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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">The Dark Energy Survey</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Energy_Survey_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Dark_Energy_Survey_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dark Energy Survey logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">DES</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkenergysurvey.org">www<wbr />.darkenergysurvey<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dark_Energy_Survey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dark Energy Survey">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7728930" class="extiw" title="d:Q7728930">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-sky image derived from nine years' WMAP data" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/220px-WMAP_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/330px-WMAP_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/440px-WMAP_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:0;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early universe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Inflation</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Backgrounds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave (GWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Microwave (CMB)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background" title="Cosmic neutrino background">Neutrino (CNB)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expansion <b>·</b> Future</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">FLRW metric</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhomogeneous_cosmology" title="Inhomogeneous cosmology">Inhomogeneous cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components <b>·</b> Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure" title="Observable universe">Large-scale structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">Structure formation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Experiments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative (BHI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dark Energy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck space observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy<br />Probe (WMAP)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aaronson" title="Marc Aaronson">Aaronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Alpher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Dicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B._Suntzeff" title="Nicholas B. Suntzeff">Suntzeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Sunyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zeldovich</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmologists" title="List of cosmologists">List of cosmologists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Subject_history" title="Physical cosmology">Subject history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of cosmic microwave<br />background radiation</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">History of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_cosmology" title="Category:Physical cosmology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_cosmology" title="Template talk:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dark Energy Survey</b> (<b>DES</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">astronomical survey</a> designed to constrain the properties of <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>. It uses images taken in the near-<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible</a>, and near-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> to measure the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a> using <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernovae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baryon_acoustic_oscillations" title="Baryon acoustic oscillations">baryon acoustic oscillations</a>, the number of <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="Galaxy groups and clusters">galaxy clusters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weak_gravitational_lensing" title="Weak gravitational lensing">weak gravitational lensing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collaboration is composed of research institutions and universities from the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-deshp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deshp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia, Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-desbrazil_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desbrazil-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, and Switzerland. The collaboration is divided into several scientific working groups. The director of DES is <a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Frieman" title="Joshua A. Frieman">Josh Frieman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DES began by developing and building <a href="#DECam">Dark Energy Camera</a> (DECam), an instrument designed specifically for the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-des_data_wb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des_data_wb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This camera has a wide field of view and high sensitivity, particularly in the red part of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> and in the near infrared.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_cam_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec_cam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations were performed with DECam mounted on the 4-meter <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_M._Blanco_Telescope" title="Víctor M. Blanco Telescope">Víctor M. Blanco Telescope</a>, located at the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Tololo_Inter-American_Observatory" title="Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory">Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory</a> (CTIO) in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_cam_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec_cam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observing sessions ran from 2013 to 2019; as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the DES collaboration has published results from the first three years of the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DECam">DECam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: DECam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sky_Full_of_Galaxies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Sky_Full_of_Galaxies.jpg/220px-A_Sky_Full_of_Galaxies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Sky_Full_of_Galaxies.jpg/330px-A_Sky_Full_of_Galaxies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_Sky_Full_of_Galaxies.jpg/440px-A_Sky_Full_of_Galaxies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>A Sky Full of Galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>DECam</b>, short for the <b>Dark Energy Camera</b>, is a large camera built to replace the previous prime focus camera on the Victor M. Blanco Telescope. The camera consists of three major components: mechanics, optics, and <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCDs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mechanics of the camera consists of a filter changer with an 8-filter capacity and shutter. There is also an optical barrel that supports 5 corrector lenses, the largest of which is 98 cm in diameter. These components are attached to the CCD focal plane which is cooled to 173 K (−148 °F; −100 °C) with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> in order to reduce thermal noise in the CCDs. The focal plane is also kept in an extremely low vacuum of 0.00013 pascals (1.3<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−9</sup> atm) to prevent the formation of condensation on the sensors. The entire camera with lenses, filters, and CCDs weighs approximately 4 tons. When mounted at the prime focus it was supported with a <a href="/wiki/Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">hexapod</a> system allowing for real time focal adjustment.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_cam_explanation_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec_cam_explanation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optics">Optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The camera is outfitted with u, g, r, i, z, and Y filters spanning roughly from 340–1070 nm,<sup id="cite_ref-sdss_filters_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdss_filters-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to those used in the <a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)</a>. This allows DES to obtain <a href="/wiki/Photometric_redshift" title="Photometric redshift">photometric redshift</a> measurements to z≈1. DECam also contains five lenses acting as corrector optics to extend the telescope's field of view to a diameter of 2.2°, one of the widest fields of view available for ground-based optical and infrared imaging.<sup id="cite_ref-dec_cam_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec_cam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One significant difference between previous <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a> (CCD) at the Victor M. Blanco Telescope and DECam is the improved <a href="/wiki/Quantum_efficiency" title="Quantum efficiency">quantum efficiency</a> in the red and near-infrared wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-Flaugher12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flaugher12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dec_cam_explanation_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dec_cam_explanation-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CCDs">CCDs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CCDs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Energy_Camera%27s_1_millionth_exposure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dark_Energy_Camera%27s_1_millionth_exposure.jpg/220px-Dark_Energy_Camera%27s_1_millionth_exposure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dark_Energy_Camera%27s_1_millionth_exposure.jpg/330px-Dark_Energy_Camera%27s_1_millionth_exposure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dark_Energy_Camera%27s_1_millionth_exposure.jpg/440px-Dark_Energy_Camera%27s_1_millionth_exposure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10072" data-file-height="9995" /></a><figcaption>The Dark Energy Camera's 1 millionth exposure. The 1 millionth exposure has been combined with 127 earlier exposures to make this view of the field.</figcaption></figure> <p>The scientific <a href="/wiki/Sensor_array" title="Sensor array">sensor array</a> on DECam is an array of 62 2048×4096 pixel <a href="/wiki/Back-illuminated_sensor" title="Back-illuminated sensor">back-illuminated</a> CCDs totaling 520 megapixels; an additional 12 2048×2048 pixel CCDs (50 Mpx) are used for guiding the telescope, monitoring focus, and alignment. The full DECam focal plane contains 570 megapixels. The CCDs for DECam use high resistivity silicon manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Dalsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalsa">Dalsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">LBNL</a> with 15×15 micron pixels. By comparison, the <a href="/wiki/OmniVision_Technologies" title="OmniVision Technologies">OmniVision Technologies</a> back-illuminated CCD that was used in the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4" title="IPhone 4">iPhone 4</a> has a 1.75×1.75 micron pixel with 5 megapixels. The larger pixels allow DECam to collect more light per pixel, improving low light sensitivity which is desirable for an astronomical instrument. DECam's CCDs also have a 250-micron crystal depth; this is significantly larger than most consumer CCDs. The additional crystal depth increases the path length travelled by entering photons. This, in turn, increases the probability of <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_Effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoelectric Effect">interaction</a> and allows the CCDs to have an increased sensitivity to lower energy photons, extending the wavelength range to 1050 nm. Scientifically this is important because it allows one to look for objects at a higher redshift, increasing statistical power in the studies mentioned above. When placed in the telescope's focal plane each pixel has a width of 0.27″ on the sky, resulting in a total field of view of 3 square degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survey">Survey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DES imaged 5,000 square degrees of the southern sky in a footprint that overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole Telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stripe_82" title="Stripe 82">Stripe 82</a> (in large part avoiding the Milky Way). The survey took 758 observing nights spread over six annual sessions between August and February to complete, covering the survey footprint ten times in five <a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">photometric bands</a> (<i>g</i>, <i>r, i, z</i>, and <i>Y</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey reached a depth of 24th <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitude</a> in the i band over the entire survey area. Longer exposure times and faster observing cadence were made in five smaller patches totaling 30 square degrees to search for supernovae.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First light was achieved on 12 September 2012;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a verification and testing period, scientific survey observations started in August 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last observing session was completed on 9 January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-legacy_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_surveys_using_DECam">Other surveys using DECam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other surveys using DECam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After completion of the Dark Energy Survey, the Dark Energy Camera was used for other sky surveys: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Camera_Legacy_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (page does not exist)">Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey</a> (DECaLS) covers the sky below 32°<a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Declination</a>, not including the Milky Way. This survey covers over 9000 square degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=DESI_Legacy_Imaging_Surveys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (page does not exist)">DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys</a> (Legacy Surveys), as of data release 10, includes DECaLS, BASS and MzLS. It also incorporating additional DECam data, which means that it covers almost the entire <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">extragalactic</a> southern sky, including parts of the <a href="/wiki/Magellanic_Clouds" title="Magellanic Clouds">Magellanic Clouds</a>. The purpose of the Legacy Surveys is to find targets for the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Spectroscopic_Instrument" title="Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument">Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Camera_Plane_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dark Energy Camera Plane Survey (page does not exist)">Dark Energy Camera Plane Survey</a> (DECaPS), covers the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> in the southern sky.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DECam_iphone_insert.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DECam_iphone_insert.PNG/220px-DECam_iphone_insert.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DECam_iphone_insert.PNG/330px-DECam_iphone_insert.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/DECam_iphone_insert.PNG 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Simulated image of the DECam CCD array at focal plane. Each large rectangle is a single CCD. The green rectangle circled in red in the upper left corner shows the size of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4" title="IPhone 4">iPhone 4</a> camera CCD at the same scale.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observing">Observing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Observing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DES_Observing_Footprint.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/DES_Observing_Footprint.png/220px-DES_Observing_Footprint.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/DES_Observing_Footprint.png/330px-DES_Observing_Footprint.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/DES_Observing_Footprint.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The footprint of the wide-area survey on the sky (colored region) in celestial coordinates; the dashed curve shows the approximate location of the Milky Way disk in these coordinates.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each year from August through February, observers will stay in dormitories on the mountain. During a weeklong period of work, observers sleep during the day and use the telescope and camera at night. There will be some DES members working at the telescope console to monitor operations while others are monitoring camera operations and data process. </p><p>For the wide-area footprint observations, DES takes roughly every two minutes for each new image: The exposures are typically 90 seconds long, with another 30 seconds for readout of the camera data and slewing to point the telescope at its next target. Despite the restrictions on each exposure, the team also need to consider different sky conditions for the observations, such as moonlight and cloud cover. </p><p>In order to get better images, DES team use a <a href="/wiki/Computer_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer algorithm">computer algorithm</a> called the "Observing Tactician" (ObsTac) to help with sequencing observations. It optimizes among different factors, such as the date and time, weather conditions, and the position of the moon. ObsTac automatically points the telescope in the best direction, and selects the exposure, using the best light filter. It also decides whether to take a wide-area or time-domain survey image, depending on whether or not the exposure will also be used for supernova searches.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DES_clumpiness_of_the_matter_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/DES_clumpiness_of_the_matter_distribution.png/220px-DES_clumpiness_of_the_matter_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/DES_clumpiness_of_the_matter_distribution.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Constraints on a measure of the clumpiness of the matter distribution (S8) and the fractional density of the Universe in matter (Ωm) from the combined 3 DES Y1 measurements (blue), Planck CMB measurements (green), and their combination (red).</figcaption></figure> <p>Dark Energy Group published several papers presenting their results for <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>. Most of these cosmology results coming from its first-year data and the third-year data. Their results for cosmology were concluded with a Multi-Probe Methodology, which mainly combine the data from Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing, different shape of <a href="/wiki/Weak_lensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak lensing">weak lensing</a>, cosmic shear, galaxy clustering and photometric data set. </p><p>For the first-year data collected by DES, Dark Energy Survey Group showed the Cosmological Constraints results from Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing results and cosmic shear measurement. With Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing results, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.773_{-0.020}^{+0.026}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>0.3</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.773</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.020</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.026</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.773_{-0.020}^{+0.026}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eca7beaa7618c5fc529ee86dfcfa3d2527d69818" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:33.241ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.773_{-0.020}^{+0.026}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.267_{-0.017}^{+0.030}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.267</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.017</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.030</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.267_{-0.017}^{+0.030}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ee40f5520a50be41f6a0fef59a1c9ac5bdc3efa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.004ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.267_{-0.017}^{+0.030}}"></span> for <a href="/wiki/%CE%9BCDM" class="mw-redirect" title="ΛCDM">ΛCDM</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{8}=0.782_{-0.024}^{+0.036}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.782</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.024</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.036</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{8}=0.782_{-0.024}^{+0.036}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b49f8acf68b8bcd000a95d9f824bb4583650198a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:16.13ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{8}=0.782_{-0.024}^{+0.036}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.284_{-0.030}^{+0.033}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.284</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.030</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.033</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.284_{-0.030}^{+0.033}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f129e06ab628f39f5de0951558f7ff1fc3df1fb8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.004ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.284_{-0.030}^{+0.033}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =-0.82_{-0.20}^{+0.21}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.82</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.20</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.21</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =-0.82_{-0.20}^{+0.21}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc78647db174a1bb7adb4e56fed72c65b523914c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.921ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =-0.82_{-0.20}^{+0.21}}"></span> at 68% confidence limits for ωCMD.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combine the most significant measurements of cosmic shear in a galaxy survey, Dark Energy Survey Group showed that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.782_{-0.027}^{+0.027}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>0.3</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.782</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.027</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.027</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.782_{-0.027}^{+0.027}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1475c6e4688a3391f7a6ba3cabab7de13386b669" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:27.663ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.782_{-0.027}^{+0.027}}"></span> at 68% confidence limits and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.777_{-0.038}^{+0.036}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>0.3</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.777</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.038</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.036</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.777_{-0.038}^{+0.036}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab4a79ea475c883a62223c892ddc2de75f1808da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:27.663ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.777_{-0.038}^{+0.036}}"></span> for ΛCDM with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =-0.95_{-0.36}^{+0.33}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.95</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.36</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.33</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =-0.95_{-0.36}^{+0.33}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e69ffe2fded28fbf59ae5a4923bdbdb40364c7de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.921ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =-0.95_{-0.36}^{+0.33}}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cosmological analyses from first year data showed a derivation and validation of redshift distribution estimates and their uncertainties for the galaxies used as weak lensing sources.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DES team also published a paper summarize all the Photometric Data Set for Cosmology for their first-year data.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the third-year data collected by DES, they updated the Cosmological Constraints to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.759_{-0.025}^{+0.023}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>0.3</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.759</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.025</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.023</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.759_{-0.025}^{+0.023}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18b63ff0e254e7f8561ff8db8d47d6fb01f00200" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:27.663ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.759_{-0.025}^{+0.023}}"></span> for the ΛCDM model with the new cosmic shear measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From third-year data of Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing results, DES updated the Cosmological Constraints to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.776_{-0.017}^{+0.017}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>0.3</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.776</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.017</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.017</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.776_{-0.017}^{+0.017}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16f67c77fbafbb9616781c932832d746e74147df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:33.241ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.776_{-0.017}^{+0.017}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.339_{-0.031}^{+0.032}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.339</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.031</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.032</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.339_{-0.031}^{+0.032}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2540303b9ff9af3b43e9993cf584b8b54ce64e31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.004ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.339_{-0.031}^{+0.032}}"></span> in ΛCDM at 68% confidence limits, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.775_{-0.024}^{+0.026}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>0.3</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.775</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.024</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.026</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.775_{-0.024}^{+0.026}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ec4397c5f233fa1744b619b913c2d28d7031339" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:33.241ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{8}=\sigma _{8}(\Omega _{m}/0.3)^{0.5}=0.775_{-0.024}^{+0.026}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.352_{-0.041}^{+0.035}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.352</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.041</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.035</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.352_{-0.041}^{+0.035}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b99db578cb1aa26e02351045455a5bf772d9c8da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.004ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega _{m}=0.352_{-0.041}^{+0.035}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =-0.98_{-0.20}^{+0.32}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msubsup> <mn>0.98</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.20</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.32</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =-0.98_{-0.20}^{+0.32}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c13cad6762584a07e4dd6e6358405952a204809" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.921ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =-0.98_{-0.20}^{+0.32}}"></span> in ωCDM at 68% confidence limits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the DES team published their third-year observations for photometric data set for cosmology comprising nearly 5000 deg2 of grizY imaging in the south Galactic cap, including nearly 390 million objects, with depth reaching S/N ~ 10 for extended objects up to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i_{AB}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i_{AB}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29364a8abf5af76fc977e9068b9aad61ca1fbed5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.515ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i_{AB}}"></span> ~ 23.0, and top-of-the-atmosphere photometric uniformity < 3mmag.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weak_lensing">Weak lensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Weak lensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DESDMmap2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/DESDMmap2021.png/220px-DESDMmap2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/DESDMmap2021.png/330px-DESDMmap2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/DESDMmap2021.png/440px-DESDMmap2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>DES's 2021 Dark matter map<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using weak gravitational lensing data set projected in the foreground of observed galaxies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Weak lensing was measured statistically by measuring the shear-shear <a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">correlation function</a>, a two-point function, or its <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier Transform</a>, the shear <a href="/wiki/Power_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Power spectrum">power spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DES_prop_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DES_prop-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2015, the Dark Energy Survey released mass maps using cosmic shear measurements of about 2 million galaxies from the science verification data between August 2012 and February 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-des_mass_map_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des_mass_map-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 weak lensing was used to map the dark matter in a region of the southern hemisphere sky,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2022 together with galaxy clustering data to give new cosmological constrains.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2023 with data from the <a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope" title="South Pole Telescope">South Pole telescope</a> to give once new improved constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another big part of weak lensing result is to calibrate the <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> of the source galaxies. In December 2020 and June 2021, DES team published two papers showing their results about using weak lensing to calibrate the redshift of the source galaxies in order to mapping the matter density field with gravitational lensing.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_waves">Gravitational waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gravitational waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> detected the first <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational wave</a> signal from GW170817,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DES made follow-up observations of GW170817 using DECam. With DECam independent discovery of the optical source, DES team establish its association with GW170817 by showing that none of the 1500 other sources found within the event localization region could plausibly be associated with the event. DES team monitored the source for over two weeks and provide the light curve data as a machine-readable file. From the observation data set, DES concluded that the optical counterpart they have identified near <a href="/wiki/NGC_4993" title="NGC 4993">NGC 4993</a> is associated with GW170817. This discovery ushers in the era of multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves and demonstrates the power of DECam to identify the optical counterparts of gravitational-wave sources.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwarf_galaxies">Dwarf galaxies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dwarf galaxies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Spiral_galaxy_NGC_0895_(14935678296).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Spiral_galaxy_NGC_0895_%2814935678296%29.jpg/220px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Spiral_galaxy_NGC_0895_%2814935678296%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Spiral_galaxy_NGC_0895_%2814935678296%29.jpg/330px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Spiral_galaxy_NGC_0895_%2814935678296%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Spiral_galaxy_NGC_0895_%2814935678296%29.jpg/440px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Spiral_galaxy_NGC_0895_%2814935678296%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Spiral Galaxy <a href="/wiki/NGC_895" title="NGC 895">NGC 895</a> imaged by DES</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 2015, two teams released their discoveries of several new potential <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">dwarf galaxy</a> candidates found in Year 1 DES data.<sup id="cite_ref-des_y1_dwarfs_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des_y1_dwarfs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2015, the Dark Energy Survey team announced the discovery of eight additional candidates in Year 2 DES data.<sup id="cite_ref-des_y2_dwarfs_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-des_y2_dwarfs-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, Dark Energy Survey team found more dwarf galaxies. With more Dwarf Galaxy results, the team was able to take a deep look about more properties of the detected Dwarf Galaxy such as the chemical abundance,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the structure of stellar population,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Stellar Kinematics and Metallicities.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Feb 2019, the team also discovered a sixth star cluster in the <a href="/wiki/Fornax_Dwarf" title="Fornax Dwarf">Fornax Dwarf</a> Spheroidal Galaxy<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a tidally Disrupted Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baryon_acoustic_oscillations">Baryon acoustic oscillations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Baryon acoustic oscillations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The signature of <a href="/wiki/Baryon_acoustic_oscillations" title="Baryon acoustic oscillations">baryon acoustic oscillations</a> (BAO) can be observed in the distribution of tracers of the matter density field and used to measure the expansion history of the Universe. BAO can also be measured using purely photometric data, though at less significance.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DES team observation samples consists of 7 million galaxies distributed over a footprint of 4100 deg<sup>2</sup> with <span class="nowrap">0.6 < z<sub>photo</sub> < 1.1</span> and a typical redshift uncertainty of 0.03(1+z).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From their statistics, they combine the likelihoods derived from angular correlations and spherical harmonics to constrain the ratio of comoving angular diameter distance <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{m}(Z_{e}ff=0.835)/r_{d}=18.92\pm 0.51}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>f</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.835</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>18.92</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.51</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{m}(Z_{e}ff=0.835)/r_{d}=18.92\pm 0.51}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0539d0ceb5b1db01f0a124faf54ccc126b74c0a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.62ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{m}(Z_{e}ff=0.835)/r_{d}=18.92\pm 0.51}"></span> at the effective redshift of our sample to the sound horizon scale at the drag epoch.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/220px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/330px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/440px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>The supernova remnant <a href="/wiki/G299.2-2.9" title="G299.2-2.9">G299.2-2.9</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_Ia_supernova_observations">Type Ia supernova observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Type Ia supernova observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2019, Dark Energy Survey team published their first cosmology results using <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernovae</a>. The supernova data was from DES-SN3YR. The Dark Energy Survey team found Ωm = 0.331 ± 0.038 with a flat ΛCDM model and Ωm = 0.321 ± 0.018, w = −0.978 ± 0.059 with a flat wCDM model.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analyzing the same data from DES-SN3YR, they also found a new current <a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}=67.1\pm 1.3\,\mathrm {km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>67.1</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1.3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}=67.1\pm 1.3\,\mathrm {km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e1a406559963553ed745d3244acc12eadf9b567" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:30.393ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}=67.1\pm 1.3\,\mathrm {km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}} }"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This result has an excellent agreement with the Hubble constant measurement from Planck Satellite Collaboration in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2019, there a follow-up paper was published by DES team discussing the systematic uncertainties, and validation of using the supernovae to measure the cosmology results mentioned before.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team also published their photometric pipeline and light curve data in another paper published in the same month.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor_planets">Minor planets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Minor planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor planets">minor planets</a> were discovered by DeCam in the course of <i>The Dark Energy Survey</i>, including high-inclination <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a> (TNOs).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-size:89%; float:left; text-align:center; width:27em; margin-right:1em; line-height:1.65em !important; height:155px;"> <caption>List of DES discovered minor planets </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Numbered MP<br />designation</th> <th>Discovery<br />date </th> <th style="width:3em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">MP list link</span> </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(451657)_2012_WD36" class="mw-redirect" title="(451657) 2012 WD36">(451657) 2012 WD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">36</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>19 November 2012 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_451001%E2%80%93452000#657" title="List of minor planets: 451001–452000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(471954)_2013_RM98" class="mw-redirect" title="(471954) 2013 RM98">(471954) 2013 RM<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">98</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>8 September 2013 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_471001%E2%80%93472000#954" title="List of minor planets: 471001–472000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(472262)_2014_QN441" class="mw-redirect" title="(472262) 2014 QN441">(472262) 2014 QN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">441</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>18 August 2014 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_472001%E2%80%93473000#262" title="List of minor planets: 472001–473000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(483002)_2014_QS441" class="mw-redirect" title="(483002) 2014 QS441">(483002) 2014 QS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">441</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>19 August 2014 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_483001%E2%80%93484000#002" title="List of minor planets: 483001–484000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(491767)_2012_VU113" class="mw-redirect" title="(491767) 2012 VU113">(491767) 2012 VU<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">113</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>15 November 2012 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_491001%E2%80%93492000#767" title="List of minor planets: 491001–492000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(491768)_2012_VV113" class="mw-redirect" title="(491768) 2012 VV113">(491768) 2012 VV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">113</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>15 November 2012 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_491001%E2%80%93492000#768" title="List of minor planets: 491001–492000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(495189)_2012_VR113" class="mw-redirect" title="(495189) 2012 VR113">(495189) 2012 VR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">113</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>28 September 2012 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_495001%E2%80%93496000#189" title="List of minor planets: 495001–496000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(495190)_2012_VS113" class="mw-redirect" title="(495190) 2012 VS113">(495190) 2012 VS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">113</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>12 November 2012 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_495001%E2%80%93496000#190" title="List of minor planets: 495001–496000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(495297)_2013_TJ159" class="mw-redirect" title="(495297) 2013 TJ159">(495297) 2013 TJ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">159</span></span></a></span> </td> <td>13 October 2013 </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_495001%E2%80%93496000#297" title="List of minor planets: 495001–496000">list</a></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:4px 12px;">Discoveries are credited either to<br />"DECam" or "Dark Energy Survey". </th></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The MPC has assigned the <a href="/wiki/IAU_code" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU code">IAU code</a> <a href="/wiki/IAU_code#W84" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU code">W84</a> for DeCam's observations of small Solar System bodies. As of October 2019, the MPC inconsistently credits the discovery of nine numbered minor planets, all of them <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Neptunian objects">trans-Neptunian objects</a>, to either "DeCam" or "Dark Energy Survey".<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Discoverers_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Discoverers-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list does not contain any unnumbered minor planets potentially discovered by DeCam, as discovery credits are only given upon a body's numbering, which in turn depends on a sufficiently secure orbit determination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Energy_Survey_deep_field_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dark Energy Survey deep field image [69]"><img alt="Dark Energy Survey deep field image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dark_Energy_Survey_deep_field_image.jpg/430px-Dark_Energy_Survey_deep_field_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dark_Energy_Survey_deep_field_image.jpg/646px-Dark_Energy_Survey_deep_field_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dark_Energy_Survey_deep_field_image.jpg/860px-Dark_Energy_Survey_deep_field_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dark Energy Survey <a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">deep field image</a></div><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Energy_Survey_-_distant_galaxies_(14958324522).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The large spiral galaxy in the center of this image is roughly 385 million light-years from Earth."><img alt="The large spiral galaxy in the center of this image is roughly 385 million light-years from Earth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_distant_galaxies_%2814958324522%29.jpg/281px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_distant_galaxies_%2814958324522%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_distant_galaxies_%2814958324522%29.jpg/423px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_distant_galaxies_%2814958324522%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_distant_galaxies_%2814958324522%29.jpg/563px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_distant_galaxies_%2814958324522%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The large spiral galaxy in the center of this image is roughly 385 million light-years from Earth.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Fornax_cluster_(14958323932).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The three large objects in this image captured by the Dark Energy Camera are galaxies in the nearby Fornax cluster, roughly 65 million light-years from Earth."><img alt="The three large objects in this image captured by the Dark Energy Camera are galaxies in the nearby Fornax cluster, roughly 65 million light-years from Earth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Fornax_cluster_%2814958323932%29.jpg/338px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Fornax_cluster_%2814958323932%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Fornax_cluster_%2814958323932%29.jpg/507px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Fornax_cluster_%2814958323932%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Fornax_cluster_%2814958323932%29.jpg/675px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_Fornax_cluster_%2814958323932%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="1917" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The three large objects in this image captured by the Dark Energy Camera are galaxies in the nearby Fornax cluster, roughly 65 million light-years from Earth.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Energy_Survey_-_galaxy_NGC_1398_(14935678916).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dark Energy Survey - galaxy NGC 1398"><img alt="Dark Energy Survey - galaxy NGC 1398" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_galaxy_NGC_1398_%2814935678916%29.jpg/400px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_galaxy_NGC_1398_%2814935678916%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_galaxy_NGC_1398_%2814935678916%29.jpg/601px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_galaxy_NGC_1398_%2814935678916%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dark_Energy_Survey_-_galaxy_NGC_1398_%2814935678916%29.jpg/800px-Dark_Energy_Survey_-_galaxy_NGC_1398_%2814935678916%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="1695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dark Energy Survey - galaxy <a href="/wiki/NGC_1398" title="NGC 1398">NGC 1398</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Evolution_Survey" title="Cosmic Evolution Survey">Cosmic Evolution Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Energy_Survey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darkenergysurvey.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>The Dark Energy Survey</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dark+Energy+Survey&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darkenergysurvey.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADark+Energy+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deshp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deshp_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkenergysurvey.org/collaboration/">DES Collaboration Page</a>, DES Collaborators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desbrazil-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-desbrazil_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://des-brazil.linea.gov.br//">DES-Brazil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022043124/http://des-brazil.linea.gov.br/">Archived</a> 2014-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, DES-Brazil Consortium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkenergysurvey.org/collaboration/">"The Dark Energy Survey Collaboration"</a>. <i>www.darkenergysurvey.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720152822/https://www.darkenergysurvey.org/reports/proposal-standalone.pdf">Dark Energy Survey Science Program (PDF)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.ncsa.illinois.edu/confluence/display/DESDM/The+Dark+Energy+Survey+Data+Management+Project">Dark Energy Survey Data Management </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctio.noao.edu/noao/node/1033">Dark Energy Camera (DECam)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018104923/http://www.ctio.noao.edu/noao/node/1033">Archived</a> 2017-10-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiron2022" class="citation web cs1">Biron, Lauren (4 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/15-spectacular-photos-from-the-dark-energy-camera">"15 spectacular photos from the Dark Energy Camera"</a>. <i>symmetry magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=symmetry+magazine&rft.atitle=15+spectacular+photos+from+the+Dark+Energy+Camera&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.aulast=Biron&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.symmetrymagazine.org%2Farticle%2F15-spectacular-photos-from-the-dark-energy-camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADark+Energy+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NOIRLab" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NOIRLab" title="Template:NOIRLab"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NOIRLab" title="Template talk:NOIRLab"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NOIRLab" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NOIRLab"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NOIRLab" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NOIRLab" title="NOIRLab">NOIRLab</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Tololo_Inter-American_Observatory" title="Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory">Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_Observatory" title="Gemini Observatory">Gemini Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory" title="Kitt Peak National Observatory">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory" title="Vera C. Rubin Observatory">Vera C. Rubin Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NOIRLab_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NOIRLab_logo.svg/80px-NOIRLab_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NOIRLab_logo.svg/120px-NOIRLab_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NOIRLab_logo.svg/160px-NOIRLab_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="414" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Telescopes and Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_M._Blanco_Telescope" title="Víctor M. Blanco Telescope">Víctor M. Blanco Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_U._Mayall_Telescope" title="Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope">Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Astrophysical_Research_Telescope" title="Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope">Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECam" class="mw-redirect" title="DECam">DECam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Willman" title="Beth Willman">Beth Willman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Lindberg_Christensen" title="Lars Lindberg Christensen">Lars Lindberg Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_Norman" title="Dara Norman">Dara Norman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astronomical_surveys" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomical_Surveys" title="Template:Astronomical Surveys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astronomical_Surveys" title="Template 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title="National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey">NGS-POSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomar_Distant_Solar_System_Survey" title="Palomar Distant Solar System Survey">Palomar Distant Solar System Survey</a> (PDSSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGES_Legacy_Unifying_Globulars_and_GalaxieS_Survey" title="SAGES Legacy Unifying Globulars and GalaxieS Survey">SLUGGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infra-red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2MASS" title="2MASS">2MASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari (Astro-F)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">Infrared Astronomical Satellite</a> (IRAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UKIRT_Infrared_Deep_Sky_Survey" title="UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey">UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey</a> (UKIDSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimetre_Common-User_Bolometer_Array#SCUBA-2_All_Sky_Survey" title="Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array">SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISTA_(telescope)" title="VISTA (telescope)">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer</a> (WISE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-Band_All_Sky_Survey" title="C-Band All Sky Survey">C-BASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX_Arecibo_SDSS_Survey" title="GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey">GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey</a> (GASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPASS" title="HIPASS">HIPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRAO_VLA_Sky_Survey" title="NRAO VLA Sky Survey">NVSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Sky_Survey" title="Ohio Sky Survey">Ohio Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALFA_Survey" title="PALFA Survey">PALFA Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spectroscopic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey</a> (2dFGRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6dF_Galaxy_Survey" title="6dF Galaxy Survey">6dF Galaxy Survey</a> (6dFGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calar_Alto_Legacy_Integral_Field_Area_Survey" title="Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey">Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey </a> (CALIFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CfA_Redshift_Survey" title="CfA Redshift Survey">CfA Redshift Survey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dark Energy Survey</a> (DES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEEP2_Redshift_Survey" title="DEEP2 Redshift Survey">DEEP2 Redshift Survey</a> (DEEP2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_And_Mass_Assembly_survey" title="Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey">Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey</a> (GAMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAMOST" title="LAMOST">LAMOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Campanas_Redshift_Survey" title="Las Campanas Redshift Survey">Las Campanas Redshift Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey</a> (SDSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIMOS-VLT_Deep_Survey" title="VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey">VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey</a> (VVDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiggleZ_Dark_Energy_Survey" title="WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey">WiggleZ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astronomical_catalogues_and_surveys" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astronomical catalogues and surveys">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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