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href="#1900–1905:_First_scientific_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1900–1905: First scientific papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1905:_First_scientific_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1908–1933:_Early_academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1908–1933:_Early_academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1908–1933: Early academic career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1908–1933:_Early_academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919:_Putting_general_relativity_to_the_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919:_Putting_general_relativity_to_the_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1919: Putting general relativity to the test </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919:_Putting_general_relativity_to_the_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1921–1923:_Coming_to_terms_with_fame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1921–1923:_Coming_to_terms_with_fame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1921–1923: Coming to terms with fame </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1921–1923:_Coming_to_terms_with_fame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1922–1932:_Serving_the_League_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1922–1932:_Serving_the_League_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1922–1932: Serving the League of Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1922–1932:_Serving_the_League_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1925:_Touring_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1925:_Touring_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 1925: Touring South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1925:_Touring_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930–1931:_Touring_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930–1931:_Touring_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 1930–1931: Touring the US </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930–1931:_Touring_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1933:_Emigration_to_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1933:_Emigration_to_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 1933: Emigration to the US </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933:_Emigration_to_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refugee_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugee_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11.1 Refugee status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugee_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resident_scholar_at_the_Institute_for_Advanced_Study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resident_scholar_at_the_Institute_for_Advanced_Study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11.2 Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resident_scholar_at_the_Institute_for_Advanced_Study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Manhattan_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_the_Manhattan_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11.3 World War II and the Manhattan Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Manhattan_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11.4 US citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Personal views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12.1 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12.2 Relationship with Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_philosophical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_philosophical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12.3 Religious and philosophical views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_philosophical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Love_of_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Love_of_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12.4 Love of music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Love_of_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Scientific career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scientific career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistical_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistical_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Statistical mechanics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistical_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thermodynamic_fluctuations_and_statistical_physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermodynamic_fluctuations_and_statistical_physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermodynamic_fluctuations_and_statistical_physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_critical_opalescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_critical_opalescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Theory of critical opalescence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_critical_opalescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905_–_Annus_Mirabilis_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905_–_Annus_Mirabilis_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1905 – Annus Mirabilis papers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905_–_Annus_Mirabilis_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Special relativity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 General relativity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_relativity_and_the_equivalence_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_relativity_and_the_equivalence_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 General relativity and the equivalence principle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_relativity_and_the_equivalence_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Gravitational waves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hole_argument_and_Entwurf_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hole_argument_and_Entwurf_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Hole argument and Entwurf theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hole_argument_and_Entwurf_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Physical cosmology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_momentum_pseudotensor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_momentum_pseudotensor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Energy momentum pseudotensor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_momentum_pseudotensor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wormholes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wormholes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.6 Wormholes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wormholes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Einstein–Cartan_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einstein–Cartan_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.7 Einstein–Cartan theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Einstein–Cartan_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equations_of_motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equations_of_motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.8 Equations of motion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equations_of_motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_quantum_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_quantum_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Old quantum theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_quantum_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photons_and_energy_quanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photons_and_energy_quanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Photons and energy quanta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photons_and_energy_quanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantized_atomic_vibrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantized_atomic_vibrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Quantized atomic vibrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantized_atomic_vibrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bose–Einstein_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bose–Einstein_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Bose–Einstein statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bose–Einstein_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wave–particle_duality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wave–particle_duality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Wave–particle duality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wave–particle_duality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zero-point_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zero-point_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Zero-point energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zero-point_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stimulated_emission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stimulated_emission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6 Stimulated emission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stimulated_emission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matter_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matter_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7 Matter waves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matter_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Quantum mechanics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Einstein's_objections_to_quantum_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einstein's_objections_to_quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Einstein's_objections_to_quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohr_versus_Einstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohr_versus_Einstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Bohr versus Einstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohr_versus_Einstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unified_field_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_field_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Unified field theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_field_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Other investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_with_other_scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_with_other_scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Collaboration with other scientists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_with_other_scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Einstein–de_Haas_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einstein–de_Haas_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Einstein–de Haas experiment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Einstein–de_Haas_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Einstein_as_an_inventor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Einstein_as_an_inventor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.2 Einstein as an inventor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Einstein_as_an_inventor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Non-scientific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Scientific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Scientific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Albert Einstein</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 227 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-227" aria-hidden="true" > 227 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" title="አልበርት አይንስታይን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልበርት አይንስታይን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="ऐल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऐल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Еинштеин, Алберт – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Еинштеин, Алберт" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ألبرت أينشتاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبرت أينشتاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ալպերթ Այնշթայն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալպերթ Այնշթայն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Eyn%C5%9Fteyn" title="Albert Eynşteyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albert Eynşteyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آلبرت آینشتاین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلبرت آینشتاین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Эйнштейн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Альберт Эйнштейн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Эйнштэйн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альберт Эйнштэйн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альбэрт Айнштайн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альбэрт Айнштайн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Алберт Айнщайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алберт Айнщайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨར་པོ་ཐེ་ཨའེ་དབྱིན་སི་ཐེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨར་པོ་ཐེ་ཨའེ་དབྱིན་སི་ཐེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Айнштайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Альберт Айнштайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эйнштейн, Альберт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эйнштейн, Альберт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B7_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ألبيرط أينشطاين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألبيرط أينشطاين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastiin_Albert_Einstein" title="Hastiin Albert Einstein – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hastiin Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%91%CF%8A%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Άλμπερτ Αϊνστάιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλμπερτ Αϊνστάιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эйнштейн, Альберт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эйнштейн, Альберт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آلبرت اینشتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلبرت اینشتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="愛因斯坦 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="愛因斯坦" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8" title="આલ્બર્ટ આઇન્સ્ટાઇન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આલ્બર્ટ આઇન્સ્ટાઇન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알베르트 아인슈타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알베르트 아인슈타인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ալբերտ Այնշտայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբերտ Այնշտայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्बर्ट आइंस्टीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আলবার্ট আইনস্টাইন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эйнштейн, Альберт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эйнштейн, Альберт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אלברט איינשטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלברט איינשטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಐನ್‍ಸ್ಟೈನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಐನ್‍ಸ್ಟೈನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალბერტ აინშტაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბერტ აინშტაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%90%D9%86" title="اَلبرٹ آنِسٹایِن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَلبرٹ آنِسٹایِن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Эйнштейн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альберт Эйнштейн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Эйнштейн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альберт Эйнштейн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5_%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%8C" title="ແອລເບີຣີ ອີນສະໄຕນ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແອລເບີຣີ ອີນສະໄຕນ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Einstein" title="Albertus Einstein – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Albertus Einstein" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberts_Ein%C5%A1teins" title="Alberts Einšteins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alberts Einšteins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Эйнштейн – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Альберт Эйнштейн" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/albert._ainctain" title="albert. ainctain – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="albert. ainctain" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alubbaati_Ansitayini" title="Alubbaati Ansitayini – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Alubbaati Ansitayini" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अल्बर्ट आइनस्टाइन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Алберт Ајнштајн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алберт Ајнштајн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%90%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ആൽബർട്ട് ഐൻസ്റ്റൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽബർട്ട് ഐൻസ്റ്റൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალბერტ აინშტაინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალბერტ აინშტაინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="البرت اينشتاين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البرت اينشتاين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آلبرت اینشتین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلبرت اینشتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯢꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯢꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯜꯕꯔ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯢꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯢꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Эйнштейн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альберт Эйнштейн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အဲလ်ဘတ် အိုင်းစတိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဲလ်ဘတ် အိုင်းစတိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्बर्ट आइन्स्टाइन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="アルベルト・アインシュタイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルベルト・アインシュタイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эйнштейн, Альберт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эйнштейн, Альберт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ଆଲବର୍ଟ ଆଇନଷ୍ଟାଇନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲବର୍ଟ ଆଇନଷ୍ଟାଇନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberti_Anistaayin" title="Alberti Anistaayin – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Alberti Anistaayin" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਲਬਰਟ ਆਈਨਸਟਾਈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਬਰਟ ਆਈਨਸਟਾਈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="ایلبرٹ آئینسٹائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایلبرٹ آئینسٹائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="البرټ آينسټاين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="البرټ آينسټاين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboert_Ainstain" title="Alboert Ainstain – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Alboert Ainstain" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%8F_%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%84" title="អាល់បឺត អែងស្តែង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល់បឺត អែងស្តែង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Eyn%C5%9Fteyn" title="Albert Eynşteyn – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Albert Eynşteyn" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Алберт Айнштайн – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алберт Айнштайн" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эйнштейн, Альберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйнштейн, Альберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Эйнштейн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Альберт Эйнштейн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpute.ayinsedan" title="Alpute.ayinsedan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Alpute.ayinsedan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="अल्बर्ट् ऐन्स्टैन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अल्बर्ट् ऐन्स्टैन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱟᱞᱵᱚᱨᱴ ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱵᱚᱨᱴ ᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="البرٹ آئنسٹائن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="البرٹ آئنسٹائن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ajnshtajni" title="Albert Ajnshtajni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Albert Ajnshtajni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇල්බට්‍ අයින්ස්ටයින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්බට්‍ අයින්ස්ටයින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BD_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="البرٽ آئنسٽائن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="البرٽ آئنسٽائن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەلبەرت ئاینشتاین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلبەرت ئاینشتاین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Алберт Ајнштајн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алберт Ајнштајн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்பர்ட் ஐன்ஸ்டைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பர்ட் ஐன்ஸ்டைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albirt_Aync%E1%B9%ADayn" title="Albirt Ayncṭayn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Albirt Ayncṭayn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Эйнштейн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Альберт Эйнштейн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆల్బర్ట్ ఐన్‌స్టీన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆల్బర్ట్ ఐన్‌స్టీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="อัลเบิร์ต ไอน์สไตน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลเบิร์ต ไอน์สไตน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Алберт Эйнштейн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алберт Эйнштейн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಐನ್‍ಸ್ಟೀನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ಐನ್‍ಸ್ಟೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E%C3%BDn%C5%9Fte%C3%BDn" title="Albert Eýnşteýn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Albert Eýnşteýn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эйнштейн, Альберт – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Эйнштейн, Альберт" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Альберт Ейнштейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альберт Ейнштейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="البرٹ آئنسٹائن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="البرٹ آئنسٹائن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%86" title="ئالبېرت ئېينىشتېيىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالبېرت ئېينىشتېيىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein%C5%A1tein_Al%27bert" title="Einštein Al'bert – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Einštein Al'bert" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteini_Albert" title="Einsteini Albert – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Einsteini Albert" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="愛因斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="愛因斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אלבערט איינשטיין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלבערט איינשטיין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%8B%94%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="歐拔·愛因斯坦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐拔·愛因斯坦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Albert Einstein" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberts_Ein%C5%A1teins" title="Alberts Einšteins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alberts Einšteins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Einstein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Einstein (disambiguation)">Einstein (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Albert Einstein (disambiguation)">Albert Einstein (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Albert Einstein</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/220px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/330px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg/440px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="3313" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Einstein in 1921</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1879-03-14)14 March 1879 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, German Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1955(1955-04-18) (aged 76) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a>, part of the German Empire (until 1896)<a href="#cite_note-GEcitizen-5">[note 1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a> (1896–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (1901–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austria</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (1911–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, part of the German Empire (1914–1918)<a href="#cite_note-GEcitizen-5">[note 1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, 1918–1933)<a href="#cite_note-GEcitizen-5">[note 1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">United States</a> (1940–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> (Dipl., 1900) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, 1905)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">Photoelectric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">E=mc2 (mass–energy equivalence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck%E2%80%93Einstein_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck–Einstein relation">E=hf (Planck–Einstein relation)</a></li> <li>Theory of <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">Cosmological constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">Unified field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_interpretation" title="Ensemble interpretation">Ensemble interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Albert_Einstein" title="List of things named after Albert Einstein">List of other concepts</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87" title="Mileva Marić">Mileva Marić</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1903; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1919)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elsa_L%C3%B6wenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsa Löwenthal">Elsa Löwenthal</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1919; died 1936)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieserl_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieserl Einstein">Lieserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein" title="Hans Albert Einstein">Hans Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_family#Eduard_"Tete"_Einstein_(Albert's_second_son)" title="Einstein family">Eduard "Tete"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service_to_Science" title="Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science">Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921">ForMemRS (1921)</a><a href="#cite_note-frs-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1925)<a href="#cite_note-frs-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of RAS</a> (1926)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Membership of NAS</a> (1942)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time Person of the Century</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a> (1908–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a> (1911–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> (1912–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> (1914–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a> (1914–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a> (director, 1917–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Physical_Society" title="German Physical Society">German Physical Society</a> (president, 1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> (visits, 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> (1933–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (visits, 1931–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (visits, 1931–1933)<a href="#cite_note-robinson24-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> (director, 1946–1947)</li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf">Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)</a> (1905)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kleiner" title="Alfred Kleiner">Alfred Kleiner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Weber" title="Heinrich Friedrich Weber">Heinrich Friedrich Weber</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg" title="File:03 ALBERT EINSTEIN.ogg">Albert Einstein's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg/03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Opening of Einstein's speech (11 April 1943) for the <a href="/wiki/United_Jewish_Appeal" title="United Jewish Appeal">United Jewish Appeal</a> (recording by Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg/150px-Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg/225px-Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg/300px-Albert_Einstein_signature_1934.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="88" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Albert Einstein (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪnstaɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">EYEN-styne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NDxay-6">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/77\/De-Albert_Einstein.oga\/De-Albert_Einstein.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Albert Einstein.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/De-Albert_Einstein.oga/De-Albert_Einstein.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Albert_Einstein.oga" title="File:De-Albert Einstein.oga">ⓘ</a>; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> who is widely held as one of the most influential <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>. Best known for developing the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>, Einstein also made important contributions to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frs-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-YangHamilton2010-7">[6]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a> formula <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence#Mass–velocity_relationship" title="Mass–energy equivalence">E = mc2</a>, which arises from <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, has been called "the world's most famous equation".<a href="#cite_note-LnLVo-8">[7]</a> He received the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize-9">[8]</a> Born in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, and at the age of seventeen he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">federal polytechnic school</a>. In 1903, he secured a permanent position at the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Patent Office">Swiss Patent Office</a>. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zurich" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a>. In 1914, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>, becoming director of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics</a> in 1917. In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler came to power</a> in Germany. Horrified by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> persecution of his fellow Jews,<a href="#cite_note-zE9Bz-10">[9]</a> Einstein decided to remain in the US.<a href="#cite_note-BoyerDubofsky2001-11">[10]</a> On the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he endorsed <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">a letter</a> to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> alerting him to the potential <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapons program">German nuclear weapons program</a> and recommended that the US begin <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">similar research</a>, though he generally viewed the idea of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> with great dismay.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In 1905, he published <a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis_papers" title="Annus mirabilis papers">four groundbreaking papers</a>, sometimes described as his <a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis">annus mirabilis</a> (miracle year).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalison2000377-13">[12]</a> These papers outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a>, introduced his special theory of relativity, and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a <a href="/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General theory of relativity">general theory of relativity</a> that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a>. A cosmological paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151124-15">[14]</a> In 1917, he wrote a paper which laid the foundations for the concepts of both <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a>, and contained a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In the middle part of his career, Einstein made important contributions to <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a> and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>. With the Indian physicist <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a>, he laid the groundwork for <a href="/wiki/Bose-Einstein_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bose-Einstein statistics">Bose-Einstein statistics</a>. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that proved ultimately unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that "God does not play dice".<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Second, he attempted to devise a <a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">unified field theory</a> by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">modern physics</a>. His intellectual achievements and originality made Einstein broadly synonymous with genius.<a href="#cite_note-wordnetweb.princeton.edu-18">[17]</a> In 1999, he was named <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Person of the Century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood,_youth_and_education">Childhood, youth and education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Einstein_family" title="Einstein family">Einstein family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_at_the_age_of_three_(1882).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young boy with short hair and a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt, and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Albert_Einstein_at_the_age_of_three_%281882%29.jpg/170px-Albert_Einstein_at_the_age_of_three_%281882%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Albert_Einstein_at_the_age_of_three_%281882%29.jpg/255px-Albert_Einstein_at_the_age_of_three_%281882%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Albert_Einstein_at_the_age_of_three_%281882%29.jpg/340px-Albert_Einstein_at_the_age_of_three_%281882%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Einstein in 1882, age 3</figcaption></figure> Albert Einstein was born in <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bio-20">[19]</a> in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> His parents, secular <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Einstein">Hermann Einstein</a>, a salesman and engineer, and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Koch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Koch">Pauline Koch</a>. In 1880, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>'s borough of <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt" title="Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt">Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt</a>, where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bio-20">[19]</a> He often related a formative event from his youth, when he was sick in bed and his father brought him a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic compass">compass</a>. This sparked his lifelong fascination with <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>. He realized that "Something deeply hidden had to be behind things."<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Albert attended St. Peter's <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic elementary school</a> in Munich from the age of five. When he was eight, he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Luitpold_Gymnasium" title="Luitpold Gymnasium">Luitpold Gymnasium</a>, where he received advanced primary and then secondary school education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOAsQ_hFjhrACpgPA59_59–61]-23">[22]</a> In 1894, Hermann and Jakob's company tendered for a contract to install electric lighting in Munich, but without success—they lacked the capital that would have been required to update their technology from direct current to the more efficient, <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> alternative.<a href="#cite_note-EQyag-24">[23]</a> The failure of their bid forced them to sell their Munich factory and search for new opportunities elsewhere. The Einstein family moved to Italy, first to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and a few months later to <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, where they settled in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Cornazzani" title="Palazzo Cornazzani">Palazzo Cornazzani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Einstein, then fifteen, stayed behind in Munich in order to finish his schooling. His father wanted him to study <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, but he was a fractious pupil who found the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching methods far from congenial. He later wrote that the school's policy of strict <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">rote learning</a> was harmful to creativity. At the end of December 1894, a letter from a doctor persuaded the Luitpold's authorities to release him from its care, and he joined his family in Pavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing199730–31-26">[25]</a> While in Italy as a teenager, he wrote an essay entitled "On the Investigation of the State of the <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">Ether</a> in a Magnetic Field".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_doc._5-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-1RgTv-28">[27]</a> Einstein excelled at physics and mathematics from an early age, and soon acquired the mathematical expertise normally only found in a child several years his senior. He began teaching himself algebra, calculus and <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a> when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress that he discovered an original proof of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a> before his thirteenth birthday.<a href="#cite_note-FVfDU-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200716-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> A family tutor, <a href="/wiki/Max_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Talmud">Max Talmud</a>, said that only a short time after he had given the twelve year old Einstein a geometry textbook, the boy "had worked through the whole book. He thereupon devoted himself to higher mathematics ... Soon the flight of his mathematical genius was so high I could not follow."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200717-32">[31]</a> Einstein recorded that he had "mastered <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">integral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Differential_calculus" title="Differential calculus">differential calculus</a>" while still just fourteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200716-30">[29]</a> His love of algebra and geometry was so great that at twelve, he was already confident that nature could be understood as a "mathematical structure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200717-32">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_as_a_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Studio photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front of a backdrop of scenery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Albert_Einstein_as_a_child.jpg/200px-Albert_Einstein_as_a_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Albert_Einstein_as_a_child.jpg/300px-Albert_Einstein_as_a_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Albert_Einstein_as_a_child.jpg/400px-Albert_Einstein_as_a_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Einstein in 1893, age 14</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-sky image derived from nine years' WMAP data" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/220px-WMAP_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/330px-WMAP_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/440px-WMAP_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:0;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> · <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early universe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Inflation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Backgrounds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave (GWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Microwave (CMB)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background" title="Cosmic neutrino background">Neutrino (CNB)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expansion · Future</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a> · <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">FLRW metric</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhomogeneous_cosmology" title="Inhomogeneous cosmology">Inhomogeneous cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components · Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure" title="Observable universe">Large-scale structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">Structure formation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Experiments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative (BHI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Survey" title="Dark Energy Survey">Dark Energy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck space observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aaronson" title="Marc Aaronson">Aaronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Asher_Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Asher Alpher">Alpher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Dicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B._Suntzeff" title="Nicholas B. Suntzeff">Suntzeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Sunyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zeldovich</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmologists" title="List of cosmologists">List of cosmologists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Subject_history" title="Physical cosmology">Subject history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">History of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_cosmology" title="Category:Physical cosmology">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_cosmology" title="Template talk:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> At thirteen, when his range of enthusiasms had broadened to include music and philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe20058-33">[32]</a> Talmud introduced Einstein to <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a>. Kant became his favorite philosopher; according to Talmud, "At the time he was still a child, only thirteen years old, yet Kant's works, incomprehensible to ordinary mortals, seemed to be clear to him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200717-32">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein%27s_exam_of_maturity_grades_(color2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Einstein's matriculation certificate at the age of 17. The heading translates as "The Education Committee of the Canton of Aargau". His scores were German 5, French 3, Italian 5, History 6, Geography 4, Algebra 6, Geometry 6, Descriptive Geometry 6, Physics 6, Chemistry 5, Natural History 5, Art Drawing 4, Technical Drawing 4. 6 = very good, 5 = good, 4 = sufficient, 3 = insufficient, 2 = poor, 1 = very poor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Albert_Einstein%27s_exam_of_maturity_grades_%28color2%29.jpg/170px-Albert_Einstein%27s_exam_of_maturity_grades_%28color2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Albert_Einstein%27s_exam_of_maturity_grades_%28color2%29.jpg/255px-Albert_Einstein%27s_exam_of_maturity_grades_%28color2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Albert_Einstein%27s_exam_of_maturity_grades_%28color2%29.jpg/340px-Albert_Einstein%27s_exam_of_maturity_grades_%28color2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption>Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> certificate, 1896<a href="#cite_note-MaturaScore-34">[note 2]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examination for the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">federal polytechnic school</a> (later the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland. He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the test,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_p._11-35">[33]</a> but performed with distinction in physics and mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing199736–37-36">[34]</a> On the advice of the polytechnic's principal, he completed his secondary education at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Cantonal_School_Aarau" title="Old Cantonal School Aarau">Argovian cantonal school</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a>, Switzerland, graduating in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-b250-37">[35]</a> While lodging in Aarau with the family of <a href="/wiki/Jost_Winteler" title="Jost Winteler">Jost Winteler</a>, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister, <a href="/wiki/Maja_Einstein" title="Maja Einstein">Maja</a>, later married Winteler's son Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter199321,_31,_56–57-38">[36]</a>) In January 1896, with his father's approval, Einstein renounced his <a href="/wiki/German_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="German citizenship">citizenship of the German Kingdom of Württemberg</a> in order to avoid <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">conscription into military service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing199740-39">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> (graduation for the successful completion of higher secondary schooling), awarded to him in September 1896, acknowledged him to have performed well across most of the curriculum, allotting him a <a href="/wiki/Grading_systems_by_country#Switzerland" title="Grading systems by country">top grade of 6</a> for history, physics, algebra, geometry, and descriptive geometry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_docs._21–27-40">[38]</a> At seventeen, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the federal polytechnic school. Marie Winteler, a year older than him, took up a teaching post in <a href="/wiki/Olsberg,_Aargau" title="Olsberg, Aargau">Olsberg</a>, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter199321,_31,_56–57-38">[36]</a> The five other polytechnic school freshmen following the same course as Einstein included just one woman, a twenty year old <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87" title="Mileva Marić">Mileva Marić</a>. Over the next few years, the pair spent many hours discussing their shared interests and learning about topics in physics that the polytechnic school's lectures did not cover. In his letters to Marić, Einstein confessed that exploring science with her by his side was much more enjoyable than reading a textbook in solitude. Eventually the two students became not only friends but also lovers.<a href="#cite_note-mileva-41">[39]</a> Historians of physics are divided on the question of the extent to which Marić contributed to the insights of Einstein's annus mirabilis publications. There is at least some evidence that he was influenced by her scientific ideas,<a href="#cite_note-mileva-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-7HA7H-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-1zJdH-43">[41]</a> but there are scholars who doubt whether her impact on his thought was of any great significance at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais19941–29-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-xKrMG-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOAsQ_hFjhrACpgPA49_49–56]-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-dUxMl-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages,_relationships_and_children">Marriages, relationships and children</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_and_his_wife_Mileva_Maric.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Albert_Einstein_and_his_wife_Mileva_Maric.jpg/220px-Albert_Einstein_and_his_wife_Mileva_Maric.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Albert_Einstein_and_his_wife_Mileva_Maric.jpg/330px-Albert_Einstein_and_his_wife_Mileva_Maric.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Albert_Einstein_and_his_wife_Mileva_Maric.jpg/440px-Albert_Einstein_and_his_wife_Mileva_Maric.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3324" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Albert Einstein and <a href="/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87" title="Mileva Marić">Mileva Marić</a> Einstein, 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_and_Elsa_Einstein_arriving_by_ship,_San_Diego,_1930_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albert_Einstein_and_Elsa_Einstein_arriving_by_ship%2C_San_Diego%2C_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Albert_Einstein_and_Elsa_Einstein_arriving_by_ship%2C_San_Diego%2C_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albert_Einstein_and_Elsa_Einstein_arriving_by_ship%2C_San_Diego%2C_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Albert_Einstein_and_Elsa_Einstein_arriving_by_ship%2C_San_Diego%2C_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albert_Einstein_and_Elsa_Einstein_arriving_by_ship%2C_San_Diego%2C_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Albert_Einstein_and_Elsa_Einstein_arriving_by_ship%2C_San_Diego%2C_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5422" data-file-height="4005" /></a><figcaption>Albert Einstein and Elsa Einstein, 1930</figcaption></figure> Correspondence between Einstein and Marić, discovered and published in 1987, revealed that in early 1902, while Marić was visiting her parents in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, she gave birth to a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Lieserl_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieserl Einstein">Lieserl</a>. When Marić returned to Switzerland it was without the child, whose fate is uncertain. A letter of Einstein's that he wrote in September 1903 suggests that the girl was either given up for adoption or died of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a> in infancy.<a href="#cite_note-HBMes-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe200522–23-49">[47]</a> Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, their son <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein" title="Hans Albert Einstein">Hans Albert</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland. Their son <a href="/wiki/Einstein_family#Eduard_"Tete"_Einstein_(Albert's_second_son)" title="Einstein family">Eduard</a> was born in Zürich in July 1910. In letters that Einstein wrote to Marie Winteler in the months before Eduard's arrival, he described his love for his wife as "misguided" and mourned the "missed life" that he imagined he would have enjoyed if he had married Winteler instead: "I think of you in heartfelt love every spare minute and am so unhappy as only a man can be."<a href="#cite_note-MlQLY-50">[48]</a> In 1912, Einstein entered into a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Elsa_L%C3%B6wenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsa Löwenthal">Elsa Löwenthal</a>, who was both his first cousin on his mother's side and his second cousin on his father's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5eWh2O_3OAQCpgPA50_50]-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-dh-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel1966-53">[51]</a> When Marić learned of his infidelity soon after moving to Berlin with him in April 1914, she returned to Zürich, taking Hans Albert and Eduard with her.<a href="#cite_note-mileva-41">[39]</a> Einstein and Marić were granted a divorce on 14 February 1919 on the grounds of having lived apart for five years.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOAsQ_hFjhrACpgPA50_50]-55">[53]</a> As part of the divorce settlement, Einstein agreed that if he were to win a Nobel Prize, he would give the money that he received to Marić; he won the prize two years later.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Einstein married Löwenthal in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007"Main_characters",_front_matter-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceKennefickSchulmann201562-58">[56]</a> In 1923, he began a relationship with a secretary named Betty Neumann, the niece of his close friend Hans Mühsam.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Löwenthal nevertheless remained loyal to him, accompanying him when he emigrated to the United States in 1933. In 1935, she was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems. She died in December 1936.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter1993216-63">[61]</a> A volume of Einstein's letters released by <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> in 2006<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> added further names to the catalog of women with whom he was romantically involved. They included Margarete Lebach (a married Austrian),<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Estella Katzenellenbogen (the rich owner of a florist business), Toni Mendel (a wealthy Jewish widow) and Ethel Michanowski (a Berlin socialite), with whom he spent time and from whom he accepted gifts while married to Löwenthal.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> After being widowed, Einstein was briefly in a relationship with Margarita Konenkova, thought by some to be a Russian spy; her husband, the Russian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Konenkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Konenkov">Sergei Konenkov</a>, created the bronze bust of Einstein at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> at Princeton.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Following an episode of acute mental illness at about the age of twenty, Einstein's son Eduard was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robinson2015a-70">[68]</a> He spent the remainder of his life either in the care of his mother or in temporary confinement in an asylum. After her death, he was committed permanently to <a href="/wiki/Burgh%C3%B6lzli" title="Burghölzli">Burghölzli</a>, the Psychiatric University Hospital in Zürich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeffe2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailseinsteinbiograph00neffpage203_203]-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1902–1909:_Assistant_at_the_Swiss_Patent_Office">1902–1909: Assistant at the Swiss Patent Office</h3></div> Einstein graduated from the federal polytechnic school in 1900, duly certified as competent to teach mathematics and physics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_doc._67-72">[70]</a> His successful acquisition of Swiss citizenship in February 1901<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing199782-73">[71]</a> was not followed by the usual sequel of <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">conscription</a>; the Swiss authorities deemed him medically unfit for military service. He found that Swiss schools too appeared to have no use for him, failing to offer him a teaching position despite the almost two years that he spent applying for one. Eventually it was with the help of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Grossmann" title="Marcel Grossmann">Marcel Grossmann</a>'s father that he secured a post in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Patent Office">Swiss Patent Office</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ODY5p-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200763-75">[73]</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Patent_examiner" title="Patent examiner">assistant examiner – level III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MeZPN-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGEFAQ-77">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">Patent applications</a> that landed on Einstein's desk for his evaluation included ideas for a gravel sorter and an electric typewriter.<a href="#cite_note-IGEFAQ-77">[75]</a> His employers were pleased enough with his work to make his position permanent in 1903, although they did not think that he should be promoted until he had "fully mastered machine technology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalison2000370-78">[76]</a> It is conceivable that his labors at the patent office had a bearing on his development of his special theory of relativity. He arrived at his revolutionary ideas about space, time and light through thought experiments about the transmission of signals and the synchronization of clocks, matters which also figured in some of the inventions submitted to him for assessment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalison2000377-13">[12]</a> In 1902, Einstein and some friends whom he had met in Bern formed a group that held regular meetings to discuss science and philosophy. Their choice of a name for their club, the <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Academy" title="Olympia Academy">Olympia Academy</a>, was an ironic comment upon its far from Olympian status. Sometimes they were joined by Marić, who limited her participation in their proceedings to careful listening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter199396–98-79">[77]</a> The thinkers whose works they reflected upon included <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, all of whom significantly influenced Einstein's own subsequent ideas and beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200779–84-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1905:_First_scientific_papers">1900–1905: First scientific papers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_thesis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cover image of the PhD dissertation of Albert Einstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Einstein_thesis.png/170px-Einstein_thesis.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Einstein_thesis.png/255px-Einstein_thesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Einstein_thesis.png/340px-Einstein_thesis.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>Einstein's 1905 dissertation, Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensione ("A new determination of molecular dimensions")</figcaption></figure> Einstein's first paper, <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein#Journal_articles" title="List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein">"Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen"</a> ("Conclusions drawn from the phenomena of capillarity"), in which he proposed a model of intermolecular attraction that he afterwards disavowed as worthless, was published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1901-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> His 24-page doctoral dissertation[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Einstein seems to have somehow time-warped from graduating from polytechnic school in 1900 to submitting a doctoral dissertation in 1905; had he been doing course work while also employed as patent examiner, or did this doctoral program work the same way as the patent office, where you submitted your patent application/thesis, and then the examiner either awarded you a patent/PhD or not? (October 2024)">clarification needed</a>] also addressed a topic in molecular physics. Titled "Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen" ("A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions") and dedicated to his friend Marcel Grossman, it was completed on 30 April 1905<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905b"Meinem_Freunde_Herr_Dr._Marcel_Grossmann_gewidmet_(Dedicated_to_my_friend,_Dr._Marcel_Grossmann)"-83">[81]</a> and approved by Professor <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kleiner" title="Alfred Kleiner">Alfred Kleiner</a> of the University of Zurich three months later. (Einstein was formally awarded his PhD on 15 January 1906.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905b"Meinem_Freunde_Herr_Dr._Marcel_Grossmann_gewidmet_(Dedicated_to_my_friend,_Dr._Marcel_Grossmann)"-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1926bchap._"A_New_Determination_of_Molecular_Dimensions"-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Four other pieces of work that Einstein completed in 1905—<a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis_papers" title="Annus mirabilis papers">his famous papers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special theory of relativity">special theory of relativity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_of_mass_and_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Equivalence of mass and energy">equivalence of mass and energy</a>—have led to the year being celebrated as an annus mirabilis for physics akin to 1666 (the year in which <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> experienced his greatest epiphanies). The publications deeply impressed Einstein's contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1908–1933:_Early_academic_career">1908–1933: Early academic career</h3></div> Einstein's sabbatical as a civil servant approached its end in 1908, when he secured a junior teaching position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a>. In 1909, a lecture on relativistic <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodynamics">electrodynamics</a> that he gave at the University of Zurich, much admired by Alfred Kleiner, led to Zürich's luring him away from Bern with a newly created associate professorship.<a href="#cite_note-bG2yp-87">[85]</a> Promotion to a full professorship followed in April 1911, when he accepted a chair at the German <a href="/wiki/Charles-Ferdinand_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles-Ferdinand University">Charles-Ferdinand University</a> in Prague, a move which required him to become an <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian</a> citizen of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007164-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Itl8r-89">[87]</a> His time in Prague saw him producing eleven research papers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_patentoffice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders shot of a young, moustached man with dark, curly hair wearing a plaid suit and vest, striped shirt, and a dark tie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/240px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/360px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Einstein_patentoffice.jpg/480px-Einstein_patentoffice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4360" data-file-height="5699" /></a><figcaption>Einstein in 1904, age 25</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three young men in suits with high white collars and bow ties, sitting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg/240px-Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg/360px-Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg/480px-Einstein-with-habicht-and-solovine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Academy" title="Olympia Academy">Olympia Academy</a> founders: <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Habicht" title="Conrad Habicht">Conrad Habicht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Solovine" title="Maurice Solovine">Maurice Solovine</a>, and Einstein</figcaption></figure> In July 1912, he returned to his alma mater, the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>, to take up a chair in theoretical physics. His teaching activities there centred on <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> and analytical mechanics, and his research interests included the molecular theory of heat, <a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">continuum mechanics</a> and the development of a relativistic theory of gravitation. In his work on the latter topic, he was assisted by his friend, Marcel Grossmann, whose knowledge of the kind of mathematics required was greater than his own.<a href="#cite_note-hXQin-91">[89]</a> In the spring of 1913, two German visitors, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a>, called upon Einstein in Zürich in the hope of persuading him to relocate to Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel2002534-92">[90]</a> They offered him membership of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a>, the directorship of the planned <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics</a> and a chair at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a> that would allow him to pursue his research supported by a professorial salary but with no teaching duties to burden him.<a href="#cite_note-dh-52">[50]</a> Their invitation was all the more appealing to him because Berlin happened to be the home of his latest girlfriend, Elsa Löwenthal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel2002534-92">[90]</a> He duly joined the Academy on 24 July 1913,<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-93">[91]</a> and moved into an apartment in the Berlin district of <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Dahlem</a> on 1 April 1914.<a href="#cite_note-dh-52">[50]</a> He was installed in his Humboldt University position shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-93">[91]</a> The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in July 1914 marked the beginning of Einstein's gradual estrangement from the nation of his birth. When the "<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Ninety-Three" title="Manifesto of the Ninety-Three">Manifesto of the Ninety-Three</a>" was published in October 1914—a document signed by a host of prominent German thinkers that justified Germany's belligerence—Einstein was one of the few German intellectuals to distance himself from it and sign the alternative, eirenic "<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_to_the_Europeans" title="Manifesto to the Europeans">Manifesto to the Europeans</a>" instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheideler2002333-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein201518–19-95">[93]</a> However, this expression of his doubts about German policy did not prevent him from being elected to a two-year term as president of the <a href="/wiki/German_Physical_Society" title="German Physical Society">German Physical Society</a> in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5eWh2O_3OAQCpgPR19_"Timeline",_p._xix]-96">[94]</a> When the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics opened its doors the following year—its foundation delayed because of the war—Einstein was appointed its first director, just as Planck and Nernst had promised.<a href="#cite_note-EXcH6-97">[95]</a> Einstein was elected a Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1920,<a href="#cite_note-3gcYy-98">[96]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921">Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1921</a>. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize-9">[8]</a> At this point some physicists still regarded the general theory of relativity skeptically, and the Nobel citation displayed a degree of doubt even about the work on photoelectricity that it acknowledged: it did not assent to Einstein's notion of the particulate nature of light, which only won over the entire scientific community when <a href="/wiki/S._N._Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="S. N. Bose">S. N. Bose</a> derived the <a href="/wiki/Planck_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck spectrum">Planck spectrum</a> in 1924. That same year, Einstein was elected an International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Britain's closest equivalent of the Nobel award, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>, was not hung around Einstein's neck until 1925.<a href="#cite_note-frs-1">[1]</a> He was elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Einstein resigned from the Prussian Academy in March 1933. His accomplishments in Berlin had included the completion of the general theory of relativity, proving the <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93de_Haas_effect" title="Einstein–de Haas effect">Einstein–de Haas effect</a>, contributing to the quantum theory of radiation, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dh-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919:_Putting_general_relativity_to_the_test">1919: Putting general relativity to the test</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19191125_A_New_Physics_Based_on_Einstein_-_The_New_York_Times.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/19191125_A_New_Physics_Based_on_Einstein_-_The_New_York_Times.png/220px-19191125_A_New_Physics_Based_on_Einstein_-_The_New_York_Times.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/19191125_A_New_Physics_Based_on_Einstein_-_The_New_York_Times.png/330px-19191125_A_New_Physics_Based_on_Einstein_-_The_New_York_Times.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/19191125_A_New_Physics_Based_on_Einstein_-_The_New_York_Times.png/440px-19191125_A_New_Physics_Based_on_Einstein_-_The_New_York_Times.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption> The New York Times reported confirmation of the bending of light by gravitation after observations (made in <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sobral,_Cear%C3%A1" title="Sobral, Ceará">Sobral</a>) of the 29 May 1919 eclipse were presented to a joint meeting in London of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> on 6 November 1919.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_19191125-101">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1907, Einstein reached a milestone on his long journey from his special theory of relativity to a new idea of gravitation with the formulation of his <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a>, which asserts that an observer in an infinitesimally small box falling freely in a gravitational field would be unable to find any evidence that the field exists. In 1911, he used the principle to estimate the amount by which a ray of light from a distant star would be <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">bent</a> by the gravitational pull of the Sun as it passed close to the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a> (that is, the Sun's apparent surface). He reworked his calculation in 1913, having now found a way to model gravitation with the <a href="/wiki/Riemann_curvature_tensor" title="Riemann curvature tensor">Riemann curvature tensor</a> of a non-Euclidean four-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>. By the fall of 1915, his reimagining of the mathematics of gravitation in terms of Riemannian geometry was complete, and he applied his new theory not just to the behavior of the Sun as a gravitational lens but also to another astronomical phenomenon, the <a href="/wiki/Precession_of_the_perihelion_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession of the perihelion of Mercury">precession of the perihelion of Mercury</a> (a slow drift in the point in Mercury's elliptical orbit at which it approaches the Sun most closely).<a href="#cite_note-dh-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_May_29,_1919" title="Solar eclipse of May 29, 1919">total eclipse of the Sun that took place on 29 May 1919</a> provided an opportunity to put his theory of gravitational lensing to the test, and observations performed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> yielded results that were consistent with his calculations. Eddington's work was reported at length in newspapers around the world. On 7 November 1919, for example, the leading British newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, printed a banner headline that read: "Revolution in Science – New Theory of the Universe – Newtonian Ideas Overthrown".<a href="#cite_note-Eddington-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1921–1923:_Coming_to_terms_with_fame">1921–1923: Coming to terms with fame</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_(Nobel).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png/170px-Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png/255px-Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Einstein's official portrait after receiving the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics</figcaption></figure> With Eddington's eclipse observations widely reported not just in academic journals but by the popular press as well, Einstein became "perhaps the world's first celebrity scientist", a genius who had shattered a paradigm that had been basic to physicists' understanding of the universe since the seventeenth century.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Einstein began his new life as an intellectual icon in America, where he arrived on 2 April 1921. He was welcomed to New York City by Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Hylan" title="John Francis Hylan">John Francis Hylan</a>, and then spent three weeks giving lectures and attending receptions.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> He spoke several times at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton">Princeton</a>, and in Washington, he visited the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. He returned to Europe via London, where he was the guest of the philosopher and statesman <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Haldane">Viscount Haldane</a>. He used his time in the British capital to meet several people prominent in British scientific, political or intellectual life, and to deliver a lecture at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann1972145–148-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing1997499–508-107">[105]</a> In July 1921, he published an essay, "My First Impression of the U.S.A.", in which he sought to sketch the American character, much as had <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835).<a href="#cite_note-7gwHd-108">[106]</a> He wrote of his transatlantic hosts in highly approving terms: "What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life ... The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic, and without envy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton198420-109">[107]</a> In 1922, Einstein's travels were to the old world rather than the new. He devoted six months to a tour of Asia that saw him speaking in Japan, Singapore and Sri Lanka (then known as <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>). After his first public lecture in Tokyo, he met <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yoshihito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Yoshihito">Emperor Yoshihito</a> and his wife at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a>, with thousands of spectators thronging the streets in the hope of catching a glimpse of him. (In a letter to his sons, he wrote that Japanese people seemed to him to be generally modest, intelligent and considerate, and to have a true appreciation of art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007307–308-110">[108]</a> But his picture of them in his diary was less flattering: "[the] intellectual needs of this nation seem to be weaker than their artistic ones – natural disposition?" His journal also contains views of China and India which were uncomplimentary. Of Chinese people, he wrote that "even the children are spiritless and look obtuse... It would be a pity if these Chinese supplant all other races. For the likes of us the mere thought is unspeakably dreary".<a href="#cite_note-38YkY-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a>) He was greeted with even greater enthusiasm on the last leg of his tour, in which he spent twelve days in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, newly entrusted to British rule by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in the aftermath of the First World War. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Herbert Samuel">Sir Herbert Samuel</a>, the British High Commissioner, welcomed him with a degree of ceremony normally only accorded to a visiting head of state, including a cannon salute. One reception held in his honor was stormed by people determined to hear him speak: he told them that he was happy that Jews were beginning to be recognized as a force in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007308-113">[111]</a> Einstein's decision to tour the eastern hemisphere in 1922 meant that he was unable to go to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in the December of that year to participate in the Nobel prize ceremony. His place at the traditional Nobel banquet was taken by a German diplomat, who gave a speech praising him not only as a physicist but also as a campaigner for peace.<a href="#cite_note-oxak7-114">[112]</a> A two-week visit to Spain that he undertook in 1923 saw him collecting another award, a membership of the Spanish Academy of Sciences signified by a diploma handed to him by <a href="/wiki/King_Alfonso_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfonso XIII">King Alfonso XIII</a>. (His Spanish trip also gave him a chance to meet a fellow Nobel laureate, the neuroanatomist <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-w74nv-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1922–1932:_Serving_the_League_of_Nations">1922–1932: Serving the League of Nations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif/lossy-page1-220px-League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif/lossy-page1-330px-League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif/lossy-page1-440px-League_of_Nations_Commission_067.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5008" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Einstein at a session of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation</a> (<a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>) of which he was a member from 1922 to 1932</figcaption></figure> From 1922 until 1932, with the exception of a few months in 1923 and 1924, Einstein was a member of the Geneva-based <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, a group set up by the League to encourage scientists, artists, scholars, teachers and other people engaged in the life of the mind to work more closely with their counterparts in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Q5hgx-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-vNNnX-117">[115]</a> He was appointed as a German delegate rather than as a representative of Switzerland because of the machinations of two Catholic activists, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Halecki" title="Oskar Halecki">Oskar Halecki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Motta" title="Giuseppe Motta">Giuseppe Motta</a>. By persuading Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Drummond" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Drummond">Eric Drummond</a> to deny Einstein the place on the committee reserved for a Swiss thinker, they created an opening for <a href="/wiki/Gonzague_de_Reynold" title="Gonzague de Reynold">Gonzague de Reynold</a>, who used his League of Nations position as a platform from which to promote traditional Catholic doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-e9Xyh-118">[116]</a> Einstein's former physics professor <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> and the Polish chemist <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> were also members of the committee.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1925:_Touring_South_America">1925: Touring South America</h3></div> In March and April 1925, Einstein and his wife visited South America, where they spent about a week in Brazil, a week in Uruguay and a month in Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Their tour was suggested by Jorge Duclout (1856–1927) and Mauricio Nirenstein (1877–1935)<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> with the support of several Argentine scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Julio_Rey_Pastor" title="Julio Rey Pastor">Julio Rey Pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Laub" title="Jakob Laub">Jakob Laub</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Leopoldo Lugones</a>. and was financed primarily by the Council of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a> and the Asociación Hebraica Argentina (Argentine Hebraic Association) with a smaller contribution from the Argentine-Germanic Cultural Institution.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930–1931:_Touring_the_US">1930–1931: Touring the US</h3></div> In December 1930, Einstein began another significant sojourn in the United States, drawn back to the US by the offer of a two month research fellowship at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>. Caltech supported him in his wish that he should not be exposed to quite as much attention from the media as he had experienced when visiting the US in 1921, and he therefore declined all the invitations to receive prizes or make speeches that his admirers poured down upon him. But he remained willing to allow his fans at least some of the time with him that they requested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007368-123">[121]</a> After arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events, including <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown</a>, a lunch with the editors of The New York Times, and a performance of Carmen at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>, where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days following, he was given the keys to the city by Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Walker" title="Jimmy Walker">Jimmy Walker</a> and met <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, who described Einstein as "the ruling monarch of the mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007370-124">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Emerson_Fosdick" title="Harry Emerson Fosdick">Harry Emerson Fosdick</a>, pastor at New York's <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Riverside Church</a>, gave Einstein a tour of the church and showed him a full-size statue that the church made of Einstein, standing at the entrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007370-124">[122]</a> Also during his stay in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)" title="Madison Square Garden (1925)">Madison Square Garden</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> celebration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007370-124">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_and_Charlie_Chaplin_City_Lights_premiere_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Albert_Einstein_and_Charlie_Chaplin_City_Lights_premiere_1931.jpg/200px-Albert_Einstein_and_Charlie_Chaplin_City_Lights_premiere_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Albert_Einstein_and_Charlie_Chaplin_City_Lights_premiere_1931.jpg/300px-Albert_Einstein_and_Charlie_Chaplin_City_Lights_premiere_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Albert_Einstein_and_Charlie_Chaplin_City_Lights_premiere_1931.jpg/400px-Albert_Einstein_and_Charlie_Chaplin_City_Lights_premiere_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Einstein with <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> premiere of Chaplin's <a href="/wiki/City_Lights" title="City Lights">City Lights</a>, January 1931</figcaption></figure> Einstein next traveled to California, where he met <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> president and Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a>. His friendship with Millikan was "awkward", as Millikan "had a penchant for patriotic militarism", where Einstein was a pronounced <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007373-125">[123]</a> During an address to Caltech's students, Einstein noted that science was often inclined to do more harm than good.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007374-126">[124]</a> This aversion to war also led Einstein to befriend author <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> and film star <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, both noted for their pacifism. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Laemmle" title="Carl Laemmle">Carl Laemmle</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a>, gave Einstein a tour of his studio and introduced him to Chaplin. They had an instant rapport, with Chaplin inviting Einstein and his wife, Elsa, to his home for dinner. Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a "highly emotional temperament", from which came his "extraordinary intellectual energy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaplin1964320-127">[125]</a> Chaplin's film <a href="/wiki/City_Lights" title="City Lights">City Lights</a> was to premiere a few days later in Hollywood, and Chaplin invited Einstein and Elsa to join him as his special guests. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Walter Isaacson</a>, Einstein's biographer, described this as "one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007374-126">[124]</a> Chaplin visited Einstein at his home on a later trip to Berlin and recalled his "modest little flat" and the piano at which he had begun writing his theory. Chaplin speculated that it was "possibly used as kindling wood by the Nazis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaplin1964322-128">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933:_Emigration_to_the_US">1933: Emigration to the US</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein-cartoon1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of Einstein, who has shed his "Pacifism" wings, standing next to a pillar labeled "World Peace". He is rolling up his sleeves and holding a sword labeled "Preparedness"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Einstein-cartoon1.jpg/170px-Einstein-cartoon1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Einstein-cartoon1.jpg/255px-Einstein-cartoon1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Einstein-cartoon1.jpg/340px-Einstein-cartoon1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon of Einstein after shedding his "pacifism" wings (<a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Macauley" title="Charles R. Macauley">Charles R. Macauley</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1933)</figcaption></figure> In February 1933, while on a visit to the United States, Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> under Germany's new chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing1997659-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007404-130">[128]</a> While at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> in Pasadena. In February and March 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> repeatedly raided his family's apartment in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> He and his wife Elsa returned to Europe in March, and during the trip, they learned that the German Reichstag had passed the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a> on 23 March, transforming Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship, and that they would not be able to proceed to Berlin. Later on, they heard that their cottage had been raided by the Nazis and Einstein's personal sailboat confiscated. Upon landing in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium on 28 March, Einstein immediately went to the German consulate and surrendered his passport, formally renouncing his German citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410-132">[130]</a> The Nazis later sold his boat and converted his cottage into a <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> camp.<a href="#cite_note-el4GB-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refugee_status">Refugee status</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein%27s_landing_card_(5706142737).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Einstein%27s_landing_card_%285706142737%29.jpg/220px-Einstein%27s_landing_card_%285706142737%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Einstein%27s_landing_card_%285706142737%29.jpg/330px-Einstein%27s_landing_card_%285706142737%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Einstein%27s_landing_card_%285706142737%29.jpg/440px-Einstein%27s_landing_card_%285706142737%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Landing card for Einstein's 26 May 1933 arrival in <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, England from <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, Belgium,<a href="#cite_note-robinson19-134">[132]</a> enroute to <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a><a href="#cite_note-robinson24-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> In April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had passed <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">laws barring Jews from holding any official positions</a>, including teaching at universities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410-132">[130]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Holton" title="Gerald Holton">Gerald Holton</a> describes how, with "virtually no audible protest being raised by their colleagues", thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls of institutions where they were employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolton1984-135">[133]</a> A month later, Einstein's works were among those targeted by the <a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a>, with Nazi propaganda minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> proclaiming, "Jewish intellectualism is dead."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410-132">[130]</a> One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime with the phrase, "not yet hanged", offering a $5,000 bounty on his head.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jerome-136">[134]</a> In a subsequent letter to physicist and friend <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, who had already emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, "... I must confess that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007407–410-132">[130]</a> After moving to the US, he described the book burnings as a "spontaneous emotional outburst" by those who "shun popular enlightenment", and "more than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual independence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1954197-137">[135]</a> Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. Aided by the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Assistance_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Assistance Council">Academic Assistance Council</a>, founded in April 1933 by British Liberal politician <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> to help academics escape Nazi persecution, Einstein was able to leave Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Albert_Hall-138">[136]</a> He rented a house in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933, he visited England for about six weeks at the invitation of the British Member of Parliament Commander <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Locker-Lampson" title="Oliver Locker-Lampson">Oliver Locker-Lampson</a>, who had become friends with him in the preceding years.<a href="#cite_note-robinson19-134">[132]</a> Locker-Lampson invited him to stay near his <a href="/wiki/Cromer" title="Cromer">Cromer</a> home in a secluded wooden cabin on Roughton Heath in the Parish of <a href="/wiki/Roughton,_Norfolk" title="Roughton, Norfolk">Roughton, Norfolk</a>. To protect Einstein, Locker-Lampson had two bodyguards watch over him; a photo of them carrying shotguns and guarding Einstein was published in the Daily Herald on 24 July 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007422-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-3zIp7-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_and_Einstein_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Churchill_and_Einstein_in_1933.jpg/220px-Churchill_and_Einstein_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Churchill_and_Einstein_in_1933.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and Einstein at <a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a> House, 31 May 1933</figcaption></figure> Locker-Lampson took Einstein to meet <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> at his home, and later, <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> and former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007419–420-141">[139]</a> Einstein asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend, physicist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Lindemann">Frederick Lindemann</a>, to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-142">[140]</a> Churchill later observed that as a result of Germany having driven the Jews out, they had lowered their "technical standards" and put <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">the Allies</a>' technology ahead of theirs.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-142">[140]</a> Einstein later contacted leaders of other nations, including Turkey's Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a>, to whom he wrote in September 1933, requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish scientists. As a result of Einstein's letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually totaled over "1,000 saved individuals".<a href="#cite_note-aDu8s-143">[141]</a> Locker-Lampson also submitted a bill to parliament to extend British citizenship to Einstein, during which period Einstein made a number of public appearances describing the crisis brewing in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1971-144">[142]</a> In one of his speeches he denounced Germany's treatment of Jews, while at the same time he introduced a bill promoting Jewish citizenship in Palestine, as they were being denied citizenship elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-AP-145">[143]</a> In his speech he described Einstein as a "citizen of the world" who should be offered a temporary shelter in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-gnriE-146">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-147">[144]</a> Both bills failed, however, and Einstein then accepted an earlier offer from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, US, to become a resident scholar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1971-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resident_scholar_at_the_Institute_for_Advanced_Study">Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein-formal_portrait-35_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Einstein-formal_portrait-35_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Einstein-formal_portrait-35_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Einstein-formal_portrait-35_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Einstein-formal_portrait-35_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Einstein-formal_portrait-35_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Einstein-formal_portrait-35_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Einstein taken in 1935 at Princeton</figcaption></figure> On 3 October 1933, Einstein delivered a speech on the importance of academic freedom before a packed audience at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in London, with <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reporting he was wildly cheered throughout.<a href="#cite_note-Albert_Hall-138">[136]</a> Four days later he returned to the US and took up a position at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1971-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing1997649,_678-148">[145]</a> noted for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Arntzenius2011-149">[146]</a> At the time, most American universities, including Harvard, Princeton and Yale, had minimal or no Jewish faculty or students, as a result of their <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quotas</a>, which lasted until the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-Arntzenius2011-149">[146]</a> Einstein was still undecided about his future. He had offers from several European universities, including <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>, where he stayed for three short periods between May 1931 and June 1933<a href="#cite_note-robinson24-4">[4]</a> and was offered a five-year research <a href="/wiki/Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellowship">fellowship</a> (called a "<a href="/wiki/Studentship" class="mw-redirect" title="Studentship">studentship</a>" at Christ Church),<a href="#cite_note-FFt5E-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-v8v06-151">[148]</a> but in 1935, he arrived at the decision to remain permanently in the United States and apply for citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1971-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing1997686–687-152">[149]</a> Einstein's affiliation with the Institute for Advanced Study would last until his death in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-mzNc5-153">[150]</a> He was one of the four first selected (along with <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a>) at the new Institute. He soon developed a close friendship with Gödel; the two would take long walks together discussing their work. <a href="/wiki/Bruria_Kaufman" title="Bruria Kaufman">Bruria Kaufman</a>, his assistant, later became a physicist. During this period, Einstein tried to develop a <a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">unified field theory</a> and to refute the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">accepted interpretation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physics</a>, both unsuccessfully. He lived in Princeton at his home from 1935 onwards. The <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_House" title="Albert Einstein House">Albert Einstein House</a> was made a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1976. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_and_the_Manhattan_Project">World War II and the Manhattan Project</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szil%C3%A1rd_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein–Szilárd letter">Einstein–Szilárd letter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchen-2021-Deutsches_Museum-Einstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M%C3%BCnchen-2021-Deutsches_Museum-Einstein.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnchen-2021-Deutsches_Museum-Einstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M%C3%BCnchen-2021-Deutsches_Museum-Einstein.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnchen-2021-Deutsches_Museum-Einstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/M%C3%BCnchen-2021-Deutsches_Museum-Einstein.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnchen-2021-Deutsches_Museum-Einstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2877" data-file-height="4315" /></a><figcaption>Marble bust of Einstein at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></figcaption></figure> In 1939, a group of Hungarian scientists that included émigré physicist <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a> attempted to alert <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> to ongoing Nazi atomic bomb research. The group's warnings were discounted. Einstein and Szilárd, along with other refugees such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a>, "regarded it as their responsibility to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear energy project">race to build an atomic bomb</a>, and to warn that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007630-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-o4fkQ-156">[153]</a> To make certain the US was aware of the danger, in July 1939, a few months before the beginning of World War II in Europe, Szilárd and Wigner visited Einstein to explain the possibility of atomic bombs, which Einstein, a pacifist, said he had never considered.<a href="#cite_note-pRqWK-157">[154]</a> He was asked to lend his support by writing <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">a letter</a>, with Szilárd, to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>, recommending the US pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons research. The letter is believed to be "arguably the key stimulus for the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II".<a href="#cite_note-4Z68g-158">[155]</a> In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian royal family">Belgian royal family</a><a href="#cite_note-eZym8-159">[156]</a> and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal envoy to the White House's Oval Office. Some say that as a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the US entered the "race" to develop the bomb, drawing on its "immense material, financial, and scientific resources" to initiate the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. For Einstein, "war was a disease ... [and] he called for resistance to war." By signing the letter to Roosevelt, some argue he went against his pacifist principles.<a href="#cite_note-z73PK-160">[157]</a> In 1954, a year before his death, Einstein said to his old friend, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, "I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1971752-161">[158]</a> In 1955, Einstein and ten other intellectuals and scientists, including British philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, signed <a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">a manifesto</a> highlighting the danger of nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> In 1960 Einstein was included posthumously as a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Academy_of_Art_and_Science" title="World Academy of Art and Science">World Academy of Art and Science</a> (WAAS),<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> an organization founded by distinguished scientists and intellectuals who committed themselves to the responsible and ethical advances of science, particularly in light of the development of nuclear weapons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_citizenship">US citizenship</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizen-Einstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Citizen-Einstein.jpg/220px-Citizen-Einstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Citizen-Einstein.jpg/330px-Citizen-Einstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Citizen-Einstein.jpg/440px-Citizen-Einstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Einstein accepting a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">US citizenship</a> certificate from judge <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Forman" title="Phillip Forman">Phillip Forman</a></figcaption></figure> Einstein became an American citizen in 1940. Not long after settling into his career at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, he expressed his appreciation of the <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a> in American culture compared to Europe. He recognized the "right of individuals to say and think what they pleased" without social barriers. As a result, individuals were encouraged, he said, to be more creative, a trait he valued from his early education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007432-164">[161]</a> Einstein joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP) in Princeton, where he campaigned for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">civil rights</a> of African Americans. He considered racism America's "worst disease",<a href="#cite_note-Jerome-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag-165">[162]</a> seeing it as "handed down from one generation to the next".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalaprice2005148–149-166">[163]</a> As part of his involvement, he corresponded with civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> and was prepared to testify on his behalf during his trial as an alleged foreign agent in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeson2002565-167">[164]</a> When Einstein offered to be a character witness for Du Bois, the judge decided to drop the case.<a href="#cite_note-civil-168">[165]</a> In 1946, Einstein visited <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a> in Pennsylvania, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black college">historically black college</a>, where he was awarded an honorary degree. Lincoln was the first university in the United States to grant college degrees to African Americans; alumni include <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>. Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, "I do not intend to be quiet about it."<a href="#cite_note-Jerome_Isis-169">[166]</a> A resident of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a black student.<a href="#cite_note-civil-168">[165]</a> Einstein has said, "Being a Jew myself, perhaps I can understand and empathize with how black people feel as victims of discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_views">Personal views</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_views">Political views</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Political views of Albert Einstein">Political views of Albert Einstein</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_Apr.1921_SS_Rotterdam_32099.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Casual group shot of four men and two women standing on a brick pavement." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Einstein_Apr.1921_SS_Rotterdam_32099.jpg/220px-Einstein_Apr.1921_SS_Rotterdam_32099.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Einstein_Apr.1921_SS_Rotterdam_32099.jpg/330px-Einstein_Apr.1921_SS_Rotterdam_32099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Einstein_Apr.1921_SS_Rotterdam_32099.jpg/440px-Einstein_Apr.1921_SS_Rotterdam_32099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>Albert Einstein and <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Einstein" title="Elsa Einstein">Elsa Einstein</a> arriving in New York in 1921. Accompanying them are Zionist leaders <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> (future president of Israel), Weizmann's wife <a href="/wiki/Vera_Weizmann" title="Vera Weizmann">Vera Weizmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Ussishkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem Ussishkin">Menahem Ussishkin</a>, and Ben-Zion Mossinson.</figcaption></figure> In 1918, Einstein was one of the signatories of the founding proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a>, a liberal party.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Later in his life, Einstein's political view was in favor of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and critical of capitalism, which he detailed in his essays such as "<a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-LXsUJ-173">[170]</a> His opinions on the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> also changed with time. In 1925, he criticized them for not having a "well-regulated system of government" and called their rule a "regime of terror and a tragedy in human history". He later adopted a more moderated view, criticizing their methods but praising them, which is shown by his 1929 remark on <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In Lenin I honor a man, who in total sacrifice of his own person has committed his entire energy to realizing social justice. I do not find his methods advisable. One thing is certain, however: men like him are the guardians and renewers of mankind's conscience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_X1dAAAAQBAJpg413_412,_413]-174">[171]</a></blockquote> Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1971-144">[142]</a> He strongly advocated the idea of a democratic <a href="/wiki/Global_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Global government">global government</a> that would check the power of nation-states in the framework of a world federation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007487,_494,_550-175">[172]</a> He wrote "I advocate world government because I am convinced that there is no other possible way of eliminating the most terrible danger in which man has ever found himself."<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> The FBI created a secret dossier on Einstein in 1932; by the time of his death, it was 1,427 pages long.<a href="#cite_note-ixWWZ-177">[174]</a> Einstein was deeply impressed by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, with whom he corresponded. He described Gandhi as "a role model for the generations to come".<a href="#cite_note-Albano-Müller-178">[175]</a> The initial connection was established on 27 September 1931, when <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Israel" title="Wilfrid Israel">Wilfrid Israel</a> took his Indian guest <a href="/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a> to meet his friend Einstein at his summer home in the town of Caputh. Sundaram was Gandhi's disciple and special envoy, whom Wilfrid Israel met while visiting India and visiting the Indian leader's home in 1925. During the visit, Einstein wrote a short letter to Gandhi that was delivered to him through his envoy, and Gandhi responded quickly with his own letter. Although in the end Einstein and Gandhi were unable to meet as they had hoped, the direct connection between them was established through Wilfrid Israel.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_Zionism">Relationship with Zionism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Albert_Einstein#Zionism" title="Political views of Albert Einstein">Political views of Albert Einstein § Zionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/170px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/255px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg/340px-Albert_Einstein_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="4333" /></a><figcaption>Einstein in 1947</figcaption></figure> Einstein was a figurehead leader in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> which opened in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Earlier, in 1921, he was asked by the biochemist and president of the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a>, to help raise funds for the planned university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007290-182">[179]</a> He made suggestions for the creation of an Institute of Agriculture, a Chemical Institute and an Institute of Microbiology in order to fight the various ongoing epidemics such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, which he called an "evil" that was undermining a third of the country's development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2007161-183">[180]</a> He also promoted the establishment of an Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew and Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2007158-184">[181]</a> Einstein was not a <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> and opposed the creation of an independent Jewish state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann200733-185">[182]</a> He felt that the waves of arriving Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a> could live alongside existing Arabs in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. The state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> was established without his help in 1948; Einstein was limited to a marginal role in the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Upon the death of Israeli president Weizmann in November 1952, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> offered Einstein the largely ceremonial position of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President of Israel</a> at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Ezriel_Carlebach" title="Ezriel Carlebach">Ezriel Carlebach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Time-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Msb2q-188">[185]</a> The offer was presented by Israel's ambassador in Washington, <a href="/wiki/Abba_Eban" title="Abba Eban">Abba Eban</a>, who explained that the offer "embodies the deepest respect which the Jewish people can repose in any of its sons".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007522-189">[186]</a> Einstein wrote that he was "deeply moved", but "at once saddened and ashamed" that he could not accept it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007522-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_and_philosophical_views">Religious and philosophical views</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg/03_ALBERT_EINSTEIN.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Opening of Einstein's speech (11 April 1943) for the United Jewish Appeal (recording by Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina) <hr /> "Ladies (coughs) and gentlemen, our age is proud of the progress it has made in man's intellectual development. The search and striving for truth and knowledge is one of the highest of man's qualities ..."</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_and_philosophical_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein">Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein</a></div> Per <a href="/wiki/Lee_Smolin" title="Lee Smolin">Lee Smolin</a>, "I believe what allowed Einstein to achieve so much was primarily a moral quality. He simply cared far more than most of his colleagues that the laws of physics have to explain everything in nature coherently and consistently."<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Einstein expounded his spiritual outlook in a wide array of writings and interviews.<a href="#cite_note-018QJ-191">[188]</a> He said he had sympathy for the impersonal <a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a> God of <a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Baruch Spinoza's philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidG_iziBAPXtECpgPA325_325]-192">[189]</a> He did not believe in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal god</a> who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as naïve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalaprice2000218-193">[190]</a> He clarified, however, that "I am not an atheist",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcdxWNE7NY6QCpgPT390_390]-194">[191]</a> preferring to call himself an agnostic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalaprice2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidG_iziBAPXtECpgPA340_340]-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-flickr2687-196">[193]</a> or a "deeply religious nonbeliever".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalaprice2000218-193">[190]</a> He wrote that "A spirit is manifest in the laws of the universe—a spirit vastly superior to that of man, and one in the face of which we with our modest powers must feel humble. In this way the pursuit of science leads to a religious feeling of a special sort."<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Einstein was primarily affiliated with non-religious <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular humanist">humanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Culture">Ethical Culture</a> groups in both the UK and US. He served on the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/First_Humanist_Society_of_New_York" title="First Humanist Society of New York">First Humanist Society of New York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mKToJ-198">[195]</a> and was an honorary associate of the <a href="/wiki/Rationalist_Association" title="Rationalist Association">Rationalist Association</a>, which publishes <a href="/wiki/New_Humanist" title="New Humanist">New Humanist</a> in Britain. For the 75th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_Ethical_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Society for Ethical Culture">New York Society for Ethical Culture</a>, he stated that the idea of Ethical Culture embodied his personal conception of what is most valuable and enduring in religious idealism. He observed, "Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9fJkBqwDD3sCpgPA62_62]-199">[196]</a> In a German-language letter to philosopher <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gutkind" title="Eric Gutkind">Eric Gutkind</a>, dated 3 January 1954, Einstein wrote:<blockquote><a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">The word God</a> is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honorable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. No interpretation no matter how subtle can (for me) change this. ... For me the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish religion">Jewish religion</a> like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions. And the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> to whom I gladly belong and with whose mentality I have a deep affinity have no different quality for me than all other people. ... I cannot see anything '<a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">chosen</a>' about them.<a href="#cite_note-xI99y-200">[197]</a></blockquote> Einstein had been sympathetic toward vegetarianism for a long time. In a letter in 1930 to Hermann Huth, vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland#History" title="ProVeg Deutschland">German Vegetarian Federation (Deutsche Vegetarier-Bund)</a>, he wrote:<blockquote>Although I have been prevented by outward circumstances from observing a strictly vegetarian diet, I have long been an adherent to the cause in principle. Besides agreeing with the aims of vegetarianism for aesthetic and moral reasons, it is my view that a vegetarian manner of living by its purely physical effect on the human temperament would most beneficially influence the lot of mankind.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a></blockquote> He became a vegetarian himself only during the last part of his life. In March 1954 he wrote in a letter: "So I am living without fats, without meat, without fish, but am feeling quite well this way. It almost seems to me that man was not born to be a carnivore."<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Love_of_music">Love of music</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wanda_von_Debschitz-Kunowski_Albert_Einstein_beim_Geigenspiel_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wanda_von_Debschitz-Kunowski_Albert_Einstein_beim_Geigenspiel_1927.jpg/220px-Wanda_von_Debschitz-Kunowski_Albert_Einstein_beim_Geigenspiel_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wanda_von_Debschitz-Kunowski_Albert_Einstein_beim_Geigenspiel_1927.jpg/330px-Wanda_von_Debschitz-Kunowski_Albert_Einstein_beim_Geigenspiel_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wanda_von_Debschitz-Kunowski_Albert_Einstein_beim_Geigenspiel_1927.jpg/440px-Wanda_von_Debschitz-Kunowski_Albert_Einstein_beim_Geigenspiel_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>Einstein playing the violin (image published in 1927)</figcaption></figure> Einstein developed an appreciation for music at an early age. In his late journals he wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music ... I get most joy in life out of music.<a href="#cite_note-BQH5A-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-aBOjz-204">[201]</a></blockquote> His mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but also to help him assimilate into <a href="/wiki/German_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="German culture">German culture</a>. According to conductor <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a>, Einstein began playing when he was 5. However, he did not enjoy it at that age.<a href="#cite_note-Botstein-205">[202]</a> When he turned 13, he discovered the <a href="/wiki/Mozart_violin_sonatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart violin sonatas">violin sonatas of Mozart</a>, whereupon he became enamored of <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s compositions and studied music more willingly. Einstein taught himself to play without "ever practicing systematically". He said that "love is a better teacher than a sense of duty".<a href="#cite_note-Botstein-205">[202]</a> At the age of 17, he was heard by a school examiner in Aarau while playing <a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_violin_sonatas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven's violin sonatas (disambiguation)">Beethoven's violin sonatas</a>. The examiner stated afterward that his playing was "remarkable and revealing of 'great insight'". What struck the examiner, writes Botstein, was that Einstein "displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was and remains in short supply. Music possessed an unusual meaning for this student."<a href="#cite_note-Botstein-205">[202]</a> Music took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on. Although the idea of becoming a professional musician himself was not on his mind at any time, among those with whom Einstein played <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> were a few professionals, including Kurt Appelbaum, and he performed for private audiences and friends. Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life while living in Bern, Zürich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck and his son, among others. He is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor of the 1937 edition of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Köchel catalog">Köchel catalog</a> of Mozart's work; that edition was prepared by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Einstein" title="Alfred Einstein">Alfred Einstein</a>, who may have been a distant relation.<a href="#cite_note-kGuWC-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-OIn6p-207">[204]</a> In 1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology, he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played some of <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a> and Mozart's works with members of the <a href="/wiki/Zoellner_Quartet" title="Zoellner Quartet">Zoellner Quartet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times-208">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-RR-209">[206]</a> Near the end of his life, when the young <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_Quartet" class="mw-redirect" title="Juilliard Quartet">Juilliard Quartet</a> visited him in Princeton, he played his violin with them, and the quartet was "impressed by Einstein's level of coordination and intonation".<a href="#cite_note-Botstein-205">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced <a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">internal bleeding</a> caused by the rupture of an <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aortic_aneurysm" title="Abdominal aortic aneurysm">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a>, which had previously been reinforced surgically by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Nissen" title="Rudolph Nissen">Rudolph Nissen</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-BXLfp-210">[207]</a> He took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live to complete it.<a href="#cite_note-QN45b-211">[208]</a> Einstein refused surgery, saying, "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share; it is time to go. I will do it elegantly."<a href="#cite_note-BhiNM-212">[209]</a> He died in the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton Hospital">Princeton Hospital</a> early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.<a href="#cite_note-YUhsl-213">[210]</a> During the autopsy, the pathologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stoltz_Harvey" title="Thomas Stoltz Harvey">Thomas Stoltz Harvey</a> removed <a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein's brain">Einstein's brain</a> for preservation without the permission of his family, in the hope that the <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein so intelligent.<a href="#cite_note-MqyYW-214">[211]</a> Einstein's remains were cremated in <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.<a href="#cite_note-GQrBZ-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Obit-217">[214]</a> In a memorial lecture delivered on 13 December 1965 at <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> headquarters, nuclear physicist <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> summarized his <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_relationship" title="Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship">impression of Einstein</a> as a person: "He was almost wholly without sophistication and wholly without worldliness ... There was always with him a wonderful purity at once childlike and profoundly stubborn."<a href="#cite_note-aJHxn-218">[215]</a> Einstein bequeathed his personal archives, library, and intellectual assets to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_career">Scientific career</h2></div> Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles.<a href="#cite_note-Bio-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Arthur_Schilpp,_editor_1951_730–746-220">[217]</a> He published more than 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific ones.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Arthur_Schilpp,_editor_1951_730–746-220">[217]</a> On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008-221">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141204-DB-222">[219]</a> In addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists on additional projects including the <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator" title="Einstein refrigerator">Einstein refrigerator</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-Instituut-Lorentz-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-e5xd8-224">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistical_mechanics">Statistical mechanics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermodynamic_fluctuations_and_statistical_physics">Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_fluctuations" title="Thermal fluctuations">thermal fluctuations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical physics">statistical physics</a></div> Einstein's first paper<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1901-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-PubList-225">[222]</a> submitted in 1900 to <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a> was on <a href="/wiki/Capillary_attraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillary attraction">capillary attraction</a>. It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena". Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic</a> phenomena from a statistical point of view. These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist. His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-PubList-225">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theory_of_critical_opalescence">Theory of critical opalescence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critical_opalescence" title="Critical opalescence">Critical opalescence</a></div> Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point. Ordinarily the density fluctuations are controlled by the second derivative of the free energy with respect to the density. At the critical point, this derivative is zero, leading to large fluctuations. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Einstein relates this to <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.<a href="#cite_note-L2N73-226">[223]</a> Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1905_–_Annus_Mirabilis_papers">1905 – Annus Mirabilis papers</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis_papers" title="Annus mirabilis papers">Annus Mirabilis papers</a> are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect (which gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special theory of relativity">special theory of relativity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">E = mc2</a> that Einstein published in the Annalen der Physik scientific journal in 1905. These four works contributed substantially to the foundation of <a href="/wiki/History_of_physics#Modern_physics" title="History of physics">modern physics</a> and changed views on <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>, time, and <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>. The four papers are: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title (translated)</th> <th>Area of focus</th> <th>Received</th> <th>Published</th> <th>Significance </th></tr> <tr> <td>"On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905a-227">[224]</a></td> <td>Photoelectric effect</td> <td>18 March</td> <td>9 June</td> <td>Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts (<a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quanta</a>).<a href="#cite_note-1Jhcb-228">[225]</a> This idea was pivotal to the early development of quantum theory.<a href="#cite_note-oJBvd-229">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905c-230">[227]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a></td> <td>11 May</td> <td>18 July</td> <td>Explained empirical evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>, supporting the application of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical physics">statistical physics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905d-231">[228]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></td> <td>30 June</td> <td>26 September</td> <td>Reconciled <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a>'s equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing changes to mechanics, resulting from analysis based on empirical evidence that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer.<a href="#cite_note-RhZ8x-232">[229]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] Discredited the concept of a "<a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminiferous ether">luminiferous ether</a>".<a href="#cite_note-lhfJ9-233">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905e-234">[231]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Matter–energy equivalence</a></td> <td>27 September</td> <td>21 November</td> <td>Equivalence of matter and energy, E = mc2, the existence of "<a href="/wiki/Rest_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest energy">rest energy</a>", and the basis of nuclear energy. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_relativity">Special relativity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_special_relativity" title="History of special relativity">History of special relativity</a></div> Einstein's "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905d-231">[228]</a> ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciled conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a> (the laws of electricity and magnetism) and the laws of Newtonian mechanics by introducing changes to the laws of mechanics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing1997178–198-235">[232]</a> Observationally, the effects of these changes are most apparent at high speeds (where objects are moving at speeds close to the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>). The theory developed in this paper later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity. This paper predicted that, when measured in the frame of a relatively moving observer, a clock carried by a moving body would appear to <a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">slow down</a>, and the body itself would <a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">contract</a> in its direction of motion. This paper also argued that the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">luminiferous aether</a>—one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time—was superfluous.<a href="#cite_note-aBfxO-236">[note 4]</a> In his paper on <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a>, Einstein produced E = mc2 as a consequence of his special relativity equations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel2002vi,_15,_90,_131,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOAsQ_hFjhrACpgPA215_215]-237">[233]</a> Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sBl2q-238">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1982382–386-239">[234]</a> Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms of <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematics</a> (the study of moving bodies). In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski" title="Hermann Minkowski">Hermann Minkowski</a> reinterpreted special relativity in geometric terms as a theory of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>. Einstein adopted Minkowski's formalism in his 1915 <a href="/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General theory of relativity">general theory of relativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1982151–152-240">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_relativity">General relativity</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_relativity_and_the_equivalence_principle">General relativity and the equivalence principle</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">History of general relativity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_eclipse_positive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black circle covering the sun, rays visible around it, in a dark sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1919_eclipse_positive.jpg/170px-1919_eclipse_positive.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1919_eclipse_positive.jpg/255px-1919_eclipse_positive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1919_eclipse_positive.jpg/340px-1919_eclipse_positive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stanley Eddington">Eddington</a>'s photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a> (GR) is a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of gravitation">theory of gravitation</a> that was developed by Einstein between 1907 and 1915. According to it, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> by those masses. General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>; it provides the foundation for the current understanding of <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>, regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape.<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1923-242">[237]</a> Consequently, in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity. In that article titled "On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It", he argued that <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a> is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. This argument is called the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a>. In the same article, Einstein also predicted the phenomena of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">gravitational time dilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">gravitational redshift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational lensing">gravitational lensing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1982179–183-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008273–274vol._2:_The_Swiss_Years:_Writings,_1900–1909-244">[239]</a> In 1911, Einstein published another article "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies. Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity could for the first time be tested experimentally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1982194–195-245">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gravitational_waves">Gravitational waves</h4></div> In 1916, Einstein predicted <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1916-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1918-247">[242]</a> ripples in the <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a> of spacetime which propagate as <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a>, traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation. The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_invariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentz invariance">Lorentz invariance</a> which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical interactions of gravity with it. By contrast, gravitational waves cannot exist in the <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newtonian theory of gravitation</a>, which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite speed. The first, indirect, detection of gravitational waves came in the 1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting <a href="/wiki/Neutron_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron stars">neutron stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1913%2B16" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR B1913+16">PSR B1913+16</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-248">[243]</a> The explanation for the decay in their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tf1T0-249">[244]</a> Einstein's prediction was confirmed on 11 February 2016, when researchers at <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> published the <a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">first observation of gravitational waves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PRL-20160211-250">[245]</a> detected on Earth on 14 September 2015, nearly one hundred years after the prediction.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-CO6kH-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-oSmHb-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-hkKSp-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-38Msx-254">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hole_argument_and_Entwurf_theory">Hole argument and Entwurf theory</h4></div> While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the <a href="/wiki/Gauge_invariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge invariance">gauge invariance</a> in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> In June 1913, the Entwurf ('draft') theory was the result of these investigations. As its name suggests, it was a sketch of a theory, less elegant and more difficult than general relativity, with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions. After more than two years of intensive work, Einstein realized that the <a href="/wiki/Hole_argument" title="Hole argument">hole argument</a> was mistaken<a href="#cite_note-sOA9t-256">[251]</a> and abandoned the theory in November 1915. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_cosmology">Physical cosmology</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg/220px-MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg/330px-MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg/440px-MillikanLemaitreEinstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a> and Einstein at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> in January 1933</figcaption></figure> In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1917a-257">[252]</a> He discovered that the general field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting or expanding. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was lacking at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">cosmological constant</a>, into the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe. The modified field equations predicted a static universe of closed curvature, in accordance with Einstein's understanding of <a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a> in these years. This model became known as the Einstein World or <a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_static_universe" title="Einstein's static universe">Einstein's static universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1994285–286-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-iJwuX-259">[254]</a> Following the discovery of the recession of the galaxies by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static model of the universe, and proposed two dynamic models of the cosmos, the <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Einstein_universe" title="Friedmann–Einstein universe">Friedmann–Einstein universe</a> of 1931<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1931-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-cor-2013-261">[256]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93de_Sitter_universe" title="Einstein–de Sitter universe">Einstein–de Sitter universe</a> of 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinsteinde_Sitter1932-262">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-J9Tqu-263">[258]</a> In each of these models, Einstein discarded the cosmological constant, claiming that it was "in any case theoretically unsatisfactory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1931-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-cor-2013-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-sxfvo-264">[259]</a> In many Einstein biographies, it is claimed that Einstein referred to the cosmological constant in later years as his "biggest blunder", based on a letter <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a> claimed to have received from him. The astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Livio" title="Mario Livio">Mario Livio</a> has cast doubt on this claim.<a href="#cite_note-qmmVf-265">[260]</a> In late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist <a href="/wiki/Cormac_O%27Raifeartaigh" title="Cormac O'Raifeartaigh">Cormac O'Raifeartaigh</a> discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the galaxies, Einstein considered a <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_model" title="Steady-state model">steady-state model</a> of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-Tq53z-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-8pfEk-267">[262]</a> In a hitherto overlooked manuscript, apparently written in early 1931, Einstein explored a model of the expanding universe in which the density of matter remains constant due to a continuous creation of matter, a process that he associated with the cosmological constant.<a href="#cite_note-cor-steady-state-268">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Einstein's_aborted_model-269">[264]</a> As he stated in the paper, "In what follows, I would like to draw attention to a solution to equation (1) that can account for Hubbel's [sic] facts, and in which the density is constant over time" ... "If one considers a physically bounded volume, particles of matter will be continually leaving it. For the density to remain constant, new particles of matter must be continually formed in the volume from space." It thus appears that Einstein considered a <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_model" title="Steady-state model">steady-state model</a> of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold.<a href="#cite_note-ILjYQ-270">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThZb0-271">[266]</a> However, Einstein's steady-state model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea.<a href="#cite_note-cor-steady-state-268">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Einstein's_aborted_model-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-7ShC9-272">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_momentum_pseudotensor">Energy momentum pseudotensor</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy%E2%80%93momentum_pseudotensor" title="Stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor">Stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor</a></div> General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. <a href="/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem" title="Noether's theorem">Noether's theorem</a> allows these quantities to be determined from a <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_(field_theory)" title="Lagrangian (field theory)">Lagrangian</a> with <a href="/wiki/Translation_invariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation invariance">translation invariance</a>, but <a href="/wiki/General_covariance" title="General covariance">general covariance</a> makes translation invariance into something of a <a href="/wiki/Gauge_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge symmetry">gauge symmetry</a>. The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Noether" title="Emmy Noether">Noether</a>'s prescriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> Einstein argued that this is true for a fundamental reason: the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was, in fact, the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field. While the use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> and others, Einstein's approach has been echoed by physicists including <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Lifshitz" title="Evgeny Lifshitz">Evgeny Lifshitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wormholes">Wormholes</h4></div> In 1935, Einstein collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rosen" title="Nathan Rosen">Nathan Rosen</a> to produce a model of a <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">wormhole</a>, often called <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Rosen_bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein–Rosen bridges">Einstein–Rosen bridges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinsteinRosen1935-275">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-QNjpt-276">[271]</a> His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations, in line with the program outlined in the paper "Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution of the Elementary Particles?". These solutions cut and pasted <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarzschild black hole">Schwarzschild black holes</a> to make a bridge between two patches. Because these solutions included spacetime curvature without the presence of a physical body, Einstein and Rosen suggested that they could provide the beginnings of a theory that avoided the notion of point particles. However, it was later found that Einstein–Rosen bridges are not stable.<a href="#cite_note-ja7FY-277">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Einstein–Cartan_theory">Einstein–Cartan theory</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Einstein–Cartan theory">Einstein–Cartan theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_photo_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Einstein, sitting at a table, looks up from the papers he is reading and into the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Albert_Einstein_photo_1920.jpg/170px-Albert_Einstein_photo_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Albert_Einstein_photo_1920.jpg/255px-Albert_Einstein_photo_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Albert_Einstein_photo_1920.jpg/340px-Albert_Einstein_photo_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5480" /></a><figcaption>Einstein at his office, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>, 1920</figcaption></figure>In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the <a href="/wiki/Torsion_tensor" title="Torsion tensor">torsion</a>. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equations_of_motion">Equations of motion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Infeld%E2%80%93Hoffmann_equations" title="Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations">Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations</a></div> In general relativity, gravitational force is reimagined as curvature of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>. A curved path like an orbit is not the result of a force deflecting a body from an ideal straight-line path, but rather the body's attempt to fall freely through a background that is itself curved by the presence of other masses. A remark by <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> that has become proverbial among physicists summarizes the theory: "Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve."<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a> cover the latter aspect of the theory, relating the curvature of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy. The <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodesic equation">geodesic equation</a> covers the former aspect, stating that freely falling bodies follow <a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">lines that are as straight as possible in a curved spacetime</a>. Einstein regarded this as an "independent fundamental assumption" that had to be postulated in addition to the field equations in order to complete the theory. Believing this to be a shortcoming in how general relativity was originally presented, he wished to derive it from the field equations themselves. Since the equations of general relativity are non-linear, a lump of energy made out of pure gravitational fields, like a black hole, would move on a trajectory which is determined by the Einstein field equations themselves, not by a new law. Accordingly, Einstein proposed that the field equations would determine the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, to be a geodesic. Both physicists and philosophers have often repeated the assertion that the geodesic equation can be obtained from applying the field equations to the motion of a <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">gravitational singularity</a>, but this claim remains disputed.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_quantum_theory">Old quantum theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Old quantum theory</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photons_and_energy_quanta">Photons and energy quanta</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg/220px-Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg/330px-Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg/440px-Photoelectric_effect_in_a_solid_-_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>The photoelectric effect. Incoming photons on the left strike a metal plate (bottom), and eject electrons, depicted as flying off to the right.</figcaption></figure> In a 1905 paper,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905a-227">[224]</a> Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles (<a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quanta</a>). Einstein's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, including Max Planck and Niels Bohr. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a>'s detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect, and with the measurement of <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a>. Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency f is associated with a collection of photons with energy hf each, where h is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>. He did not say much more, because he was not sure how the particles were related to the wave. But he did suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results, notably the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905a-227">[224]</a> Light quanta were dubbed <a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">photons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quantized_atomic_vibrations">Quantized atomic vibrations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Einstein_solid" title="Einstein solid">Einstein solid</a></div> In 1907, Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. In the Einstein model, each atom oscillates independently—a series of equally spaced quantized states for each oscillator. Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> refined this model.<a href="#cite_note-ixm32-283">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bose–Einstein_statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a></div> In 1924, Einstein received a description of a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical</a> model from Indian physicist <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a>, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted his translation of Bose's paper to the <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Zeitschrift für Physik</a>. Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a> phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1924-284">[279]</a> It was not until 1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a> using <a href="/wiki/Ultracold_atom" title="Ultracold atom">ultra-cooling</a> equipment built at the <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>–<a href="/wiki/JILA" title="JILA">JILA</a> laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nlagl-285">[280]</a> Bose–Einstein statistics are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of <a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">bosons</a>. Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University.<a href="#cite_note-Instituut-Lorentz-223">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wave–particle_duality">Wave–particle duality</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_1921_(re-cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Albert_Einstein_1921_%28re-cropped%29.jpg/170px-Albert_Einstein_1921_%28re-cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Albert_Einstein_1921_%28re-cropped%29.jpg/255px-Albert_Einstein_1921_%28re-cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Albert_Einstein_1921_%28re-cropped%29.jpg/340px-Albert_Einstein_1921_%28re-cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption>Einstein in 1921, photo by Harris & Ewing Studio</figcaption></figure> Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became a <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> at the University of Bern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1982522-286">[281]</a> In "Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung" ("<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:The_Development_of_Our_Views_on_the_Composition_and_Essence_of_Radiation" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:The Development of Our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation">The Development of our Views on the Composition and Essence of Radiation</a>"), on the <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(physics)" title="Quantization (physics)">quantization</a> of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Einstein showed that Max Planck's energy quanta must have well-defined <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momenta</a> and act in some respects as independent, <a href="/wiki/Point_particle" title="Point particle">point-like particles</a>. This paper introduced the photon concept and inspired the notion of <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">wave–particle duality</a> in quantum mechanics. Einstein saw this wave–particle duality in radiation as concrete evidence for his conviction that physics needed a new, unified foundation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zero-point_energy">Zero-point energy</h4></div> In a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Zero-point_energy" title="Zero-point energy">zero-point energy</a> in his "second quantum theory". Soon, this idea attracted the attention of Einstein and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a>. Assuming the energy of rotating diatomic molecules contains zero-point energy, they then compared the theoretical specific heat of hydrogen gas with the experimental data. The numbers matched nicely. However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support, because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point energy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008270ffvol._4:_The_Swiss_Years:_Writings,_1912–1914-287">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stimulated_emission">Stimulated emission</h4></div> In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Stimulated_emission" title="Stimulated emission">stimulated emission</a>, the physical process that makes possible the <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1917b-288">[283]</a> This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode. This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Matter_waves">Matter waves</h4></div> Einstein discovered <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a>'s work and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein observed that <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="De Broglie waves">de Broglie waves</a> could explain the <a href="/wiki/Bohr-Sommerfeld_quantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization">quantization rules of Bohr and Sommerfeld</a>. This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_mechanics">Quantum mechanics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Einstein's_objections_to_quantum_mechanics">Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYT_May_4,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NYT_May_4%2C_1935.jpg/170px-NYT_May_4%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NYT_May_4%2C_1935.jpg/255px-NYT_May_4%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/NYT_May_4%2C_1935.jpg/340px-NYT_May_4%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Newspaper headline on 4 May 1935</figcaption></figure> Einstein played a major role in developing quantum theory, beginning with his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect. However, he became displeased with modern quantum mechanics as it had evolved after 1925, despite its acceptance by other physicists. He was skeptical that the randomness of quantum mechanics was fundamental rather than the result of determinism, stating that God "is not playing at dice".<a href="#cite_note-zZ2hS-292">[287]</a> Until the end of his life, he continued to maintain that quantum mechanics was incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-yzZtL-293">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bohr_versus_Einstein">Bohr versus Einstein</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">Bohr–Einstein debates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men sitting, looking relaxed. A dark-haired Bohr is talking while Einstein looks skeptical." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg/170px-Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg/255px-Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg/340px-Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Einstein and <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, 1925</figcaption></figure> The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bohr1949-294">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1969-295">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> Their debates would influence later <a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">interpretations of quantum mechanics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen_paradox">Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a></div> Einstein never fully accepted quantum mechanics. While he recognized that it made correct predictions, he believed a more fundamental description of nature must be possible. Over the years he presented multiple arguments to this effect, but the one he preferred most dated to a debate with Bohr in 1930. Einstein suggested a <a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_thought_experiments" title="Einstein's thought experiments">thought experiment</a> in which two objects are allowed to interact and then moved apart a great distance from each other. The quantum-mechanical description of the two objects is a mathematical entity known as a <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction">wavefunction</a>. If the wavefunction that describes the two objects before their interaction is given, then the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> provides the wavefunction that describes them after their interaction. But because of what would later be called <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">quantum entanglement</a>, measuring one object would lead to an instantaneous change of the wavefunction describing the other object, no matter how far away it is. Moreover, the choice of which measurement to perform upon the first object would affect what wavefunction could result for the second object. Einstein reasoned that no influence could propagate from the first object to the second instantaneously fast. Indeed, he argued, physics depends on being able to tell one thing apart from another, and such instantaneous influences would call that into question. Because the true "physical condition" of the second object could not be immediately altered by an action done to the first, Einstein concluded, the wavefunction could not be that true physical condition, only an incomplete description of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1990-297">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriganSpekkens2010-298">[293]</a> A more famous version of this argument came in 1935, when Einstein published a paper with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Podolsky" title="Boris Podolsky">Boris Podolsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rosen" title="Nathan Rosen">Nathan Rosen</a> that laid out what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinsteinPodolskyRosen1935-299">[294]</a> In this thought experiment, two particles interact in such a way that the wavefunction describing them is entangled. Then, no matter how far the two particles were separated, a precise position measurement on one particle would imply the ability to predict, perfectly, the result of measuring the position of the other particle. Likewise, a precise momentum measurement of one particle would result in an equally precise prediction for of the momentum of the other particle, without needing to disturb the other particle in any way. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>. They invoked a principle, later known as the "EPR criterion of reality", positing that: "If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e., with <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> equal to unity) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of reality corresponding to that quantity." From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of both position and of momentum prior to either quantity being measured. But quantum mechanics considers these two observables <a href="/wiki/Observable#Incompatibility_of_observables_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Observable">incompatible</a> and thus does not associate simultaneous values for both to any system. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen therefore concluded that quantum theory does not provide a complete description of reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeres2002-300">[295]</a> In 1964, <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a> carried the analysis of quantum entanglement much further. He deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated. This constraint would later be called a <a href="/wiki/Bell_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell inequality">Bell inequality</a>. Bell then showed that quantum physics predicts correlations that violate this inequality. Consequently, the only way that hidden variables could explain the predictions of quantum physics is if they are "nonlocal", which is to say that somehow the two particles are able to interact instantaneously no matter how widely they ever become separated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermin1993-301">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenrose2007-302">[297]</a> Bell argued that because an explanation of quantum phenomena in terms of hidden variables would require nonlocality, the EPR paradox "is resolved in the way which Einstein would have liked least".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1966-303">[298]</a> Despite this, and although Einstein personally found the argument in the EPR paper overly complicated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1990-297">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarriganSpekkens2010-298">[293]</a> that paper became among the most influential papers published in <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. It is considered a centerpiece of the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum information theory">quantum information theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2017-304">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_field_theory">Unified field theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_unified_field_theories" title="Classical unified field theories">Classical unified field theories</a></div> Encouraged by his success with general relativity, Einstein sought an even more ambitious geometrical theory that would treat gravitation and electromagnetism as aspects of a single entity. In 1950, he described his <a href="/wiki/Unified_field_theory" title="Unified field theory">unified field theory</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> article titled "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1950-305">[300]</a> His attempt to find the most fundamental laws of nature won him praise but not success: a particularly conspicuous blemish of his model was that it did not accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Strong_nuclear_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong nuclear force">strong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weak_nuclear_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak nuclear force">weak nuclear forces</a>, neither of which was well understood until many years after his death. Although most researchers now believe that Einstein's approach to unifying physics was mistaken, his goal of a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">theory of everything</a> is one to which his successors still aspire.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_investigations">Other investigations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_unsuccessful_investigations" title="Einstein's unsuccessful investigations">Einstein's unsuccessful investigations</a></div> Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>, and other research. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaboration_with_other_scientists">Collaboration with other scientists</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/220px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/330px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/440px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2171" /></a><figcaption>The 1927 <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> in Brussels, a gathering of the world's top physicists. Einstein is in the center.</figcaption></figure> In addition to longtime collaborators <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld">Leopold Infeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rosen" title="Nathan Rosen">Nathan Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergmann" title="Peter Bergmann">Peter Bergmann</a> and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Einstein–de_Haas_experiment">Einstein–de Haas experiment</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93de_Haas_effect" title="Einstein–de Haas effect">Einstein–de Haas effect</a></div> In 1908, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a> predicted that a change in the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> of a free body will cause this body to rotate. This effect is a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">conservation of angular momentum</a> and is strong enough to be observable in <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic materials">ferromagnetic materials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson-1908-307">[302]</a> Einstein and <a href="/wiki/Wander_Johannes_de_Haas" title="Wander Johannes de Haas">Wander Johannes de Haas</a> published two papers in 1915 claiming the first experimental observation of the effect.<a href="#cite_note-EdH-1-1915-308">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-EdH-2-1915-309">[304]</a> Measurements of this kind demonstrate that the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">magnetization</a> is caused by the alignment (<a href="/wiki/Spin_polarization" title="Spin polarization">polarization</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Angular_momenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular momenta">angular momenta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> in the material along the axis of magnetization. These measurements also allow the separation of the two contributions to the magnetization: that which is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> and with the orbital motion of the electrons. The Einstein-de Haas experiment is the only experiment concived, realized and published by Albert Einstein himself. A complete original version of the Einstein-de Haas experimental equipment was donated by <a href="/wiki/Geertruida_de_Haas-Lorentz" title="Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz">Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz</a>, wife of de Haas and daughter of Lorentz, to the <a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re_Museum" title="Ampère Museum">Ampère Museum</a> in Lyon France in 1961 where it is currently on display. It was lost among the museum's holdings and was rediscovered in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Einstein_as_an_inventor">Einstein as an inventor</h4></div> In 1926, Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator" title="Einstein refrigerator">Einstein refrigerator</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">absorption refrigerator</a> was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input.<a href="#cite_note-Goettling-312">[307]</a> On 11 November 1930, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1781541">U.S. patent 1,781,541</a> was awarded to Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, but the most promising of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company <a href="/wiki/Electrolux" title="Electrolux">Electrolux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[note 6]</a> Einstein also invented an electromagnetic pump,<a href="#cite_note-patents.google.com-315">[309]</a> sound reproduction device,<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> and several other household devices.<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-scientific">Non-scientific</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein-Oslofjord_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Einstein-Oslofjord_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Einstein-Oslofjord_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Einstein-Oslofjord_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Einstein-Oslofjord_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Einstein-Oslofjord_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Einstein-Oslofjord_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Left-right: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Jacob_Goldschmidt" title="Heinrich Jacob Goldschmidt">Heinrich Goldschmidt</a>, Einstein, <a href="/wiki/Ole_Colbj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Ole Colbjørnsen">Ole Colbjørnsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Vogt" title="Jørgen Vogt">Jørgen Vogt</a>, and Ilse Einstein at a picnic in Oslo in 1920.</figcaption></figure> While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death (she died in 1986<a href="#cite_note-margot-obituary-318">[312]</a>). Barbara Wolff, of the Hebrew University's <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Archives" title="Albert Einstein Archives">Albert Einstein Archives</a>, told the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> that there are about 3,500 pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.<a href="#cite_note-letters-love-319">[313]</a> Einstein's <a href="/wiki/Right_of_publicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of publicity">right of publicity</a> was litigated in 2015 in a federal district court in California. Although the court initially held that the right had expired,<a href="#cite_note-casetext-hebrew-university-320">[314]</a> that ruling was immediately appealed, and the decision was later vacated in its entirety. The underlying claims between the parties in that lawsuit were ultimately settled. The right is enforceable, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the exclusive representative of that right.<a href="#cite_note-pacermonitor-hebrew-university-321">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Branded_Entertainment_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Branded Entertainment Network">Corbis</a>, successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">use of his name and associated imagery</a>, as agent for the university.<a href="#cite_note-einstein.biz-322">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Einstein" title="Mount Einstein">Mount Einstein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chugach_Mountains" title="Chugach Mountains">Chugach Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> was named in 1955. Mount Einstein in New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Paparoa_Range" title="Paparoa Range">Paparoa Range</a> was named after him in 1970 by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific">Scientific</h3></div> In 1999, a survey of the top 100 physicists voted for Einstein as the "greatest physicist ever", while a survey of rank-and-file physicists gave the top spot to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, with Einstein second.<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> Physicist <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> noted that while <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> had the quickest and acute mind he ever knew, the understanding of Einstein was deeper than von Neumann's, further stating that Einstein's mind was "both more penetrating and more original than von Neumann's."<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_in_popular_culture" title="Albert Einstein in popular culture">Albert Einstein in popular culture</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_sticks_his_tongue_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albert_Einstein_sticks_his_tongue_1951.jpg/189px-Albert_Einstein_sticks_his_tongue_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albert_Einstein_sticks_his_tongue_1951.jpg/284px-Albert_Einstein_sticks_his_tongue_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albert_Einstein_sticks_his_tongue_1951.jpg/379px-Albert_Einstein_sticks_his_tongue_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>The famous image of Einstein taken by <a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">International News</a> photographer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sasse" title="Arthur Sasse">Arthur Sasse</a> in 1951</figcaption></figure> Einstein became one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Scientific_celebrity" title="Scientific celebrity">scientific celebrities</a> after the confirmation of his general theory of relativity in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> Although most of the public had little understanding of his work, he was widely recognized and admired. In the period before World War II, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> published a vignette in their "The Talk of the Town" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory". Eventually he came to cope with unwanted enquirers by pretending to be someone else: "Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein."<a href="#cite_note-disguise-329">[323]</a> Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music.<a href="#cite_note-orchestra-330">[324]</a> He is a favorite model for depictions of <a href="/wiki/Absent-minded_professor" title="Absent-minded professor">absent-minded professors</a>; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true".<a href="#cite_note-slqbwn-331">[325]</a> Many popular <a href="/wiki/Quotations" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotations">quotations</a> are often <a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">misattributed</a> to him.<a href="#cite_note-fake-quotes-332">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-humiliate-atheist-333">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein">List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein</a></div> Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". None of the nominations in 1921 met the criteria set by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, so the 1921 prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a>, a synthetic chemical element, was named in his honor in 1955, a few months after his death.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_2">Scientific</h3></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein">List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein</a></div></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1901" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1901) [Completed 13 December 1900 and manuscript received 16 December 1900]. Written at Zurich, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karl_Ludwig_Drude" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Karl Ludwig Drude">Paul Karl Ludwig Drude</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1423995">"Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen"</a> [Conclusions Drawn from the Phenomena of Capillarity]. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a>. Vierte Folge (in German). 4 (all series: 309) (3). Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth (published 1 March 1901): 513–523. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1901AnP...309..513E">1901AnP...309..513E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19013090306">10.1002/andp.19013090306</a> – via Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (March 2006).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Folgerungen+aus+den+Capillarit%C3%A4tserscheinungen&rft.volume=4+%28all+series%3A+309%29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=513-523&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19013090306&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1901AnP...309..513E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1423995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1905a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1905a) [Completed 17 March 1905 and submitted 18 March 1905]. Written at Berne, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karl_Ludwig_Drude" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Karl Ludwig Drude">Paul Karl Ludwig Drude</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf">"Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt"</a> [On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a>. Vierte Folge (in German). 17 (all series: 322) (6). Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth (published 9 June 1905): 132–148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...322..132E">1905AnP...322..132E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053220607">10.1002/andp.19053220607</a> – via Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (10 March 2006).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+einen+die+Erzeugung+und+Verwandlung+des+Lichtes+betreffenden+heuristischen+Gesichtspunkt&rft.volume=17+%28all+series%3A+322%29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=132-148&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19053220607&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1905AnP...322..132E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physik.uni-augsburg.de%2Fannalen%2Fhistory%2Feinstein-papers%2F1905_17_132-148.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1905b" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1905b) [Completed 30 April 1905]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf">Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen</a> [A new determination of molecular dimensions] (PDF). Dissertationen <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Zürich">Universität Zürich</a> (PhD Thesis) (in German). Berne, Switzerland: Wyss Buchdruckerei (published 20 July 1905). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3929%2Fethz-a-000565688">10.3929/ethz-a-000565688</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F139872">20.500.11850/139872</a> – via <a href="/wiki/ETH" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH">ETH</a> Bibliothek, Zürich (2008).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Eine+neue+Bestimmung+der+Molek%C3%BCldimensionen&rft.inst=Wyss+Buchdruckerei&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F139872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3929%2Fethz-a-000565688&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-collection.library.ethz.ch%2Feserv%2Feth%3A30378%2Feth-30378-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1905c" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1905c) [Manuscript received: 11 May 1905]. Written at Berne, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karl_Ludwig_Drude" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Karl Ludwig Drude">Paul Karl Ludwig Drude</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/2785">"Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen"</a> [On the Motion – Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat – of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid]. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a>. Vierte Folge (in German). 17 (all series: 322) (8). Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth (published 18 July 1905): 549–560. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...322..549E">1905AnP...322..549E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053220806">10.1002/andp.19053220806</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10915%2F2785">10915/2785</a> – via Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (10 March 2006).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+von+der+molekularkinetischen+Theorie+der+W%C3%A4rme+geforderte+Bewegung+von+in+ruhenden+Fl%C3%BCssigkeiten+suspendierten+Teilchen&rft.volume=17+%28all+series%3A+322%29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=549-560&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10915%2F2785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19053220806&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1905AnP...322..549E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsedici.unlp.edu.ar%2Fhandle%2F10915%2F2785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1905d" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1905d) [Manuscript received 30 June 1905]. Written at Berne, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karl_Ludwig_Drude" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Karl Ludwig Drude">Paul Karl Ludwig Drude</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/2786">"Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper"</a> [On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies]. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a> (Submitted manuscript). Vierte Folge (in German). 17 (all series: 322) (10). Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth (published 26 September 1905): 891–921. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...322..891E">1905AnP...322..891E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053221004">10.1002/andp.19053221004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10915%2F2786">10915/2786</a> – via Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (10 March 2006).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Zur+Elektrodynamik+bewegter+K%C3%B6rper&rft.volume=17+%28all+series%3A+322%29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=891-921&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10915%2F2786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19053221004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1905AnP...322..891E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsedici.unlp.edu.ar%2Fhandle%2F10915%2F2786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1905e" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1905e) [Manuscript received 27 September 1905]. Written at Berne, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karl_Ludwig_Drude" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Karl Ludwig Drude">Paul Karl Ludwig Drude</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1424057">"Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?"</a> [Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?]. <a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a>. Vierte Folge (in German). 18 (all series: 323) (13). Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth (published 21 November 1905): 639–641. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...323..639E">1905AnP...323..639E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053231314">10.1002/andp.19053231314</a> – via Wiley Online Library, Hoboken, New Jersey, US (10 March 2006).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Ist+die+Tr%C3%A4gheit+eines+K%C3%B6rpers+von+seinem+Energieinhalt+abh%C3%A4ngig%3F&rft.volume=18+%28all+series%3A+323%29&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=639-641&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.19053231314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1905AnP...323..639E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1424057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1915" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1915) [Completed 25 November 1915]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:ZZB2HK6W">"Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation"</a> [The Field Equations of Gravitation] (Online page images). Sitzungsberichte 1915 (in German). Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften</a> (published 2 December 1915): 844–847 – via ECHO, Cultural Heritage Online, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute">Max Planck Institute</a> for the History of Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+1915&rft.atitle=Die+Feldgleichungen+der+Gravitation&rft.pages=844-847&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de%2FMPIWG%3AZZB2HK6W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1916" class="citation journal cs1">Einstein, Albert (1916) [Issued 29 June 1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916SPAW.......688E">"Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation"</a> [Approximate integration of the field equations of gravitation] (Online page images). Sitzungsberichte 1916. Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften</a>: 688–696. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916SPAW.......688E">1916SPAW.......688E</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2022 – via SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+1916&rft.atitle=N%C3%A4herungsweise+Integration+der+Feldgleichungen+der+Gravitation&rft.pages=688-696&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916SPAW.......688E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1916SPAW.......688E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1917a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1917a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:H428RSAN">"Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"</a> [Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity] (Online page images). Sitzungsberichte 1917 (in German). <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften</a>, Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+1917&rft.atitle=Kosmologische+Betrachtungen+zur+allgemeinen+Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de%2FMPIWG%3AH428RSAN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1917b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1917b). "Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung" [On the Quantum Mechanics of Radiation]. Physikalische Zeitschrift (in German). 18: 121–128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917PhyZ...18..121E">1917PhyZ...18..121E</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physikalische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Zur+Quantentheorie+der+Strahlung&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=121-128&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1917PhyZ...18..121E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1918" class="citation journal cs1">Einstein, Albert (31 January 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/echo/einstein/sitzungsberichte/W7ZU8V1E/index.meta">"Über Gravitationswellen"</a> [About gravitational waves]. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin: 154–167. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1918SPAW.......154E">1918SPAW.......154E</a>. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+K%C3%B6niglich+Preussischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften+Berlin&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+Gravitationswellen&rft.pages=154-167&rft.date=1918-01-31&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1918SPAW.......154E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecho.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de%2FECHOdocuView%3Furl%3D%2Fpermanent%2Fecho%2Feinstein%2Fsitzungsberichte%2FW7ZU8V1E%2Findex.meta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1923" class="citation speech cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1923) [First published 1923, in English 1967]. Written at Gothenburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-lecture.html">Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativitätstheorie</a> [Fundamental Ideas and Problems of the Theory of Relativity] (Speech). Lecture delivered to the Nordic Assembly of Naturalists at Gothenburg, 11 July 1923. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921 (in German and English). Stockholm: Nobelprice.org (published 3 February 2015) – via Nobel Media AB 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grundgedanken+und+Probleme+der+Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Nobelprice.org&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1921%2Feinstein-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1924" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1924) [Published 10 July 1924]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014072015/http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=%2Fpermanent%2Fecho%2Feinstein%2Fsitzungsberichte%2FPG8B073X%2Findex.meta">"Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases"</a> [Quantum theory of monatomic ideal gases]. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse (in German): 261–267. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/MPIWG:DRQK5WYB">the original</a> (Online page images) on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2015 – via ECHO, Cultural Heritage Online, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute">Max Planck Institute</a> for the History of Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Preussischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften%2C+Physikalisch-Mathematische+Klasse&rft.atitle=Quantentheorie+des+einatomigen+idealen+Gases&rft.pages=261-267&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de%2FMPIWG%3ADRQK5WYB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> First of a series of papers on this topic.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1926" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (12 March 1926) [Cover Date 1 March 1926]. Written at Berlin. "Die Ursache der Mäanderbildung der Flußläufe und des sogenannten Baerschen Gesetzes" [On <a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meanders</a> in the courses of rivers]. Die Naturwissenschaften (in German). 14 (11). Heidelberg, Germany: 223–224. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926NW.....14..223E">1926NW.....14..223E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01510300">10.1007/BF01510300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1904">1432-1904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39899416">39899416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Die+Ursache+der+M%C3%A4anderbildung+der+Flu%C3%9Fl%C3%A4ufe+und+des+sogenannten+Baerschen+Gesetzes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=223-224&rft.date=1926-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01510300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39899416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1432-1904&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1926NW.....14..223E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1926b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Einstein, Albert (1926b). Written at Berne, Switzerland. Fürth, R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/lectures/Rotman_Summer_School_2013/Einstein_1905_docs/Einstein_Dissertation_English.pdf">Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement</a> (PDF). Translated by Cowper, A. D. US: Dover Publications (published 1956). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60796-285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60796-285-4"><bdi>978-1-60796-285-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigations+on+the+Theory+of+the+Brownian+Movement&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1926&rft.isbn=978-1-60796-285-4&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitt.edu%2F~jdnorton%2Flectures%2FRotman_Summer_School_2013%2FEinstein_1905_docs%2FEinstein_Dissertation_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1931" class="citation journal cs1">Einstein, Albert (1931). "Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" [On the cosmological problem of the general theory of relativity]. Sonderasugabe aus den Sitzungsb. König. Preuss. Akad.: 235–237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sonderasugabe+aus+den+Sitzungsb.+K%C3%B6nig.+Preuss.+Akad.&rft.atitle=Zum+kosmologischen+Problem+der+allgemeinen+Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie&rft.pages=235-237&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsteinde_Sitter1932" class="citation journal cs1">Einstein, A.; de Sitter, W. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076193">"On the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the universe"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 18 (3): 213–214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932PNAS...18..213E">1932PNAS...18..213E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.18.3.213">10.1073/pnas.18.3.213</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076193">1076193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16587663">16587663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+the+relation+between+the+expansion+and+the+mean+density+of+the+universe&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=213-214&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1076193%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16587663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.18.3.213&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932PNAS...18..213E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=de+Sitter%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1076193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsteinRosen1935" class="citation journal cs1">Einstein, Albert; Rosen, Nathan (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.48.73">"The Particle Problem in the General Theory of Relativity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. 48 (1): 73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935PhRv...48...73E">1935PhRv...48...73E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.48.73">10.1103/PhysRev.48.73</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Particle+Problem+in+the+General+Theory+of+Relativity&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.48.73&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935PhRv...48...73E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.48.73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsteinPodolskyRosen1935" class="citation journal cs1">Einstein, Albert; Podolsky, Boris; Rosen, Nathan (15 May 1935) [Received 25 March 1935]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/405662">"Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"</a>. Physical Review (Submitted manuscript). 47 (10): 777–780. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935PhRv...47..777E">1935PhRv...47..777E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.47.777">10.1103/PhysRev.47.777</a> – via APS Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Can+Quantum-Mechanical+Description+of+Physical+Reality+Be+Considered+Complete%3F&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=777-780&rft.date=1935-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.47.777&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935PhRv...47..777E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Podolsky%2C+Boris&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F405662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1950" class="citation journal cs1">Einstein, Albert (1950). "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation". Scientific American. CLXXXII (4): 13–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950SciAm.182d..13E">1950SciAm.182d..13E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0450-13">10.1038/scientificamerican0450-13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=On+the+Generalized+Theory+of+Gravitation&rft.volume=CLXXXII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=13-17&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0450-13&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950SciAm.182d..13E&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1954" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideasopinions00eins">Ideas and Opinions</a>. New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-00393-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-00393-0"><bdi>978-0-517-00393-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-517-00393-0&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideasopinions00eins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1995" class="citation book cs1">—————— (1995) [1954]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fJkBqwDD3sC">Ideas and Opinions</a>. New York: Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-88440-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-88440-9"><bdi>978-0-517-88440-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+and+Opinions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-517-88440-9&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fJkBqwDD3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Einstein, Albert (1969). Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel 1916–1955 (in German). Commented by Max Born; Preface by Bertrand Russell; Foreword by Werner Heisenberg. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88682-005-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88682-005-4"><bdi>978-3-88682-005-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%2C+Hedwig+und+Max+Born%3A+Briefwechsel+1916%E2%80%931955&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Nymphenburger+Verlagshandlung&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-3-88682-005-4&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> A reprint of this book was published by Edition Erbrich in 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88682-005-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88682-005-4">978-3-88682-005-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachel_et_al.2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stachel" title="John Stachel">Stachel, John</a>; Martin J. Klein; A. J. Kox; Michel Janssen; R. Schulmann; Diana Komos Buchwald; et al., eds. (21 July 2008) [Published between 1987 and 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/">The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein</a>. Vol. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Papers+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feinsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> and on the Princeton University Press Einstein Page.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1948" class="citation news cs1">Einstein, Albert; et al. (4 December 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217113044/http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html">"To the editors of The New York Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Melville, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7354-0359-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7354-0359-8"><bdi>978-0-7354-0359-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/NYTimes1948.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+the+editors+of+The+New+York+Times&rft.date=1948-12-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7354-0359-8&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys4.harvard.edu%2F~wilson%2FNYTimes1948.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1949" class="citation journal cs1">Einstein, Albert (May 1949). Sweezy, Paul; Huberman, Leo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism/">"Why Socialism?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>. 1 (1): 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14452%2FMR-001-01-1949-05_3">10.14452/MR-001-01-1949-05_3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Socialism%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-15&rft.date=1949-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14452%2FMR-001-01-1949-05_3&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2009%2F05%2F01%2Fwhy-socialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein2009" class="citation web cs1">—————— (May 2009) [May 1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm">"Why Socialism? (Reprise)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>. New York: Monthly Review Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111081948/http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einst.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2006 – via MonthlyReview.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Socialism%3F+%28Reprise%29&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monthlyreview.org%2F598einst.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Einstein, Albert (September 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/gandhiwieldsweap00shar/gandhiwieldsweap00shar.pdf">Foreword to Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power: Three Case Histories.</a> Introduction by Bharatan Kumarappa. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. pp. v–vi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2325889">2325889</a>. Foreword originally written in April 1953.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1979" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographical1979eins">Autobiographical Notes</a>. Paul Arthur Schilpp (Centennial ed.). Chicago: Open Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-352-8"><bdi>978-0-87548-352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiographical+Notes&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=Centennial&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87548-352-8&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographical1979eins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> The chasing a light beam thought experiment is described on pages 48–51.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bern_Historical_Museum" title="Bern Historical Museum">Bern Historical Museum</a> (Einstein Museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_notation" title="Einstein notation">Einstein notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frist_Campus_Center" title="Frist Campus Center">Frist Campus Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> – room 302 is associated with Einstein. The center was once the Palmer Physical Laboratory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Burkhardt" title="Heinrich Burkhardt">Heinrich Burkhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zangger" title="Heinrich Zangger">Heinrich Zangger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gravitational_theory" title="History of gravitational theory">History of gravitational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coupled_cousins" title="List of coupled cousins">List of coupled cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers" title="List of German inventors and discoverers">List of German inventors and discoverers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_priority_dispute" title="Relativity priority dispute">Relativity priority dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bead_argument" title="Sticky bead argument">Sticky bead argument</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GEcitizen-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GEcitizen_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GEcitizen_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GEcitizen_5-2">c</a> Until 1913, German citizenship was acquired through citizenship in a constituent state (whose requirements varied); from 1913, uniform citizenship requirements were <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire#Citizenship" title="Constitution of the German Empire">set at the national level</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-MaturaScore-34"><a href="#cite_ref-MaturaScore_34-0">^</a> Einstein's scores on his <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> certificate: German 5; French 3; Italian 5; History 6; Geography 4; Algebra 6; Geometry 6; Descriptive Geometry 6; Physics 6; Chemistry 5; Natural History 5; Art Drawing 4; Technical Drawing 4. <a href="/wiki/Grading_systems_by_country#Switzerland" title="Grading systems by country">Scale</a>: 6 = very good, 5 = good, 4 = sufficient, 3 = insufficient, 2 = poor, 1 = very poor. </li> <li id="cite_note-gnriE-146"><a href="#cite_ref-gnriE_146-0">^</a> "Their leaders in Germany have not driven out her cut-throats and her blackguards. She has chosen the cream of her culture and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen, Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual...The man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter." </li> <li id="cite_note-aBfxO-236"><a href="#cite_ref-aBfxO_236-0">^</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies">his paper</a>, Einstein wrote: "The introduction of a 'luminiferous æther' will be proved to be superfluous in so far, as according to the conceptions which will be developed, we shall introduce neither a 'space absolutely at rest' endowed with special properties, nor shall we associate a velocity-vector with a point in which electro-magnetic processes take place." </li> <li id="cite_note-sBl2q-238"><a href="#cite_ref-sBl2q_238-0">^</a> For a discussion of the reception of relativity theory around the world, and the different controversies it encountered, see the articles in <a href="#CITEREFGlick1987">Glick (1987)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> In September 2008 it was reported that Malcolm McCulloch of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> was heading a three-year project to develop more robust appliances that could be used in locales lacking electricity, and that his team had completed a prototype Einstein refrigerator. He was quoted as saying that improving the design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design's efficiency to be quadrupled.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">Whittaker, E.</a> (1 November 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1955.0005">"Albert Einstein. 1879–1955"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a>. 1: 37–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1955.0005">10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/769242">769242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Albert+Einstein.+1879%E2%80%931955&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=37-67&rft.date=1955-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1955.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F769242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1955.0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-03/Gold%20Medal%202021.pdf">"The Gold Medal"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220130005/https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-03/Gold%20Medal%202021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gold+Medal&rft.pub=Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fras.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-03%2FGold%2520Medal%25202021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001817.html">"Membership directory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220080311/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001817.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+directory&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson24-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robinson24_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson24_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson24_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Andrew_Robinson" title="W. Andrew Robinson">Robinson, Andrew</a> (2024). Einstein in Oxford. <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodleian Library Publishing">Bodleian Library Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-638-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85124-638-0"><bdi>978-1-85124-638-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+in+Oxford&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-85124-638-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDxay-6"><a href="#cite_ref-NDxay_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a> (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YangHamilton2010-7"><a href="#cite_ref-YangHamilton2010_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangHamilton2010" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Fujia; Hamilton, Joseph H. (2010). Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics. World Scientific. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4277-16-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4277-16-7"><bdi>978-981-4277-16-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Atomic+and+Nuclear+Physics&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-4277-16-7&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Fujia&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Joseph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LnLVo-8"><a href="#cite_ref-LnLVo_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodanis2000" class="citation book cs1">Bodanis, David (2000). E = mc2: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation. New York: Walker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E+%3D+mc%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E%3A+A+Biography+of+the+World%27s+Most+Famous+Equation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bodanis&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Prize-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albert+Einstein%27s+%22First+Paper%22&rft.btitle=Golden+Age+Of+Theoretical+Physics%2C+The+%28Boxed+Set+Of+2+Vols%29&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-4492-85-0&rft.aulast=Mehra&rft.aufirst=Jagdish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do1XVCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FVfDU-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FVfDU_29-0">^</a> The Three-body Problem from Pythagoras to Hawking, Mauri Valtonen, Joanna Anosova, Konstantin Kholshevnikov, Aleksandr Mylläri, Victor Orlov, Kiyotaka Tanikawa, (Springer 2016), p. 43, Simon and Schuster, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200716-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200716_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200716_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2012" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Howard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlEupJb4ojIC">The God Problem: How a Godless Cosmos Creates</a> (illustrated ed.). Prometheus Books. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-552-1"><bdi>978-1-61614-552-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Problem%3A+How+a+Godless+Cosmos+Creates&rft.pages=294&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-552-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlEupJb4ojIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2012" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Howard (30 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlEupJb4ojIC&pg=PT294">Extract of page 294</a>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-552-1"><bdi>978-1-61614-552-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extract+of+page+294&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-552-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlEupJb4ojIC%26pg%3DPT294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200717-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200717_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200717_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200717_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe20058-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe20058_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalapriceLipscombe2005">Calaprice & Lipscombe (2005)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_p._11-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_p._11_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStachel_et_al.2008">Stachel et al. (2008)</a>, vol. 1 (1987), p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing199736–37-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFölsing199736–37_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFölsing1997">Fölsing (1997)</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-b250-37"><a href="#cite_ref-b250_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunziker2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hunziker, Herbert (2015). "Albert Einstein's Magic Mountain: An Aarau Education*". Physics in Perspective. 17 (1): 55–69. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhP....17...55H">2015PhP....17...55H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00016-014-0153-5">10.1007/s00016-014-0153-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1422-6944">1422-6944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Perspective&rft.atitle=Albert+Einstein%27s+Magic+Mountain%3A+An+Aarau+Education%2A&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-69&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1422-6944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00016-014-0153-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PhP....17...55H&rft.aulast=Hunziker&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> ref for: <a href="/wiki/Old_Cantonal_School_Aarau" title="Old Cantonal School Aarau">Old Cantonal School Aarau</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter199321,_31,_56–57-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter199321,_31,_56–57_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter199321,_31,_56–57_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHighfieldCarter1993">Highfield & Carter (1993)</a>, pp. 21, 31, 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing199740-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFölsing199740_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFölsing1997">Fölsing (1997)</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_docs._21–27-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_docs._21–27_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStachel_et_al.2008">Stachel et al. 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Retrieved 17 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American+Blog+Network&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Life+of+Einstein%27s+First+Wife&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fguest-blog%2Fthe-forgotten-life-of-einsteins-first-wife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7HA7H-42"><a href="#cite_ref-7HA7H_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroemel-Ploetz,_D.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Troemel-Ploetz, D. (1990). "Mileva Einstein-Marić: The Woman Who Did Einstein's Mathematics". Women's Studies International Forum. 13 (5): 415–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5395%2890%2990094-e">10.1016/0277-5395(90)90094-e</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Mileva+Einstein-Mari%C4%87%3A+The+Woman+Who+Did+Einstein%27s+Mathematics&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=415-432&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0277-5395%2890%2990094-e&rft.au=Troemel-Ploetz%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1zJdH-43"><a href="#cite_ref-1zJdH_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_Evan_Harris1989" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Evan Harris (February 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119093653/http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf">"Did Einstein Espouse his Spouse's Ideas?"</a> (PDF). Physics Today. 42 (2): 9–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhT....42b...9W">1989PhT....42b...9W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2810898">10.1063/1.2810898</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosci40.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Walker_Stachel.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Did+Einstein+Espouse+his+Spouse%27s+Ideas%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9-13&rft.date=1989-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2810898&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989PhT....42b...9W&rft.au=Walker%2C+Evan+Harris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosci40.unibe.ch%2Flehre%2Fwinter99%2Feinstein%2FWalker_Stachel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais19941–29-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais19941–29_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1994">Pais (1994)</a>, pp. 1–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-xKrMG-45"><a href="#cite_ref-xKrMG_45-0">^</a> Holton, G., Einstein, History, and Other Passions, Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 177–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOAsQ_hFjhrACpgPA49_49–56]-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachel2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOAsQ_hFjhrACpgPA49_49–56]_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStachel2002">Stachel (2002)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA49">49–56</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-dUxMl-47"><a href="#cite_ref-dUxMl_47-0">^</a> Martinez, A. A., "Handling evidence in history: the case of Einstein's wife", School Science Review, 86 (316), March 2005, pp. 49–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811141225/https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf">"PDF"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webspace.utexas.edu/aam829/1/m/Maric_files/EvidenceMaric.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.utexas.edu%2Faam829%2F1%2Fm%2FMaric_files%2FEvidenceMaric.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBMes-48"><a href="#cite_ref-HBMes_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennSchulmann2000" class="citation book cs1">Renn, Jürgen; Schulmann, Robert, eds. (16 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691088860/albert-einstein-mileva-maric">Albert Einstein, Mileva Maric: The Love Letters</a>. Translated by Smith, Shawn. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 73–74, 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08886-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08886-0"><bdi>978-0-691-08886-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%2C+Mileva+Maric%3A+The+Love+Letters&rft.pages=73-74%2C+78&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08886-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fpaperback%2F9780691088860%2Falbert-einstein-mileva-maric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe200522–23-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe200522–23_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalapriceLipscombe2005">Calaprice & Lipscombe (2005)</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-MlQLY-50"><a href="#cite_ref-MlQLY_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWüthrich2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wüthrich, Urs (11 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernerzeitung.ch/region/bern/Die-Liebesbriefe-des-untreuen-Einstein/story/11875058">"Die Liebesbriefe des untreuen Einstein"</a> [The love letters of the unfaithful Einstein]. BZ Berner Zeitung (in German). Bern, Switzerland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416075918/http://www.bernerzeitung.ch/region/bern/Die-Liebesbriefe-des-untreuen-Einstein/story/11875058">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015. <q>Ich denke in innigster Liebe an Dich in jeder freien Minute und bin so unglücklich, wie nur ein Mensch es sein kann.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BZ+Berner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Die+Liebesbriefe+des+untreuen+Einstein&rft.date=2015-04-11&rft.aulast=W%C3%BCthrich&rft.aufirst=Urs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bernerzeitung.ch%2Fregion%2Fbern%2FDie-Liebesbriefe-des-untreuen-Einstein%2Fstory%2F11875058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5eWh2O_3OAQCpgPA50_50]-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalapriceLipscombe2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5eWh2O_3OAQCpgPA50_50]_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalapriceLipscombe2005">Calaprice & Lipscombe (2005)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC&pg=PA50">50</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-dh-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dh_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dh_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dh_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dh_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dh_52-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Dieter (2013). 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Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 2–9, 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1040-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1040-1"><bdi>978-1-4214-1040-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Berlin%3A+In+the+footsteps+of+a+genius&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=2-9%2C+28&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1040-1&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel1966-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachel1966_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStachel1966">Stachel (1966)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Dinitia (6 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/06/arts/dark-side-of-einstein-emerges-in-his-letters.html">"Dark Side of Einstein Emerges in His Letters"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105092333/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/06/arts/dark-side-of-einstein-emerges-in-his-letters.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dark+Side+of+Einstein+Emerges+in+His+Letters&rft.date=1996-11-06&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Dinitia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F11%2F06%2Farts%2Fdark-side-of-einstein-emerges-in-his-letters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOAsQ_hFjhrACpgPA50_50]-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachel2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOAsQ_hFjhrACpgPA50_50]_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStachel2002">Stachel (2002)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAsQ_hFjhrAC&pg=PA50">50</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol9-trans/28">"Volume 9: The Berlin Years: Correspondence, January 1919 – April 1920 (English translation supplement) page 6"</a>. einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004033245/https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol9-trans/28">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Volume+9%3A+The+Berlin+Years%3A+Correspondence%2C+January+1919+%E2%80%93+April+1920+%28English+translation+supplement%29+page+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feinsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu%2Fvol9-trans%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007"Main_characters",_front_matter-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007"Main_characters",_front_matter_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, "Main characters", front matter. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalapriceKennefickSchulmann201562-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalapriceKennefickSchulmann201562_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalapriceKennefickSchulmann2015">Calaprice, Kennefick & Schulmann (2015)</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfield2006" class="citation web cs1">Highfield, Roger (10 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1523626/Einsteins-theory-of-fidelity.html">"Einstein's theory of fidelity"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1523626/Einsteins-theory-of-fidelity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+theory+of+fidelity&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft.aulast=Highfield&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fnorthamerica%2Fusa%2F1523626%2FEinsteins-theory-of-fidelity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2017" class="citation news cs1">Overbye, Dennis (17 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418100011/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/science/albert-einstein-genius-national-geographic-channel.html">"'Genius' Unravels the Mysteries of Einstein's Universe"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/science/albert-einstein-genius-national-geographic-channel.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Genius%27+Unravels+the+Mysteries+of+Einstein%27s+Universe&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F04%2F17%2Fscience%2Falbert-einstein-genius-national-geographic-channel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natgeotv.com/za/special/genius-albert-einsteins-theory-of-infidelity">"Genius Albert Einstein's Theory of Infidelity"</a>. NatGeo TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923010851/https://www.natgeotv.com/za/special/genius-albert-einsteins-theory-of-infidelity">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genius+Albert+Einstein%27s+Theory+of+Infidelity&rft.pub=NatGeo+TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natgeotv.com%2Fza%2Fspecial%2Fgenius-albert-einsteins-theory-of-infidelity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/health-and-science/getting-up-close-and-personal-with-einstein">"Getting up close and personal with Einstein"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923001654/https://www.jpost.com/Health-and-Science/Getting-up-close-and-personal-with-Einstein">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Getting+up+close+and+personal+with+Einstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fhealth-and-science%2Fgetting-up-close-and-personal-with-einstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter1993216-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter1993216_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHighfieldCarter1993">Highfield & Carter (1993)</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/einstein-secret-love-affairs-out/story-QVSHrfMYJzCRcIlbBCJKAM.html">"Einstein secret love affairs out!"</a>. Hindustan Times. 13 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923115250/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/einstein-secret-love-affairs-out/story-QVSHrfMYJzCRcIlbBCJKAM.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Einstein+secret+love+affairs+out%21&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Feinstein-secret-love-affairs-out%2Fstory-QVSHrfMYJzCRcIlbBCJKAM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraydon2023" class="citation book cs1">Graydon, Samuel (14 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRSsEAAAQBAJ&dq=Margarete+Lebach&pg=PA199">Einstein in Time and Space: A Life in 99 Particles</a> (1 ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8512-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-8512-1"><bdi>978-1-9821-8512-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+in+Time+and+Space%3A+A+Life+in+99+Particles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=199&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-8512-1&rft.aulast=Graydon&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPRSsEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMargarete%2BLebach%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13804030">"New letters shed light on Einstein's love life"</a>. NBC News. 11 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222022647/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13804030/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/new-letters-shed-light-einsteins-love-life">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+letters+shed+light+on+Einstein%27s+love+life&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna13804030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/albert-einstein-may-have-had-the-iq-but-he-needed-to-work-on-his-eq/articleshow/64849211.cms?from=mdr">"Albert Einstein may have had the IQ, but he needed to work on his EQ"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208134808/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/albert-einstein-may-have-had-the-iq-but-he-needed-to-work-on-his-eq/articleshow/64849211.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Albert+Einstein+may+have+had+the+IQ%2C+but+he+needed+to+work+on+his+EQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpanache%2Falbert-einstein-may-have-had-the-iq-but-he-needed-to-work-on-his-eq%2Farticleshow%2F64849211.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogrebin1998" class="citation news cs1">Pogrebin, Robin (1 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/01/us/love-letters-by-einstein-at-auction.html">"Love Letters By Einstein at Auction"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107053956/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/01/us/love-letters-by-einstein-at-auction.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Love+Letters+By+Einstein+at+Auction&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft.aulast=Pogrebin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F06%2F01%2Fus%2Flove-letters-by-einstein-at-auction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/einsteins-letters-show-affair-with-spy-1162418.html">"Einstein's letters show affair with spy"</a>. The Independent. 2 June 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116013010/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/einsteins-letters-show-affair-with-spy-1162418.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+letters+show+affair+with+spy&rft.date=1998-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feinsteins-letters-show-affair-with-spy-1162418.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson2015a-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson2015a_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Robinson, Andrew</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4_CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">Einstein: A Hundred Years of Relativity</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 143–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16989-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16989-7"><bdi>978-0-691-16989-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+A+Hundred+Years+of+Relativity&rft.pages=143-145&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16989-7&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPx4_CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeffe2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailseinsteinbiograph00neffpage203_203]-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeffe2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailseinsteinbiograph00neffpage203_203]_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeffe2007">Neffe (2007)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinbiograph00neff/page/203">203</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_doc._67-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008vol._1_(1987),_doc._67_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStachel_et_al.2008">Stachel et al. (2008)</a>, vol. 1 (1987), doc. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFölsing199782-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFölsing199782_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFölsing1997">Fölsing (1997)</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-ODY5p-74"><a href="#cite_ref-ODY5p_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._J._O'ConnorE._F._Robertson2010" class="citation web cs1">J. J. O'Connor; E. F. Robertson (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Grossmann.html">"Grossmann biography"</a>. MacTutor. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910072254/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Grossmann.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacTutor&rft.atitle=Grossmann+biography&rft.date=2010-05&rft.au=J.+J.+O%27Connor&rft.au=E.+F.+Robertson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FGrossmann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200763-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200763_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-MeZPN-76"><a href="#cite_ref-MeZPN_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830195148/https://www.ipi.ch/en/about-us/einstein/einstein-at-the-patent-office.html">"Einstein at the patent office"</a> (official website). Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI. 6 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipi.ch/en/about-us/einstein/einstein-at-the-patent-office.html">the original</a> on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einstein+at+the+patent+office&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Institute+of+Intellectual+Property%2C+IGE%2FIPI&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipi.ch%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Feinstein%2Feinstein-at-the-patent-office.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGEFAQ-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IGEFAQ_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IGEFAQ_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ige.ch/en/about-us/the-history-of-the-ipi/einstein/faq">"FAQ about Einstein and the Institute"</a> (official website). Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI. 27 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612105555/https://www.ige.ch/en/about-us/the-history-of-the-ipi/einstein/faq">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ+about+Einstein+and+the+Institute&rft.place=Berne%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Institute+of+Intellectual+Property%2C+IGE%2FIPI&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ige.ch%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fthe-history-of-the-ipi%2Feinstein%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalison2000370-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalison2000370_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalison2000">Galison (2000)</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter199396–98-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHighfieldCarter199396–98_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHighfieldCarter1993">Highfield & Carter (1993)</a>, pp. 96–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200779–84-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson200779–84_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, pp. 79–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1901-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1901_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1901_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEinstein1901">Einstein (1901)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrellGrobert2002" class="citation journal cs1">Murrell, J. 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"A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions". </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehra2001" class="citation book cs1">Mehra, Jagdish (28 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o1XVCgAAQBAJ">Golden Age Of Theoretical Physics, The (Boxed Set Of 2 Vols)</a>. 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ZKD – Veröffentlichungsreihe der Forschungsgruppe, "Zivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und politische Mobilisierung in Europa" Schwerpunkt Zivilgesellschaft, Konflikte und Demokratie, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Berlin, Germany: WZB Social Science Research Center Berlin. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1860-4315">1860-4315</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909200726/http://econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/49610/1/569197996.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015. <q>Eine weitere Diskontinuität bestand viertens darin, dass die Bestimmungen der österreichischen Staatsbürgerschaft, die in den ersten Dritteln des Jahrhunderts auch auf Ungarn angewandt worden waren, seit 1867 nur noch für die cisleithanische Reichshälfte galten. Ungarn entwickelte hingegen jetzt eine eige-ne Staatsbürgerschaft.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Von+imperialer+Inklusion+zur+nationalen+Exklusion%3AStaatsb%C3%BCrgerschaft+in+%C3%96sterreich-+Ungarn+1867%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.series=ZKD+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungsreihe+der+Forschungsgruppe%2C+%22Zivilgesellschaft%2C+Citizenship+und+politische+Mobilisierung+in+Europa%22+Schwerpunkt+Zivilgesellschaft%2C+Konflikte+und+Demokratie%2C+Wissenschaftszentrum+Berlin+f%C3%BCr+Sozialforschung&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=WZB+Social+Science+Research+Center+Berlin&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1860-4315&rft.au=von+Hirschhausen%2C+Ulrike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconstor.eu%2Fbitstream%2F10419%2F49610%2F1%2F569197996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyth2019" class="citation book cs1">Lyth, David (31 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRaGDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Einstein%22+%22Prague%22+%22Eleven%22&pg=PA122">The Road to Einstein's Relativity: Following in the Footsteps of the Giants</a>. 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The New York Times. 25 November 1919. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608033600/https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-nov-25-1919-p-17/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+New+Physics%2C+Based+on+Einstein&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1919-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fnew-york-times-nov-25-1919-p-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1972" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Steven (1972). Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and applications of the general theory of relativity. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einsteinsworld.com/News-New-York-Herald-Tribune-1931-As-Einstein-Sees-America.htm">the original</a> on 25 February 2020. 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Retrieved 13 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+travel+diaries+reveal+%27shocking%27+xenophobia&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Fjun%2F12%2Feinsteins-travel-diaries-reveal-shocking-xenophobia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz" class="citation web cs1">Katz, Brigit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/einsteins-travel-diaries-reveal-his-deeply-troubling-views-race-180969387/">"Einstein's Travel Diaries Reveal His Deeply Troubling Views on Race"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+Travel+Diaries+Reveal+His+Deeply+Troubling+Views+on+Race&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Brigit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Feinsteins-travel-diaries-reveal-his-deeply-troubling-views-race-180969387%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007308-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007308_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-oxak7-114"><a href="#cite_ref-oxak7_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-speech.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921: Albert Einstein. Banquet Speech by R. Nadolny (in German)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612114023/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-speech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1921%3A+Albert+Einstein.+Banquet+Speech+by+R.+Nadolny+%28in+German%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1921%2Feinstein-speech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> Retrieved 9 December 2015 via Nobelprize.org </li> <li id="cite_note-w74nv-115"><a href="#cite_ref-w74nv_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontes-Santiago2017" class="citation journal cs1">Montes-Santiago, J. (16 July 2017). "[The meeting of Einstein with Cajal (Madrid, 1923): a lost tide of fortune]". 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La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres</a> [The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period] (in French). Lausanne: Université de Lausanne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180912022034/https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01853903/document">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+r%C3%A9seaux+de+la+coop%C3%A9ration+intellectuelle.+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Nations+comme+actrice+des+%C3%A9changes+scientifiques+et+culturels+dans+l%27entre-deux-guerres&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Lausanne&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Grandjean&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftel.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-01853903%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> pp. 296–302 </li> <li id="cite_note-vNNnX-117"><a href="#cite_ref-vNNnX_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandjean2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grandjean, Martin (2017). "Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni". Memoria e Ricerca (2): 371–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14647%2F87204">10.14647/87204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoria+e+Ricerca&rft.atitle=Analisi+e+visualizzazioni+delle+reti+in+storia.+L%27esempio+della+cooperazione+intellettuale+della+Societ%C3%A0+delle+Nazioni&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=371-393&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14647%2F87204&rft.aulast=Grandjean&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Grandjean2017" class="citation journal cs1">Martin Grandjean (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2">"French version"</a>. Memoria e Ricerca (2): 371–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14647%2F87204">10.14647/87204</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004313/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01610098v2">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoria+e+Ricerca&rft.atitle=French+version&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=371-393&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14647%2F87204&rft.au=Martin+Grandjean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01610098v2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> (PDF) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/">"English summary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102034717/http://www.martingrandjean.ch/complex-structures-and-international-organizations/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martingrandjean.ch%2Fcomplex-structures-and-international-organizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-e9Xyh-118"><a href="#cite_ref-e9Xyh_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShine2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shine, Cormac (2018). "Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? 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Institute for Advanced Study. 10 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329064405/http://www.ias.edu/people/einstein/in-brief">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Brief&rft.pub=Institute+for+Advanced+Study&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.edu%2Fpeople%2Feinstein%2Fin-brief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyl2013" class="citation book cs1">Weyl, Hermann (2013). Pesic, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dd-vAAAAQBAJ">Levels of Infinity: Selected Writings on Mathematics and Philosophy</a>. Dover Publications. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486266930" title="Special:BookSources/9780486266930"><bdi>9780486266930</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 May 2022. <q>By 1933, Weyl... left for the newly-founded Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton, where his colleagues included Einstein, Kurt Gödel, and John von Neumann.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levels+of+Infinity%3A+Selected+Writings+on+Mathematics+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780486266930&rft.aulast=Weyl&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDd-vAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007630-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007630_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, p. 630. </li> <li id="cite_note-o4fkQ-156"><a href="#cite_ref-o4fkQ_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosling2010" class="citation web cs1">Gosling, F. 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Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manhattan+Project%3A+Making+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+History+Division&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenergy.gov%2Fmanagement%2Fdownloads%2Fgosling-manhattan-project-making-atomic-bomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pRqWK-157"><a href="#cite_ref-pRqWK_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanouetteSilard1992" class="citation book cs1">Lanouette, William; Silard, Bela (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusinshadowsa00lano/page/198">Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilárd: The Man Behind The Bomb</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geniusinshadowsa00lano/page/198">198–200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19011-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-19011-2"><bdi>978-0-684-19011-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genius+in+the+Shadows%3A+A+Biography+of+Leo+Szil%C3%A1rd%3A+The+Man+Behind+The+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=198-200&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-684-19011-2&rft.aulast=Lanouette&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Silard%2C+Bela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeniusinshadowsa00lano%2Fpage%2F198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4Z68g-158"><a href="#cite_ref-4Z68g_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlMoltz2008" class="citation book cs1">Diehl, Sarah J.; Moltz, James Clay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PN-NEfl_U0C&pg=PA218">Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation: A Reference Handbook</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-071-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-071-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Weapons+and+Nonproliferation%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-071-1&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Sarah+J.&rft.au=Moltz%2C+James+Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PN-NEfl_U0C%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eZym8-159"><a href="#cite_ref-eZym8_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962" class="citation book cs1">Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. 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Basel: Birkhèauser. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3034802512" title="Special:BookSources/978-3034802512"><bdi>978-3034802512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iris+Runge+-+A+Life+at+the+Crossroads+of+Mathematics%2C+Science%2C+and+Industry&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A8auser&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3034802512&rft.aulast=Tobies&rft.aufirst=Renate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDm0eQqFUQ4C%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbel2015" class="citation book cs1">Gimbel, Steven (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvTOBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Einstein - His Space and Times</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300196719" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300196719"><bdi>978-0300196719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+-+His+Space+and+Times&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0300196719&rft.aulast=Gimbel&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvTOBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1949_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEinstein1949">Einstein (1949)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-LXsUJ-173"><a href="#cite_ref-LXsUJ_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoweSchulmann2007a" class="citation web cs1">Rowe, David E.; Schulmann, Robert (8 June 2007a). David A., Walsh (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/39445.html">"What Were Einstein's Politics?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203065834/http://hnn.us/articles/39445.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+News+Network&rft.atitle=What+Were+Einstein%27s+Politics%3F&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Schulmann%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F39445.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_X1dAAAAQBAJpg413_412,_413]-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_X1dAAAAQBAJpg413_412,_413]_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoweSchulmann2013">Rowe & Schulmann (2013)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_X1dAAAAQBAJ&pg=413">412, 413</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007487,_494,_550-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007487,_494,_550_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, pp. 487, 494, 550. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4 (February 1948), No. 2 35–37: 'A Reply to the Soviet Scientists, December 1947' </li> <li id="cite_note-ixWWZ-177"><a href="#cite_ref-ixWWZ_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Waldrop, Mitch (19 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526164434/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/science-march-einstein-fbi-genius-science/">"Why the FBI Kept a 1,400-Page File on Einstein"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/science-march-einstein-fbi-genius-science/">the original</a> on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Why+the+FBI+Kept+a+1%2C400-Page+File+on+Einstein&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fscience-march-einstein-fbi-genius-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albano-Müller-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Albano-Müller_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117104005/http://www.gandhiserve.org/streams/einstein.html">"Einstein on Gandhi (Einstein's letter to Gandhi – Courtesy:Saraswati Albano-Müller & Notes by Einstein on Gandhi – Source: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)"</a>. Gandhiserve.org. 18 October 1931. 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Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einstein+on+Gandhi+%28Einstein%27s+letter+to+Gandhi+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Courtesy%3ASaraswati+Albano-M%C3%BCller+%26+Notes+by+Einstein+on+Gandhi+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Source%3A+The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem%29&rft.pub=Gandhiserve.org&rft.date=1931-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiserve.org%2Fstreams%2Feinstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://streams.gandhiserve.org/einstein.html">"Einstein's letter and Gandhi's answer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140609031152/http://streams.gandhiserve.org/einstein.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+letter+and+Gandhi%27s+answer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstreams.gandhiserve.org%2Feinstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988">, gandhiserve.org </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Overbye2005" class="citation news cs1">Dennis Overbye (25 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/science/brace-yourself-here-comes-einsteins-year.html">"Brace Yourself! Here Comes Einstein's Year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030232656/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/science/brace-yourself-here-comes-einsteins-year.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020. <q>Hebrew University ... which he helped found</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Brace+Yourself%21+Here+Comes+Einstein%27s+Year&rft.date=2005-01-25&rft.au=Dennis+Overbye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F01%2F25%2Fscience%2Fbrace-yourself-here-comes-einsteins-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.huji.ac.il/history">"History"</a>. Hebrew University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+University&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.huji.ac.il%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007290-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007290_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2007161-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2007161_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoweSchulmann2007">Rowe & Schulmann (2007)</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2007158-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann2007158_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoweSchulmann2007">Rowe & Schulmann (2007)</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann200733-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoweSchulmann200733_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoweSchulmann2007">Rowe & Schulmann (2007)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenkranz2011" class="citation book cs1">Rosenkranz, Ze'ev (2011). 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Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7203-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7203-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-7203-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Einstein+Scrapbook&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002-11-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7203-7&rft.aulast=Rosenkranz&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007522-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007522_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2007522_189-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2007">Isaacson (2007)</a>, p. 522. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Isaacson2007" class="citation book cs1">Walter Isaacson (2007). 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Da Capo Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81608-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81608-6"><bdi>978-0-306-81608-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selected+Writings+on+Religion%3A+Albert+Einstein&rft.btitle=The+Portable+Atheist%3A+Essential+Readings+for+the+Nonbeliever&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81608-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidG_iziBAPXtECpgPA325_325]-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidG_iziBAPXtECpgPA325_325]_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2008">Isaacson (2008)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC&pg=PA325">325</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalaprice2000218-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalaprice2000218_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalaprice2000218_193-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalaprice2000">Calaprice (2000)</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcdxWNE7NY6QCpgPT390_390]-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcdxWNE7NY6QCpgPT390_390]_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacson2008">Isaacson (2008)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdxWNE7NY6QC&pg=PT390">390</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalaprice2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidG_iziBAPXtECpgPA340_340]-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalaprice2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidG_iziBAPXtECpgPA340_340]_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalaprice2010">Calaprice (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC&pg=PA340">340</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-flickr2687-196"><a href="#cite_ref-flickr2687_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2687/4496554935_0b573db853_o.jpg">"Letter to M. Berkowitz, 25 October 1950"</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+M.+Berkowitz%2C+25+October+1950.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarm3.static.flickr.com%2F2687%2F4496554935_0b573db853_o.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> Einstein Archive 59–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Isaacson2007" class="citation book cs1">Walter Isaacson (2007). Einstein: His Life and Universe. pp. 550–551.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+His+Life+and+Universe&rft.pages=550-551&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Walter+Isaacson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mKToJ-198"><a href="#cite_ref-mKToJ_198-0">^</a> Dowbiggin, Ian (2003). A Merciful End. New York: Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowbiggin2003" class="citation book cs1">Dowbiggin, Ian (9 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1AKtIEIIvUC&pg=PA41">p. 41</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803515-2"><bdi>978-0-19-803515-2</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 23 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+%27I+don%27t+believe+in+God%27+letter+has+sold+on+eBay...&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft.aulast=Dvorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2F5954119%2Feinsteins-i-dont-believe-in-god-letter-has-sold-on-ebay--and-youre-not-going-to-believe-the-price&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ivu.org/history/northam20a/einstein.html">"Albert Einstein (1879–1955)"</a>. International Vegetarian Union.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein+%281879%E2%80%931955%29&rft.pub=International+Vegetarian+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fivu.org%2Fhistory%2Fnortham20a%2Feinstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aretheyvegan.com/alberteinstein/">"Was Albert Einstein vegan?"</a>. AreTheyVegan.com. 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AreTheyVegan.com&rft.atitle=Was+Albert+Einstein+vegan%3F&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faretheyvegan.com%2Falberteinstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BQH5A-203"><a href="#cite_ref-BQH5A_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchen,_Jessica2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Duchen" title="Jessica Duchen">Duchen, Jessica</a> (28 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/features/the-relative-beauty-of-the-violin-2196313.html">"The relative beauty of the violin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722171721/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/features/the-relative-beauty-of-the-violin-2196313.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+relative+beauty+of+the+violin&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft.au=Duchen%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fclassical%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-relative-beauty-of-the-violin-2196313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aBOjz-204"><a href="#cite_ref-aBOjz_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150828225916/http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein%26music.pdf">"Einstein and his love of music"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Physics_World" title="Physics World">Physics World</a>. January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pha.jhu.edu/einstein/stuff/einstein&music.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Einstein+and+his+love+of+music&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pha.jhu.edu%2Feinstein%2Fstuff%2Feinstein%26music.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botstein-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Botstein_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botstein_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botstein_205-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botstein_205-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_GalisonGerald_James_HoltonSilvan_S._Schweber2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Galison" title="Peter Galison">Peter Galison</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Holton" title="Gerald Holton">Gerald James Holton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Silvan_S._Schweber" title="Silvan S. Schweber">Silvan S. Schweber</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinforstcen00gali">Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinforstcen00gali/page/n181">161</a>–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13520-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13520-5"><bdi>978-0-691-13520-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+for+the+21st+Century%3A+His+Legacy+in+Science%2C+Art%2C+and+Modern+Culture&rft.pages=161-164&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13520-5&rft.au=Peter+Galison&rft.au=Gerald+James+Holton&rft.au=Silvan+S.+Schweber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinforstcen00gali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kGuWC-206"><a href="#cite_ref-kGuWC_206-0">^</a> Article "Alfred Einstein", in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-174-9">978-1-56159-174-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OIn6p-207"><a href="#cite_ref-OIn6p_207-0">^</a> The Concise Edition of <a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Musicians" title="Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians">Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians</a>, 8th ed. Revised by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Nicolas Slonimsky</a>. 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Retrieved April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-RR-209"><a href="#cite_ref-RR_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rrauction.com/albert_einstein_signed_photo_to_joseph_zoellner.cfm">"Relaxed Einstein signs for a fellow violinist before sailing to Germany for the last time"</a>. RR Auction. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524160226/http://www.rrauction.com/albert_einstein_signed_photo_to_joseph_zoellner.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2013. 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Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Day+Albert+Einstein+Died%3A+A+Photographer%27s+Story&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.au=Cosgrove%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3494553%2Fthe-day-albert-einstein-died-a-photographers-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MqyYW-214"><a href="#cite_ref-MqyYW_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913">"The Long, Strange Journey of Einstein's Brain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714011830/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Long%2C+Strange+Journey+of+Einstein%27s+Brain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4602913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosgroveMorse2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Cosgrove, Benjamin; Morse, Ralph (14 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.life.com/history/the-day-albert-einstein-died-a-photographers-story/">"The Day Albert Einstein Died: A Photographer's Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319004714/https://www.life.com/history/the-day-albert-einstein-died-a-photographers-story/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=The+Day+Albert+Einstein+Died%3A+A+Photographer%27s+Story&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.aulast=Cosgrove&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Morse%2C+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-day-albert-einstein-died-a-photographers-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GQrBZ-216"><a href="#cite_ref-GQrBZ_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E.F. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Einstein.html">"Albert Einstein"</a>. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213223549/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Einstein.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albert+Einstein&rft.btitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.pub=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics%2C+University+of+St.+Andrews&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FEinstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obit-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Obit_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLate_City1955" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Late City, ed. (18 April 1955). Written at Princeton, NJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C1EFC3D55107A93CBA8178FD85F418585F9">"Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss of Great Scientist, Rupture of Aorta Causes Death, Body Cremated, Memorial Here Set"</a>. The New York Times. Vol. CIV, no. 35, 514. New York (published 19 April 1955). p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200758/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60C1EFC3D55107A93CBA8178FD85F418585F9">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+Albert+Einstein+Dies+in+Sleep+at+76%3B+World+Mourns+Loss+of+Great+Scientist%2C+Rupture+of+Aorta+Causes+Death%2C+Body+Cremated%2C+Memorial+Here+Set&rft.volume=CIV&rft.issue=35%2C+514&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1955-04-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF60C1EFC3D55107A93CBA8178FD85F418585F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aJHxn-218"><a href="#cite_ref-aJHxn_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, J. Robert</a> (March 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7goAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38">"Oppenheimer on Einstein"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. 35 (3): 38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979BuAtS..35c..36O">1979BuAtS..35c..36O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1979.11458597">10.1080/00963402.1979.11458597</a>. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Oppenheimer+on+Einstein&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1979-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.1979.11458597&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979BuAtS..35c..36O&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7goAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnna2007" class="citation news cs1">Unna, Issachar (22 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4945718">"An Ongoing Power of Attraction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043403/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4945718">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=An+Ongoing+Power+of+Attraction&rft.date=2007-06-22&rft.aulast=Unna&rft.aufirst=Issachar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.4945718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Arthur_Schilpp,_editor_1951_730–746-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Arthur_Schilpp,_editor_1951_730–746_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Arthur_Schilpp,_editor_1951_730–746_220-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Arthur_Schilpp1951" class="citation book cs1">Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed. (1951). Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. Vol. II. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition). pp. 730–746.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%3A+Philosopher-Scientist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=730-746&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers+Publishers+%28Harper+Torchbook+edition%29&rft.date=1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988">. His non-scientific works include: About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>), The World As I See It (1934), Out of My Later Years (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, <a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Physics" title="The Evolution of Physics">The Evolution of Physics</a> (1938, co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Infeld" title="Leopold Infeld">Leopold Infeld</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStachel_et_al.2008_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStachel_et_al.2008">Stachel et al. (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141204-DB-222"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141204-DB_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Overbye" title="Dennis Overbye">Overbye, Dennis</a> (4 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html">"Thousands of Einstein Documents Are Now a Click Away"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Einstein+Documents+Are+Now+a+Click+Away&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F05%2Fscience%2Fhuge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Instituut-Lorentz-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Instituut-Lorentz_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instituut-Lorentz_223-1">b</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/Einstein_archive/">"Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519023226/http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/Einstein_archive/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einstein+archive+at+the+Instituut-Lorentz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl%2Fhistory%2FEinstein_archive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988">". Instituut-Lorentz. 2005. Retrieved 21 November 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-e5xd8-224"><a href="#cite_ref-e5xd8_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrow2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pietrow, Alexander G.M. (2019). "Investigations into the origin of Einstein's Sink". Studium. 11 (4): 260–268. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.09022">1905.09022</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Studi..11E...1P">2019Studi..11E...1P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fstudium.10183">10.18352/studium.10183</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162168640">162168640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studium&rft.atitle=Investigations+into+the+origin+of+Einstein%27s+Sink&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=260-268&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1905.09022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162168640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18352%2Fstudium.10183&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Studi..11E...1P&rft.aulast=Pietrow&rft.aufirst=Alexander+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-PubList-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PubList_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PubList_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuepper" class="citation web cs1">Kuepper, Hans-Josef. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.einstein-website.de/z_physics/wisspub-e.html">"List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein"</a>. Einstein-website.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508071317/http://www.einstein-website.de/z_physics/wisspub-e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Scientific+Publications+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.pub=Einstein-website.de&rft.aulast=Kuepper&rft.aufirst=Hans-Josef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.einstein-website.de%2Fz_physics%2Fwisspub-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-L2N73-226"><a href="#cite_ref-L2N73_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson" class="citation web cs1">Levenson, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/genius/">"Genius Among Geniuses"</a>. Einstein's Big Idea. Boston: WBGH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106193928/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/genius/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2015 – via NOVA by <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Einstein%27s+Big+Idea&rft.atitle=Genius+Among+Geniuses&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Feinstein%2Fgenius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905a-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905a_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905a_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905a_227-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEinstein1905a">Einstein (1905a)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-1Jhcb-228"><a href="#cite_ref-1Jhcb_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2003" class="citation book cs1">Das, Ashok (2003). Lectures on quantum mechanics. Hindustan Book Agency. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85931-41-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85931-41-8"><bdi>978-81-85931-41-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+quantum+mechanics&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Hindustan+Book+Agency&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-85931-41-8&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oJBvd-229"><a href="#cite_ref-oJBvd_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielbergAnderson1995" class="citation book cs1">Spielberg, Nathan; Anderson, Bryon D. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenideasthatsh00spie_874">Seven ideas that shook the universe</a> (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenideasthatsh00spie_874/page/n276">263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-30606-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-30606-1"><bdi>978-0-471-30606-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+ideas+that+shook+the+universe&rft.pages=263&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-471-30606-1&rft.aulast=Spielberg&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Bryon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsevenideasthatsh00spie_874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905c-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905c_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEinstein1905c">Einstein (1905c)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905d-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905d_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinstein1905d_231-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEinstein1905d">Einstein (1905d)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RhZ8x-232"><a href="#cite_ref-RhZ8x_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2007" class="citation book cs1">Major, Fouad G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmdr6Wx_2PYC">The quantum beat: principles and applications of atomic clocks</a> (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69533-4"><bdi>978-0-387-69533-4</bdi></a>. 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In Frappier, M.; Brown, D.; DiSalle, R. (eds.). Analysis and Interpretation in the Exact Sciences. The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science. Vol. 78. Springer. pp. 245–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-2582-9_14">10.1007/978-94-007-2582-9_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2581-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2581-2"><bdi>978-94-007-2581-2</bdi></a>. <q>Though the geodesic principle can be recovered as theorem in general relativity, it is not a consequence of Einstein's equation (or the conservation principle) alone. 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Gizmodo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004258/https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/05/9-albert-einstein-quotes-that-are-totally-fake/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=9+Albert+Einstein+Quotes+That+Are+Completely+Fake&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmodo.com.au%2F2015%2F05%2F9-albert-einstein-quotes-that-are-totally-fake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-humiliate-atheist-333"><a href="#cite_ref-humiliate-atheist_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-einstein-humiliates-professor/">"Did Albert Einstein Humiliate an Atheist Professor?"</a>. Snopes. 29 June 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104194315/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/false-einstein-humiliates-professor/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. 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Retrieved 16 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Einsteinium+%E2%80%93+Element&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F99%2Feinsteinium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105001523/https://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html">"Einstein Papers Project"</a>. California Institute of Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.einstein.caltech.edu/index.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einstein+Papers+Project&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.einstein.caltech.edu%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/einstein/">"Albert Einstein"</a>. Princeton University Press. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Feinstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1966" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, J. S. (1966). "On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 38 (3): 447–452. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966RvMP...38..447B">1966RvMP...38..447B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Frevmodphys.38.447">10.1103/revmodphys.38.447</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1444158">1444158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=On+the+problem+of+hidden+variables+in+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=447-452&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Frevmodphys.38.447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1444158%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966RvMP...38..447B&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalaprice2000" class="citation book cs1">Calaprice, Alice (2000). The Expanded Quotable Einstein. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expanded+Quotable+Einstein&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Calaprice&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalaprice2005" class="citation book cs1">Calaprice, Alice (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090622063213/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7921.html">The New Quotable Einstein</a>. Princeton University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7921.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Quotable+Einstein&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Calaprice&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F7921.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalapriceLipscombe2005" class="citation book cs1">Calaprice, Alice; Lipscombe, Trevor (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eWh2O_3OAQC">Albert Einstein: A Biography</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33080-3"><bdi>978-0-313-33080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33080-3&rft.aulast=Calaprice&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Lipscombe%2C+Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5eWh2O_3OAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalaprice2010" class="citation book cs1">Calaprice, Alice (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_iziBAPXtEC">The Ultimate Quotable Einstein</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3596-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-3596-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Quotable+Einstein&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3596-6&rft.aulast=Calaprice&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_iziBAPXtEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalapriceKennefickSchulmann2015" class="citation book cs1">Calaprice, Alice; Kennefick, Daniel; Schulmann, Robert (2015). An Einstein Encyclopedia. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016eien.book.....C">2016eien.book.....C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Einstein+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016eien.book.....C&rft.aulast=Calaprice&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Kennefick%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Schulmann%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaplin1964" class="citation book cs1">Chaplin, Charles (1964). Charles Chaplin: My Autobiography. New York: Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Chaplin%3A+My+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Chaplin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Clark" title="Ronald W. Clark">Clark, Ronald W.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einstein00rona">Einstein: The Life and Times</a>. New York: Avon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-44123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-44123-5"><bdi>978-0-380-44123-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+The+Life+and+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-380-44123-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ronald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinstein00rona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFölsing1997" class="citation book cs1">Fölsing, Albrecht (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteinbi00fols">Albert Einstein</a>. Translated by Osers, Ewald. Abridged by Ewald Osers. New York: Penguin Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85545-2"><bdi>978-0-670-85545-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Viking&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85545-2&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6lsing&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falberteinsteinbi00fols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, Arthur (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-epr/">"The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen+Argument+in+Quantum+Theory&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fqt-epr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalison2000" class="citation journal cs1">Galison, Peter (Winter 2000). "Einstein's Clocks: The Question of Time". Critical Inquiry. 26 (2): 355–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448970">10.1086/448970</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1344127">1344127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144484466">144484466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+Clocks%3A+The+Question+of+Time&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=355-389&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144484466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1344127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F448970&rft.aulast=Galison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlick1987" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Thomas F., ed. (1987). The Comparative Reception of Relativity. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-2498-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-2498-4"><bdi>978-90-277-2498-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comparative+Reception+of+Relativity&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-277-2498-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriganSpekkens2010" class="citation journal cs1">Harrigan, Nicholas; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spekkens" title="Robert Spekkens">Spekkens, Robert W.</a> (2010). "Einstein, incompleteness, and the epistemic view of quantum states". <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Physics" title="Foundations of Physics">Foundations of Physics</a>. 40 (2): 125. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.2661">0706.2661</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010FoPh...40..125H">2010FoPh...40..125H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9347-0">10.1007/s10701-009-9347-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32755624">32755624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Einstein%2C+incompleteness%2C+and+the+epistemic+view+of+quantum+states&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0706.2661&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32755624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9347-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010FoPh...40..125H&rft.aulast=Harrigan&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Spekkens%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfieldCarter1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Highfield" title="Roger Highfield">Highfield, Roger</a>; Carter, Paul (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privatelivesofal00high_1">The Private Lives of Albert Einstein</a>. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-17170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-17170-5"><bdi>978-0-571-17170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Lives+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-571-17170-5&rft.aulast=Highfield&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Carter%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprivatelivesofal00high_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1972" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Banesh (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteincr0000hoff_y3a8">Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel</a>. Collaboration with Helen Dukas. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-11181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-11181-7"><bdi>978-0-670-11181-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%3A+Creator+and+Rebel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-670-11181-7&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Banesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falberteinsteincr0000hoff_y3a8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolton1984" class="citation journal cs1">Holton, Gerald (April 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18">"The migration of physicists to the United States"</a>. 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New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6473-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6473-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-6473-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+His+Life+and+Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperbacks&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6473-0&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzSJgdwk5esC">Einstein: His Life and Universe</a>. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12094-2"><bdi>978-0-691-12094-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+on+Politics%3A+His+Private+Thoughts+and+Public+Stands+on+Nationalism%2C+Zionism%2C+War%2C+Peace%2C+and+the+Bomb&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoweSchulmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, David E.; Schulmann, Robert, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_X1dAAAAQBAJ">Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4828-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4828-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-4828-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+on+Politics%3A+His+Private+Thoughts+and+Public+Stands+on+Nationalism%2C+Zionism%2C+War%2C+Peace%2C+and+the+Bomb&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4828-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_X1dAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheideler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Scheideler, Britta (2002). "The Scientist as Moral Authority: Albert Einstein between Elitism and Democracy, 1914–1933". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 319–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fhsps.2002.32.2.319">10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.319</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.319">10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+the+Physical+and+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Scientist+as+Moral+Authority%3A+Albert+Einstein+between+Elitism+and+Democracy%2C+1914%E2%80%931933&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=319-346&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fhsps.2002.32.2.319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fhsps.2002.32.2.319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scheideler&rft.aufirst=Britta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachel1966" class="citation book cs1">Stachel, John J. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307015425/http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf">Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein+and+Mileva+Mari%C4%87&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Stachel&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiloscience.unibe.ch%2Flehre%2Fwinter99%2Feinstein%2FStachel1966.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachel2002" class="citation book cs1">Stachel, John J. (2002). Einstein from 'B' to 'Z'. Einstein Studies. Vol. 9. Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-4143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-4143-6"><bdi>978-0-8176-4143-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237532460">237532460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+from+%27B%27+to+%27Z%27&rft.series=Einstein+Studies&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237532460&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-4143-6&rft.aulast=Stachel&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQz5DAAAQBAJ">General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries: Einstein's Polemics with Physicists</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8362-7"><bdi>978-1-4438-8362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Relativity+Conflict+and+Rivalries%3A+Einstein%27s+Polemics+with+Physicists&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne+%28UK%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-8362-7&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQz5DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Brian" title="Denis Brian">Brian, Denis</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einstein00deni">Einstein: A Life</a>. New York: John Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471114598" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471114598"><bdi>978-0471114598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0471114598&rft.aulast=Brian&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinstein00deni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Brian" title="Denis Brian">Brian, Denis</a> (2005). The Unexpected Einstein: The Real Man Behind the Icon. New York: John Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471718406" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471718406"><bdi>978-0471718406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unexpected+Einstein%3A+The+Real+Man+Behind+the+Icon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0471718406&rft.aulast=Brian&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbel2015" class="citation book cs1">Gimbel, Steven (2015). Einstein: His Space and Times. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300196719" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300196719"><bdi>978-0300196719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+His+Space+and+Times&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0300196719&rft.aulast=Gimbel&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbel2012" class="citation book cs1">Gimbel, Steven (2012). Einstein's Jewish Science: Physics at the Intersection of Politics and Religion. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421405544" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421405544"><bdi>978-1421405544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Jewish+Science%3A+Physics+at+the+Intersection+of+Politics+and+Religion&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1421405544&rft.aulast=Gimbel&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordin2020" class="citation book cs1">Gordin, Michael D. (2020). Einstein in Bohemia. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17737-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17737-3"><bdi>978-0-691-17737-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+in+Bohemia&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17737-3&rft.aulast=Gordin&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindemann1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Alexander_Lindemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Alexander Lindemann">Lindemann, Frederick Alexander</a> (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Einstein,_Albert">"Einstein, Albert" </a>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Einstein%2C+Albert&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Lindemann&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoring2004" class="citation book cs1">Moring, Gary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00mori_0">The complete idiot's guide to understanding Einstein</a> (1st ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Alpha books (Macmillan). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-863180-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-863180-6"><bdi>978-0-02-863180-6</bdi></a>. <q>idiot's guide to Einstein.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+idiot%27s+guide+to+understanding+Einstein&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Alpha+books+%28Macmillan%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-863180-6&rft.aulast=Moring&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteidiotsgu00mori_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, J. Robert</a> (1971). "On Albert Einstein". Science and Synthesis: An International Colloquium Organized by Unesco on the Tenth Anniversary of the Death of Albert Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin. Lecture delivered at the UNESCO House in Paris on 13 December 1965: 8–12, 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Synthesis%3A+An+International+Colloquium+Organized+by+Unesco+on+the+Tenth+Anniversary+of+the+Death+of+Albert+Einstein+and+Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.atitle=On+Albert+Einstein&rft.pages=8-12%2C+208&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988">, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1966/mar/17/on-albert-einstein/?pagination=false">"On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. 17 March 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=On+Albert+Einstein+by+Robert+Oppenheimer&rft.date=1966-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1966%2Fmar%2F17%2Fon-albert-einstein%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2000" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Barry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinsbrainch00barr">Einstein's Brainchild: Relativity Made Relatively Easy!</a>. Illustrated by Lori Scoffield-Beer. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-522-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-522-1"><bdi>978-1-59102-522-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Brainchild%3A+Relativity+Made+Relatively+Easy%21&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-522-1&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinsbrainch00barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2005" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Donald W. (2005). Einstein's "Other" Theory: The Planck-Bose-Einstein Theory of Heat Capacity. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11826-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11826-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11826-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+%22Other%22+Theory%3A+The+Planck-Bose-Einstein+Theory+of+Heat+Capacity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11826-0&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweber2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Silvan_S._Schweber" title="Silvan S. Schweber">Schweber, Silvan S.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinoppenhei00schw">Einstein and Oppenheimer: The Meaning of Genius</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02828-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02828-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02828-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+and+Oppenheimer%3A+The+Meaning+of+Genius&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02828-9&rft.aulast=Schweber&rft.aufirst=Silvan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinoppenhei00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2013" class="citation book cs1">Stone, A. Douglas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinquantumq0000ston">Einstein and the Quantum</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13968-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13968-5"><bdi>978-0-691-13968-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+and+the+Quantum&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13968-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=A.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinquantumq0000ston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg, Steven</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2155755">"Einstein's mistakes"</a>. Physics Today. 58 (11): 31–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhT....58k..31W">2005PhT....58k..31W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2155755">10.1063/1.2155755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+mistakes&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=31-35&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2155755&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhT....58k..31W&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.2155755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Einstein" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Einstein%2C%20Albert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Albert%20Einstein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Einstein%2C%20Albert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Albert%20Einstein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Einstein%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Albert%20Einstein%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Einstein%2C%20Albert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Albert%20Einstein%22%29%20OR%20%28%221879-1955%22%20AND%20Einstein%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Albert Einstein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1035">Works by Albert Einstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/26">Albert Einstein</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> including the Nobel Lecture 11 July 1923 Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alberteinstein.info/">Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811112756/http://www.alberteinstein.info/">Archived</a> 11 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna46785542">MSNBC, 19 March 2012</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2745/">Einstein's declaration of intention for American citizenship</a> on the <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929151059/http://archon.brandeis.edu/?p=collections%2Ffindingaid&id=41">Albert Einstein Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/">The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein "Digital Einstein"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004590">Newspaper clippings about Albert Einstein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ias.edu/scholars/einstein">Home page of Albert Einstein at The Institute for Advanced Study</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albert.ias.edu/">Albert – The Digital Repository of the IAS</a>, which contains many digitized original documents and photographs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0251868/">Albert Einstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albert_Einstein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albert_Einstein" title="Template:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albert_Einstein" title="Template talk:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albert_Einstein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albert_Einstein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Einstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">Photoelectric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_coefficients" title="Einstein coefficients">Einstein coefficients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_solid" title="Einstein solid">Einstein solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_radius" title="Einstein radius">Einstein radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_relation_(kinetic_theory)" title="Einstein relation (kinetic theory)">Einstein relation (kinetic theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">Cosmological constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_correlations" title="Bose–Einstein correlations">Bose–Einstein correlations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Einstein–Cartan theory">Einstein–Cartan theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Infeld%E2%80%93Hoffmann_equations" title="Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations">Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93de_Haas_effect" title="Einstein–de Haas effect">Einstein–de Haas effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">Bohr–Einstein debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleparallelism" title="Teleparallelism">Teleparallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_thought_experiments" title="Einstein's thought experiments">Thought experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_unsuccessful_investigations" title="Einstein's unsuccessful investigations">Unsuccessful investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_leaf_paradox" title="Tea leaf paradox">Tea leaf paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis_papers" title="Annus mirabilis papers">Annus mirabilis papers</a> (1905)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cber_die_von_der_molekularkinetischen_Theorie_der_W%C3%A4rme_geforderte_Bewegung_von_in_ruhenden_Fl%C3%BCssigkeiten_suspendierten_Teilchen" title="Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen">Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement</a>" (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_the_General_Theory" title="Relativity: The Special and the General Theory">Relativity: The Special and the General Theory</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Relativity" title="The Meaning of Relativity">The Meaning of Relativity</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_I_See_It_(book)" title="The World as I See It (book)">The World as I See It</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Physics" title="The Evolution of Physics">The Evolution of Physics</a> (1938)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a>" (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_in_popular_culture" title="Albert Einstein in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Grundlagen_der_Einsteinschen_Relativit%C3%A4ts-Theorie" title="Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie">Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie</a> (1922 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Einstein_Theory_of_Relativity" title="The Einstein Theory of Relativity">The Einstein Theory of Relativity</a> (1923 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics:_Einstein%27s_Brain" title="Relics: Einstein's Brain">Relics: Einstein's Brain</a> (1994 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insignificance_(film)" title="Insignificance (film)">Insignificance</a> (1985 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Einstein" title="Young Einstein">Young Einstein</a> (1988 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picasso_at_the_Lapin_Agile" title="Picasso at the Lapin Agile">Picasso at the Lapin Agile</a> (1993 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.Q._(film)" title="I.Q. (film)">I.Q.</a> (1994 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Gift" title="Einstein's Gift">Einstein's Gift</a> (2003 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_and_Eddington" title="Einstein and Eddington">Einstein and Eddington</a> (2008 TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a> (2017 series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Award" title="Albert Einstein Award">Albert Einstein Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal" title="Albert Einstein Medal">Albert Einstein Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Prize" title="Kalinga Prize">Kalinga Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Peace_Prize" title="Albert Einstein Peace Prize">Albert Einstein Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Prize_for_Laser_Science" title="Einstein Prize for Laser Science">Einstein Prize for Laser Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Prize_(APS)" title="Einstein Prize (APS)">Einstein Prize (APS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books about Einstein</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein:_Creator_and_Rebel" title="Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel">Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_and_Religion" title="Einstein and Religion">Einstein and Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_for_Beginners" title="Einstein for Beginners">Einstein for Beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein:_His_Life_and_Universe" title="Einstein: His Life and Universe">Einstein: His Life and Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Cosmos" title="Einstein's Cosmos">Einstein's Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Albert_Einstein" title="I Am Albert Einstein">I Am Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introducing_Relativity" title="Introducing Relativity">Introducing Relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_is_the_Lord" title="Subtle is the Lord">Subtle is the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Einstein_family" title="Einstein family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87" title="Mileva Marić">Mileva Marić</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Einstein" title="Elsa Einstein">Elsa Einstein</a> (second wife; cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieserl_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieserl Einstein">Lieserl Einstein</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein" title="Hans Albert Einstein">Hans Albert Einstein</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Koch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Koch">Pauline Koch</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Einstein">Hermann Einstein</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_Einstein" title="Maja Einstein">Maja Einstein</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_family#Eduard_"Tete"_Einstein_(Albert's_second_son)" title="Einstein family">Eduard Einstein</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_family_of_Robert_Einstein" title="Murder of the family of Robert Einstein">Robert Einstein</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Caesar_Einstein" title="Bernhard Caesar Einstein">Bernhard Caesar Einstein</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Einstein" title="Evelyn Einstein">Evelyn Einstein</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Martin_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Martin Einstein">Thomas Martin Einstein</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Einstein" title="Siegbert Einstein">Siegbert Einstein</a> (distant cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Brain of Albert Einstein">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_House" title="Albert Einstein House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Memorial" title="Albert Einstein Memorial">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Political views of Albert Einstein">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_philosophical_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Albert_Einstein" title="List of things named after Albert Einstein">Things named after</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_relationship" title="Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship">Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Archives" title="Albert Einstein Archives">Albert Einstein Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Blackboard" title="Einstein's Blackboard">Einstein's Blackboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Papers_Project" title="Einstein Papers Project">Einstein Papers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator" title="Einstein refrigerator">Einstein refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinhaus" title="Einsteinhaus">Einsteinhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Talmey" title="Max Talmey">Max Talmey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Committee_of_Atomic_Scientists" title="Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists">Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Albert_Einstein" title="Category:Albert Einstein">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li>1921: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einstein</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li>1931</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li>1934</li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Einstein</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1916_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1916 Nobel Prize winners">1916</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1917_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1917 Nobel Prize winners">1917</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1918_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1918 Nobel Prize winners">1918</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1919_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1919 Nobel Prize winners">1919</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1920 Nobel Prize winners">1920</a></dd> <dd>1921 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1922_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1922 Nobel Prize winners">1922</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1923_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1923 Nobel Prize winners">1923</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1924_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1924 Nobel Prize winners">1924</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1925_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1925 Nobel Prize winners">1925</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners">1926</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1921" title="Template:FRS 1921"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1921" title="Template talk:FRS 1921"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1921" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1921"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1921" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1921">in 1921</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Eade_Agar" title="Wilfred Eade Agar">Wilfred Eade Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Calman" title="William Thomas Calman">William Thomas Calman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harry_Church" title="Arthur Harry Church">Arthur Harry Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dreyer" title="Georges Dreyer">Georges Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eccles_(physicist)" title="William Eccles (physicist)">William Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Grant_Ledingham" title="John Charles Grant Ledingham">John Charles Grant Ledingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_J._P._Orton" title="Kennedy J. P. Orton">Kennedy Joseph Previte Orton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_Parsons" title="John Herbert Parsons">John Herbert Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15633439" class="extiw" title="d:Q15633439">James Charles Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Robb" title="Alfred Robb">Alfred Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Tennyson_d%27Eyncourt" title="Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt">Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udny_Yule" title="Udny Yule">Udny Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Calmette" title="Albert Calmette">Albert Calmette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Alexandre_Deslandres" title="Henri-Alexandre Deslandres">Henri-Alexandre Deslandres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albin_Haller" title="Albin Haller">Albin Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beecher_Wilson" title="Edmund Beecher Wilson">Edmund Beecher Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relativity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relativity" title="Template:Relativity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity" title="Template talk:Relativity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Relativity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Relativity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">Principle of relativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galilean_invariance" title="Galilean invariance">Galilean relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_orthogonality" title="Hyperbolic orthogonality">Hyperbolic orthogonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidity" title="Rapidity">Rapidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_length" title="Proper length">Proper length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">Proper acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">Relativistic mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" title="List of textbooks on relativity">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">Length contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" title="Relativistic Doppler effect">Relativistic Doppler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_precession" title="Thomas precession">Thomas precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">Ladder paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Terrell rotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">Light cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski diagram">Minkowski diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" title="Raychaudhuri equation">Raychaudhuri equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_equation" title="Ernst equation">Ernst equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Two-body problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">detectors</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Other tests</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">precession</a> of Mercury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">lensing</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Einstein_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein cross">Einstein cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein rings">Einstein rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_time_delay" title="Shapiro time delay">Shapiro delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">geodetic effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring precession</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Advanced theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cosmological: <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BKL_singularity" title="BKL singularity">BKL singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spherical: <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Axisymmetric: <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_disk" title="Relativistic disk">discs</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" title="Ozsváth–Schücking metric">Ozsváth–Schücking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre</a></li></ul> <ul><li>In computational physics: <a href="/wiki/Numerical_relativity" title="Numerical relativity">Numerical relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Choquet-Bruhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zel'dovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geroch" title="Robert Geroch">Geroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity">others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theory_of_relativity" title="Category:Theory of relativity">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/16px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/25px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/33px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012281955X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/75121530">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32023/">FAST</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/460651/">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhFRgHDtmhvmC6JdfXh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118529579">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022889">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119016075">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119016075">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00438728">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV035853">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36582360">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002019&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000021094&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX834035">Spain</a></li><li><a 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href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034649">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=76370">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200103196">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtts5z33mrjqc">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646540205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/91752">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260607605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000215897">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511756306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14115549">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00708434?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9183-9538">ORCID</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=53269">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=22988279600">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:einstein.albert">zbMATH</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qc6CJjYAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/62280">MathSciNet</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/albert-einstein/">Leopoldina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500240971">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c98c325e-7277-46e8-8b44-e3517f3e041a">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/382451">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118529579.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118529579">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026849186">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028814">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582637">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63c6p77">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42829">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41024053">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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Template:Cite_book"," 9.85% 496.138 80 Template:Cite_web"," 3.76% 189.554 29 Template:Cite_news"," 3.16% 159.434 2 Template:Lang"," 3.04% 153.114 1 Template:Birth_date"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.406","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26781673,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbott2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbert_Einstein_Archives1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlok2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmir_Aczel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrews2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrzej2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArntzenius2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBodanis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBohr,_N.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondiGold1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyko\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalaprice2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalaprice2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalaprice2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalapriceKennefickSchulmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalapriceLipscombe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastelvecchi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaplin1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen,_J._R.Graver,_L._M.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosgrove,_Ben2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosgroveMorse2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_Overbye2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiehlMoltz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowbiggin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuchen,_Jessica2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncanJanssen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDvorsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1905a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1905b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1905c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1905d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1905e\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1917a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1917b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1926b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinstein2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinsteinPodolskyRosen1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinsteinRosen1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinsteinRussell1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinsteinde_Haas1915\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEinsteinde_Sitter1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraknoi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFred_JeromeRodger_Taylor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFölsing1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagnon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalison2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguiOrtiz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguiOrtiz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbel2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGlick1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoenner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGosling2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandjean2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandjean2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraydon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanle1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriganSpekkens2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHighfield2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHighfieldCarter1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolton1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyle1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunziker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._J._O\u0026#039;ConnorE._F._Robertson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKersting2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyte2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleppner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuepper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanouetteSilard1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLate_City1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibman1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindemann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsayMargenau1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalament2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Grandjean2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcTee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehra2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMermin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMissner1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontes-Santiago2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoring2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrellGrobert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadia_Drake2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeffe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNussbaumer2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNussbaumer_and_Bieri2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;ConnorRobertson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;RaifeartaighMcCann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;RaifeartaighMcCannNahmMitton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimer1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimer1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverbye2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPais1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPais1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPais1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Arthur_Schilpp1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_S._BoyerMelvyn_Dubofsky2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenrose2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeres2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_GalisonGerald_James_HoltonSilvan_S._Schweber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietrow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogrebin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamanForman1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRennSchulmann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Kroehling1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenkranz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenkranz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoweSchulmann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoweSchulmann2007a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoweSchulmann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan_MiguelPallandre2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheideler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlosshauerKoflerZeilinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShine2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielbergAnderson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStachel1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStachel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStachel_et_al.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzanton1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamir2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobies2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolmasquim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroemel-Ploetz,_D.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Pavia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnna2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldrop2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker,_Evan_Harris1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Isaacson2007\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinstein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeyl2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittaker1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWüthrich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangHamilton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Hirschhausen,_Ulrike2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"1921 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Br\"] = 4,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1922\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 70,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 79,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Copley Medallists 1901–1950\"] = 1,\n [\"Cosmology\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 5,\n [\"Einstein\"] = 1,\n [\"FRS 1921\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 35,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"LINZ\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 21,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Math\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901–1925\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Relativity\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 136,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Shy\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 4,\n [\"Specify\"] = 1,\n [\"Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"US patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","700","18.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","600","15.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","6.8"],["dataWrapper 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