were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-google1-59">[58]</a> In Sheffield, police were pelted with snowballs as they guarded the constituency office of <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a> from a crowd of two hundred protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Police_Arrest_153-64">[63]</a> The British protests coincided with those in Italy, where demonstrations occurred in Milan, Turin, Naples, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Palermo, <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, and Rome where riot police were called in to prevent students from gaining access to the parliament building.<a href="#cite_note-TanyCBC_News-65">[64]</a> Meanwhile, whilst occupations that had begun the previous week continued at University College London, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> and the University of Cambridge,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> a new one began at the University of Nottingham, where 150 protesters occupied a building.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54">[53]</a> University buildings and local government buildings were occupied in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> while police blocked an attempt at occupation of the council building in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The protesters occupying the council chamber in Birmingham left after four hours, with a police spokesperson commending the protesters for their "wholly peaceful" behaviour, and noting that it "couldn't have been more different from the violent clashes seen recently in London".<a href="#cite_note-Police_Arrest_153-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-BirminghamBBC-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="9_December">9 December</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 9 December">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_Square_protest">Parliament Square protest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parliament Square protest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_student_protests_December_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/London_student_protests_December_2010.jpg/220px-London_student_protests_December_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/London_student_protests_December_2010.jpg/330px-London_student_protests_December_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/London_student_protests_December_2010.jpg/440px-London_student_protests_December_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A banner displayed at a student protest in London on 9 December 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestors_in_london_climb_traffic_lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Protestors_in_london_climb_traffic_lights.jpg/220px-Protestors_in_london_climb_traffic_lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Protestors_in_london_climb_traffic_lights.jpg/330px-Protestors_in_london_climb_traffic_lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Protestors_in_london_climb_traffic_lights.jpg/440px-Protestors_in_london_climb_traffic_lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Protesters mount traffic lights in central London on 9 December 2010</figcaption></figure> On Thursday 9 December, the day of the scheduled vote on education reform in the Houses of Parliament, two separate protests were organised in central London; one led by the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Union of Students (United Kingdom)">National Union of Students</a> (NUS), the other jointly by the University of London Union (ULU) and the NCAFC, with an expected 40,000 people attending.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> ULU members handed out green <a href="/wiki/Hard_hat" title="Hard hat">hard hats</a> with the words "Tax the banks, not the students" on them, whilst a rally was held in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a> at midday, where ULU President Solomon addressed the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> The Metropolitan Police had positioned lines of riot police and police vans along the Houses of Parliament, to prevent any protesters gaining access to it. Superintendent Julia Pendry issued a statement saying: "Protesters will be allowed sight and sound of parliament. However, there is evidence to suggest a number of people will come to London intent on causing violence and disorder. They are jumping on the bandwagon of these demonstrations with no intention to protest or interest in student tuition fees… those who are intent on committing crime will also be dealt with and they will suffer the consequences of their actions."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> The protesters marched from Bloomsbury to Parliament Square in the afternoon, where they pushed down metal barriers and occupied the Square.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> Around 3:30 pm, police kettled those several thousand protesters in the square, preventing them from leaving, stating that it was necessary "due to the level of violence that our officers are facing."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> Mounted police charged into the crowd on one side of the Square in an attempt to disperse them. A field hospital was set up on the green providing emergency first aid to protesters as well as tea and food within the containment area. Around 30 protesters were treated, most for head injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Observer-70">[69]</a> Police used <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">batons</a> to hit protesters, and a <a href="/wiki/St_John_Ambulance" title="St John Ambulance">St John Ambulance</a> member told press that he had treated ten protesters for head injuries from being struck by police batons by 4.30 pm.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> One protester, philosophy student Alfie Meadows, suffered a blow to the head from a police truncheon that knocked him unconscious. Taken to hospital, it was discovered that he was suffering from bleeding of the brain, and required brain surgery.<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Alfie_Meadows-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[nb 2]</a> Reporter Jonathan Haynes of The Guardian, who was present, characterised the police tactics as "very heavy handed".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> Police informed press that they were allowing young and vulnerable protesters to leave the kettle, but those inside the kettle, including journalists, asserted that this was untrue.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> At 5:41 pm, news reached the protesters that the government had voted to support the proposals. Clashes ensued between the crowd and the police, and the protesters pulled along metal fencing to separate themselves from riot police, who were trying to push them all into the centre of the Square.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> Later on in the evening, with the protesters still kettled in the Square, protesters smashed all of the windows on the ground floor of <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">Her Majesty's Treasury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Heather_Sharp,_protesters-75">[73]</a> At 21:15, the protest was forced onto Westminster Bridge where it was kettled until approximately 23:30.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_elsewhere_in_central_London">Protests elsewhere in central London</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Protests elsewhere in central London">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees,_Dayx3_-_5247456803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Dayx3_-_5247456803.jpg/220px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Dayx3_-_5247456803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Dayx3_-_5247456803.jpg/330px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Dayx3_-_5247456803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Dayx3_-_5247456803.jpg/440px-Anti-cuts_and_tuition_fees%2C_Dayx3_-_5247456803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Peaceful occupation of the Jeremy Bentham room at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg/200px-British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg/300px-British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg/400px-British_Transport_Police_riot_gear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a> officer deployed in riot gear on 9 December 2010</figcaption></figure> Due to the Parliament Square protest being kettled, many other demonstrators could not enter the Square and so disseminated across much of the rest of central London. Some were separately kettled around <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph#The_Cenotaph,_London" title="Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a>, where Charlie Gilmour, the adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour" title="David Gilmour">David Gilmour</a> and a student at <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College, Cambridge</a>, was pictured swinging from a <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Flag</a> on the memorial; he later apologised, claiming that he "did not realise" it was the Cenotaph.<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_David_Gilmour's_son-76">[74]</a> Meanwhile, many of those students who remained around the area of Trafalgar Square continued to protest, with about 150 holding a sit-in in the adjacent National Gallery, while others attempted to set fire to the <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square_Christmas_tree" title="Trafalgar Square Christmas tree">Trafalgar Square Christmas tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Royal_car_attacked-77">[75]</a> During the protests, a car taking <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">The Prince of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">The Duchess of Cornwall</a> to the evening's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Variety_Performance" title="Royal Variety Performance">Royal Variety Performance</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">London Palladium</a> was attacked on <a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> confirmed a protester 'made contact' with Camilla.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In Oxford Street, <a href="/wiki/Topshop" title="Topshop">Topshop</a> was damaged, as rioters sprayed "pay your tax" on the building and broke windows.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_2">Response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Response">edit</a>]</div> Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> issued a statement in which she "utterly condemned" the actions of the protesters, and declared that "What we are seeing in London tonight, the wanton vandalism, smashing of windows, has nothing to do with peaceful protest... Attacks on police officers and property show that some of the protesters have no respect for London or its citizens."<a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Royal_car_attacked-77">[75]</a> Nearly 50 people complained to the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC)</a> about police behaviour during the various protests held around the country, with the majority directed against the Metropolitan Police, including complaints of violence used against protesters.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Following the protests, video footage posted on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> showed Jody McIntyre, a protester with <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, involved in an altercation with police. The footage showed McIntyre, who had positioned himself in the front line facing police, being pulled out of his wheelchair and dragged across the ground by Metropolitan Police officers.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> While McIntyre later said he had been pulled out of the wheelchair twice, only one incident is shown in the video. On 13 December, he was interviewed about the incident by BBC journalist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Brown_(journalist)" title="Ben Brown (journalist)">Ben Brown</a>, an interview later described by The Guardian newspaper as "having a distinct lack of sympathy from the BBC" and it was noted that the incident had "attracted thousands of complaints."<a href="#cite_note-kira-83">[81]</a> McIntyre's complaint was later rejected by Scotland Yard.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> His subsequent appeal was partly upheld by the IPCC.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Street medics treated student protesters during the parliament square protest on Thursday 9 December, the day of the scheduled vote to raise university tuition fees. A field tent was set up on the green providing emergency first aid to protesters as well as tea and food within the containment area. Around 30 protesters were treated, most for head injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Observer-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outcome">Outcome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Outcome">edit</a>]</div> Alfie Meadows was acquitted of all charges in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In September 2023 the Metropolitan Police apologised to him and agreed a financial settlement.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> On 30 November, following the third main day of protesting, the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Welsh Assembly</a> announced that it would not permit an increase in fees for Welsh students. A reporter from the BBC noted that this meant that if the plans went through in England, "it would mean that an English student at a university in England could pay more than £17,000 more for a three-year degree than a Welsh student on the same course."<a href="#cite_note-Standoff_BBC-58">[57]</a> A writer in British newspaper The Guardian, writing several hours before the government vote on the topic, noted that "It seems likely the tuition fees bill will pass but I'd still argue that – whatever your view on the merits of the new fees system – the protests have been a success at least in calling politicians to account for broken pledges, something you see rarely theses [sic] days."<a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Student_protests,_as_they_happened-69">[68]</a> In July 2011, three school children will challenge the kettling of children at the 24 November 2010 protest. They will seek a Judicial Review in the High Court, arguing in particular that children had a right to protest and that their safety was jeopardised, breaking the laws of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Children_Act_2004" title="Children Act 2004">Children Act 2004</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In September 2011, students in Northern Ireland succeeded in getting the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> to freeze tuition fees, avoiding the large fee increases in England.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Student leaders in Northern Ireland cited the wider protests across the UK as one reason for their success.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> As of 2020, this has saved Northern Ireland university students £1 billion in tuition fees compared to English students.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> In November 2012, two years after the 2010 demonstrations, protests ignited again from the student movement. Organised by the NUS, around 10,000 demonstrators marched in central London.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> After a five-day trial in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> in June 2012, 27-year-old assistant tutor Luke Cooper, reported to be completing a PhD in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>, was awarded £35,000 over a front page <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a> article and £25,000 over a follow-up piece in the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> that implied he was the "ringleader" of the protesters who invaded the Conservative Party's headquarters. Cooper complained that the allegations were untrue, threatened his future academic prospects and left his reputation "as badly trashed" as the <a href="/wiki/Millbank_Tower" title="Millbank Tower">Millbank Tower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The years following the student protests saw a leftward shift in the politics of the NUS. In 2014 the NUS Conference voted in support of free education, reversing the union's previous policy of advocating a <a href="/wiki/Graduate_tax" title="Graduate tax">graduate tax</a> as a replacement for tuition fees, which it had adopted in the late 2000s. The <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Left" title="Liberation Left">Student Broad Left</a> made progressive gains in the mid-2010s, culminating in the election of SBL candidate <a href="/wiki/Malia_Bouattia" title="Malia Bouattia">Malia Bouattia</a> as NUS President. Participants in the protests went on to be involved in a number of left-wing causes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">trade union movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">climate movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> solidarity, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Alternative media in the United Kingdom">alternative media</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Bastani" title="Aaron Bastani">Aaron Bastani</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Novara_Media" title="Novara Media">Novara Media</a>), migrant and refugee solidarity campaigns, and <a href="/wiki/Momentum_(organisation)" title="Momentum (organisation)">Momentum</a> and the Labour Party under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/James_Schneider" title="James Schneider">James Schneider</a>, who served as Corbyn's head of strategic communications).<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funding_Our_Future" title="Funding Our Future">Funding Our Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_London" title="List of riots in London">List of riots in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukey" title="Sukey">Sukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Chilean_student_protests" title="2011–2013 Chilean student protests">2011–2013 Chilean student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Woolard, an 18-year-old student at <a href="/wiki/Brockenhurst_College" title="Brockenhurst College">Brockenhurst College</a>, was arrested for <a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">attempted murder</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> on 16 November, and transferred to London for questioning.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> He subsequently went on trial for violent disorder rather than attempted murder, something for which he pleaded guilty, which carried with it a maximum sentence of five years imprisonment under the <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act" title="Public Order Act">Public Order Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tower_rioter-29">[29]</a> On 11 January 2011 Woollard was sentenced to 32 months in a young offenders institution. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> In 2012, Meadows and four other men were charged with taking part in sustained and widespread violent disorder during the demonstration; in 2013, all were found not guilty.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11877034">"Student tuition fee protest ends with 153 arrests"</a>. BBC News. 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Student+tuition+fee+protest+ends+with+153+arrests&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-11877034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+United+Kingdom+student+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-14843377">"Northern Ireland university tuition fees frozen"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Millbank+Revolt%2C+10+Years+On&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribunemag.co.uk%2F2020%2F11%2Fthe-millbank-revolt-10-years-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+United+Kingdom+student+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle2018" class="citation web cs1">Earle, Samuel (19 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2018/01/student-revolt-austerity-uk-corbyn-momentum">"The Corbyn Generation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=The+Corbyn+Generation&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fstudent-revolt-austerity-uk-corbyn-momentum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+United+Kingdom+student+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riots_in_England" title="Template:Riots in England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riots_in_England" title="Template talk:Riots in England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riots_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riots in England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riots_in_England99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Riots in England</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">12th–17th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">1189–1190 Massacres of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fitz_Osbert" title="William Fitz Osbert">The revolt of 1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Scholastica_Day_riot" title="St Scholastica Day riot">1355 St Scholastica Day riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">1381 Peasants' Revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1381" title="Treason Act 1381">Treason Act 1381</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_May_Day" title="Evil May Day">1517 Evil May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawdy_House_Riots_of_1668" title="Bawdy House Riots of 1668">1668 Bawdy House riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacheverell_riots" title="Sacheverell riots">1710 Sacheverell riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_riots" title="Coronation riots">1714 Coronation riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_England_riots" title="1715 England riots">1715 England riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766_food_riots" title="1766 food riots">1766 food riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_St_George%27s_Fields" title="Massacre of St George's Fields">1768 Massacre of St George's Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitalfield_riots" title="Spitalfield riots">1769 Spitalfield riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_cheese_riot" title="Nottingham cheese riot">1776 Nottingham cheese riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">1780 Gordon riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestley_Riots" title="Priestley Riots">1791 Priestley riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_riots#Bristol_Bridge_riot,_1793" title="Bristol riots">1793 Bristol Bridge riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_housewives" title="Revolt of the housewives">1795 Revolt of the housewives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Price_Riots" title="Old Price Riots">1809 Old Price riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa_Fields_riots" title="Spa Fields riots">1816 Spa Fields riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816" title="Ely and Littleport riots of 1816">1816 Ely and Littleport riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">1819 Peterloo Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderloo_Uprising" title="Cinderloo Uprising">1821 Cinderloo Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">1830 Swing riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Swing" title="Captain Swing">Captain Swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_reform_riots" title="1831 reform riots">1831 reform riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1831_Bristol_riots" title="1831 Bristol riots">1831 Bristol riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_May" title="Days of May">1832 Days of May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bossenden_Wood" title="Battle of Bossenden Wood">1838 Battle of Bossenden Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_Pottery_Riots" title="1842 Pottery Riots">1842 Pottery Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_dripping_riot" title="Leeds dripping riot">1865 Leeds dripping riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_League#Hyde_Park_demonstration_of_1866" title="Reform League">1866 Hyde Park demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)" title="Bloody Sunday (1887)">1887 Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlyn_riots" title="Newlyn riots">1896 Newlyn riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1900s–1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair#Riots" title="Brown Dog affair">1907 Brown Dog riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_riot" title="Epsom riot">1919 Epsom riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bow_Street" title="Battle of Bow Street">1919 Battle of Bow Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Town_Hall#Destruction_in_the_Peace_Day_Riots" title="Luton Town Hall">1919 Luton Peace Day riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_riots#Old_Market_riot,_1932" title="Bristol riots">1932 Old Market riot (Bristol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hunger_March,_1932" title="National Hunger March, 1932">1932 National Hunger March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">1936 Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamber_Bridge" title="Battle of Bamber Bridge">1943 Battle of Bamber Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Street_riot" title="Park Street riot">1944 Park Street riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldershot_riot_(1945)" title="Aldershot riot (1945)">1945 Aldershot riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1950s–1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_Notting_Hill_race_riots" title="1958 Notting Hill race riots">1958 Notting Hill race riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968#United_Kingdom" title="Protests of 1968">1968 student riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_House_riot" title="Garden House riot">1970 Garden House riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Square_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lion Square disorders">1974 Red Lion Square disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Chapeltown_riot" title="1975 Chapeltown riot">1975 Chapeltown riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewisham" title="Battle of Lewisham">1977 Battle of Lewisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Blair_Peach" title="Death of Blair Peach">1979 Death of Blair Peach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_St_Pauls_riot" title="1980 St Pauls riot">1980 St Pauls riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_England_riots" title="1981 England riots">1981 England riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot" title="1981 Brixton riot">1981 Brixton riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Chapeltown_riots" title="1981 Chapeltown riots">1981 Chapeltown riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Toxteth_riots" title="1981 Toxteth riots">1981 Toxteth riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Moss_Side_riot" title="1981 Moss Side riot">1981 Moss Side riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Handsworth_riots" title="1981 Handsworth riots">1981 Handsworth riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Handsworth_riots" title="1985 Handsworth riots">1985 Handsworth riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Brixton_riot" title="1985 Brixton riot">1985 Brixton riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot" title="Broadwater Farm riot">1985 Broadwater Farm riot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Keith_Blakelock" title="Murder of Keith Blakelock">Murder of Keith Blakelock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Chapeltown_riot" title="1987 Chapeltown riot">1987 Chapeltown riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Dewsbury_riot" title="1989 Dewsbury riot">1989 Dewsbury riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_riots" title="Poll tax riots">1990 Poll Tax riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangeways_Prison_riot" title="Strangeways Prison riot">1990 Strangeways Prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Well_riots" title="Meadow Well riots">1991 Meadow Well riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Handsworth_riots" title="1991 Handsworth riots">1991 Handsworth riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_riots#Hartcliffe,_1992" title="Bristol riots">1992 Hartcliffe riot (Bristol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Welling_riots" title="1993 Welling riots">1993 Welling riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">1994 Criminal Justice Bill riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manningham_riot" title="Manningham riot">1995 Manningham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Brixton_riot" title="1995 Brixton riot">1995 Brixton riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Trafalgar_Square_riots" title="1996 Trafalgar Square riots">1996 Trafalgar Square riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">1999 Carnival Against Capital riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Bradford_riots" title="2001 Bradford riots">2001 Bradford riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Oldham_riots" title="2001 Oldham riots">2001 Oldham riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Harehills_riot" title="2001 Harehills riot">2001 Harehills riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Birmingham_riots" title="2005 Birmingham riots">2005 Birmingham riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_G20_London_summit_protests" title="2009 G20 London summit protests">2009 G20 London summit protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ian_Tomlinson" title="Death of Ian Tomlinson">Death of Ian Tomlinson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Upton_Park_riot" title="2009 Upton Park riot">2009 Upton Park riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vandalism_and_disruption">2010 UK student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_riots#Stokes_Croft_Tesco_riot,_April_2011" title="Bristol riots">2011 Stokes Croft riot (Bristol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-austerity movement in the United Kingdom">2011 UK anti-austerity protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_London_anti-cuts_protest" title="2011 London anti-cuts protest">2011 London anti-cuts protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_England_riots" title="2011 England riots">2011 England riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mark_Duggan" title="Killing of Mark Duggan">Killing of Mark Duggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Reeves#Arson_attack" title="House of Reeves">House of Reeves fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_England_riots" title="Timeline of the 2011 England riots">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom">George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actions_against_memorials_in_Great_Britain_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests">Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Leicester_unrest" title="2022 Leicester unrest">2022 Leicester unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Harehills_riot" title="2024 Harehills riot">2024 Harehills riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots" title="2024 United Kingdom riots">2024 United Kingdom riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scarman_Report" title="Scarman Report">1981 Scarman report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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