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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Regional</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Zambia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bermuda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bermuda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Bermuda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bermuda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falkland_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falkland_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Falkland Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falkland_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3.1</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3.2</span> <span>Belfast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cenotaphs_for_the_missing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cenotaphs_for_the_missing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cenotaphs for the missing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cenotaphs_for_the_missing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chhatris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chhatris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chhatris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chhatris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_and_astronomical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_and_astronomical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Digital and astronomical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_and_astronomical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cenotaph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%81" title="قبر أجوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قبر أجوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенатаф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кенатаф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенатаф – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кенатаф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенотаф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кенотаф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotafi" title="Cenotafi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cenotafi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенотаф – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кенотаф" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaph" title="Kenotaph – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kenotaph" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaaf" title="Kenotaaf – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kenotaaf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κενοτάφιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κενοτάφιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotafio" title="Cenotafio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cenotafio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotafo" title="Cenotafo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cenotafo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenotafio" title="Zenotafio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zenotafio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گور نمادین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گور نمادین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9notaphe" title="Cénotaphe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cénotaphe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senotaaf" title="Senotaaf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Senotaaf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%EB%B9%84" title="기념비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기념비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%86" title="Կենոտաֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենոտաֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotafio" title="Cenotafio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cenotafio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugu_makam" title="Tugu makam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tugu makam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotafio" title="Cenotafio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cenotafio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94" title="אנדרטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדרטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კენოტაფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კენოტაფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенотаф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кенотаф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенотаф – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кенотаф" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotafs" title="Kenotafs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kenotafs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaphium" title="Cenotaphium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cenotaphium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaph" title="Kenotaph – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kenotaph" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotafas" title="Kenotafas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kenotafas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenot%C3%A1fium" title="Kenotáfium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kenotáfium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugu" title="Tugu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tugu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="စစ်သည် အထိမ်းအမှတ်ကျောက်တိုင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စစ်သည် အထိမ်းအမှတ်ကျောက်တိုင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaaf" title="Cenotaaf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cenotaaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%B0%E9%9C%8A%E7%A2%91" title="慰霊碑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="慰霊碑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaf" title="Cenotaf – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cenotaf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenot%C3%A1fio" title="Cenotáfio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cenotáfio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaf" title="Cenotaf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cenotaf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенотаф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кенотаф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cenotaph" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенотаф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кенотаф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotafi" title="Kenotafi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kenotafi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="வெறுங்கல்லறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெறுங்கல்லறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenotaf" title="Kenotaf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kenotaf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Кенотаф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кенотаф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Monument to a person whose remains are elsewhere</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about cenotaphs in general. For the war memorial in London, see <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cenotaph (disambiguation)">Cenotaph (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg/220px-UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg/330px-UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg/440px-UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="6348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a>, Whitehall, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StatueArchbishopMakariosIIINikosKotziamanisMar162023_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/StatueArchbishopMakariosIIINikosKotziamanisMar162023_04.jpg/220px-StatueArchbishopMakariosIIINikosKotziamanisMar162023_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/StatueArchbishopMakariosIIINikosKotziamanisMar162023_04.jpg/330px-StatueArchbishopMakariosIIINikosKotziamanisMar162023_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/StatueArchbishopMakariosIIINikosKotziamanisMar162023_04.jpg/440px-StatueArchbishopMakariosIIINikosKotziamanisMar162023_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The statue of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Kykkos_Monastery" title="Kykkos Monastery">Kykkos Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huddy_Grave_Marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Huddy_Grave_Marker.jpg/220px-Huddy_Grave_Marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Huddy_Grave_Marker.jpg/330px-Huddy_Grave_Marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Huddy_Grave_Marker.jpg/440px-Huddy_Grave_Marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Cenotaph tombstone for <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Huddy" title="Joshua Huddy">Joshua Huddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manalapan,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Manalapan, New Jersey">Manalapan, New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_luigi_xvi_e_maria_antonietta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_luigi_xvi_e_maria_antonietta.JPG/220px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_luigi_xvi_e_maria_antonietta.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_luigi_xvi_e_maria_antonietta.JPG/330px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_luigi_xvi_e_maria_antonietta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_luigi_xvi_e_maria_antonietta.JPG/440px-Basilica_di_saint_Denis_tomba_luigi_xvi_e_maria_antonietta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cenotaph for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilique Saint-Denis">Basilique Saint-Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cenotaph</b> is an empty <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tomb</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a> erected in honor of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere or have been lost. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the majority of cenotaphs honor individuals, many noted cenotaphs are also dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Memorialization" title="Memorialization">memories</a> of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Cenotaph" means "empty tomb" and is derived from the Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κενοτάφιον</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">kenotaphion</i></span>, a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound word</a> that is created from the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological combination</a> of two root words:<sup id="cite_ref-Whitney_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitney-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κενός</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">kenos</i></span> meaning "empty"</li> <li><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">τάφος</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">taphos</i></span> meaning "tomb", from <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">θαπτω</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">thapto</i></span>, 'I bury'</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limyra_Cenotaph_of_Gaius_Caesar_3746.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Limyra_Cenotaph_of_Gaius_Caesar_3746.jpg/220px-Limyra_Cenotaph_of_Gaius_Caesar_3746.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Limyra_Cenotaph_of_Gaius_Caesar_3746.jpg/330px-Limyra_Cenotaph_of_Gaius_Caesar_3746.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Limyra_Cenotaph_of_Gaius_Caesar_3746.jpg/440px-Limyra_Cenotaph_of_Gaius_Caesar_3746.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Limyra" title="Limyra">Limyra</a> cenotaph for <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure><p>Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world. Many were built in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and across Northern Europe (in the shape of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrows</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cenotaph, Whitehall">cenotaph in Whitehall</a>, London, designed in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edwin_Lutyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edwin Lutyens">Sir Edwin Lutyens</a>, influenced the design of many other war memorials in Britain and in the British sectors of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, as well as those in other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Nations">Commonwealth nations</a>. Lutyens' cenotaph was chosen as a deliberately secular monument.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Engr%C3%A1cia" title="Church of Santa Engrácia">Church of Santa Engrácia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal, turned into a National Pantheon in 1966, holds six cenotaphs, namely to <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira" title="Nuno Álvares Pereira">Nuno Álvares Pereira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Croce" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Croce">Basilica di Santa Croce</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, contains a number of cenotaphs, including one for <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, who is buried in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional">Regional</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> has a striking and unusual <a href="/wiki/Durban_cenotaph" class="mw-redirect" title="Durban cenotaph">cenotaph</a> made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gqeberha" title="Gqeberha">Gqeberha</a> (its former name <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>) has a cenotaph. Located on the edge of <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Park,_Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Park, Port Elizabeth">St George's Park</a> in Rink Street, it was designed by Elizabeth Gardner to commemorate the men who died in the First World War (1914–1918) and was erected by the monumental mason firm of Pennachini Bros. On either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life. Surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929. A surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zambia">Zambia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18. It was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a> on 1 August 1923. </p><p>There is also a cenotaph in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, and commemorates those Zambians who fought and died in World Wars I & II. The cenotaph was commemorated in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_Malvinas_Plaza_San_Martin_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Monumento_Malvinas_Plaza_San_Martin_I.jpg/220px-Monumento_Malvinas_Plaza_San_Martin_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Monumento_Malvinas_Plaza_San_Martin_I.jpg/330px-Monumento_Malvinas_Plaza_San_Martin_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Monumento_Malvinas_Plaza_San_Martin_I.jpg/440px-Monumento_Malvinas_Plaza_San_Martin_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Monumento_a_los_ca%C3%ADdos_en_Malvinas" title="Monumento a los caídos en Malvinas">Monumento a los caídos en Malvinas</a></i> (Monument for the fallen in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>) is located in Plaza San Martin.</figcaption></figure> <p>A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected in <a href="/wiki/Plaza_San_Mart%C3%ADn_(Buenos_Aires)" title="Plaza San Martín (Buenos Aires)">Plaza San Martín</a>, in downtown <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers. </p><p>Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Military_Cemetery" title="Argentine Military Cemetery">Argentine Military Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Falkland_Islands" title="Darwin, Falkland Islands">Darwin</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, exists in <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Mayo" title="Campo de Mayo">Campo de Mayo</a>, a large Army facility and training field just outside Buenos Aires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bermuda">Bermuda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bermuda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton, Bermuda</a> (with the cornerstone laid in 1920, and the completed monument unveiled in 1925).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, major cenotaphs commemorating the nation's war dead in World War I and later conflicts include the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">National War Memorial</a> (a cenotaph surmounted by a bronze sculpture entitled "The Response") in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Newfoundland)" title="National War Memorial (Newfoundland)">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Parade_(Halifax)#The_Cenotaph" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Parade (Halifax)">Halifax</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Vancouver#The_Cenotaph_and_the_Old_Courthouse" title="Victory Square, Vancouver">Victory Square Cenotaph</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Falkland_Islands">Falkland Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Falkland Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falklands_War_Memorial,_Stanley_(Falkland_Islands).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Falklands_War_Memorial%2C_Stanley_%28Falkland_Islands%29.jpg/220px-Falklands_War_Memorial%2C_Stanley_%28Falkland_Islands%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Falklands_War_Memorial%2C_Stanley_%28Falkland_Islands%29.jpg/330px-Falklands_War_Memorial%2C_Stanley_%28Falkland_Islands%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Falklands_War_Memorial%2C_Stanley_%28Falkland_Islands%29.jpg/440px-Falklands_War_Memorial%2C_Stanley_%28Falkland_Islands%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The Liberation Memorial situated in front of the Secretariat Building in <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley, Falkland Islands</a>, overlooking <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Harbour" title="Stanley Harbour">Stanley Harbour</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, there are several war memorials to commemorate those killed in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> in 1982. The main memorial for <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islanders" title="Falkland Islanders">Falkland Islanders</a> is the <a href="/wiki/1982_Liberation_Memorial" title="1982 Liberation Memorial">1982 Liberation Memorial</a>, a cenotaph erected in <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a> in 1984 which lists all the British Army regiments, RAF squadrons, Royal Navy vessels and the Royal Marine formations and units that took part in the conflict. The names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war are listed on ten plaques behind the Memorial, divided into the service branches. </p><p>Services are held at the Memorial each year on 14 June (<a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Falkland_Islands)" title="Liberation Day (Falkland Islands)">Liberation Day</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday" title="Remembrance Sunday">Remembrance Sunday</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_poppy#United_Kingdom" title="Remembrance poppy">wreaths</a> being laid at the foot of the Memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indianapolis-1888215.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indianapolis-1888215.jpg/220px-Indianapolis-1888215.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indianapolis-1888215.jpg/330px-Indianapolis-1888215.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Indianapolis-1888215.jpg/440px-Indianapolis-1888215.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indiana_World_War_Memorial_Plaza#Cenotaph_Square" title="Indiana World War Memorial Plaza">Indiana World War Memorial</a> contains a public cenotaph to honor <a href="/wiki/James_Bethel_Gresham" title="James Bethel Gresham">James Bethel Gresham</a>, perhaps the first member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="American Expeditionary Force">American Expeditionary Force</a> killed in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a cenotaph in <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s Hewitt Quad (or <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Plaza">Beinecke Plaza</a>) honours men of Yale who died in battle. The <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> is often described as a cenotaph. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_Monument" title="Battle Monument">Battle Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a> commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Battle of Baltimore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">Battle of North Point</a> on 12 September 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Bombardment of Fort McHenry</a> on 13–14 September, and the stand-off on Loudenschlager's Hill (now Hampstead Hill in <a href="/wiki/Patterson_Park" title="Patterson Park">Patterson Park</a>). It has an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revival">Egyptian Revival</a> cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead. It was designed by French émigré architect <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Godefroy" title="Maximilian Godefroy">Maximilian Godefroy</a> in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827. It is considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> the first war memorial in America, and an early example of a memorial to individual soldiers. The Monument appears on the Seal and the Logo of the City of Baltimore, and serves as a symbol for any agencies of the municipal government.<sup id="cite_ref-dorsey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dorsey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cenotaph for the defenders of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a> (March 1836) stands in front of the <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission" title="Alamo Mission">Alamo mission chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a>. The cenotaph is empty because the remains of the fallen were cremated. </p><p>Atop War Memorial Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a>, there is a cenotaph honouring all Virginia Tech cadets who have been killed in battle. Inscribed upon the cenotaph are the names of the seven Virginia Tech alumni who have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Lin</a>'s Memorial Wall in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans Memorial</a>, inscribed with the names of the approximately 58 thousand service members who died in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, is one of the most visited monuments in Washington D.C. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/New_London,_Texas" title="New London, Texas">New London, Texas</a>, a cenotaph stands dedicated to the more than 300 students and teachers killed in the <a href="/wiki/New_London_School_explosion" title="New London School explosion">New London School explosion</a> on March 18, 1937, when a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas leak">natural gas leak</a> caused an <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> and destroyed the school.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenotaph_of_the_japan_air_flight_123_at_osutaka_Ridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cenotaph_of_the_japan_air_flight_123_at_osutaka_Ridge.JPG/220px-Cenotaph_of_the_japan_air_flight_123_at_osutaka_Ridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cenotaph_of_the_japan_air_flight_123_at_osutaka_Ridge.JPG/330px-Cenotaph_of_the_japan_air_flight_123_at_osutaka_Ridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cenotaph_of_the_japan_air_flight_123_at_osutaka_Ridge.JPG/440px-Cenotaph_of_the_japan_air_flight_123_at_osutaka_Ridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Cenotaph on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Takamagahara" title="Mount Takamagahara">Mount Takamagahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture" title="Gunma Prefecture">Gunma Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, built as a memorial to the victims of the crash of <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_123" title="Japan Air Lines Flight 123">Japan Air Lines Flight 123</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HAN%C4%B0BALIN_MEZARI-GEBZE_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/HAN%C4%B0BALIN_MEZARI-GEBZE_%282%29.jpg/200px-HAN%C4%B0BALIN_MEZARI-GEBZE_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/HAN%C4%B0BALIN_MEZARI-GEBZE_%282%29.jpg/300px-HAN%C4%B0BALIN_MEZARI-GEBZE_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/HAN%C4%B0BALIN_MEZARI-GEBZE_%282%29.jpg/400px-HAN%C4%B0BALIN_MEZARI-GEBZE_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s cenotaph in <a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenotaph (Hong Kong)">Cenotaph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong" title="Central, Hong Kong">Central District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, cenotaphs in <a href="/wiki/Tugu_Negara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugu Negara">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph,_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenotaph, Penang">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipoh_railway_station#Ipoh_Station_Square_and_Ipoh_cenotaph" title="Ipoh railway station">Ipoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seremban_War_Memorial" title="Seremban War Memorial">Seremban</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_War_Monument" title="North Borneo War Monument">Jesselton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Singapore" title="The Cenotaph, Singapore">Cenotaph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph_War_Memorial,_Colombo" title="Cenotaph War Memorial, Colombo">Cenotaph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allenby_Square#The_monument" title="Allenby Square">stone Cenotaph</a> in the new <a href="/wiki/Allenby_Square" title="Allenby Square">Allenby Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romema" title="Romema">Romema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>–were erected as memorials to the war dead of World War I. </p><p>The concrete Memorial Cenotaph at the <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Peace_Memorial_Park" title="Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park</a> was designed by <a href="/wiki/Kenzo_Tange" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenzo Tange">Kenzo Tange</a> to commemorate the victims of the August 1945 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bomb attacks</a>. The cenotaph at the <a href="/wiki/228_Peace_Memorial_Park" title="228 Peace Memorial Park">228 Peace Memorial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> was erected as a memorial to the <a href="/wiki/February_28_incident" title="February 28 incident">February 28 incident</a>. In the Philippines, a cenotaph was erected inside the <a href="/wiki/Manila_North_Cemetery" title="Manila North Cemetery">Manila North Cemetery</a> in honour of the 24 Scouts who died in a plane crash en route to the <a href="/wiki/11th_World_Scout_Jamboree" title="11th World Scout Jamboree">11th World Scout Jamboree</a>. </p><p>A cenotaph at <a href="/wiki/Khejarli" title="Khejarli">Khejarli</a>, Rajasthan, India, memorializes the 363 <a href="/wiki/Bishnoi" title="Bishnoi">Bishnoi</a> martyrs who were <a href="/wiki/Khejarli_massacre" title="Khejarli massacre">massacred</a> in 1730 while defending their local <a href="/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria">khejri</a> trees. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> there is a monumental cenotaph to memorialize the Carthaginian general and statesman <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> surrendered to the British <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Egyptian Expeditionary Force">Egyptian Expeditionary Force</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">Battle of Jerusalem</a> in December 1917 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. A cenotaph was erected in 1920 at the historical site of the surrender, later to be named <a href="/wiki/Allenby_Square" title="Allenby Square">Allenby Square</a>. The inscription dedicates it to the fallen of the <a href="/wiki/60th_(2/2nd_London)_Division" title="60th (2/2nd London) Division">60th London Division</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interallied_Memorial_of_Cointe" title="Interallied Memorial of Cointe">Interallied Memorial of Cointe</a></div> <p>The Interallied Memorial of Cointe, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/FIDAC" title="FIDAC">FIDAC</a> (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) and built after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, is a complex consisting of a cenotaph with a tower as a secular monument and the Sacré-Cœur church as a religious building. Numerous monuments donated by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied nations</a> are displayed in the tower and on the adjoining esplanade.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_int%C3%A9rieur_-_monument_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Michel_de_Montaigne_(Bordeaux).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_int%C3%A9rieur_-_monument_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Michel_de_Montaigne_%28Bordeaux%29.jpg/220px-Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_int%C3%A9rieur_-_monument_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Michel_de_Montaigne_%28Bordeaux%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_int%C3%A9rieur_-_monument_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Michel_de_Montaigne_%28Bordeaux%29.jpg/330px-Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_int%C3%A9rieur_-_monument_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Michel_de_Montaigne_%28Bordeaux%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_int%C3%A9rieur_-_monument_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Michel_de_Montaigne_%28Bordeaux%29.jpg/440px-Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Aquitaine_-_int%C3%A9rieur_-_monument_fun%C3%A9raire_de_Michel_de_Montaigne_%28Bordeaux%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Cenotaph of <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Aquitaine">Museum of Aquitaine</a>, Bordeaux</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Aquitaine">Museum of Aquitaine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, is the cenotaph of <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, a French Renaissance writer and philosopher. The tomb was sculpted in <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>, a year after his death on the request of his wife, Françoise de la Chassaigne, probably by Prieur and Guillerman, two Bordeaux ornamentists.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the cenotaph, next to the coat of arms, there are two epitaphs, in Greek and in Latin. The one in Latin begins: "To Michel de Montaigne, son of Pierre, grandson of Grimond, great-grand-son of Raymond, knight of Saint-Michel, ex-mayor of the city of Bordeaux, a man born for glory, with gentle manners, a witty mind ...".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="London">London</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a></div> <p>A cenotaph in the UK that stands in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, London, was designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replaced Lutyens' identical wood-and-plaster cenotaph erected in 1919 for the Allied Victory Parade, and is a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is undecorated save for a carved wreath on each end and the words "The Glorious Dead", chosen by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a>. It was intended to commemorate specifically the victims of the <a href="/wiki/WwI" class="mw-redirect" title="WwI">First World War</a>, but is used to commemorate all of the dead in all wars in which British servicemen and women have fought. The dates of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> are inscribed on it in Roman numerals. The design was used in the construction of many other war memorials throughout the British Empire. The Cenotaph is used for annual Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday Commemorations held every November where all political leaders and ex-prime ministers attend and lay a wreath in dedication to the fallen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Belfast">Belfast</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Belfast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Cenotaph" title="Belfast Cenotaph">Belfast Cenotaph</a></div> <p>The Cenotaph in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast City Hall</a> and is set within a <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103#Memorials_and_tributes" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Garden of Remembrance</a>. It is about 9.5 metres (31 ft) high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annual <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> memorial held on <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday" title="Remembrance Sunday">Remembrance Sunday</a>, the closest Sunday to 11 November (<a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> commemorations are usually held at all of the nation's many <a href="/wiki/War_memorial#Oceania" title="War memorial">war memorials</a>, but not all of them are cenotaphs. Cenotaphs include the <a href="/wiki/Hobart_Cenotaph" title="Hobart Cenotaph">Hobart Cenotaph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cenotaph" title="Sydney Cenotaph">Sydney Cenotaph</a> and the obelisk within the State War Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a>, Perth, Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> commemorations in New Zealand are also usually held at local war memorials. Cenotaphs include the <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Cenotaph" title="Dunedin Cenotaph">Dunedin Cenotaph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Cenotaph" title="Wellington Cenotaph">Wellington Cenotaph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum" title="Auckland War Memorial Museum">Auckland War Memorial Museum</a> Cenotaph (a copy of the Whitehall Cenotaph). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cenotaphs_for_the_missing">Cenotaphs for the missing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cenotaphs for the missing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most notable cenotaphs commemorate notable individuals buried elsewhere, many cenotaphs pay tribute to people whose remains have never been located, particularly those lost at sea. Some such cenotaphs are dedicated to victims of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> whose bodies were not recovered after the sinking. Although <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Straus" title="Isidor Straus">Isidor Straus</a>'s body was recovered, <a href="/wiki/Ida_Straus" title="Ida Straus">Ida Straus</a>'s body was not, and a cenotaph at the Straus Mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a> in the Bronx is dedicated to Isidor and Ida together. Its inscription reads: "Many waters cannot quench love—neither can the floods drown it."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song+of+Solomon+8:7&version=nkj">Song of Solomon 8:7</a>) The striking cenotaph of Major <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Butt" title="Archibald Butt">Archibald Butt</a>, aide to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/William_Taft" class="mw-redirect" title="William Taft">William Taft</a>, is located at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Inishmore" title="Inishmore">Inishmore</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Aran_Islands" title="Aran Islands">Aran Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, drowning was formerly such a common cause of death for island fishermen that each family had a memorial to those lost at sea known as <i>leachtaí cuimhneacháin</i> (memorial cairns). Most were erected in the 19th century, although some date back to the eighteenth. A modern memorial was erected in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chhatris">Chhatris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chhatris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cenotaph" title="Special:EditPage/Cenotaph">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moosi_rani_ki_chatri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Moosi_rani_ki_chatri.JPG/220px-Moosi_rani_ki_chatri.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Moosi_rani_ki_chatri.JPG/330px-Moosi_rani_ki_chatri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Moosi_rani_ki_chatri.JPG/440px-Moosi_rani_ki_chatri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Moosi Rani ki Chatri, <a href="/wiki/Alwar" title="Alwar">Alwar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In India, cenotaphs are a basic element of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> architecture, later used by Moghuls as seen in most of the mausoleums of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperors</a> which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Humayun's Tomb, Delhi">Humayun's Tomb, Delhi</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">chhatri</a></i>, used for these canopylike structures, comes from <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> word literally meaning umbrella, and are found throughout the northwestern region of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Shekhawati" title="Shekhawati">Shekhawati</a> region of Rajasthan, <i>chhatri</i>s are built on the cremation sites of wealthy or distinguished individuals. <i>Chhatri</i>s in Shekhawati may consist of a simple structure of one dome raised by four pillars to a building containing many domes and a basement with several rooms. In some places, the interior of the <i>chhatri</i> is painted in the same manner as the <i><a href="/wiki/Haveli" title="Haveli">haveli</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cenotaphs have also been the subject of a number of illustrations including: </p> <ul><li><i>The Cenotaph to Reynold's Memory</i> (<a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, c. 1833)</li> <li><i>Elevation for Newton's Cenotaph, Perspective</i> (<a href="/wiki/Etienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne-Louis Boullée">Etienne-Louis Boullée</a>, c. 1785)</li> <li><i>The Cenotaph of Jean Jacques Rousseau</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Robert" title="Hubert Robert">Hubert Robert</a>, 1794)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_and_astronomical">Digital and astronomical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Digital and astronomical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Internet age, virtual cenotaphs are common in the game <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">The Elder Scrolls</a></i> series games though modding add-ons.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have also been created in the <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Augmented reality game">augmented reality game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ingress_(video_game)" title="Ingress (video game)">Ingress</a></i> in honour of the slain <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> police officer <a href="/wiki/Sean_Collier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean Collier">Sean Collier</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in memory of the victims of the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Struma_disaster" title="Struma disaster">Struma disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 January 2016, Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory dedicated, in conjunction with radio station <a href="/wiki/Studio_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio Brussels">Studio Brussels</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterism</a> of seven stars in the vicinity of Mars which had been photographed at the exact time of <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>'s death; when appropriately connected they form the iconic lightning bolt of <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Sane" title="Aladdin Sane">Aladdin Sane</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remembrance Day parade, at the Cenotaph in the City of Hamilton in the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda"><img alt="Remembrance Day parade, at the Cenotaph in the City of Hamilton in the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg/175px-Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg/263px-Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg/350px-Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> parade, at the Cenotaph in the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">City of Hamilton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Park_war_memorial_cenotaph_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="State War Memorial, Kings Park, Perth, Australia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kings_Park_war_memorial_cenotaph_-_panoramio.jpg/175px-Kings_Park_war_memorial_cenotaph_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kings_Park_war_memorial_cenotaph_-_panoramio.jpg/263px-Kings_Park_war_memorial_cenotaph_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kings_Park_war_memorial_cenotaph_-_panoramio.jpg/350px-Kings_Park_war_memorial_cenotaph_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">State War Memorial, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Park_Cenotaph_Port_of_Spain.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Cenotaph, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Memorial_Park_Cenotaph_Port_of_Spain.JPG/112px-Memorial_Park_Cenotaph_Port_of_Spain.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Memorial_Park_Cenotaph_Port_of_Spain.JPG/169px-Memorial_Park_Cenotaph_Port_of_Spain.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Memorial_Park_Cenotaph_Port_of_Spain.JPG/225px-Memorial_Park_Cenotaph_Port_of_Spain.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cenotaph, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenotaph_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph, Flesherton, Ontario, Canada"><img alt="Cenotaph, Flesherton, Ontario, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cenotaph_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg/119px-Cenotaph_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cenotaph_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg/178px-Cenotaph_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cenotaph_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg/238px-Cenotaph_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cenotaph, <a href="/wiki/Flesherton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Flesherton, Ontario">Flesherton, Ontario</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenotaph_2006_10_01_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Port Arthur Cenotaph, Waverley Park, Thunder Bay, Ontario"><img alt="Port Arthur Cenotaph, Waverley Park, Thunder Bay, Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cenotaph_2006_10_01_04.JPG/120px-Cenotaph_2006_10_01_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cenotaph_2006_10_01_04.JPG/180px-Cenotaph_2006_10_01_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cenotaph_2006_10_01_04.JPG/240px-Cenotaph_2006_10_01_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Port Arthur Cenotaph, <a href="/wiki/Waverley_Park_(Thunder_Bay)" title="Waverley Park (Thunder Bay)">Waverley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>, Ontario</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph, Victoria Park, London, Ontario"><img alt="Cenotaph, Victoria Park, London, Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg/100px-LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg/151px-LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg/201px-LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="858" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cenotaph, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London,_Ontario" title="Victoria Park, London, Ontario">Victoria Park, London, Ontario</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_War_Memorial_Niagara_Falls_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great War Memorial, Niagara Falls, Ontario"><img alt="Great War Memorial, Niagara Falls, Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Great_War_Memorial_Niagara_Falls_Canada.jpg/175px-Great_War_Memorial_Niagara_Falls_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Great_War_Memorial_Niagara_Falls_Canada.jpg/263px-Great_War_Memorial_Niagara_Falls_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Great_War_Memorial_Niagara_Falls_Canada.jpg/350px-Great_War_Memorial_Niagara_Falls_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great War Memorial, <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls, Ontario</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_Cenotaph.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Old City Hall Cenotaph, Toronto, Ontario"><img alt="Old City Hall Cenotaph, Toronto, Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Toronto_Cenotaph.JPG/112px-Toronto_Cenotaph.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Toronto_Cenotaph.JPG/169px-Toronto_Cenotaph.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Toronto_Cenotaph.JPG/225px-Toronto_Cenotaph.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_Cenotaph,_Toronto" title="Old City Hall Cenotaph, Toronto">Old City Hall Cenotaph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Ontario</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorySquare_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph (Victoria), Victory Square, Vancouver, British Columbia"><img alt="Cenotaph (Victoria), Victory Square, Vancouver, British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/VictorySquare_1932.jpg/175px-VictorySquare_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/VictorySquare_1932.jpg/263px-VictorySquare_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/VictorySquare_1932.jpg/350px-VictorySquare_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cenotaph (Victoria), <a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Vancouver" title="Victory Square, Vancouver">Victory Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Path_to_Place_du_Canada.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph, Place du Canada, Montreal, Quebec"><img alt="Cenotaph, Place du Canada, Montreal, Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Path_to_Place_du_Canada.JPG/175px-Path_to_Place_du_Canada.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Path_to_Place_du_Canada.JPG/263px-Path_to_Place_du_Canada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Path_to_Place_du_Canada.JPG/350px-Path_to_Place_du_Canada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph_(Montreal)" title="Cenotaph (Montreal)">Cenotaph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Canada" title="Place du Canada">Place du Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_park_cenotaph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph, Victoria Park, Regina, Saskatchewan"><img alt="Cenotaph, Victoria Park, Regina, Saskatchewan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Victoria_park_cenotaph.jpg/175px-Victoria_park_cenotaph.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Victoria_park_cenotaph.jpg/263px-Victoria_park_cenotaph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Victoria_park_cenotaph.jpg/350px-Victoria_park_cenotaph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph_(Saskatchewan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenotaph (Saskatchewan)">Cenotaph</a>, Victoria Park, <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina, Saskatchewan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Park_Cenotaph.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bruce Park Cenotaph, Winnipeg, Manitoba"><img alt="Bruce Park Cenotaph, Winnipeg, Manitoba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bruce_Park_Cenotaph.JPG/112px-Bruce_Park_Cenotaph.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bruce_Park_Cenotaph.JPG/169px-Bruce_Park_Cenotaph.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bruce_Park_Cenotaph.JPG/225px-Bruce_Park_Cenotaph.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Park#Bruce_Park_Cenotaph" title="Bruce Park">Bruce Park Cenotaph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glorious_Dead_Cenotaph,_Kolkata,_Remembrance_Day_2016_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glorious Dead Cenotaph, Kolkata, India"><img alt="Glorious Dead Cenotaph, Kolkata, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Glorious_Dead_Cenotaph%2C_Kolkata%2C_Remembrance_Day_2016_2.jpg/175px-Glorious_Dead_Cenotaph%2C_Kolkata%2C_Remembrance_Day_2016_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Glorious_Dead_Cenotaph%2C_Kolkata%2C_Remembrance_Day_2016_2.jpg/263px-Glorious_Dead_Cenotaph%2C_Kolkata%2C_Remembrance_Day_2016_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Glorious_Dead_Cenotaph%2C_Kolkata%2C_Remembrance_Day_2016_2.jpg/350px-Glorious_Dead_Cenotaph%2C_Kolkata%2C_Remembrance_Day_2016_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5877" data-file-height="4164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glorious Dead Cenotaph, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remembrance_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cenotaph located in Donegall Square in Belfast"><img alt="The Cenotaph located in Donegall Square in Belfast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Remembrance_Belfast.jpg/175px-Remembrance_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Remembrance_Belfast.jpg/263px-Remembrance_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Remembrance_Belfast.jpg/350px-Remembrance_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Cenotaph located in <a href="/wiki/Donegall_Square" title="Donegall Square">Donegall Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Étienne-Louis Boullée, fantasy sketch Cénotaphe a Newton (1784)"><img alt="Étienne-Louis Boullée, fantasy sketch Cénotaphe a Newton (1784)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg/175px-Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg/263px-Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg/350px-Newton_memorial_boullee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e" title="Étienne-Louis Boullée">Étienne-Louis Boullée</a>, fantasy sketch <i>Cénotaphe a Newton</i> (1784)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_Cenotaph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuala Lumpur cenotaph, National Monument, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"><img alt="Kuala Lumpur cenotaph, National Monument, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/KL_Cenotaph.jpg/112px-KL_Cenotaph.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/KL_Cenotaph.jpg/169px-KL_Cenotaph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/KL_Cenotaph.jpg/225px-KL_Cenotaph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kuala Lumpur cenotaph, <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Malaysia)" title="National Monument (Malaysia)">National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph at The Alamo, Spirit of Sacrifice, San Antonio, Texas"><img alt="Cenotaph at The Alamo, Spirit of Sacrifice, San Antonio, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg/100px-AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg/150px-AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg/200px-AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Cenotaph" title="Alamo Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">The Alamo</a>, <i>Spirit of Sacrifice</i>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenotaph_Aldershot_Gardens_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph in Aldershot in the UK, 'Home of the British Army'"><img alt="Cenotaph in Aldershot in the UK, 'Home of the British Army'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cenotaph_Aldershot_Gardens_2016.jpg/175px-Cenotaph_Aldershot_Gardens_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cenotaph_Aldershot_Gardens_2016.jpg/263px-Cenotaph_Aldershot_Gardens_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cenotaph_Aldershot_Gardens_2016.jpg/350px-Cenotaph_Aldershot_Gardens_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="2847" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cenotaph in <a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a> in the UK, 'Home of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Overzicht_Dam_tijdens_herdenking_des_avonds,_Bestanddeelnr_919-1110.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Monument, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"><img alt="National Monument, Amsterdam, The Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Overzicht_Dam_tijdens_herdenking_des_avonds%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-1110.jpg/151px-Overzicht_Dam_tijdens_herdenking_des_avonds%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-1110.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Overzicht_Dam_tijdens_herdenking_des_avonds%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-1110.jpg/226px-Overzicht_Dam_tijdens_herdenking_des_avonds%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-1110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Overzicht_Dam_tijdens_herdenking_des_avonds%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-1110.jpg/302px-Overzicht_Dam_tijdens_herdenking_des_avonds%2C_Bestanddeelnr_919-1110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Amsterdam)" title="National Monument (Amsterdam)">National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, The Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_Cape_Town_(MP)_2018_059.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cenotaph, Cape Town, South Africa"><img alt="The Cenotaph, Cape Town, South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/At_Cape_Town_%28MP%29_2018_059.jpg/108px-At_Cape_Town_%28MP%29_2018_059.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/At_Cape_Town_%28MP%29_2018_059.jpg/162px-At_Cape_Town_%28MP%29_2018_059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/At_Cape_Town_%28MP%29_2018_059.jpg/216px-At_Cape_Town_%28MP%29_2018_059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="3895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Cape_Town" title="The Cenotaph, Cape Town">The Cenotaph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_de_ville_de_Durban.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cenotaph, Durban, South Africa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hotel_de_ville_de_Durban.jpg/104px-Hotel_de_ville_de_Durban.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hotel_de_ville_de_Durban.jpg/156px-Hotel_de_ville_de_Durban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hotel_de_ville_de_Durban.jpg/209px-Hotel_de_ville_de_Durban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Durban" title="The Cenotaph, Durban">The Cenotaph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_du_M%C3%A9morial_Interalli%C3%A9_-_le_Phare_de_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interallied Memorial of Cointe, Liège, Belgium"><img alt="Interallied Memorial of Cointe, Liège, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tour_du_M%C3%A9morial_Interalli%C3%A9_-_le_Phare_de_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/74px-Tour_du_M%C3%A9morial_Interalli%C3%A9_-_le_Phare_de_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tour_du_M%C3%A9morial_Interalli%C3%A9_-_le_Phare_de_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/112px-Tour_du_M%C3%A9morial_Interalli%C3%A9_-_le_Phare_de_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tour_du_M%C3%A9morial_Interalli%C3%A9_-_le_Phare_de_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg/149px-Tour_du_M%C3%A9morial_Interalli%C3%A9_-_le_Phare_de_Li%C3%A8ge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="4400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Interallied_Memorial_of_Cointe" title="Interallied Memorial of Cointe">Interallied Memorial of Cointe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NZ_NP_Cenotaph_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cenotaph, New Plymouth, New Zealand"><img alt="Cenotaph, New Plymouth, New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NZ_NP_Cenotaph_%282%29.jpg/119px-NZ_NP_Cenotaph_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NZ_NP_Cenotaph_%282%29.jpg/178px-NZ_NP_Cenotaph_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NZ_NP_Cenotaph_%282%29.jpg/237px-NZ_NP_Cenotaph_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cenotaph, <a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Sacrifice" title="Cross of Sacrifice">Cross of Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">Epitaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave" title="Grave">Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorialization" title="Memorialization">Memorialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munstead_Wood" title="Munstead Wood">Munstead Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Remembrance" title="Shrine of Remembrance">Shrine of Remembrance</a> in Melbourne, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Remembrance" title="Stone of Remembrance">Stone of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani" title="Tropaeum Traiani">Tropaeum Traiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">War memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkin_Heritage_Trail" title="Donkin Heritage Trail">Donkin Heritage Trail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Whitney-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitney_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1914" class="citation cs2">Whitney, William Dwight (1914), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0dFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA882"><i>The Century Dictionary: The Century dictionary</i></a>, Century Company, 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lang="grc">κενός</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ta/fos1"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τάφος</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+World+War+Memorial+Plaza+Historic+District&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Findianapolis%2Fwwmemorialplaza.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dorsey-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dorsey_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorsey, John & Dilts, James D., <i>Guide to Baltimore Architecture</i> (1997) p. 145–146. Tidewater Publishers, Centreville, Maryland <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87033-477-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87033-477-8">0-87033-477-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation sign cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nlsd.net/Marker.htm"><i>New London School Explosion</i></a> (Historical marker). <a href="/wiki/New_London,_Texas" title="New London, Texas">New London, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission" title="Texas Historical Commission">Texas Historical Commission</a>. 1989. Marker Number: 11023 – via New London Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+London+School+Explosion&rft.place=New+London%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnlsd.net%2FMarker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarletHamalMainil2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barlet, Jacques; Hamal, Olivier; Mainil, Sébastien (2014). <i>Le Mémorial interallié de Cointe à Liège</i> (in French). IPW Institut du Patrimoine wallon. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782875221322" title="Special:BookSources/9782875221322"><bdi>9782875221322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+M%C3%A9morial+interalli%C3%A9+de+Cointe+%C3%A0+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=IPW+Institut+du+Patrimoine+wallon&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782875221322&rft.aulast=Barlet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Hamal%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Mainil%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/en/article/montaignes-tomb">"Montaigne's tomb | le site officiel du musée d'Aquitaine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montaigne%27s+tomb+%26%23124%3B+le+site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+d%27Aquitaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmontaignes-tomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.anecdotrip.com/anecdote/montaignes-cenotaph-in-bordeaux-aquitaine-museum-by-vinaigrette">"Montaigne's cenotaph in Bordeaux Aquitaine museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montaigne%27s+cenotaph+in+Bordeaux+Aquitaine+museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.anecdotrip.com%2Fanecdote%2Fmontaignes-cenotaph-in-bordeaux-aquitaine-museum-by-vinaigrette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skelton & Gliddon – Lutyens and the Great War, published 2008, Pages 23–47 (also see external link below: Cenotaph of Sigismunda and Lutyen's Whitehall Cenotaph)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Buildings of outstanding or national architectural or historic interest."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/visit/history/state-war-memorial">"Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority"</a>. <i>State War Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+War+Memorial&rft.atitle=Botanic+Gardens+and+Parks+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgpa.wa.gov.au%2Fkings-park%2Fvisit%2Fhistory%2Fstate-war-memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Many Waters Cannot Quench Love" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/documents.html">http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/documents.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glts.org/memorials/dc/arlington.html">"Titanic Memorials: Archibald Butt Cenotaph, Arlington National Cemetery – Arlington, VA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Titanic+Memorials%3A+Archibald+Butt+Cenotaph%2C+Arlington+National+Cemetery+%E2%80%93+Arlington%2C+VA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glts.org%2Fmemorials%2Fdc%2Farlington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aranislands.ie/aran-islands/inis-mor-inishmore/churches-celtic/Leachtai-Cuimhneachain-Stone-Memorials-for-Dead">"Leachtaí Cuimhneacháin (Stone Memorials for Dead)"</a>. <i>Aran Islands</i>. 16 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aran+Islands&rft.atitle=Leachta%C3%AD+Cuimhneach%C3%A1in+%28Stone+Memorials+for+Dead%29&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aranislands.ie%2Faran-islands%2Finis-mor-inishmore%2Fchurches-celtic%2FLeachtai-Cuimhneachain-Stone-Memorials-for-Dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike" class="citation web cs1">Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youririshheritage.com/have-you-been-to-inis-mhor-the-largest-of-the-aran-islands-off-county-galway/">"Have you been to Inis Mhór – the largest of the Aran Islands off County Galway? – Your Irish Heritage"</a>. <i>Your Irish Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+Irish+Heritage&rft.atitle=Have+you+been+to+Inis+Mh%C3%B3r+%E2%80%93+the+largest+of+the+Aran+Islands+off+County+Galway%3F+%E2%80%93+Your+Irish+Heritage&rft.au=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyouririshheritage.com%2Fhave-you-been-to-inis-mhor-the-largest-of-the-aran-islands-off-county-galway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/gibbs_martin">"Game Studies"</a>. September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Game+Studies&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgamestudies.org%2F1201%2Farticles%2Fgibbs_martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124012918/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iK44XQIzLos&gl=US&hl=en"><i>A Tribute to World of Warcraft Memorials</i></a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 13 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iK44XQIzLos#t=128">the original</a> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tribute+to+World+of+Warcraft+Memorials&rft.date=2013-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DiK44XQIzLos%23t%3D128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/72777">"In Memory of Hugh"</a>. 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Memory+of+Hugh&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexusmods.com%2Fskyrim%2Fmods%2F72777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2016" class="citation web cs1">Walker, John (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/01/13/rip-hugh-walker-1949-2016/">"RIP Hugh Walker, 1949–2016"</a>. <i>Rock, Paper, Shotgun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock%2C+Paper%2C+Shotgun&rft.atitle=RIP+Hugh+Walker%2C+1949%E2%80%932016&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockpapershotgun.com%2F2016%2F01%2F13%2Frip-hugh-walker-1949-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/63583/">"Bear – In memory of Taylor"</a>. 13 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bear+%E2%80%93+In+memory+of+Taylor&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexusmods.com%2Fskyrim%2Fmods%2F63583%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/skyrimmods/comments/2ydw5e/the_top_post_on_rgaming_right_now_is_about_a/">"The top post on r/gaming right now is about a Skyrim fan's "memorial". Maybe deserving of a mod?"</a>. 8 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+top+post+on+r%2Fgaming+right+now+is+about+a+Skyrim+fan%27s+%22memorial%22.+Maybe+deserving+of+a+mod%3F&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Fskyrimmods%2Fcomments%2F2ydw5e%2Fthe_top_post_on_rgaming_right_now_is_about_a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Kirsner2013" class="citation news cs1">Scott Kirsner (24 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2013/04/in_googles_ingress_augmented_r.html">"In Google's Ingress augmented reality game, a ceasefire at MIT and a memorial to slain officer Sean Collier"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=In+Google%27s+Ingress+augmented+reality+game%2C+a+ceasefire+at+MIT+and+a+memorial+to+slain+officer+Sean+Collier&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.au=Scott+Kirsner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Finnoeco%2F2013%2F04%2Fin_googles_ingress_augmented_r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208184110/https://sites.google.com/site/operationstruma/">"Operation Struma"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/operationstruma/">the original</a> on 8 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Struma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Foperationstruma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mira.be/nl/node/2371">"StardustForBowie, Mira in the eye of a Cyclone..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123022701/http://www.mira.be/nl/node/2371">Archived</a> 23 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MIRA. Retrieved 19 January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreps2016" class="citation news cs1">Kreps, Daniel (16 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/belgian-astronomers-pay-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-new-constellation-20160116">"Belgian Astronomers Pay Tribute to David Bowie With New Constellation"</a>. Rolling Stone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Belgian+Astronomers+Pay+Tribute+to+David+Bowie+With+New+Constellation&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fbelgian-astronomers-pay-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-new-constellation-20160116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cromp.com/download/pdfdocs/Secret%20of%20the%20cenotaph.pdf"><i>The Secret of the Cenotaph</i> by Andrew Crompton, 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221043/http://www.cromp.com/download/pdfdocs/Secret%20of%20the%20cenotaph.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303471004579166003278419502?KEYWORDS=cenotaph"><i>Stilling the Pulse of Time</i> by Bruce Cole, <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, 8 November 2013</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenotaph&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cenotaph" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cenotaph">cenotaph</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cenotaphs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cenotaphs">Cenotaphs</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cenotaph"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cenotaph">"Cenotaph" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cenotaph&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACenotaph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_London_School_explosion" title="New London School explosion">New London School explosion</a> cenotaph <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlse.org/monument.html">Memorial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180139/http://nlse.org/monument.html">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824161423/http://pocogardenclub.wordpress.com/2010/12/03/miss-jekyll-portrait-of-a-great-gardener/">Cenotaph of Sigismunda and Lutyen's Whitehall Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://counties.britishlegion.org.uk/media/4399156/sandbag-November-2014.pdf">Royal British Legion article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004711/http://counties.britishlegion.org.uk/media/4399156/sandbag-November-2014.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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