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<span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yakov Zeldovich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ياكوف زيلدوفيش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ياكوف زيلدوفيش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A1kov_Zeld%C3%B3vich" title="Yákov Zeldóvich – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yákov Zeldóvich" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovi%C3%A7" title="Yakov Zeldoviç – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yakov Zeldoviç" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="یاکوف زلدوویچ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاکوف زلدوویچ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%97%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Якаў Барысавіч Зяльдовіч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Якаў Барысавіч Зяльдовіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Яков Зелдович – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Яков Зелдович" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A0kov_Zeld%C3%B3vitx" title="Iàkov Zeldóvitx – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iàkov Zeldóvitx" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Зельдович Яков Борисович – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Зельдович Яков Борисович" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Borisovi%C4%8D_Zeldovi%C4%8D" title="Jakov Borisovič Zeldovič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakov Borisovič Zeldovič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakow_Borissowitsch_Seldowitsch" title="Jakow Borissowitsch Seldowitsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakow Borissowitsch Seldowitsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Zeldovit%C5%A1" title="Jakov Zeldovitš – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jakov Zeldovitš" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2_%CE%96%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Γιάκοβ Ζελντόβιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιάκοβ Ζελντόβιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A1kov_Zeld%C3%B3vich" title="Yákov Zeldóvich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yákov Zeldóvich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Zeldovitx" title="Jakov Zeldovitx – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakov Zeldovitx" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="یاکوف زلدوویچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یاکوف زلدوویچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakov_Zeldovitch" title="Iakov Zeldovitch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iakov Zeldovitch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakov_Zeldovich" title="Iakov Zeldovich – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iakov Zeldovich" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%94%ED%94%84_%EC%A0%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98" title="야코프 젤도비치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야코프 젤도비치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Յակով Զելդովիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յակով Զելդովիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Zeldovi%C4%8D" title="Jakov Zeldovič – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakov Zeldovič" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yakov Zeldovich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Borisovi%C4%8D_Zel%27dovi%C4%8D" title="Jakov Borisovič Zel'dovič – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jakov Borisovič Zel'dovič" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%27" title="יעקב זלדוביץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יעקב זלדוביץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Яков Борисович Зельдович – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Яков Борисович Зельдович" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Borisovich_Zel%27dovich" title="Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Яков Зельдович – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Яков Зельдович" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Zel%27dovi%C4%8D" title="Iacobus Zel'dovič – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Zel'dovič" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakovs_Ze%C4%BCdovi%C4%8Ds" title="Jakovs Zeļdovičs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jakovs Zeļdovičs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Boriszovics_Zeldovics" title="Jakov Boriszovics Zeldovics – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jakov Boriszovics Zeldovics" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakov_Zeldovitch" title="Iakov Zeldovitch – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iakov Zeldovitch" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ياكوف زيلدوفيش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ياكوف زيلدوفيش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Borisovitsj_Zeldovitsj" title="Jakov Borisovitsj Zeldovitsj – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jakov Borisovitsj Zeldovitsj" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%83%81" title="ヤーコフ・ゼルドビッチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤーコフ・ゼルドビッチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yakov Zeldovich" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakow_Zeldowicz" title="Jakow Zeldowicz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakow Zeldowicz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Seldovich" title="Jakov Seldovich – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jakov Seldovich" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakov_Zeldovici" title="Iakov Zeldovici – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iakov Zeldovici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Зельдович, Яков Борисович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зельдович, Яков Борисович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Borisovich_Zel%27dovich&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich">Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet physicist, physical chemist and cosmologist (1914–1987)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Borisovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Zeldovich</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Yakov Zeldovich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Яков Зельдович</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Russia_2014_YaB_Zel%27dovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stamp_of_Russia_2014_YaB_Zel%27dovich.jpg/220px-Stamp_of_Russia_2014_YaB_Zel%27dovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stamp_of_Russia_2014_YaB_Zel%27dovich.jpg/330px-Stamp_of_Russia_2014_YaB_Zel%27dovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stamp_of_Russia_2014_YaB_Zel%27dovich.jpg/440px-Stamp_of_Russia_2014_YaB_Zel%27dovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="713" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Y. B. Zeldovich (1914–87) on a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Post" title="Russian Post">Russian Post</a> stamp</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Zeldovich, Yakov Borisovich<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Зельдо́вич, Я́ков Бори́сович)</span></div><br />8 March 1914<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Governorate" title="Minsk Governorate">Minsk Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(now Minsk in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1987<span style="display:none">(1987-12-02)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a> in Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siglum</th><td class="infobox-data">YaB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">USSR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunyaev%E2%80%93Zeldovich_effect" title="Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect">Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/ZND_detonation_model" title="ZND detonation model">ZND detonation model</a><br />Zeldovich approximation<br /><a href="/wiki/Antidynamo_theorem" title="Antidynamo theorem">Zeldovich antidynamo theorem</a><br />Zeldovich equation of state<br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_nucleation_theory#Description" title="Classical nucleation theory">Zeldovich factor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zeldovich_mechanism" title="Zeldovich mechanism">Zeldovich mechanism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zeldovich_number" title="Zeldovich number">Zeldovich number</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zeldovich_pancake" title="Zeldovich pancake">Zeldovich pancake</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Superradiance#Astrophysics_and_relativity" title="Superradiance">Zeldovich radiation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Matter_power_spectrum#Development_according_to_gravitational_expansion" title="Matter power spectrum">Harrison–Zeldovich spectrum</a><br />Zeldovich streaming model<br /><a href="/wiki/Zeldovich_regularization" title="Zeldovich regularization">Zeldovich regularization</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zeldovich_spontaneous_wave" title="Zeldovich spontaneous wave">Zeldovich spontaneous wave</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zeldovich%E2%80%93Li%C3%B1%C3%A1n_model" title="Zeldovich–Liñán model">Zeldovich–Liñán model</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Zeldovich%E2%80%93Taylor_flow" title="Zeldovich–Taylor flow">Zeldovich–Taylor flow</a><br />BZT fluid<br /><a href="/wiki/Shvab%E2%80%93Zeldovich_formulation" title="Shvab–Zeldovich formulation">Shvab–Zeldovich formulation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/ZFK_equation" title="ZFK equation">ZFK equation</a> <br />Pauli–Zeldovich cancellation<br /><a href="/wiki/Activation_energy_asymptotics" title="Activation energy asymptotics">Activation energy asymptotics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diffusive%E2%80%93thermal_instability" title="Diffusive–thermal instability">Diffusive–thermal instability</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_memory_effect" title="Gravitational memory effect">Gravitational memory effect</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Method_of_matched_asymptotic_expansions" title="Method of matched asymptotic expansions">Method of matched asymptotic expansions</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Primordial_black_hole" title="Primordial black hole">Primordial black hole</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Self-similar_solution" title="Self-similar solution">Self-similar solution of the second kind</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Four-current#Quantum_field_theory" title="Four-current">Vector current conservation hypothesis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedmann_Prize" title="Friedmann Prize">Friedmann Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">Dirac Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1985)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kurchatov_Medal" title="Kurchatov Medal">Kurchatov Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Prize" title="Lenin Prize">Lenin Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Socialist Labor">Hero of Socialist Labor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949, 1954, 1956)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Physics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chemical_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Chemical Physics">Institute of Chemical Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sternberg_Astronomical_Institute" title="Sternberg Astronomical Institute">Sternberg Astronomical Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWx4AAAAQBAJ&q=zel%27dovich+degree+1939&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false">Theory of Nitrogen Oxidation</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1939)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Frumkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Frumkin">Aleksandr Frumkin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kopeikin" title="Sergei Kopeikin">Sergei Kopeikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Romanova" title="Marina Romanova">Marina Romanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Juszkiewicz" title="Roman Juszkiewicz">Roman Juszkiewicz</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Igor Novikov</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Shandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Shandarin (page does not exist)">Sergei Shandarin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шандарин, Сергей Фёдорович">ru</a>]</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Starobinsky" title="Alexei Starobinsky">Alexei Starobinsky</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_M._Lipunov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir M. Lipunov">Vladimir M. Lipunov</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Shvartsman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Shvartsman (page does not exist)">Victor Shvartsman</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шварцман, Викторий Фавлович">ru</a>]</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Varun_Sahni" title="Varun Sahni">Varun Sahni</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Dultzin" title="Deborah Dultzin">Deborah Dultzin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-sky image derived from nine years' WMAP data" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/220px-WMAP_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/330px-WMAP_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/440px-WMAP_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:0;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early universe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Inflation</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Backgrounds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave (GWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Microwave (CMB)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background" title="Cosmic neutrino background">Neutrino (CNB)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expansion <b>·</b> Future</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">FLRW metric</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhomogeneous_cosmology" title="Inhomogeneous cosmology">Inhomogeneous cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components <b>·</b> Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure" title="Observable universe">Large-scale structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">Structure formation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Experiments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative (BHI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Survey" title="Dark Energy Survey">Dark Energy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck space observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy<br />Probe (WMAP)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aaronson" title="Marc Aaronson">Aaronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Alpher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Dicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B._Suntzeff" title="Nicholas B. Suntzeff">Suntzeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Sunyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zeldovich</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmologists" title="List of cosmologists">List of cosmologists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Subject_history" title="Physical cosmology">Subject history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of cosmic microwave<br />background radiation</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">History of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_cosmology" title="Category:Physical cosmology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_cosmology" title="Template talk:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Я́ков Бори́сович Зельдо́вич</span>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Я́каў Бары́савіч Зяльдо́віч</span>; 8 March 1914 – 2 December 1987), also known as <b>YaB</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-sai-msu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sai-msu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">D.S.</a></span> was a leading <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physicist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian origin</a>, who is known for his prolific contributions in physical <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmology</a>, physics of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">thermonuclear reactions</a>, combustion, and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">hydrodynamical</a> phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1943, Zeldovich, a self-taught physicist, started his career by playing a crucial role in the development of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet program of nuclear weapons</a>. In 1963, he returned to academia to embark on pioneering contributions on the fundamental understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" title="Black hole thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a> and expanding the scope of physical cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yakov Zeldovich was born into a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarusian Jewish</a> family in his grandfather's house in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in mid-1914, the Zeldovich family moved to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. They resided there until August 1941, when the family was evacuated together with the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Problems_of_Chemical_Physics" title="Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics">Institute of Chemical Physics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Axis Invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 301">: 301 </span></sup> They remained in Kazan until the summer of 1943, when Zeldovich moved to Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father, Boris Naumovich Zeldovich, was a lawyer; his mother, Anna Petrovna Zeldovich (née Kiveliovich), a translator from French to Russian, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers" title="Union of Soviet Writers">Writer's Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being born into a devoted and religious Jewish family, Zeldovich was an "absolute <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeldovich was an <a href="/wiki/Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">autodidact</a>. He was regarded as having a remarkably versatile intellect, and during his life he explored and made major contributions to a wide range of scientific endeavors.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a given opportunity in May 1931, he secured an appointment as a laboratory assistant at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Problems_of_Chemical_Physics" title="Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics">Institute of Chemical Physics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union">Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union</a>, and remained associated with the institute for the remainder of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 301">: 301 </span></sup> As a laboratory assistant, he received preliminary instructions on the topics involved in the <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> and built up his reputation among his seniors at the Institute of Chemical Physics.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 301">: 301 </span></sup> </p><p>From 1932 to 1934, Zeldovich attended the undergraduate courses on physics and mathematics at the Leningrad State University (now <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a>), and later attended the technical lectures on introductory physics at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (now <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_St._Petersburg_Polytechnic_University" title="Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University">Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 301">: 301 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics,_Inc._Luca_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics,_Inc._Luca-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–5">: 2–5 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1936, he was successful in his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidate of Science">Candidate of Science</a> degree (a Soviet equivalent of PhD), having successfully defended his dissertation on the topic of the "<a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> on heterogeneous surfaces".<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 301">: 301 </span></sup> The centrality of his thesis focused towards the research on the <i>Freundlich (or classical) adsorption isotherm</i>, and Zeldovich discovered the theoretical foundation of this empirical observation.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, Zeldovich prepared his dissertation based on the mathematical theory of the physical interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxidation</a>, and successfully received the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">mathematical physics</a> when it was reviewed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Frumkin" title="Alexander Frumkin">Alexander Frumkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_Hargittai_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press_Hargittai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–40">: 39–40 </span></sup> Zeldovich discovered its mechanism, known in <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> as the <a href="/wiki/NOx#Thermal" title="NOx">thermal <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000002A-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub></span> mechanism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zeldovich_mechanism" title="Zeldovich mechanism">Zeldovich mechanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_program_of_nuclear_weapons">Soviet program of nuclear weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet program of nuclear weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet atomic bomb program">Soviet atomic bomb program</a></div> <p>Zeldovich is regarded as a secret principal of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet nuclear weapons project</a>; his travels abroad were highly restricted, to Eastern Europe, under close Soviet security.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Khalatnikov_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Khalatnikov-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198–199">: 198–199 </span></sup> Soon after the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> (by German chemist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> in 1939) Russian physicists had begun investigating the scope of nuclear-fission physics, and undertook seminars on that topic; <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yulii_Khariton" title="Yulii Khariton">Yulii Khariton</a> were engaged in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79–80">: 79–80 </span></sup> </p><p>In May 1941, Zeldovich worked with Khariton in constructing a theory, on the kinetics of nuclear reactions in the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> The work of Khariton and Zeldovich was extended into theories of ignition, <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>; these accounted for features which had not previously been correctly predicted, observed, nor explained.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern theory of detonation accordingly is called the <a href="/wiki/ZND_detonation_model" title="ZND detonation model">Zeldovich-von Neumann-Dohring, or ZND, theory</a>, and its development involved tedious <a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_calculations" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron calculations">fast neutron calculations</a>; this work had been delayed, due to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which obstructed progress on findings that in June 1941 would be de-classified.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> In 1942, Zeldovich was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, and tasked by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agricultural_Machine_Building" title="Ministry of Agricultural Machine Building">People's Commissariat of Munitions</a> to carry out work on conventional <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gun powders</a> to be supplied to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>, while Khariton was asked to design the new types of conventional weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87–88">: 87–88 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> decided to launch an <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">arms build-up</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons</a>, under the charge of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a>; the latter requested Stalin to relocate Zeldovich and Khariton to Moscow, in the nuclear weapons program.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87–88">: 87–88 </span></sup> Zeldovich joined <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a>'s small team at this secretive laboratory in Moscow to launch the work on the nuclear combustion theory, and became a head of the theoretical department at the <a href="/wiki/Arzamas_16" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzamas 16">Arzamas-16</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaak_Gurevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaak Gurevich (page does not exist)">Isaak Gurevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Pomeranchuk" title="Isaak Pomeranchuk">Isaak Pomeranchuk</a>, and Khariton, Zeldovich prepared a scientific report on the feasibility of releasing energy through nuclear fusion triggered by an atomic explosion, and presented it to Igor Kurchatov.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeldovich had benefitted from physical and technical knowledge provided by German physicist <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a> and American physicist <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a>, who each had worked on the American <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> to develop nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89–90">: 89–90 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1949, Zeldovich led a team of physicists that conducted the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear test</a>, the <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">RDS-1</a>, based roughly on the <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">American design</a> obtained through the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">atomic spies</a> in the United States, though he continued his fundamental work on explosive theory.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89–90">: 89–90 </span></sup> Zeldovich then began working on modernizing the successive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">designs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> and initially conceived the idea of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a> to <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89–90">: 89–90 </span></sup> In the course of his work on nuclear weapons, Zeldovich did ground-breaking work in radiation hydrodynamics, and the physics of matter at high pressure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 1950 and 1953, Zeldovich performed calculations necessary for the feasibility of the <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">hydrogen bomb</a> that were verified by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a>, although the two groups worked in parallel on the development of the thermonuclear fusion. However, it was Sakharov that radically changed the approach to thermonuclear fusion, aided by <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer,_Roberg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer,_Roberg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–57">: 56–57 </span></sup> He remained associated with the nuclear testing program, while heading the experimental laboratories at <a href="/wiki/Arzamas" title="Arzamas">Arzamas</a>-<a href="/wiki/Arzamas_16" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzamas 16">16</a> until October 1963, when he left for academia.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_Hargittai_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press_Hargittai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–40">: 38–40 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academia_and_cosmology">Academia and cosmology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academia and cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, Zeldovich began work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> and their transformations. He predicted the <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pi meson</a>. Together with <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Gershtein" title="Semyon Gershtein">Semyon Gershtein</a> he noticed the analogy between the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic interactions</a>, and in 1960, he predicted the <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muon</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> (more precisely, the muon-catalysed dt-fusion) phenomenon. In 1977, Zeldovich together with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fyodor_Shapiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fyodor Shapiro (page does not exist)">Fyodor Shapiro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шапиро, Фёдор Львович">ru</a>]</span> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Kurchatov_Medal" title="Kurchatov Medal">Kurchatov Medal</a>, the highest award in nuclear physics of the Soviet Union. The citation was "for prediction of characteristics of ultracold <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, their detection and investigation". He was elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences on 20 June 1958. He was a head of division at the <a href="/wiki/Keldysh_Institute_of_Applied_Mathematics" title="Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics">Institute of the Applied Mathematics</a> of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1965 until January 1983.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I._S._Shklovsky_and_Ya._B._Zel%27dovich,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/I._S._Shklovsky_and_Ya._B._Zel%27dovich%2C_1977.jpg/220px-I._S._Shklovsky_and_Ya._B._Zel%27dovich%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/I._S._Shklovsky_and_Ya._B._Zel%27dovich%2C_1977.jpg/330px-I._S._Shklovsky_and_Ya._B._Zel%27dovich%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/I._S._Shklovsky_and_Ya._B._Zel%27dovich%2C_1977.jpg/440px-I._S._Shklovsky_and_Ya._B._Zel%27dovich%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>Zeldovich (right) with astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Shklovsky" title="Iosif Shklovsky">Iosif Shklovsky</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1960s, Zeldovich started working in <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a>. In 1964, he and independently <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ernest_Salpeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Ernest Salpeter">Edwin Salpeter</a> were the first to suggest that <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Accretion disc">accretion discs</a> around massive <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a> are responsible for the huge amounts of energy radiated by <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1965, he was a professor at the Department of Physics of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> and a head of the division of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">Relativistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics#Theoretical_astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sternberg_Astronomical_Institute" title="Sternberg Astronomical Institute">Sternberg Astronomical Institute</a>. In 1966, he and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Igor Novikov</a> were the first to propose searching for black hole candidates among binary systems in which one star is optically bright and X-ray dark and the other optically dark but X-ray bright (the black hole candidate).<sup id="cite_ref-Thorne_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorne-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeldovich worked on the theory of the evolution of the hot universe, the properties of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">microwave background radiation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">large-scale structure of the universe</a>, and the theory of <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>. He predicted, with <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a>, that the cosmic microwave background should undergo inverse <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a>. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Sunyaev-Zeldovich_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect">Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect</a>, and measurements by telescopes such as the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Cosmology_Telescope" title="Atacama Cosmology Telescope">Atacama Cosmology Telescope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole Telescope</a> has established it as one of the key observational probes of cluster cosmology. Zeldovich contributed sharp insights into the nature of the large scale structure of the universe, in particular, through the use of Lagrangian perturbation theory (the Zeldovich approximation) and the application of the Burgers' equation approach via the adhesion approximation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1974, in collaboration with A. G. Polnarev, suggested the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_memory_effect" title="Gravitational memory effect">gravitational memory effect</a>, for which a system of freely falling particles initially at relative rest are displaced after the passing of a burst of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_hole_thermodynamics">Black hole thermodynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Black hole thermodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zeldovich played a key role in developing the theory of <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation#Black_hole_evaporation" title="Hawking radiation">black hole evaporation</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a>. Zeldovich and <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Charles W. Misner</a> concomitantly predicted the possibility of particle generation by rotating <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr black holes</a> in 1971, 1972. Previously, In 1965, Zeldovich had predicted that Kerr black holes would split the emission lines of photons as in a Zeeman effect. During <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>'s visit to Moscow in 1973, Soviet scientists Zeldovich and <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Starobinsky" title="Alexei Starobinsky">Alexei Starobinsky</a> showed Hawking that, according to the quantum mechanical <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotating_black_hole" title="Rotating black hole">rotating black holes</a> should create and emit particles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his wife, Varvara Pavlovna Konstantinova, Yakov Zeldovich had a son and two daughters who were also physicists: son – <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yakovlevich_Zeldovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Yakovlevich Zeldovich">Boris Zeldovich</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-USU2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USU2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> daughters – Olga Yakovlevna Zeldovich and Marina Yakovlevna Zeldovich.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zeldovich also had a daughter, Annushka, with O.K. Shiryaeva.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He had one more daughter in 1945, Alexandra Varkovitskaya, with a linguist and folklorist <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Варковицкая, Людмила Александровна">Ludmila Varkovitskaya</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zeldovich had another son with Nina Nikolaevna Agapova in 1958, whose name was Leonid Yakovlevich Agapov; he died in 2016 at the age of 58.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Ruzmaikin_A.A.2015" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Ruzmaikin A.A. (2015). <i>Dynamo Problems in Astrophysics</i>. Cambridge Scientific Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1908106445" title="Special:BookSources/978-1908106445"><bdi>978-1908106445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamo+Problems+in+Astrophysics&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1908106445&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Ruzmaikin+A.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Novikov_I.D.2014" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Novikov I.D. (2014). <i>Stars and Relativity</i>. Dover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stars+and+Relativity&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Novikov+I.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Raizer_Yu.P.2012" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Raizer Yu.P. (2012). <i>Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, Volume 1</i>. Dover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Shock+Waves+and+High-Temperature+Hydrodynamic+Phenomena%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Raizer+Yu.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Raizer_Yu.P.2012" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Raizer Yu.P. (2012). <i>Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, Volume 2</i>. Dover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Shock+Waves+and+High-Temperature+Hydrodynamic+Phenomena%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Raizer+Yu.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerelomov_A._M.,_Zel'dovich_Ya.B.1999" class="citation book cs1">Perelomov A. M., Zel'dovich Ya.B. (1999). <i>Quantum Mechanics: Selected Topics</i>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9810235505" title="Special:BookSources/978-9810235505"><bdi>978-9810235505</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Mechanics%3A+Selected+Topics&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9810235505&rft.au=Perelomov+A.+M.%2C+Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Myskis_A._D.1976" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Myskis A. D. (1976). <i>Elements of Applied Mathematics</i>. Mir Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Applied+Mathematics&rft.pub=Mir+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Myskis+A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Myskis_A._D." class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Myskis A. D. <i>Elements of Mathematical Physics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Mathematical+Physics&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Myskis+A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.1993" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B. (1993). <i>Selected Works of Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich: Particles, Nuclei, and the Universe</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691087429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691087429"><bdi>978-0691087429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Yakov+Borisovich+Zeldovich%3A+Particles%2C+Nuclei%2C+and+the+Universe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0691087429&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.1992" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B. (1992). <i>Selected Works of Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich: Chemical Physics and Hydrodynamics</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691085944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691085944"><bdi>978-0691085944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Yakov+Borisovich+Zeldovich%3A+Chemical+Physics+and+Hydrodynamics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0691085944&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.1992" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B. (1992). <i>My Universe: Selected Reviews</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3718650040" title="Special:BookSources/978-3718650040"><bdi>978-3718650040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Universe%3A+Selected+Reviews&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3718650040&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Ruzmaikin_A.A.,_Sokoloff_D.D.1990" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Ruzmaikin A.A., Sokoloff D.D. (1990). <i>Magnetic Fields in Astrophysics</i>. Gordon & Breach Science Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0677223308" title="Special:BookSources/978-0677223308"><bdi>978-0677223308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Fields+in+Astrophysics&rft.pub=Gordon+%26+Breach+Science+Pub&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0677223308&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Ruzmaikin+A.A.%2C+Sokoloff+D.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Ruzmaikin_A.A.,_Sokoloff_D.D.1990" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Ruzmaikin A.A., Sokoloff D.D. (1990). <i>The Almighty Chance</i>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971509163" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971509163"><bdi>978-9971509163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almighty+Chance&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9971509163&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Ruzmaikin+A.A.%2C+Sokoloff+D.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Barenblatt_G.,_Librovich_V.B.,_Makhviladze_G.M.1985" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Barenblatt G., Librovich V.B., Makhviladze G.M. (1985). <i>The Mathematical Theory of Combustion and Explosions</i>. Consultants Bureau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306109744" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306109744"><bdi>978-0306109744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mathematical+Theory+of+Combustion+and+Explosions&rft.pub=Consultants+Bureau&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0306109744&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Barenblatt+G.%2C+Librovich+V.B.%2C+Makhviladze+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Pilipetsky_N.F.,_Shukunov_V.V.1985" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Pilipetsky N.F., Shukunov V.V. (1985). <i>Principles of Phase Conjugation</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-13573-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-13573-0"><bdi>978-3-662-13573-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Phase+Conjugation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-662-13573-0&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Pilipetsky+N.F.%2C+Shukunov+V.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Novikov_I.D.1983" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Novikov I.D. (1983). <i>Relativistic Astrophysics: The Structure and Evolution of the Universe vol 2</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226979571" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226979571"><bdi>978-0226979571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Astrophysics%3A+The+Structure+and+Evolution+of+the+Universe+vol+2&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0226979571&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Novikov+I.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Novikov_I.D.1971" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Novikov I.D. (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relativisticastr0001zeld"><i>Relativistic Astrophysics: Stars and Relativity vol 1</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226979557" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226979557"><bdi>978-0226979557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Astrophysics%3A+Stars+and+Relativity+vol+1&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0226979557&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Novikov+I.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frelativisticastr0001zeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Raizer_Yu.P.1968" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Raizer Yu.P. (1968). <i>Elements of Gasdynamics and the Classical Theory of Shock Waves</i>. Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Gasdynamics+and+the+Classical+Theory+of+Shock+Waves&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Raizer+Yu.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich,_Yakov_B.;_Kompaneets,_Aleksandr_Solomonovich1960" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich, Yakov B.; Kompaneets, Aleksandr Solomonovich (1960). <i>Theory of Detonation</i>. Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Detonation&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Zel%27dovich%2C+Yakov+B.%3B+Kompaneets%2C+Aleksandr+Solomonovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich_Ya.B.,_Yaglom_I.M.1988" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich Ya.B., Yaglom I.M. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highermathforbeg0000zeld"><i>Higher mathematics for beginning physicists and engineers</i></a></span>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0133876482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0133876482"><bdi>978-0133876482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Higher+mathematics+for+beginning+physicists+and+engineers&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0133876482&rft.au=Zel%27dovich+Ya.B.%2C+Yaglom+I.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighermathforbeg0000zeld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeldovich_Ya._B.1946" class="citation book cs1">Zeldovich Ya. B. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeldovich-theory-of-shock-waves-and-introductionc-to-gas-dynamics/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Theory of shock waves and introduction to gas dynamics</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+shock+waves+and+introduction+to+gas+dynamics&rft.date=1946&rft.au=Zeldovich+Ya.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzeldovich-theory-of-shock-waves-and-introductionc-to-gas-dynamics%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a> called him a "genius" and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> named him "a man of universal scientific interests." After the first meeting in Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen W. Hawking</a> wrote to Zeldovich: "now I know that you are a real person and not a group of scientists like <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki" title="Nicolas Bourbaki">Bourbaki</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1975),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1979),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1979).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(ICTP)" title="Dirac Medal (ICTP)">Dirac Medal of the ICTP</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> (1984).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurchatov_Medal" title="Kurchatov Medal">Kurchatov Medal</a> (1977)</li> <li>Three times <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Socialist Labor">Hero of Socialist Labor</a> (1949, 1953, 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">Stalin Prize</a> (1943, 1949, 1951, 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Prize" title="Lenin Prize">Lenin Prize</a> (1957)</li> <li>Three <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Orders of Lenin</a> (1949, 1962, 1974)</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Orders of the Red Banner of Labour</a> (1945,1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution" title="Order of the October Revolution">Order of the October Revolution</a> (1962)</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/11438_Zeldovich" class="mw-redirect" title="11438 Zeldovich">11438 Zeldovich</a> was named in his honor in 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://xray.sai.msu.ru/~mystery/html/Z/planet/planet.html">[1]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzburg1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg, V. L.</a> (1994). "Yakov Borissovich Zeldovich. 8 March 1914–2 December 1987". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>40</b>: 430–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1994.0049">10.1098/rsbm.1994.0049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122681428">122681428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Yakov+Borissovich+Zeldovich.+8+March+1914%E2%80%932+December+1987&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=430-441&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1994.0049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122681428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ginzburg&rft.aufirst=V.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sai-msu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sai-msu_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://master.sai.msu.ru/en/zelcen/">"YaB-100 – Homepage"</a>. <i>master.sai.msu.ru</i>. sai-msu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=master.sai.msu.ru&rft.atitle=YaB-100+%E2%80%93+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaster.sai.msu.ru%2Fen%2Fzelcen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYa._B._Zel'dovich_and_Yu._P._Raizer;_ed._by_Wallace_D._Hayes_and_Ronald_F._Probstein2002" class="citation book cs1">Ya. B. Zel'dovich and Yu. P. Raizer; ed. by Wallace D. Hayes and Ronald F. Probstein (2002). <i>Physics of shock waves and high-temperature hydrodynamic phenomena</i> (Reprod. ed.). Mineola: N.Y. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42002-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42002-7"><bdi>0-486-42002-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+shock+waves+and+high-temperature+hydrodynamic+phenomena&rft.place=Mineola&rft.edition=Reprod.&rft.pub=N.Y.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-486-42002-7&rft.au=Ya.+B.+Zel%27dovich+and+Yu.+P.+Raizer%3B+ed.+by+Wallace+D.+Hayes+and+Ronald+F.+Probstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclear_weapon_archives_Sublette_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSublette2002" class="citation web cs1">Sublette, Carey (1 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/Zeldovch.html">"Yakov Zel'dovich"</a>. <i>nuclearweaponarchive.org</i>. nuclear weapon archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuclearweaponarchive.org&rft.atitle=Yakov+Zel%27dovich&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.aulast=Sublette&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnuclearweaponarchive.org%2FRussia%2FZeldovch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/this-day-in-jewish-history/this-day-in-jewish-history-a-self-taught-nuclear-physicist-is-born-1.508640/">"This day in Jewish history / A self-taught nuclear physicist is born"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. 8 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=This+day+in+Jewish+history+%2F+A+self-taught+nuclear+physicist+is+born&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fthis-day-in-jewish-history%2Fthis-day-in-jewish-history-a-self-taught-nuclear-physicist-is-born-1.508640%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC_Press_Sunyaev-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press_Sunyaev_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunyaev2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Sunyaev, Rashid</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBAc8701A6wC&q=zel%27dovich+ceducation&pg=PA301">"Childhood and School days"</a>. <i>Zeldovich Reminiscences</i> (1 ed.). London: CRC Press. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203500163" title="Special:BookSources/9780203500163"><bdi>9780203500163</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Childhood+and+School+days&rft.btitle=Zeldovich+Reminiscences.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=370&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780203500163&rft.aulast=Sunyaev&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJBAc8701A6wC%26q%3Dzel%2527dovich%2Bceducation%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich,_Yakov_Borisovich2004" class="citation book cs1">Zel'dovich, Yakov Borisovich (2004). Sunyaev, R.A. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeldovichreminis00libg"><i>Zeldovich: Reminiscences</i></a></span>. CRC Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zeldovichreminis00libg/page/n95">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415287906" title="Special:BookSources/9780415287906"><bdi>9780415287906</bdi></a>. <q>I think that you know me well enough: I am an absolute atheist, and all days of the week are completely the same to me.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeldovich%3A+Reminiscences&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415287906&rft.au=Zel%27dovich%2C+Yakov+Borisovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzeldovichreminis00libg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Andrei Sakharov: Facets of a Life</i>. Atlantica Séguier Frontières. 1991. p. 599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782863320969" title="Special:BookSources/9782863320969"><bdi>9782863320969</bdi></a>. <q>Speaking about religion, Yakov Borisovich could say unambiguously, "I'm an absolute atheist".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrei+Sakharov%3A+Facets+of+a+Life&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=Atlantica+S%C3%A9guier+Fronti%C3%A8res&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9782863320969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics,_Inc._Luca-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics,_Inc._Luca_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirignanoMerzhanovDe_Luca1997" class="citation book cs1">Sirignano, W.; Merzhanov, A.; De Luca, L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYQHMDKCQkQC&q=zel%27dovich+degree+1939&pg=PP17">"Biography"</a>. <i>Advances in combustion science : in honor of Ya. B. Zel'dovich</i> (173 ed.). Reston, Va.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781600864261" title="Special:BookSources/9781600864261"><bdi>9781600864261</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.btitle=Advances+in+combustion+science+%3A+in+honor+of+Ya.+B.+Zel%27dovich&rft.place=Reston%2C+Va.&rft.pages=500&rft.edition=173&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781600864261&rft.aulast=Sirignano&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Merzhanov%2C+A.&rft.au=De+Luca%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYQHMDKCQkQC%26q%3Dzel%2527dovich%2Bdegree%2B1939%26pg%3DPP17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press_Hargittai-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_Hargittai_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_Hargittai_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargittai2013" class="citation book cs1">Hargittai, Istvan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWx4AAAAQBAJ&q=zel%27dovich+degree+1939&pg=PA39"><i>Buried glory : portraits of Soviet scientists</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199985593" title="Special:BookSources/9780199985593"><bdi>9780199985593</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buried+glory+%3A+portraits+of+Soviet+scientists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199985593&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=Istvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWx4AAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dzel%2527dovich%2Bdegree%2B1939%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer,_Khalatnikov-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Khalatnikov_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalatnikov2012" class="citation book cs1">Khalatnikov, Isaak M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5w09evl6wqYC&q=yakov+borisovich+zel%27dovich+nuclear+weapons&pg=PA198"><i>From the atomic bomb to the Landau Institute autobiography. Top non-secret</i></a>. Berlin: Springer, Khalatnikov. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642275616" title="Special:BookSources/9783642275616"><bdi>9783642275616</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+atomic+bomb+to+the+Landau+Institute+autobiography.+Top+non-secret&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Khalatnikov&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783642275616&rft.aulast=Khalatnikov&rft.aufirst=Isaak+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5w09evl6wqYC%26q%3Dyakov%2Bborisovich%2Bzel%2527dovich%2Bnuclear%2Bweapons%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer,_Roberg-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Springer,_Roberg_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Roberg, Jeffrey L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zTS_DAAAQBAJ&q=zel%27dovich+hydrogen+bomb+1949&pg=PA56">"The Hydrogen Bomb"</a>. <i>Soviet Science under Control: The Struggle for Influence</i> (1 ed.). U.S.: Springer. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349262908" title="Special:BookSources/9781349262908"><bdi>9781349262908</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hydrogen+Bomb&rft.btitle=Soviet+Science+under+Control%3A+The+Struggle+for+Influence&rft.place=U.S.&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781349262908&rft.aulast=Roberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzTS_DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dzel%2527dovich%2Bhydrogen%2Bbomb%2B1949%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollin,_Suzy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Collin, Suzy (2006). "Quasars and Galactic Nuclei, a Half-Century Agitated Story". <i>AIP Conf. Proc</i>. <b>861</b>: 587–595. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0604560">astro-ph/0604560</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AIPC..861..587C">2006AIPC..861..587C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2399629">10.1063/1.2399629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14346374">14346374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIP+Conf.+Proc.&rft.atitle=Quasars+and+Galactic+Nuclei%2C+a+Half-Century+Agitated+Story&rft.volume=861&rft.pages=587-595&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0604560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14346374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2399629&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AIPC..861..587C&rft.au=Collin%2C+Suzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZel'dovich1964" class="citation journal cs1">Zel'dovich, Ya.B. (1964). "The Fate of a Star and the Evolution of Gravitational Energy Upon Accretion". <i>Sov. Phys. Dokl</i>. <b>9</b>: 195. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964SPhD....9..195Z">1964SPhD....9..195Z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sov.+Phys.+Dokl.&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+a+Star+and+the+Evolution+of+Gravitational+Energy+Upon+Accretion&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=195&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964SPhD....9..195Z&rft.aulast=Zel%27dovich&rft.aufirst=Ya.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorne-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thorne_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorne1994" class="citation book cs1">Thorne, Kip (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackholestimewa0000thor"><i>Black holes and time warps</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackholestimewa0000thor/page/308">308–309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31276-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31276-3"><bdi>0-393-31276-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+holes+and+time+warps&rft.pages=308-309&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-393-31276-3&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Kip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackholestimewa0000thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ya. B. Zel’dovich and A. G. Polnarev, "Radiation of gravitational waves by a cluster of superdense stars," Astron. Zh. <b>51</b>, 30 (1974) [Sov. Astron. <b>18</b> 17(1974)].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawking, Stephen (1988) <i>A Brief History of Time</i>, Bantam Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USU2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USU2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227181519/https://www.creol.ucf.edu/newsevents/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=830">"Professor Boris Zeldovich passes away at age 74"</a>. CREOL, The College of Optics & Photonics. 18 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creol.ucf.edu/newsevents/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=830">the original</a> on 27 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Boris+Zeldovich+passes+away+at+age+74&rft.pub=CREOL%2C+The+College+of+Optics+%26+Photonics&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creol.ucf.edu%2Fnewsevents%2FNewsDetail.aspx%3FNewsID%3D830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargittai2013" class="citation book cs1">Hargittai, Istvan (2013). <i>Buried Glory: Portraits of Soviet Scientists</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buried+Glory%3A+Portraits+of+Soviet+Scientists&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=Istvan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelʹdovich1992" class="citation book cs1">Zelʹdovich, I︠A︡. B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889252616"><i>Chemical physics and hydrodynamics</i></a>. J. P. Ostriker, G. I. Barenblatt, R. A. Si︠u︡ni︠a︡ev, E. Jackson, A. Granik. Princeton, New Jersey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6297-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-6297-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889252616">889252616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+physics+and+hydrodynamics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889252616&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6297-9&rft.aulast=Zel%CA%B9dovich&rft.aufirst=I%EF%B8%A0A%EF%B8%A1.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F889252616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/yakov-borisovich-zeldovich">"Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Yakov+Borisovich+Zel%27dovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fyakov-borisovich-zeldovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/45902.html">"Yakov Zeldovich"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Yakov+Zeldovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F45902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Yakov%20Zel%27dovich;smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DYakov%2520Zel%2527dovich%3Bsmode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYakov+Zeldovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Overbye, D. <i>Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe</i>. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Zeldovich,+Yakov">Annotated Bibliography for Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xray.sai.msu.ru/~mystery/html/Z/z.engl.html">Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich</a> – page at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> dedicated to Zeldovich</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www23.us.archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19730007229">Theory of combustion of unmixed gases – Zeldovich 1949, translated 1974</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Zeldovich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yakov_Borisovich_Zel%27dovich" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich">Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_program_of_nuclear_weapons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Atomic_Bomb_Project" title="Template:Soviet Atomic Bomb Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Atomic_Bomb_Project" title="Template talk:Soviet Atomic Bomb Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Totskoye range nuclear tests">Totskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomgrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomgrad">Atomgrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novouralsk" title="Novouralsk">Novouralsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_B_in_Sungul%E2%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory B in Sungul’">Laboratory B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryokhgorny" title="Tryokhgorny">Tryokhgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snezhinsk" title="Snezhinsk">Snezhinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheleznogorsk,_Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai">Zheleznogors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurchatov_Institute" title="Kurchatov Institute">Laboratory No. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_and_Power_Engineering" title="Institute of Physics and Power Engineering">Laboratory V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Fitin" title="Pavel Fitin">Pavel Fitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vannikov" title="Boris Vannikov">Boris Vannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Adamsky" title="Viktor Adamsky">Viktor Adamsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Alikhanov" title="Abram Alikhanov">Abram Alikhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Alexandrov_(physicist)" title="Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist)">Anatoly Alexandrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Artsimovich" title="Lev Artsimovich">Lev Artsimovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Avrorin" title="Yevgeny Avrorin">Yevgeny Avrorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Babayev" title="Yuri Babayev">Yuri Babayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Danilenko" title="Vyacheslav Danilenko">V'yacheslav Danilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Davidenko" title="Viktor Davidenko">Viktor Davidenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Dollezhal" title="Nikolay Dollezhal">Nikolay Dollezhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Feodoritov" title="Vyacheslav Feodoritov">Vyacheslav Feodoritov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">Georgii Flerov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Goncharov" title="German Goncharov">German Goncharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulii_Khariton" title="Yulii Khariton">Yulii Khariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Kikoin" title="Isaak Kikoin">Isaak Kikoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Lavrentiev" title="Oleg Lavrentiev">Oleg Lavrentiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Nikolsky" title="Boris Nikolsky">Boris Nikolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Petrzhak" title="Konstantin Petrzhak">Konstantin Petrzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Pomeranchuk" title="Isaak Pomeranchuk">Isaak Pomeranchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evsei_Rabinovich" title="Evsei Rabinovich">Evsei Rabinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Romanov_(physicist)" title="Yuri Romanov (physicist)">Yuri Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Shchelkin" title="Kirill Shchelkin">Kirill Shchelkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Trutnev_(scientist)" title="Yuri Trutnev (scientist)">Yuri Trutnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zababakhin" title="Yevgeny Zababakhin">Yevgeny Zababakhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zel%27dovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Zel'dovich">Yakov Zel'dovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_weapons_program_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germans<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Alsos" title="Russian Alsos">(Russian Alsos)</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Barwich" title="Heinz Barwich">Heinz Barwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D%C3%B6pel" title="Robert Döpel">Robert Döpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Herrmann_(physicist)" title="Walter Herrmann (physicist)">Walter Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Pose" title="Heinz Pose">Heinz Pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Rexer" title="Ernst Rexer">Ernst Rexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Riehl" title="Nikolaus Riehl">Nikolaus Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gernot_Zippe" title="Gernot Zippe">Gernot Zippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Adolf_Thiessen" title="Peter Adolf Thiessen">Peter Thiessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_weapons_program_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Spy ring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(spy)" title="Morris Cohen (spy)">Morris Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gold" title="Harry Gold">Harry Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Greenglass" title="David Greenglass">David Greenglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Greenglass" title="Ruth Greenglass">Ruth Greenglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hall" title="Theodore Hall">Theodore Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_and_Julius_Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethel and Julius Rosenberg">Rosenbergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saville_Sax" title="Saville Sax">Saville Sax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_gathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence gathering">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence cycle management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">NKGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRU_(Soviet_Union)" title="GRU (Soviet Union)">Main Intelligence Directorate/GRU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chief_Directorate" title="First Chief Directorate">PGU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Alsos" title="Russian Alsos">Russian Alsos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(spy)" title="Perseus (spy)">Perseus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Russia and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction">Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Kazakhstan and weapons of mass destruction">Kazakhstan and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Explosions_for_the_National_Economy" title="Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy">Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_weapons_program_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union">Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000416936639">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54197725">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/71234/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCBtmVxwckff3kcYg3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131603795">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81042481">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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