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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_person-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_and_eschatological_expectations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_and_eschatological_expectations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Ministry and eschatological expectations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_and_eschatological_expectations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_resurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_resurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Death and resurrection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_resurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Apostolic Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Jewish Christianity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jewish_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Jewish Christianity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Jerusalem_ekklēsia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jerusalem_ekklēsia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 The Jerusalem ekklēsia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Jerusalem_ekklēsia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Beliefs and practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creeds_and_salvation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creeds_and_salvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Creeds and salvation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creeds_and_salvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Christology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatological_expectations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatological_expectations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Eschatological expectations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatological_expectations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angels_and_Devils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angels_and_Devils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Angels and Devils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angels_and_Devils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Baptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_meals_and_Eucharist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_meals_and_Eucharist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Communal meals and Eucharist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_meals_and_Eucharist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Liturgy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_church_–_mission_to_the_Gentiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_church_–_mission_to_the_Gentiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Emerging church – mission to the Gentiles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emerging_church_–_mission_to_the_Gentiles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Emerging church – mission to the Gentiles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Emerging_church_–_mission_to_the_Gentiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_of_early_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_early_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Growth of early Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_early_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Conversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusion_of_Gentiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusion_of_Gentiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Inclusion of Gentiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusion_of_Gentiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Persecutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_Biblical_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_Biblical_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Development of the Biblical canon </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_the_Biblical_canon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development of the Biblical canon subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_Biblical_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Old Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_orthodox_writings_–_Apostolic_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_orthodox_writings_–_Apostolic_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Early orthodox writings – Apostolic Fathers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_orthodox_writings_–_Apostolic_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Split of early Christianity and Judaism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Split of early Christianity and Judaism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Split_with_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_with_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Split with Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_with_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_rejection_of_Jewish_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_rejection_of_Jewish_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Later rejection of Jewish Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_rejection_of_Jewish_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Printed sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Web-sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Book series </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Christianity in the 1st century</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urchristentum" title="Urchristentum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Urchristentum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="العصر الرسولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الرسولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="১ম শতাব্দীতে খ্রিস্টধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১ম শতাব্দীতে খ্রিস্টধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_apost%C3%B2lic" title="Període apostòlic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Període apostòlic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkristendommen" title="Urkristendommen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Urkristendommen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urchristentum" title="Urchristentum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urchristentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algkristlus" title="Algkristlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Algkristlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_en_el_siglo_I" title="Cristianismo en el siglo I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo en el siglo I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostola_epoko" title="Apostola epoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apostola epoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_apostolique" title="Âge apostolique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge apostolique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="사도 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사도 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan_pada_abad_ke-1" title="Kekristenan pada abad ke-1 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan pada abad ke-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_apostolic" title="Era apostolic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Era apostolic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_apostolica" title="Età apostolica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età apostolica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_apostolal" title="Eda apostolal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda apostolal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%90skereszt%C3%A9nyek" title="Őskeresztények – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Őskeresztények" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianisma_tamin%27_ny_taonjato_voalohany" title="Kristianisma tamin' ny taonjato voalohany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristianisma tamin' ny taonjato voalohany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="العصر الرسولى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العصر الرسولى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99" title="原始キリスト教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原始キリスト教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8D_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="عیسویت په لومړۍ پېړۍ کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عیسویت په لومړۍ پېړۍ کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostoliska_tids%C3%A5ldern" title="Apostoliska tidsåldern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apostoliska tidsåldern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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Age</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christianity-related events during the 1st century</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"New Testament Church" redirects here. For the denomination, see <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_Church_(Hong_Kong)" title="New Testament Church (Hong Kong)">New Testament Church (Hong Kong)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_washing_Peter%27s_feet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jesus_washing_Peter%27s_feet.jpg/220px-Jesus_washing_Peter%27s_feet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jesus_washing_Peter%27s_feet.jpg/330px-Jesus_washing_Peter%27s_feet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jesus_washing_Peter%27s_feet.jpg/440px-Jesus_washing_Peter%27s_feet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>Jesus Washing Peter's Feet, painting by <a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown" title="Ford Madox Brown">Ford Madox Brown</a> (1852–1856), <a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Christianity in the 1st century covers the formative <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">history of Christianity</a> from the start of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 27–29 AD) to the death of the last of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> (c. 100) and is thus also known as the Apostolic Age.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">eschatological</a> ministry of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Subsequent to Jesus' death, his earliest followers formed an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements#Sects_in_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish sect</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> of the 1st century. Initially believing that <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Jesus' resurrection</a> was the start of the end time, their beliefs soon changed in the expected <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Jesus and the start of <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="God's Kingdom">God's Kingdom</a> at a later point in time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a> Jew, who had persecuted the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Province of Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Paul">converted</a> c. 33–36<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1979689-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200221-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1993200-4">[4]</a> and began to <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytize</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Gentile#Christianity" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>. According to Paul, Gentile converts could be allowed exemption from <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Jewish commandments</a>, arguing that all are <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justified</a> by their <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith in Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlutz2002178–190-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifrid1992210–211,_246–247-6">[6]</a> This was part of a gradual split between early Christianity and Judaism, as Christianity became a distinct religion including predominantly Gentile adherence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlutz2002178–190-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> had an early Christian community, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of the Church">James the Just, Peter, and John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-7">[7]</a> According to Acts 11:26, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> was where the followers were first called Christians. Peter was later <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a> in Rome, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The apostles went on to <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">spread the message</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> around the classical world and founded <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">apostolic sees</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early centers of Christianity</a>. The last apostle to die was <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> in c. 100.<a href="#cite_note-8">[web 1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(title)#Nazarenes_–_a_term_for_the_early_Christians" title="Nazarene (title)">Nazarene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazirite#New_Testament_Period" title="Nazirite">Nazirite</a></div> Early <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a> referred to themselves as "The Way" (ἡ ὁδός), probably coming from <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_40:3" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah 40:3">Isaiah 40:3</a>, "prepare the way of the LORD".<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado2017.Paul-9">[web 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECwiekowski198879–80-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPao201665-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 1]</a> Other Jews also called them "the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECwiekowski198879–80-10">[8]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Acts_11:26" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 11:26">Acts 11:26</a>, the term Christian (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Χριστιανός), meaning "follower of Christ", was first used in reference to Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1959353–372-18">[11]</a> The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek: Χριστιανισμός) was by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>, in around 100 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwellComfort2001266,_828-19">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish–Hellenistic_background">Jewish–Hellenistic background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jewish–Hellenistic background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></div> The earliest Christians were an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> sect within <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005-20">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXi5xIxgnNgcCpgPA13_13–55]-21">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilken2013a-23">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a> The basic tenet of Second Temple Judaism was <a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">ethical monotheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198737-25">[18]</a> Jews believed <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> had <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">chosen them to be his people</a> and had made a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> with them. As part of this covenant, God gave his people the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (Law) to guide them in their worship of God and in their interactions with each other. The law required Jews to observe the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>, follow <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> food laws, and <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcise</a> their male children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012272–273-26">[19]</a> Judaism's holiest place was the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. It was there that a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priesthood</a> offered <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrifices</a> of <a href="/wiki/Incense_offering" title="Incense offering">incense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gift_offering" title="Gift offering">food</a>, and various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animals</a> to God. Sacrifices could only be offered at the Temple, but Jews in both <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a> established <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> as centers of prayer and study of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Judaism's sacred scriptures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201016-27">[20]</a> Christianity "emerged as a sect of Judaism in Roman Palestine"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett20023-28">[21]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic world">Hellenistic world</a> of the first century AD, which was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek culture</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-29">[22]</a> A major challenge for Jews during this time was how to respond to <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> and remain faithful to their religious traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201014-30">[23]</a> During the early 1st century AD, there were many competing Jewish sects in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, and other groups. Each group adopted different stances toward Hellenization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201072-31">[24]</a> In this context of foreign domination, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Apocalypticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Apocalypticism">Jewish apocalypticism</a> became widespread. Apocalypticism is the belief that God would soon destroy the cosmic forces of evil currently ruling the world and establish an eternal kingdom. To accomplish this, God would send a savior figure or <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012283_&_285-32">[25]</a> Messiah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: meshiach) means "anointed" and is used in the Bible to designate <a href="/wiki/Jewish_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish kings">Jewish kings</a> and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism" title="Prophets in Judaism">prophets</a> whose status was symbolized by being anointed with <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy anointing oil</a>. It can refer to people chosen by God for a specific task, such as the whole <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> nation (<a href="/wiki/1_Chronicles_16" title="1 Chronicles 16">1 Chronicles 16</a>:22; <a href="/wiki/Psalm_105" title="Psalm 105">Psalm 105</a>:15) or <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> who ended the Babylonian captivity (<a href="/wiki/Isaiah_45#Verse_1" title="Isaiah 45">Isaiah 45:1</a>). The term is most associated with King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, to whom God promised an eternal kingdom (<a href="/wiki/2_Samuel_7#Oracles_on_the_House_for_God_and_House_of_David_(7:1–17)" title="2 Samuel 7">2 Samuel 7:11–17</a>). After the destruction of David's kingdom and lineage, this promise was reaffirmed by the prophets <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, who foresaw a future <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic</a> king who would establish and reign over an idealized kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999119–121-33">[26]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, there was no consensus on who the messiah would be or what he would do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201262–64-34">[27]</a> Most commonly, he was imagined to be an Endtimes son of David going about the business of "executing judgment, defeating the enemies of God, reigning over a restored Israel, establishing unending peace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999124-35">[28]</a> The messiah was often referred to as "King Messiah" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מלך משיח, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: melekh mashiach) or malka meshiḥa in Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-JVL.Flusser.Second_Temple_Period-36">[web 7]</a> Yet, there were other kinds of messianic figures proposed as well—the perfect priest or the celestial <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a> who brings about the resurrection of the dead and the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">final judgment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201263-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198738-38">[30]</a> The concept has its root in the <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a> of the 2nd century BC to 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-JVL.Blidstein.Messiah-39">[web 8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_and_ministry_of_Jesus">Life and ministry of Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life and ministry of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Events</a> in the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><big><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></big> according to the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Life of Jesus"><img alt="Life of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/255px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/383px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/510px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="524" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Early life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus" title="Presentation of Jesus">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Temple cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second coming prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete promised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Kiss of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" title="Mocking of Jesus">Mocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_Herod%27s_court" title="Jesus at Herod's court">Herod's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">Flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">Crown of Thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Entombment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Appearances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Emmaus_appearance" title="Road to Emmaus appearance">Road to Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">NT</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Road to Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">John's vision</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> Portals: <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_Jesus" title="Template:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_Jesus" title="Template talk:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Jesus">Christian views on Jesus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sources">Sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Historiography of early Christianity</a></div> Christian sources, such as the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> include detailed stories about Jesus, but scholars differ on the historicity of specific episodes described in the Biblical accounts of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusasfigurehis00powepagen278_181]-41">[31]</a> The Gospels are theological documents, which "provide information the authors regarded as necessary for the religious development of the Christian communities in which they worked."<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> They consist of short passages, <a href="/wiki/Pericope" title="Pericope">pericopes</a>, which the Gospel-authors arranged in various ways as suited their aims.<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> Non-Christian sources that are used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus include Jewish sources such as <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a>, and Roman sources such as <a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a>. These sources are compared to Christian sources such as the Pauline epistles and the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>. These sources are usually independent of each other (e.g. Jewish sources do not draw upon Roman sources), and similarities and differences between them are used in the authentication process.<a href="#cite_note-Camber121-42">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chil460-43">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_person">Historical person</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical person">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a></div> Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Graham_Stanton" title="Graham Stanton">Graham Stanton</a> notes that "nearly all historians, whether Christian or not, accept that Jesus existed", and more is known about him than any other 1st or 2nd-century religious teacher with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2002145-44">[34]</a> The two events of Jesus' life subject to "almost universal assent" are that <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Jesus was baptized</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">was crucified</a> by the order of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman prefect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[37]</a> Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Amy-Jill Levine</a> summarizes the scholarly consensus on Jesus' life as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-48">[38]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John, debated with fellow Jews on how best to live according to God's will, engaged in healings and exorcisms, taught in parables, gathered male and female followers in Galilee, went to Jerusalem, and was crucified by Roman soldiers during the governorship of Pontius Pilate (26–36 CE). But, to use the old cliché, the devil is in the details.</blockquote> There is widespread disagreement among scholars on the details of the life of Jesus mentioned in the gospel narratives, and on the meaning of his teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusasfigurehis00powepagen278_181]-41">[31]</a> Concerning the accuracy of the accounts, viewpoints run the gamut from considering them <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrant</a> descriptions of Jesus's life,<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a> to doubting whether they are historically reliable on a number of points,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-50">[40]</a> to considering them to provide very little historical information about his life beyond the basics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellum2009117–25-51">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922–23-52">[42]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>, the gospels are "filled with nonhistorical material, accounts of events that could not have happened", and contradictory accounts of the same events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201271-53">[43]</a> As historical sources, the gospels have to be "weighed and assessed critically".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2002145-44">[34]</a> Scholars often draw a distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus of history</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christ of faith</a>, and two different accounts can be found in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2002xxiii-54">[44]</a> Academic scholars have <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">constructed a variety of portraits and profiles</a> for Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellum2009124–125-55">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung200623-56">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog20058-57">[47]</a> Contemporary scholarship places Jesus firmly in the Jewish tradition,<a href="#cite_note-TM1998-58">[48]</a> and the most prominent understanding of Jesus is as a <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus#Apocalyptic_prophet" title="Historical Jesus">Jewish apocalyptic prophet or eschatological teacher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999ix–x-59">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[note 2]</a> Other portraits are the charismatic healer,<a href="#cite_note-65">[note 3]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a> philosopher, the Jewish Messiah, and the prophet of social change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellum2009124–125-55">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung200623-56">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[note 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministry_and_eschatological_expectations">Ministry and eschatological expectations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ministry and eschatological expectations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a>, the ministry of Jesus begins with <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">his baptism</a> in the countryside of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjordan (Bible)">Transjordan</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, and ends in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616–22-68">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[note 5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:23&version=nrsv">Luke 3:23</a>) states that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was "about 30 years of age" at the start of his <a href="/wiki/Christian_ministry" title="Christian ministry">ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-82">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-83">[67]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">chronology of Jesus</a> typically has the date of the start of his ministry estimated at AD 27–29 and the end in the range AD 30–36.<a href="#cite_note-Kostenberger140-82">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-83">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200219–21-84">[68]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> (Matthew, Mark and Luke), <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a> stands central.<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> After being <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptized by John the Baptist</a>, Jesus teaches extensively for a year, or maybe just a few months,<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[note 6]</a> about the coming <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> (or, in Matthew, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of Heaven</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parables</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">similes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figures_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Figures of speech">figures of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> In the Gospel of John, Jesus himself is the main subject.<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> The Synoptics present different views on the Kingdom of God.<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> While the Kingdom is essentially described as <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> (relating to the end of the world), becoming reality in the near future, some texts present the Kingdom as already being present, while other texts depict the Kingdom as a place in heaven that one enters after death, or as the presence of God on earth.<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[note 7]</a>. Jesus talks as expecting the coming of the "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">Son of Man</a>" from heaven, an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> figure who would initiate "the coming judgment and the redemption of Israel."<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> According to Davies, the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> presents Jesus as the new Moses who brings a New Law (a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>, the Messianic Torah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence201760-90">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_and_resurrection">Death and resurrection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and resurrection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_The_Crucifixion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_The_Crucifixion.jpg/220px-Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_The_Crucifixion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_The_Crucifixion.jpg/330px-Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_The_Crucifixion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_The_Crucifixion.jpg/440px-Giambattista_Tiepolo_-_The_Crucifixion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>The Crucifixion, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a>, c. 1745–1750, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum" title="Saint Louis Art Museum">Saint Louis Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Jesus' life was ended by his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">execution by crucifixion</a>. His early followers believed that three days after his death, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Jesus rose</a> bodily from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1977176-91">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier19755-92">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Daalen197241-93">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKremer197749–50-94">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014-95">[77]</a> Paul's letters and the Gospels contain reports of a number of <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">appearances</a> after his death and burial.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGundry1976[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-96">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss1910345-97">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1965305–308-98">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilckens1970128–131-99">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969406-100">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Christian">Conservative Christian</a> scholars (in addition to <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">apologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theologians</a>) generally present these as being descriptions of real appearances of a resurrected and transformed physical body.<a href="#cite_note-101">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[85]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/N.T._Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Wright">N.T. Wright</a>, there is substantial unanimity among the early Christian writers (first and second century) that Jesus had been bodily raised from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-104">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_L._Blomberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig L. Blomberg">Craig L. Blomberg</a> argues there are sufficient arguments for the historicity of the resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-105">[87]</a> In secular and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Christian">Liberal Christian</a> scholarship, these appearances are argued to be descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Vision_theory_of_Jesus%27_appearances" title="Vision theory of Jesus' appearances">visionary post-mortem experiences</a> of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomarnitsky2014-106">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermejo-Rubio2017-107">[89]</a> According to this view, Jesus' death was reinterpreted as an eschatological event, feeding exstatic experiences of Jesus, and the sense of Jesus being alive "signalled for earliest believers that the days of eschatological fulfilment were at hand."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomarnitsky2014-106">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermejo-Rubio2017-107">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2018-108">[web 12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_L%C3%BCdemann" title="Gerd Lüdemann">Gerd Lüdemann</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter">Peter</a> had a vision of Jesus, induced by his feelings of guilt for betraying Jesus. The vision elevated this feeling of guilt, and Peter experienced it as a real appearance of Jesus, raised from dead.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman.Lüdemann-109">[web 13]</a> The belief in the resurrection of Jesus gave the impetus in certain Christian sects to the <a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">exaltation of Jesus</a> to the status of divine Son and Lord of <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="God's Kingdom">God's Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014109–10-110">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2018-108">[web 12]</a> and the resumption of their missionary activity.<a href="#cite_note-111">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[92]</a> His followers expected Jesus to return within a generation<a href="#cite_note-113">[93]</a> and begin the Kingdom of God.<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apostolic_Age">Apostolic Age</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Apostolic Age">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG/220px-Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG/330px-Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG/440px-Jerusalem_Cenacle_BW_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>, claimed to be the location of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bargil_Pixner" title="Bargil Pixner">Bargil Pixner</a><a href="#cite_note-Pixner-114">[94]</a> claims the original Church of the Apostles is located under the current structure.</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, the period from the death of Jesus until the death of the last of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> is called the Apostolic Age, after the <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">missionary activities</a> of the apostles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen198820-115">[95]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> the <a href="/wiki/First_Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="First Christian church">Jerusalem church</a> began at <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> with some 120 believers,<a href="#cite_note-116">[96]</a> in an "upper room," believed by some to be the <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a>, where the apostles received the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and emerged from hiding following the death and resurrection of Jesus to preach and spread his message.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20-117">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schreck130-118">[98]</a> The New Testament writings depict what orthodox Christian churches call the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>, an event where they describe the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_appearances_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection appearances of Jesus">resurrected Jesus Christ</a> instructing his <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> to spread <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">his eschatological message</a> of the coming of the Kingdom of God to all the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> of the world. The most famous version of the Great Commission is in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">Matthew 28</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:16–20&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:16–20</a>), where on a mountain in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> Jesus calls on his followers to make disciples of and <a href="/wiki/Baptize" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptize">baptize</a> all nations in the name of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a>, the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a>. Paul's <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion on the Road to Damascus</a> is first recorded in <a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">Acts 9</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:13–16&version=nrsv">Acts 9:13–16</a>). Peter <a href="/wiki/Baptize" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptize">baptized</a> the Roman <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">centurion Cornelius</a>, traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2010&version=nrsv">Acts 10</a>. Based on this, the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch church</a> was founded. It is also believed that it was Antioch where the name <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> was first used.<a href="#cite_note-119">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_Christianity">Jewish Christianity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jewish Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a></div> After the death and resurrection of Jesus, Christianity first emerged as a sect of Judaism as practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman province of Judea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett20023-28">[21]</a> The first Christians were all <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, who constituted a <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple</a> Jewish sect with an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>. Among other schools of thought, some Jews regarded Jesus as <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Lord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrected</a> <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>, and the eternally existing <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–68-120">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[note 8]</a> expecting the <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">second coming</a> of Jesus and the start of <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">God's Kingdom</a>. They pressed fellow Jews to prepare for these events and to follow "the way" of the Lord. They believed <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> to be the only true God,<a href="#cite_note-123">[102]</a> the god of Israel, and considered Jesus to be the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>), as prophesied in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Jewish scriptures</a>, which they held to be authoritative and sacred. They held faithfully to the Torah,<a href="#cite_note-124">[note 9]</a> including acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">Gentile converts</a> based on a version of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noachide laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[note 10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jerusalem_ekklēsia">The Jerusalem ekklēsia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Jerusalem ekklēsia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg/220px-Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a>, whose judgment was adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">apostolic decree</a> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:19–29">Acts 15:19–29</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a> record that an early Jewish Christian community<a href="#cite_note-126">[note 11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">centered on Jerusalem</a>, and that its leaders included <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, the brother of Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_of_Jerusalem" title="Early Church of Jerusalem">Jerusalem community</a> "held a central place among all the churches," as witnessed by Paul's writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160-128">[104]</a> Reportedly legitimised by <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Jesus' appearance</a>, Peter was the first leader of the Jerusalem ekklēsia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545-129">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116-130">[106]</a> Peter was soon eclipsed in this leadership by James the Just, "the Brother of the Lord,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545–46-131">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–17-132">[108]</a> which may explain why the early texts contain scant information about Peter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–17-132">[108]</a> According to Lüdemann, in the discussions about the <a href="/wiki/Paul_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul and Judaism">strictness of adherence</a> to the Jewish Law, the more conservative faction of James the Just gained the upper hand over the more liberal position of Peter, who soon lost influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–17-132">[108]</a> According to Dunn, this was not an "usurpation of power," but a consequence of Peter's involvement in missionary activities.<a href="#cite_note-133">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Desposyni" class="mw-redirect" title="Desposyni">relatives of Jesus</a> were generally accorded a special position within this community,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1993224-134">[110]</a> which also contributed to the ascendancy of James the Just in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1993224-134">[110]</a> According to a tradition recorded by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, the Jerusalem church <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">fled to Pella</a> at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (AD 66–73).<a href="#cite_note-135">[111]</a> The Jerusalem community consisted of "Hebrews," Jews speaking both Aramaic and Greek, and "Hellenists," Jews speaking only Greek, possibly diaspora Jews who had resettled in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47-136">[112]</a> According to Dunn, Paul's initial persecution of Christians probably was directed against these Greek-speaking "Hellenists" due to their anti-Temple attitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277-137">[113]</a> Within the early Jewish Christian community, this also set them apart from the "Hebrews" and their <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> observance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277-137">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs_and_practices">Beliefs and practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beliefs and practices">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creeds_and_salvation">Creeds and salvation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Creeds and salvation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation in Christianity</a></div> The sources for the beliefs of the apostolic community include <a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">oral traditions</a> (which included sayings attributed to Jesus, parables and teachings),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002-138">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[115]</a> the Gospels, the New Testament <a href="/wiki/NT_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="NT epistles">epistles</a> and possibly lost texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[118]</a> and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a>. The texts contain the earliest <a href="/wiki/Creed#Christian_creeds" title="Creed">Christian creeds</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullmann1949[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-143">[119]</a> expressing belief in the resurrected Jesus, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:3–41&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 15:3–41</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld196447-144">[120]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[3] For I handed on to you as of first importance what I in turn had received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures, [4] and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures,<a href="#cite_note-third_day-145">[note 12]</a> [5] and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. [6] Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have died. [7] Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles.<a href="#cite_note-146">[web 14]</a></blockquote> The creed has been dated by some scholars as originating within the Jerusalem apostolic community no later than the 40s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins1978112-147">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1973100-148">[122]</a> and by some to less than a decade after Jesus' death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196890-149">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullmann196666-150">[124]</a> while others date it to about 56.<a href="#cite_note-151">[125]</a> Other early creeds include <a href="/wiki/1_John_4" class="mw-redirect" title="1 John 4">1 John 4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20John%204:2&version=nrsv">1 John 4:2</a>), <a href="/wiki/2_Timothy_2" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy 2">2 Timothy 2</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%202:8&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 2:8</a>)<a href="#cite_note-152">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romans_1" title="Romans 1">Romans 1</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%201:3–4&version=nrsv">Romans 1:3–4</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg1968118,_283,_367-153">[127]</a> and <a href="/wiki/1_Timothy_3" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Timothy 3">1 Timothy 3</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%203:16&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 3:16</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christology">Christology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></div> Two <a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">fundamentally different</a> Christologies developed in the early Church, namely a "low" or <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adoptionist</a> Christology, and a "high" or "incarnation Christology."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014125-154">[128]</a> The chronology of the development of these early Christologies is a matter of debate within contemporary scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2017-155">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014-95">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbert20113–6-156">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2017-157">[web 15]</a> The "low Christology" or "adoptionist Christology" is the belief "that God exalted Jesus to be his Son by raising him from the dead,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014120,_122-158">[131]</a> thereby raising him to "divine status."<a href="#cite_note-BE_2013.02.14-159">[web 16]</a> According to the "evolutionary model"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetland2001175-160">[132]</a> c.q. "evolutionary theories,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20173-161">[133]</a> the Christological understanding of Christ developed over time,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-29">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003-162">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_HJBG_CG-163">[135]</a> as witnessed in the Gospels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014-95">[77]</a> with the earliest Christians believing that Jesus was a human who was exalted, c.q. <a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">adopted</a> as God's Son,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20173–4-164">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbert20113-165">[137]</a> when he was resurrected.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_HJBG_CG-163">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[138]</a> Later beliefs shifted the exaltation to his baptism, birth, and subsequently to the idea of his eternal existence, as witnessed in the Gospel of John.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_HJBG_CG-163">[135]</a> This evolutionary model was very influential, and the "low Christology" has long been regarded as the oldest Christology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird2017ix,_xi-167">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014132-168">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-BE_2013.02.14-159">[web 16]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[note 13]</a> The other early Christology is "high Christology," which is "the view that Jesus was a pre-existent divine being who became a human, did the Father's will on earth, and then was taken back up into heaven whence he had originally come,"<a href="#cite_note-BE_2013.02.14-159">[web 16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014122-171">[141]</a> and from where he <a href="/wiki/Christophany" title="Christophany">appeared on earth</a>. According to Hurtado, a proponent of an <a href="/wiki/Christology#Development_of_"low_Christology"_and_"high_Christology"" title="Christology">Early High Christology</a>, the devotion to Jesus as divine originated in early Jewish Christianity, and not later or under the influence of pagan religions and Gentile converts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005650-172">[142]</a> The Pauline letters, which are the earliest Christian writings, already show "a well-developed pattern of Christian devotion [...] already conventionalized and apparently uncontroversial."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005155-173">[143]</a> Some Christians began to worship <a href="/wiki/Jesus_is_Lord" title="Jesus is Lord">Jesus as Lord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003-174">[144]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eschatological_expectations">Eschatological expectations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eschatological expectations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">Second coming</a></div> Ehrman and other scholars believe that Jesus' early followers expected the immediate installment of the Kingdom of God, but that as time went on without this occurring, it led to a change in beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_cognitive_dissonance-175">[web 18]</a> In time, the belief that Jesus' resurrection signaled the imminent coming of the Kingdom of God changed into a belief that the resurrection confirmed the Messianic status of Jesus, and the belief that Jesus would return at some indeterminate time in the future, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, heralding the expected endtime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_cognitive_dissonance-175">[web 18]</a> When the Kingdom of God did not arrive, Christians' beliefs gradually changed into the expectation of an immediate reward in heaven after death, rather than to a future divine kingdom on Earth,<a href="#cite_note-176">[145]</a> despite the churches' continuing to use the major creeds' statements of belief in a coming resurrection day and <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angels_and_Devils">Angels and Devils</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Angels and Devils">edit</a>]</div> Coming from a Jewish background, early Christians believed in <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> (derived from the Greek word for "messengers").<a href="#cite_note-:1-177">[146]</a> Specifically, early Christians wrote in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament books</a> that angels "heralded Jesus' birth, Resurrection, and Ascension; ministered to Him while He was on Earth; and sing the praises of God through all eternity."<a href="#cite_note-:1-177">[146]</a> Early Christians also believed that <a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">protecting angels</a>—assigned to each nation and even to each individual—would herald the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, lead the saints into <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Paradise</a>, and cast the damned into <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:1-177">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> ("the adversary"), similar to descriptions in the Old Testament, appears in the New Testament "to accuse men of sin and to test their fidelity, even to the point of tempting Jesus."<a href="#cite_note-:1-177">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices">Practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Practices">edit</a>]</div> The Book of Acts reports that the early followers continued daily <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> attendance and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" title="List of Jewish prayers and blessings">traditional Jewish home prayer</a>, Jewish <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a>, a set of scriptural readings adapted from <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> practice, and use of <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacred music</a> in hymns and prayer. Other passages in the New Testament gospels reflect a similar observance of traditional Jewish piety such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[web 19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, reverence for the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, and observance of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holy days</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2004127-179">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005187-180">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptism">Baptism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Baptism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baptism_in_early_Christianity" title="Baptism in early Christianity">Baptism in early Christianity</a></div> Early Christian beliefs regarding baptism probably predate the New Testament writings. It seems certain that numerous Jewish sects and certainly Jesus's disciples practised baptism. <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> had baptized many people, before baptisms took place in the name of Jesus Christ. Paul likened baptism to being buried with Christ in his death.<a href="#cite_note-181">[note 14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communal_meals_and_Eucharist">Communal meals and Eucharist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Communal meals and Eucharist">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></div> Early Christian rituals included communal meals.<a href="#cite_note-2006Coveney-182">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burns2012-183">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> was often a part of the Lovefeast, but between the latter part of the 1st century AD and 250 AD the two became separate rituals.<a href="#cite_note-WallsCollins2017-184">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies1999-185">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daughrity2016-186">[153]</a> Thus, in modern times the Lovefeast refers to a Christian ritual meal distinct from the Lord's Supper.<a href="#cite_note-ODCC-187">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Liturgy">edit</a>]</div> During the first three centuries of Christianity, the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Liturgical</a> ritual was rooted in the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Seder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> services, including the singing of <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a>) and reading from the <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">scriptures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[web 20]</a> Most early Christians did not own a copy of the works (some of which were still being written) that later became the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a> or other church works accepted by some but not canonized, such as the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, or other works today called <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>. Similar to Judaism, much of the original church <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> services functioned as a means of learning these scriptures, which initially centered around the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Targums" class="mw-redirect" title="Targums">Targums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salvesen–Law-189">[155]</a> At first, Christians continued to worship alongside Jewish believers, but within twenty years of Jesus' death, Sunday (the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a>) was being regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">primary day of worship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2005115-190">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emerging_church_–_mission_to_the_Gentiles">Emerging church – mission to the Gentiles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Emerging church – mission to the Gentiles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></div> With the start of their missionary activity, early Jewish Christians also started to attract <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">proselytes</a>, Gentiles who were fully or partly <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">converted to Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009297-191">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-proselyte-192">[note 15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_early_Christianity">Growth of early Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Growth of early Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Early centers of Christianity</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionary</a> activity spread "the Way" and slowly created <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early centers of Christianity</a> with Gentile adherents in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_primacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek primacy">predominantly</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">eastern half of the Roman Empire</a>, and then throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> world and even beyond the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20-117">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock_281-193">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418-194">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen198829-195">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[note 16]</a> Early Christian beliefs were proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Kerygma" title="Kerygma">kerygma</a> (preaching), some of which are preserved in <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> scripture. The early Gospel message spread <a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">orally</a>, probably originally in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201287–90-198">[161]</a> but almost immediately also in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[162]</a> The scope of the Jewish-Christian mission expanded over time. While Jesus limited his message to a Jewish audience in Galilee and Judea, after his death his followers extended their outreach to all of Israel, and eventually the whole Jewish diaspora, believing that the Second Coming would only happen when all Jews had received the Gospel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018-1">[1]</a> Apostles and preachers <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">traveled</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Diaspora">Jewish communities</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and initially attracted Jewish converts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418-194">[159]</a> Within 10 years of the death of Jesus, apostles had attracted enthusiasts for "the Way" from <a href="/wiki/First_Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="First Christian church">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy20153-200">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20-117">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock_281-193">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418-194">[159]</a> Over 40 churches were established by 100,<a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock_281-193">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418-194">[159]</a> most in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Asia Minor</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">seven churches of Asia</a>, and some in <a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Greece in the Roman era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Fredriksen, when early Christians broadened their missionary efforts, they also came into contact with Gentiles attracted to the Jewish religion. Eventually, the Gentiles came to be included in the missionary effort of Hellenised Jews, bringing "all nations" into the house of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018-1">[1]</a> The "Hellenists," Greek-speaking diaspora Jews belonging to the early Jerusalem Jesus-movement, played an important role in reaching a Gentile, Greek audience, notably at Antioch, which had a large Jewish community and significant numbers of Gentile "God-fearers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009297-191">[157]</a> From Antioch, the mission to the Gentiles started, including Paul's, which would fundamentally change the character of the early Christian movement, eventually turning it into a new, Gentile religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009302-201">[164]</a> According to Dunn, within 10 years after Jesus' death, "the new messianic movement focused on Jesus began to modulate into something different ... it was at Antioch that we can begin to speak of the new movement as 'Christianity'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009308-202">[165]</a> Christian groups and congregations first organized themselves loosely. In <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>'s time[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] there were no precisely delineated <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">territorial jurisdictions</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-203">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[note 17]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven deacons">Seven deacons</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles">Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Paul,_by_El_Greco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St._Paul%2C_by_El_Greco.jpg/220px-St._Paul%2C_by_El_Greco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St._Paul%2C_by_El_Greco.jpg/330px-St._Paul%2C_by_El_Greco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St._Paul%2C_by_El_Greco.jpg/440px-St._Paul%2C_by_El_Greco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a>, by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion">Conversion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conversion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Paul">Conversion of Paul</a></div> Paul's influence on Christian thinking is said to be more significant than that of any other <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">New Testament author</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Paul"-206">[168]</a> According to the New Testament, Saul of Tarsus first persecuted the early <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a>, but then <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">converted</a>. He adopted the name Paul and started <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytizing</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentiles</a>, calling himself "Apostle to the Gentiles."<a href="#cite_note-207">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[170]</a> Paul was in contact with the early Christian community in <a href="/wiki/First_Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="First Christian church">Jerusalem</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-209">[171]</a> According to Mack, he may have been converted to another early strand of Christianity, with a High Christology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1997109-210">[172]</a> Fragments of their beliefs in an exalted and deified Jesus, what Mack called the "Christ cult," can be found in the writings of Paul.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-209">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[note 18]</a> Yet, Hurtado notes that Paul valued the linkage with "Jewish Christian circles in Roman Judea," which makes it likely that his Christology was in line with, and indebted to, their views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005156–157-213">[174]</a> Hurtado further notes that "[i]t is widely accepted that the tradition that Paul recites in 1 Corinthians 15:1-7 must go back to the Jerusalem Church."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005168-214">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inclusion_of_Gentiles">Inclusion of Gentiles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inclusion of Gentiles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png/300px-Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png/450px-Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png/600px-Broad_overview_of_geography_relevant_to_paul_of_tarsus.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> geography relevant to Paul's life, stretching from <a href="/wiki/First_Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="First Christian church">Jerusalem</a> in the lower right to <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Rome</a> in the upper left.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">Circumcision in the Bible</a></div> Paul was responsible for bringing Christianity to <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051243–1245-215">[176]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a>, "Paul saw Jesus' resurrection as ushering in the eschatological time foretold by biblical prophets in which the pagan 'Gentile' nations would turn from their idols and embrace the one true God of Israel (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Zechariah%208:20–23&version=nrsv">Zechariah 8:20–23</a>), and Paul saw himself as specially called by God to declare God's eschatological acceptance of the Gentiles and summon them to turn to God."<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado2017.Paul-9">[web 2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Krister Stendahl</a>, the main concern of Paul's writings on Jesus' role and salvation by faith is not the individual conscience of human sinners and their doubts about being chosen by God or not, but the main concern is the problem of the inclusion of Gentile (Greek) Torah-observers into God's covenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963-216">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49-217">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042-218">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westerholm.2015-219">[web 22]</a> The inclusion of Gentiles into early Christianity posed a problem for the Jewish identity of some of the early Christians:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419–21-220">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005162–165-221">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–175-222">[182]</a> the new Gentile converts were not required to be <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">circumcised</a> nor to observe the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Mosaic Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419-223">[183]</a> Circumcision in particular was regarded as a token of the membership of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic covenant">Abrahamic covenant</a>, and the most traditionalist faction of Jewish Christians (i.e., converted <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>) insisted that Gentile converts had to be circumcised as well.<a href="#cite_note-224">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419–21-220">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005162–165-221">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–75-225">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051243–1245-215">[176]</a> By contrast, the rite of circumcision was considered execrable and repulsive during the period of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hodges2001-226">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_1980-227">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen201810–11-228">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[web 23]</a> and was especially adversed in <a href="/wiki/Classical_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical civilization">Classical civilization</a> both from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, which instead valued the <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> positively.<a href="#cite_note-Hodges2001-226">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_1980-227">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen201810–11-228">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[189]</a> Paul objected strongly to the insistence on keeping all of the Jewish commandments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051243–1245-215">[176]</a> considering it a great threat to his doctrine of salvation through faith in Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005162–165-221">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–76-231">[190]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Paula Fredriksen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Paul's opposition to male circumcison for Gentiles</a> is in line with the Old Testament predictions that "in the last days the gentile nations would come to the God of Israel, as gentiles (e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Zechariah%208:20–23">Zechariah 8:20–23</a>), not as proselytes to Israel."<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2018-108">[web 12]</a> For Paul, Gentile male circumcision was therefore an affront to God's intentions.<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2018-108">[web 12]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a>, "Paul saw himself as what Munck called a salvation-historical figure in his own right", who was "personally and singularly deputized by God to bring about the predicted ingathering (the "fullness") of the nations (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%2011:25">Romans 11:25</a>)."<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2018-108">[web 12]</a> For Paul, Jesus' death and resurrection solved the problem of the exclusion of Gentiles from God's covenant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051244–1245-232">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92-233">[192]</a> since the faithful are redeemed by <a href="/wiki/Participation_in_Christ" title="Participation in Christ">participation in Jesus' death and rising</a>. In the Jerusalem ekklēsia, from which Paul received the creed of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:1–7&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 15:1–7</a>, the phrase "died for our sins" probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God's plan and purpose, as evidenced in the Scriptures. For Paul, it gained a deeper significance, providing "a basis for the salvation of sinful Gentiles apart from the Torah."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005131-234">[193]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>, Paul argued that "those who are baptized into Christ are baptized into his death, and thus they escape the power of sin [...] he died so that the believers may die with him and consequently live with him."<a href="#cite_note-EB.Paul-235">[web 24]</a> By this participation in Christ's death and rising, "one receives forgiveness for past offences, is liberated from the powers of sin, and receives the Spirit."<a href="#cite_note-236">[194]</a> Paul insists that salvation is received by the grace of God; according to Sanders, this insistence is in line with <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 BC until 200 AD, which saw God's covenant with Israel as an act of grace of God. Observance of the Law is needed to maintain the covenant, but the covenant is not earned by observing the Law, but by the grace of God.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper.2014-237">[web 25]</a> These divergent interpretations have a prominent place in both Paul's writings and in Acts. According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:1–10">Galatians 2:1–10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts chapter 15</a>, fourteen years after his conversion Paul visited the "Pillars of Jerusalem", the leaders of the Jerusalem ekklēsia. His purpose was to compare his Gospel[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] with theirs, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>. According to Paul, in his letter to the Galatians,<a href="#cite_note-238">[note 19]</a> they agreed that his mission was to be among the Gentiles. According to Acts,<a href="#cite_note-239">[195]</a> Paul made an argument that circumcision was not a necessary practice, vocally supported by Peter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-McManners37-240">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[note 20]</a> While the Council of Jerusalem was described as resulting in an agreement to allow Gentile converts exemption from most <a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">Jewish commandments</a>, in reality a stark opposition from "Hebrew" Jewish Christians remained,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051244-244">[199]</a> as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a>. The relaxing of requirements in Pauline Christianity opened the way for a much larger Christian Church, extending far beyond the Jewish community. The inclusion of Gentiles is reflected in <a href="/wiki/Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke-Acts">Luke-Acts</a>, which is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Jews rejected it</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002263-245">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecutions">Persecutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Persecutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_New_Testament" title="Persecution of Christians in the New Testament">Persecution of Christians in the New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a></div> Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire occurred frequently over a period of over two centuries. For most of the first three hundred years of Christian history, Christians had to hide their faith and, practice their beliefs in secret and rise to positions of responsibility so they weren't killed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-246">[201]</a> Persecutions took place as the result of the state authorizing others in power to take action against the Christians in their midst, who were thought to bring misfortune by their refusal to honour the gods and challenge the infrastructure of an imperialist empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroix2006105–52-247">[202]</a> Only for approximately ten out of the first three hundred years of the church's history were Christians executed due to orders from a Roman emperor.<a href="#cite_note-:0-246">[201]</a> The first persecution of Christians organised by the Roman government took place under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> in 64 AD after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroix2006105–52-247">[202]</a> There was no empire-wide persecution of Christians until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> in the third century.<a href="#cite_note-martin-248">[web 26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Serdica" title="Edict of Serdica">Edict of Serdica</a> was issued in 311 by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, officially ending the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocletianic persecution">Diocletianic persecution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the East. With the passage in 313 AD of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperors</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> legalised the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> religion, persecution of Christians by the Roman state ceased.<a href="#cite_note-ReligionFacts-249">[web 27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_Biblical_canon">Development of the Biblical canon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Development of the Biblical canon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StClement1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/StClement1.jpg/200px-StClement1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/StClement1.jpg/300px-StClement1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/StClement1.jpg/400px-StClement1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>An artistic representation of <a href="/wiki/St._Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Clement I">St. Clement I</a>, an Apostolic Father.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development of the Christian biblical canon</a></div> In an ancient culture before the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and the majority of the population illiterate, most early Christians likely did not own any Christian texts. Much of the original church liturgical services functioned as a means of learning <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>. A final uniformity of liturgical services may have become solidified after the church established a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a>, possibly based on the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement</a> (d. 99) writes that <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgies</a> are "to be celebrated, and not carelessly nor in disorder" but the final uniformity of liturgical services only came later, though the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St James">Liturgy of St James</a> is traditionally associated with James the Just.<a href="#cite_note-250">[203]</a> Books not accepted by Pauline Christianity are termed <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a>, though the exact list varies from denomination to denomination.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Old Testament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> began with the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">Scriptures</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> translation of the Jewish scriptures, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders200272-251">[204]</a> and often written as "LXX," was the dominant translation from very early on.<a href="#cite_note-252">[web 28]</a> Perhaps the earliest Christian canon is the Bryennios List, dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100, which was found by <a href="/wiki/Philotheos_Bryennios" title="Philotheos Bryennios">Philotheos Bryennios</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Hierosolymitanus" title="Codex Hierosolymitanus">Codex Hierosolymitanus</a>. The list is written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[205]</a> In the 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a> called the Jewish scriptures the "<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>"<a href="#cite_note-254">[206]</a> and also specified an early <a href="/wiki/Melito%27s_canon" title="Melito's canon">canon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (347–420) expressed his preference for adhering strictly to the Hebrew text and canon, but his view held little currency even in his own day.<a href="#cite_note-255">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Books of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/180px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/240px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Papyrus 46, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a>, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Lukan Acts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Apocalypse</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Luke-Acts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscript">New Testament manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">epistles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template talk:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the New Testament"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (often compared to the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>) is the second major division of the Christian Bible. The books of the <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon of the New Testament">canon of the New Testament</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Gospels">Canonical Gospels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>, letters of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a>. The original texts were written by various authors, most likely sometime between c. AD 45 and 120 AD,<a href="#cite_note-Ehrman120ce-256">[208]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, though there is also a minority argument for <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_primacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic primacy">Aramaic primacy</a>. They were not defined as "canon" until the 4th century. Some were disputed, known as the <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Writings attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> circulated among the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">earliest Christian communities</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> were circulating, perhaps in collected forms, by the end of the <a href="/wiki/1st_century_AD" class="mw-redirect" title="1st century AD">1st century AD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[note 21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_orthodox_writings_–_Apostolic_Fathers">Early orthodox writings – Apostolic Fathers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Early orthodox writings – Apostolic Fathers">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> are the early and influential <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologians</a> and writers, particularly those of the first five centuries of Christian history. The earliest Church Fathers, within two generations of the Twelve Apostles of Christ, are usually called <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> for reportedly knowing and studying under the apostles personally. Important Apostolic Fathers include <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> (d. AD 99),<a href="#cite_note-CC-258">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> (d. AD 98 to 117) and <a href="/wiki/Polycarp_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycarp of Smyrna">Polycarp of Smyrna</a> (AD 69–155). The earliest Christian writings, other than those collected in the New Testament, are a group of letters credited to the Apostolic Fathers. Their writings include the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Clement" title="Epistles of Clement">Epistles of Clement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a> are usually placed among the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, although their authors are unknown.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Taken as a whole, the collection is notable for its literary simplicity, religious zeal and lack of Hellenistic philosophy or rhetoric. They contain early thoughts on the organisation of the Christian ekklēsia, and are historical sources for the development of an early Church structure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In his letter <a href="/wiki/1_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Clement">1 Clement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> calls on the Christians of Corinth to maintain harmony and order.<a href="#cite_note-CC-258">[209]</a> Some see his epistle as an assertion of Rome's authority over the church in Corinth and, by implication, the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[web 29]</a> Clement refers to the leaders of the Corinthian church in his letter as bishops and <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a> interchangeably, and likewise states that the bishops are to lead God's flock by virtue of the chief shepherd (presbyter), Jesus Christ.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> advocated the authority of the apostolic episcopacy (bishops).<a href="#cite_note-260">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> (late 1st century)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper2006178-261">[211]</a> is an anonymous Jewish-Christian work. It is a pastoral manual dealing with Christian lessons, rituals, and Church organization, parts of which may have constituted the first written <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, "that reveals more about how Jewish-Christians saw themselves and how they adapted their Judaism for Gentiles than any other book in the Christian Scriptures."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003vii-262">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism">Split of early Christianity and Judaism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Split of early Christianity and Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerva_Fiscus_Iudaicus_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nerva_Fiscus_Iudaicus_coin.jpg/220px-Nerva_Fiscus_Iudaicus_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Nerva_Fiscus_Iudaicus_coin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>A coin issued by <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> reads <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">fisci Judaici</a> <a href="/wiki/Calumnia_(Roman_law)" title="Calumnia (Roman law)">calumnia</a> sublata, "abolition of <a href="/wiki/Malicious_prosecution" title="Malicious prosecution">malicious prosecution</a> in connection with the Jewish tax"<a href="#cite_note-263">[213]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_with_Judaism">Split with Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Split with Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">Split of early Christianity and Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Schisms_among_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Schisms among the Jews">Schisms among the Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_events_in_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of events in early Christianity">List of events in early Christianity</a></div> There was a slowly growing chasm between Gentile Christians, and Jews and Jewish Christians, rather than a sudden split. Even though it is commonly thought that Paul established a Gentile church, it took a century for a complete break to manifest. Growing tensions led to a starker separation that was virtually complete by the time Jewish Christians refused to join in the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba Jewish revolt of 132</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2005146-264">[214]</a> Certain events are perceived as pivotal in the growing rift between Christianity and Judaism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> and the consequent dispersion of Jews and Jewish Christians from the city (after the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>) ended any pre-eminence of the Jewish-Christian leadership in Jerusalem. Early Christianity grew further apart from Judaism to establish itself as a predominantly Gentile religion, and <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch</a> became the first Gentile Christian community with stature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen198825-265">[215]</a> The hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 85 is often stated to have condemned all who claimed the Messiah had already come, and Christianity in particular, excluding them from attending synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190-266">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112–113-267">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1992164–165-268">[218]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] However, the formulated prayer in question (birkat ha-minim) is considered by other scholars to be unremarkable in the history of Jewish and Christian relations. There is a scarcity of evidence for Jewish persecution of "heretics" in general, or Christians in particular, in the period between 70 and 135. It is probable that the condemnation of Jamnia included many groups, of which the Christians were but one, and did not necessarily mean excommunication. That some of the later church fathers only recommended against <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> attendance makes it improbable that an anti-Christian prayer was a common part of the synagogue liturgy. Jewish Christians continued to worship in synagogues for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190-266">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1992164–165-268">[218]</a> During the late 1st century, Judaism was a legal religion with the protection of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, worked out in compromise with the Roman state over two centuries (see <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism#Pre-Christian_Roman_Empire" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism in the Roman Empire</a> for details). In contrast, Christianity was not legalized until the 313 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a>. Observant Jews had special rights, including the privilege of abstaining from civic pagan rites. Christians were initially identified with the Jewish religion by the Romans, but as they became more distinct, Christianity became a problem for Roman rulers. Around the year 98, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> decreed that Christians did not have to pay the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Iudaicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscus Iudaicus">annual tax upon the Jews</a>, effectively recognizing them as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>. This opened the way to Christians being persecuted for disobedience to the emperor, as they refused to worship the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">state pantheon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190–192-269">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn199933–34-270">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatwrightGargolaTalbert2004426-271">[221]</a> From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 98 onwards a distinction between Christians and Jews in Roman literature becomes apparent. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> postulates that Christians are not Jews since they do not pay the tax, in his letters to <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190–192-269">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn199933–34-270">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_rejection_of_Jewish_Christianity">Later rejection of Jewish Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Later rejection of Jewish Christianity">edit</a>]</div> Jewish Christians constituted a separate community from the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christians</a> but maintained a similar faith. In Christian circles, <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarene</a> later came to be used as a label for those faithful to Jewish Law, in particular for a certain sect. These Jewish Christians, originally the central group in Christianity, generally holding the same beliefs except in their adherence to Jewish law, were not deemed heretical until the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauphin1993235,_240–242-272">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a> may have been a splinter group of Nazarenes, with disagreements over Christology and leadership. They were considered by Gentile Christians to have unorthodox beliefs, particularly in relation to their views of Christ and Gentile converts. After the condemnation of the Nazarenes, Ebionite was often used as a general pejorative for all related "heresies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabor1998-273">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsler2004157–159-274">[224]</a> There was a post-Nicene "double rejection" of the Jewish Christians by both Gentile Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism. The true end of ancient Jewish Christianity occurred only in the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-275">[225]</a> Gentile Christianity became the dominant strand of orthodoxy and imposed itself on the previously Jewish Christian sanctuaries, taking full control of those houses of worship by the end of the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauphin1993235,_240–242-272">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[note 22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background-color:lavender;">1st century timeline</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Christianity_in_the_1st_century#Bethlehem" title="Talk:Christianity in the 1st century">Talk:Christianity in the 1st century</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (March 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Earliest dates must all be considered approximate <ul><li>6 AD Judean King <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a> deposed by the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumea">Idumea</a> annexed as <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Iudaea Province</a> under direct Roman administration,<a href="#cite_note-278">[226]</a> capital at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a> became <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legate</a> (Governor) of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, conducted <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a>, opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant18.html">JA18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:1–3&version=nrsv">Luke 2:1–3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205:37&version=nrsv">Acts 5:37</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 BC <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus is born</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a> (according to the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>)</li> <li>7–26 AD Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[228]</a></li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a> dies, temporary rise of <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a></li> <li>14–37 Rule of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li>18–36 <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a>, appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">High Priest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a> by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Vitellius">Lucius Vitellius</a></li> <li>19 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">Proselytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrologers" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologers">Astrologers</a>, expelled from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[web 31]</a></li> <li>26–36 <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">Prefect</a> (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2)</li> <li>28 or 29 <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> began his <a href="/wiki/Religious_ministry_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious ministry (Christian)">ministry</a> in the "15th year of Tiberius" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%203:1–2&version=nrsv">Luke 3:1–2</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%203:1–2&version=nrsv">Matt 3:1–2</a>)</li> <li>30 – <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> of Jesus to go and make disciples of all nations;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200223-283">[230]</a></li> <li>30–36 <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus is crucified</a> on order of Pontius Pilate. Christians believe he <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">rose from the dead</a> 3 days later. <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, a day in which 3000 Jews from a variety of Mediterranean-basin nations are converted to faith in Jesus Christ.</li> <li>34 – <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a> baptizes a convert in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Roman_period" title="History of Gaza">Gaza</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a> who was already a <a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200515,_38–39,_41–42-284">[231]</a></li> <li>39 – <a href="/wiki/St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter">Peter</a> preaches to a Gentile audience in the house of the Roman soldier <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a>, who was already a <a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200515,_38–39,_41–42-284">[231]</a></li> <li>37–41 Crisis under <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[232]</a></li> <li>42 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a> goes to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane198210-286">[233]</a></li> <li>44? <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a>: According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> appeared to James on a <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Pilar</a> on the bank of the Ebro River at <a href="/wiki/Caesaraugusta" title="Caesaraugusta">Caesaraugusta</a>, while he was preaching the Gospel in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>). Following that apparition, James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod Agrippa I">Herod Agrippa I</a> in the year 44 during a <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> (Nisan 15) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2012:1–3&version=nrsv">Acts 12:1–3</a>).</li> <li>44 Death of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod Agrippa I">Herod Agrippa I</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant19.html">JA19</a>.8.2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2012:20–23&version=nrsv">Acts 12:20–23</a>)</li> <li>44–46? <a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a> beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Procurator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuspius_Fadus" title="Cuspius Fadus">Cuspius Fadus</a> for saying he would part the Jordan river (like <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and the Red Sea or <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> and the Jordan) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/ant20.html">JA20</a>.5.1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205:36–37&version=nrsv">Acts 5:36–37</a> places it before the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a>)</li> <li>45–49? Mission of <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> and Paul (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2013:1–14:28&version=nrsv">Acts 13:1–14:28</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Cyprus">island of Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch,_Pisidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch, Pisidia">Pisidian Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconium">Iconium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a> (there they were called "gods ... in human form"), then return to Syrian <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.org/assets/netbible/jp1.jpg">Map1</a></li> <li>47? <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">St. Thomas Christianity</a>, now in several forms, is begun in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">India</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a>.</li> <li>47 – <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> (formerly known as Saul of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_in_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus in Cilicia">Tarsus</a>) begins his first missionary journey to <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker195926-287">[234]</a></li> <li>48–100 <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">King of the Jews</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, seventh and last of the <a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li>50 <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> riot in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, 20–30,000 killed (JA20.5.3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyjewishwritings.com/text/josephus/war2.html">JW2</a>.12.1)</li> <li>50 – <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> on admitting <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a> into the Church<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker195926-287">[234]</a></li> <li>50? <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> and the "Apostolic Decree", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1–35&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1–35</a>, same as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:1–10&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:1–10</a>?, which is followed by the "Incident at Antioch",<a href="#cite_note-288">[235]</a> at which Paul publicly accused Peter of "<a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizing</a>" towards the Gentiles (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:11–21&version=nrsv">2:11–21</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1993-289">[236]</a></li> <li>51 – Paul begins his second missionary journey, a trip that takes him through <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) and on into <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker195927-290">[237]</a></li> <li>50–53? Paul's second mission (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:36–18:22&version=nrsv">Acts 15:36–18:22</a>), split with Barnabas, preaches the Gospel in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beroea" title="Beroea">Berea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, "he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken", then returns to Antioch; <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Galatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle to Galatians">Galatians</a> written? <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.org/assets/netbible/jp2.jpg">Map2</a></li> <li>51–52 or 52–53 proconsulship of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Iunius_Gallio_Annaeanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Iunius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a> according to an inscription, only fixed date in chronology of Paul<a href="#cite_note-291">[238]</a></li> <li>52 – <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Thomas">Thomas</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">founds an early Christian church</a> that subsequently split into the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a> (and its various descendants)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill198644–45-292">[239]</a></li> <li>54 – Paul begins his third missionary journey<a href="#cite_note-293">[web 32]</a></li> <li>53–57? Paul's third mission (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2018:23–22:30&version=nrsv">Acts 18:23–22:30</a>) to Galatia, Phrygia, Macedonia, Corinth, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, Greece, and Jerusalem, where <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a> challenged him about rumor of teaching <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:21&version=nrsv">21:21</a>), he addressed a crowd in their language (most likely <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic of Jesus">Aramaic</a>); <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a> written? <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.org/assets/netbible/jp3.jpg">Map3</a></li> <li>55? "<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian prophet</a>" (allusion to Moses) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> reenactment massacred by <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">Procurator</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Antonius Felix</a> (JW2.13.5, JA20.8.6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:38&version=nrsv">Acts 21:38</a>)</li> <li>58? Paul arrested, accused of being a <a href="/wiki/Zealot" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot">revolutionary</a>, "ringleader of the sect of the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(title)" title="Nazarene (title)">Nazarenes</a>", teaching <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>, imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023–26&version=nrsv">Acts 23–26</a>)</li> <li>59? Paul shipwrecked on the <a href="/wiki/Malta_(island)" title="Malta (island)">island of Malta</a>, there he was called a god (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028:6&version=nrsv">Acts 28:6</a>)</li> <li>60 – Paul sent to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> under Roman guard, evangelizes on Malta after shipwreck<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker195927-290">[237]</a></li> <li>60? Paul in Rome: greeted by many "brothers" (<a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a>: "believers"), three days later called together the Jewish leaders, who had not received any word from Judea about him, but were curious about "this sect", which everywhere is spoken against; he tried to convince them from the "<a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neviim" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviim">Prophets</a>", with partial success, said the Gentiles would listen and spent two years proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> and teaching the "Lord Jesus Christ" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2028:15–31&version=nrsv">Acts 28:15–31</a>); <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a> written?</li> <li>62 James the Just stoned to death for law transgression by <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">High Priest</a> Ananus ben Artanus, popular opinion against act results in Ananus being deposed by new procurator <a href="/wiki/Lucceius_Albinus" title="Lucceius Albinus">Lucceius Albinus</a> (JA20.9.1)</li> <li>63–107? <a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem" title="Simeon of Jerusalem">Simeon</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem#Bishops_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Bishop of Jerusalem</a>, crucified under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li>64–68 after 18 July <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> blamed and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecuted</a> the Christians</li> <li>64/67(?)–76/79(?) <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Pope Linus</a> succeeds Peter as Episcopus Romanus ("Bishop of Rome")</li> <li>65? <a href="/wiki/Q_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Q document">Q document</a>, a hypothetical Greek text thought by many critical scholars to have been used in writing of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li>66 – Thaddeus establishes the Christian church of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[240]</a></li> <li>66–73 <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>: destruction of <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> community destroyed, site of <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> found in 1947</li> <li>68–107? <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a>, third <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Antioch">Bishop of Antioch</a>, fed to the lions in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Colosseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Colosseum">Roman Colosseum</a>, advocated the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> (Eph 6:1, Mag 2:1, 6:1, 7:1, 13:2, Tr 3:1, Smy 8:1, 9:1), rejected <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath</a> on Saturday in favor of The Lord's Day (Sunday). (Mag 9.1), rejected <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizing</a> (Mag 10.3), first recorded use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">catholic</a>" (Smy 8:2).</li> <li>69 – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Andrew</a> is crucified in <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913737-295">[241]</a></li> <li>70(+/−10)? <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), original ending apparently lost, endings added <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400, see <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16</a></li> <li>70? <a href="/wiki/Signs_Gospel" title="Signs Gospel">Signs Gospel</a> written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove that Jesus is the Messiah</li> <li>70–100? additional <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li>70–200? <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>; Other Gospels: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Saviour" title="Gospel of the Saviour">Gospel of the Saviour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Gospels" title="Oxyrhynchus Gospels">Oxyrhynchus Gospels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Gospel" title="Egerton Gospel">Egerton Gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_of_the_Saviour" title="Dialogue of the Saviour">Dialogue of the Saviour</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> Gospels: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Gospel of the Ebionites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazarenes" title="Gospel of the Nazarenes">Gospel of the Nazarenes</a></li> <li>76/79(?)–88 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Pope Anacletus</a> first Greek Pope, who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus ("Bishop of Rome")</li> <li>80 – First Christians reported in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200223-283">[230]</a></li> <li>80(+/−20)? <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, theoretically based on Mark and Q, most popular in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a></li> <li>80(+/−20)? <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, theoretically based on Mark and Q, also <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> by same author</li> <li>88–101? <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement</a>, fourth Episcopus Romanus ("Bishop of Rome"), wrote <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians</a> (Apostolic Fathers)</li> <li>90? <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (disputed), <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> applied the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Iudaicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscus Iudaicus">Fiscus Iudaicus</a> tax even to those who merely "lived like Jews"<a href="#cite_note-296">[web 33]</a></li> <li>90(+/−10)? <a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li>94 "<a href="/wiki/Testimonium_Flavianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimonium Flavianum">Testimonium Flavianum</a>", disputed section of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Antiquities">Jewish Antiquities</a> by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, translated to <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></li> <li>95(+/−30)? <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of John">Epistles of John</a></li> <li>95(+/−10)? <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his</li> <li>100(+/−30)? <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> (Apostolic Fathers)</li> <li>100(+/−25)? <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a></li> <li>100(+/−10)? <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6:3), rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> (v14), <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> written</li> <li>100 – First Christians are reported in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco#Roman_rule" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200223-283">[230]</a> a missionary goes to <a href="/wiki/Arbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbil">Arbela</a>, old sacred city of the Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatourette1941vol._I,_p._103-297">[242]</a></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Chronological_list_of_saints_in_the_1st_century" title="Chronological list of saints in the 1st century">Chronological list of saints in the 1st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Early centers of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Christianity" title="Historiography of early Christianity">Historiography of early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_New_Testament" title="Persecution of Christians in the New Testament">Persecution of Christians in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity#Apostolic_Age" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread of Christianity § Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline of the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> It appears in the Acts of the Apostles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+9:2&version=nkjv">Acts 9:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+19:9&version=nkjv">Acts 19:9</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+19:23&version=nkjv">Acts 19:23</a>). Some <a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_the_bible" class="mw-redirect" title="English translations of the bible">English translations of the New Testament</a> capitalize "the Way" (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a>), indicating that this was how "the new religion seemed then to be designated"<a href="#cite_note-12">[web 3]</a> whereas others treat the phrase as indicative—"the way",<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> "that way"<a href="#cite_note-14">[web 4]</a> or "the way of the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-15">[web 5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> version reads, "the way of God" and the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate Latin</a> version, "the way of the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-16">[web 6]</a> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblethingsinbibleways.wordpress.com/2013/11/21/sect-of-the-way-the-nazarenes-christians-names-given-to-the-early-church/">Sect of "The Way", "The Nazarenes" and "Christians": Names given to the Early Church</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> The notion of Apocalyptic prophet is shared by <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993-60">[50]</a> a main proponent of the <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a>, and Bart Ehrman.<a href="#cite_note-61">[web 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[web 11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> According to E. P. Sanders, Jesus's ideas on healing and forgiveness were in line with Second Temple Jewish thought and would not have been likely to provoke controversy among the Jewish authorities of his day."<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-64">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> In a review of the state of research, <a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Amy-Jill Levine</a> stated that "no single picture of Jesus has convinced all, or even most scholars" and that all portraits of Jesus are subject to criticism by some group of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20061–2-66">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Jesus' early Galilean ministry begins when after his baptism, he goes <a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">back to Galilee</a> from his time in the <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temptation of Jesus">Judean desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew'_p._71-69">[54]</a> In this early period he preaches around <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and recruits <a href="/wiki/First_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First disciples of Jesus">his first disciples</a> who begin to travel with him and eventually form the core of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616–22-68">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007117–130-70">[55]</a> The major Galilean ministry which begins in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">Matthew 8</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Commissioning_the_twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioning the twelve Apostles">commissioning of the Twelve Apostles</a>, and covers most of the ministry of Jesus in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-New_Testament'_p._324-71">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007143–160-72">[57]</a> The final Galilean ministry begins after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of John the Baptist">death of John the Baptist</a> as Jesus prepares to go to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley200797–110-73">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007165–180-74">[59]</a> In the later Judean ministry Jesus starts his final journey to Jerusalem through Judea.<a href="#cite_note-75">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barton132-76">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007121–135-77">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007189–207-78">[63]</a> The final ministry in Jerusalem is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Passion_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion Week">Passion Week</a> and begins with Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–170-79">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">The gospels</a> provide more details about the final ministry than the other periods, devoting about one third of their text to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">last week of the life of Jesus in Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turner613-80">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Sanders and Pelikan: "Besides presenting a longer ministry than do the other Gospels, John also describes several trips to Jerusalem. Only one is mentioned in the Synoptics. Both outlines are plausible, but a ministry of more than two years leaves more questions unanswered than does one of a few months."<a href="#cite_note-EB.Sanders.Pelikan.Jesus-40">[web 9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> The Kingdom is described as both imminent (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark#1:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">Mark 1:15</a>) and already present in the ministry of Jesus (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2017:21&version=nrsv">Luke 17:21</a>) (Others interpret "Kingdom of God" to mean a way of living, or as a period of evangelization; no overall consensus among scholars has emerged on its meaning.<a href="#cite_note-familiar77-87">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chil255-88">[71]</a>) Jesus promises inclusion in the Kingdom for those who accept his message (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2010:13–27&version=nrsv">Mark 10:13–27</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J.D._Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaye J.D. Cohen">Shaye J.D. Cohen</a>, Jesus's failure to establish an independent Israel, and his death at the hands of the Romans, caused many Jews to reject him as the Messiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987168-121">[101]</a> Jews at that time were expecting a military leader as a Messiah, such as Bar Kohhba. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Perhaps also <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">Jewish law</a> which was being formalized at the same time </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015&version=nrsv">Acts 15</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021&version=nrsv">Acts 21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Hurtado: "She refrains from referring to this earliest stage of the "Jesus-community" as early "Christianity" and comprisedof "churches," as the terms carry baggage of later developments of "organized institutions, and of a religion separate from, different from, and hostile to Judaism" (185). So, instead, she renders ekklēsia as "assembly" (quite appropriately in my view, reflecting the quasi-official connotation of the term, often both in the LXX and in wider usage)."<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado.2018-108">[web 12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-third_day-145"><a href="#cite_ref-third_day_145-0">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourrabbijesus.com/articles/resurrection-on-the-third-day/">Why was Resurrection on "the Third Day"? Two Insights</a> for explanations on the phrase "third day." According to Pinchas Lapide, "third day" may refer to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hosea%206:1–2&version=nrsv">Hosea 6:1–2</a>: "Come, let us return to the Lord; for he has torn us, that he may heal us; he has struck us down, and he will bind us up. After two days he will revive us; on the third day he will raise us up, that we may live before him." See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2020:8&version=nrsv">2 Kings 20:8</a>: "Hezekiah said to Isaiah, 'What shall be the sign that the Lord will heal me, and that I shall go up to the house of the Lord on the third day?'" </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Ehrman: * "The earliest Christians held exaltation Christologies in which the human being Jesus was made the Son of God—for example, at his resurrection or at his baptism—as we examined in the previous chapter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014132-168">[140]</a> * Here I'll say something about the oldest Christology, as I understand it. This was what I earlier called a "low" Christology. I may end up in the book describing it as a "Christology from below" or possibly an "exaltation" Christology. Or maybe I'll call it all three things [...] Along with lots of other scholars, I think this was indeed the earliest Christology.<a href="#cite_note-169">[web 17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Romans 6:3–4; Colossians 2:12 </li> <li id="cite_note-proselyte-192"><a href="#cite_ref-proselyte_192-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12481c.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Proselyte</a>: "The English term "proselyte" occurs only in the New Testament where it signifies a convert to the Jewish religion (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Matthew/23?15">Matthew 23:15</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Acts/2?11">Acts 2:11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/Acts/6?5">6:5</a>; etc.), though the same Greek word is commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> to designate a foreigner living in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>. The term seems to have passed from an original local and chiefly political sense, in which it was used as early as 300 BC, to a technical and religious meaning in the Judaism of the New Testament epoch." </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Ecclesiastical historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hart_Milman" title="Henry Hart Milman">Henry Hart Milman</a> writes that in much of the first three centuries, even in the Latin-dominated western empire: "the Church of Rome, and most, if not all the Churches of the West, were, if we may so speak, Greek religious colonies [see <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> for the background]. Their language was Greek, their organization Greek, their writers Greek, their scriptures Greek; and many vestiges and traditions show that their ritual, their Liturgy, was Greek."<a href="#cite_note-196">[web 21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Despite its mention of bishops, there is no clear evidence in the New Testament that supports the concepts of dioceses and monepiscopacy, i.e. the rule that all the churches in a geographic area should be ruled by a single bishop. According to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Y._K._Fung" title="Ronald Y. K. Fung">Ronald Y. K. Fung</a>, scholars point to evidence that Christian communities such as Rome had many bishops, and that the concept of monepiscopacy was still emerging when Ignatius was urging his tri-partite structure on other churches.<a href="#cite_note-204">[167]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> According to Mack, "Paul was converted to a Hellenized form of some Jesus movement that had already developed into a Christ cult. [...] Thus his letters serve as documentation for the Christ cult as well."<a href="#cite_note-211">[173]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Four years after the Council of Jerusalem, Paul wrote to the Galatians about the issue, which had become a serious controversy in their region. There was a burgeoning movement of <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a> in the area that advocated adherence to the Mosaic Law, including circumcision. According to McGrath, Paul identified <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a> as the motivating force behind the Judaizing movement. Paul considered it a great threat to his doctrine of salvation through faith and addressed the issue with great detail in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%203&version=nrsv">Galatians 3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–75-225">[185]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> According to 19th-century German theologian <a href="/wiki/F._C._Baur" class="mw-redirect" title="F. C. Baur">F. C. Baur</a> early Christianity was dominated by the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> who was <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity#The_Torah_Submissive_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">law-observant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> who advocated partial or even complete <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">freedom from the Law</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Scholar <a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a> has proposed that Peter was the "bridge-man" between the two other prominent leaders: Paul and James the Just. Paul and James were both heavily identified with their own "brands" of Christianity. Peter showed a desire to hold on to his Jewish identity, in contrast with Paul. He simultaneously showed a flexibility towards the desires of the broader Christian community, in contrast to James. <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> and his followers stated that the polemic against false apostles in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> was aimed at Peter, <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a>, the "Pillars of the Church", as well as the "false" gospels circulating through the churches at the time. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> argued against Marcionism's elevation of Paul and stated that Peter and Paul were equals among the apostles. Passages from Galatians were used to show that Paul respected Peter's office and acknowledged a shared faith.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeck1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-241">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1975113-242">[198]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Three forms are postulated, from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGamble" class="citation cs2">Gamble, Harry Y, "18", The Canon Debate, p. 300, note 21, <q>(1) Marcion's collection that begins with Galatians and ends with Philemon; (2) Papyrus 46, dated about 200, that follows the order that became established except for reversing Ephesians and Galatians; and (3) the letters to seven churches, treating those to the same church as one letter and basing the order on length, so that Corinthians is first and Colossians (perhaps including Philemon) is last.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pages=300%2C+note+21&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Harry+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Jewish Virtual Library: "A major difficulty in tracing the growth of Christianity from its beginnings as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messianism">Jewish messianic sect</a>, and its relations to the various other normative-Jewish, sectarian-Jewish, and Christian-Jewish groups is presented by the fact that what ultimately became normative Christianity was originally but one among various contending Christian trends. Once the "gentile Christian" trend won out, and the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline theology">teaching</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> became accepted as expressing the doctrine of the Church, the Jewish Christian groups were pushed to the margin and ultimately excluded as heretical. Being rejected both by normative Judaism and the Church, they ultimately disappeared. Nevertheless, several Jewish Christian sects (such as the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elchasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elchasaites">Elchasaites</a>, and others) existed for some time, and a few of them seem to have endured for several centuries. Some sects saw in Jesus mainly a <a href="/wiki/Prophet#Judaism" title="Prophet">prophet</a> and not the "Christ," others seem to have believed in him as the Messiah, but did not draw the <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">christological</a> and other conclusions that subsequently became fundamental in the teaching of the Church (the divinity of the Christ, <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinitarian conception of the Godhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">abrogation of the Law</a>). After the disappearance of the early Jewish Christian sects and the triumph of gentile Christianity, to become a Christian meant, for a Jew, to <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">apostatize</a> and to leave the Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-276">[web 30]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2018_1-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFredriksen2018">Fredriksen 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1979689-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1979689_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBromiley1979">Bromiley 1979</a>, p. 689. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200221-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200221_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2002">Barnett 2002</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiswonger1993200-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiswonger1993200_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiswonger1993">Niswonger 1993</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlutz2002178–190-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlutz2002178–190_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlutz2002178–190_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlutz2002">Klutz 2002</a>, pp. 178–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeifrid1992210–211,_246–247-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeifrid1992210–211,_246–247_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeifrid1992">Seifrid 1992</a>, pp. 210–211, 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECwiekowski198879–80-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECwiekowski198879–80_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECwiekowski198879–80_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCwiekowski1988">Cwiekowski 1988</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPao201665-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPao201665_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPao2016">Pao 2016</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jubilee Bible 2000.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1959353–372-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson1959353–372_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson1959">Peterson 1959</a>, pp. 353–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElwellComfort2001266,_828-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElwellComfort2001266,_828_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElwellComfort2001">Elwell & Comfort 2001</a>, pp. 266, 828. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXi5xIxgnNgcCpgPA13_13–55]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXi5xIxgnNgcCpgPA13_13–55]_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA13">13–55</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freeman_(historian)" title="Charles Freeman (historian)">Freeman, Charles</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_in-6VLgRoC&pg=PA31">"Breaking Away: The First Christianities"</a>. A New History of Early Christianity. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 31–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300166583">10.12987/9780300166583</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12581-8"><bdi>978-0-300-12581-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq44w">j.ctt1nq44w</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009012009">2009012009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170124789">170124789</a>. Retrieved 2021-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breaking+Away%3A+The+First+Christianities&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=31-46&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1nq44w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300166583&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009012009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170124789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12581-8&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_in-6VLgRoC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilken2013a-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilken2013a_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilken2013a">Wilken 2013a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLietaert_Peerbolte2013" class="citation book cs1">Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MoKxIeOTkqYC&pg=PA238">"How Antichrist Defeated Death: The Development of Christian Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Early Church"</a>. In Krans, Jan; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J.; Smit, Peter-Ben; Zwiep, Arie W. (eds.). Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum: Supplements</a>. Vol. 149. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 238–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004250369_016">10.1163/9789004250369_016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25026-0"><bdi>978-90-04-25026-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191738355">191738355</a>. Retrieved 2021-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Antichrist+Defeated+Death%3A+The+Development+of+Christian+Apocalyptic+Eschatology+in+the+Early+Church&rft.btitle=Paul%2C+John%2C+and+Apocalyptic+Eschatology%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Martinus+C.+de+Boer&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%3A+Supplements&rft.pages=238-255&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004250369_016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191738355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25026-0&rft.aulast=Lietaert+Peerbolte&rft.aufirst=Bert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMoKxIeOTkqYC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198737-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález198737_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález1987">González 1987</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012272–273-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012272–273_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynch201016-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynch201016_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLynch2010">Lynch 2010</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett20023-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett20023_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett20023_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1995">Mack 1995</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201014-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201014_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález2010">González 2010</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201072-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch201072_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2010">MacCulloch 2010</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012283_&_285-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2012283_&_285_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 283 & 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999119–121-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999119–121_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFredriksen1999">Fredriksen 1999</a>, pp. 119–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201262–64-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201262–64_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, pp. 62–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999124-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen1999124_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFredriksen1999">Fredriksen 1999</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond201263-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond201263_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBond2012">Bond 2012</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198738-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález198738_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález1987">González 1987</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusasfigurehis00powepagen278_181]-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusasfigurehis00powepagen278_181]_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsjesusasfigurehis00powepagen278_181]_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPowell1998">Powell 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusasfigurehis00powe/page/n278">181</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Camber121-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Camber121_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl2001" class="citation book cs1">Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bock_574">The Cambridge Companion to Jesus</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bock_574/page/n138">121</a>–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521796781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521796781"><bdi>978-0521796781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pages=121-25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521796781&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus+N.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00bock_574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chil460-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Chil460_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (1998). Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research. BRILL. pp. 460–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004111424" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004111424"><bdi>978-9004111424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Evaluations+of+the+State+of+Current+Research&rft.pages=460-70&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9004111424&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2002145-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton2002145_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton2002145_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanton2002">Stanton 2002</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 339 states that baptism and crucifixion are "two facts in the life of Jesus [which] command almost universal assent". </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossan1995">Crossan 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusrevolutiona00cros/page/145">145</a>: "That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact." </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2006">Levine 2006</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFHerzog2005">Herzog 2005</a>, pp. 1–6; <a href="#CITEREFCraig2001">Craig 2001</a>, pp. 2–5; <a href="#CITEREFTuckett2001">Tuckett 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00bock_574/page/n139">122</a>–26; <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. 100–101;<a href="#CITEREFChiltonEvans2002">Chilton & Evans 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/authenticatingac00chil/page/n19">3</a>–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20064-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20064_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2006">Levine 2006</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrudem1994" class="citation book cs1">Grudem, Wayne A. (1994). Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3102-8670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3102-8670-7"><bdi>978-0-3102-8670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Biblical+Doctrine&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Inter-Varsity+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-3102-8670-7&rft.aulast=Grudem&rft.aufirst=Wayne+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders19933-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders19933_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellum2009117–25-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellum2009117–25_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöstenbergerKellum2009">Köstenberger & Kellum 2009</a>, pp. 117–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922–23-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199922–23_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201271-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201271_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman (2012)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton2002xxiii-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton2002xxiii_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanton2002">Stanton 2002</a>, p. xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellum2009124–125-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellum2009124–125_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKöstenbergerKellum2009124–125_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöstenbergerKellum2009">Köstenberger & Kellum 2009</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung200623-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung200623_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung200623_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchellYoung2006">Mitchell & Young 2006</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog20058-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog20058_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerzog2005">Herzog 2005</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-TM1998-58"><a href="#cite_ref-TM1998_58-0">^</a> Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999ix–x-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1999ix–x_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, pp. ix–x. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20061–2-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20061–2_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2006">Levine 2006</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616–22-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616–22_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath200616–22_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, pp. 16–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew'_p._71-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Matthew'_p._71_69-0">^</a> The Gospel according to Matthew by Leon Morris <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85111-338-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85111-338-9">0-85111-338-9</a> p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007117–130-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007117–130_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedford2007">Redford 2007</a>, pp. 117–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Testament'_p._324-71"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament'_p._324_71-0">^</a> A Theology of the New Testament by George Eldon Ladd 1993 p. 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007143–160-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007143–160_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedford2007">Redford 2007</a>, pp. 143–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley200797–110-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley200797–110_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, pp. 97–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007165–180-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007165–180_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedford2007">Redford 2007</a>, pp. 165–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The Christology of Mark's Gospel by Jack Dean Kingsbury 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2337-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2337-1">0-8006-2337-1</a> pp. 91–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton132-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Barton132_76-0">^</a> The Cambridge companion to the Gospels by Stephen C. Barton <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00261-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00261-3">0-521-00261-3</a> pp. 132–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007121–135-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007121–135_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, pp. 121–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford2007189–207-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford2007189–207_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedford2007">Redford 2007</a>, pp. 189–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–170-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxEasley2007155–170_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoxEasley2007">Cox & Easley 2007</a>, pp. 155–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner613-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner613_80-0">^</a> Matthew by David L. Turner 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-2684-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-2684-9">0-8010-2684-9</a> p. 613 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kostenberger140-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kostenberger140_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöstenbergerKellum2009">Köstenberger & Kellum 2009</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-ChronosPaul-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_83-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1">0-931464-50-1</a> pp. 113–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200219–21-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200219–21_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2002">Barnett 2002</a>, pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Theissen" title="Gerd Theissen">Theissen, Gerd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Annette_Merz" title="Annette Merz">Merz, Annette</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC">The Historical Jesus : a Comprehensive Guide</a>. Fortress Press. pp. 316–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-0863-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+%3A+a+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pages=316-46&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZU97DQMH6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-familiar77-87"><a href="#cite_ref-familiar77_87-0">^</a> Familiar Stranger: An Introduction to Jesus of Nazareth by Michael James McClymond (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802826806" title="Special:BookSources/0802826806">0802826806</a> pp. 77–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chil255-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Chil255_88-0">^</a> Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004111425" title="Special:BookSources/9004111425">9004111425</a> pp. 255–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrence201760-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrence201760_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrence2017">Lawrence 2017</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1977176-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1977176_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1977">Grant 1977</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier19755-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier19755_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaier1975">Maier 1975</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Daalen197241-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Daalen197241_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Daalen1972">Van Daalen 1972</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKremer197749–50-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKremer197749–50_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKremer1977">Kremer 1977</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014_95-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGundry1976[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGundry1976[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGundry1976">Gundry 1976</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss1910345-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiss1910345_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiss1910">Weiss 1910</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1965305–308-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1965305–308_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies1965">Davies 1965</a>, pp. 305–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilckens1970128–131-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilckens1970128–131_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilckens1970">Wilckens 1970</a>, pp. 128–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1969406-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1969406_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1969">Smith 1969</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030207070853/http://www.equip.org/free/DJ923.htm">"Habermas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equip.org/free/DJ923.htm">the original</a> on 2003-02-07. Retrieved 2005-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Habermas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equip.org%2Ffree%2FDJ923.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/visions.html">Craig</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Michael Morrison <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gci.org/Jesus/resurrectionhistory">The Resurrection of Jesus: A History of Interpretation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150329191338/http://www.gci.org/Jesus/resurrectionhistory">Archived</a> 2015-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Wright, N.T. (2003), The Resurrection of the Son of God, pp.9-10 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Blomberg, Craig L. (1987), The Historical Reliability of the Gospels, 2nd Ed, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKomarnitsky2014-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomarnitsky2014_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKomarnitsky2014_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKomarnitsky2014">Komarnitsky 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermejo-Rubio2017-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermejo-Rubio2017_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermejo-Rubio2017_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBermejo-Rubio2017">Bermejo-Rubio 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014109–10-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014109–10_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, pp. 109–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoester2000" class="citation cs2">Koester, Helmut (2000), Introduction to the New Testament, Vol. 2: History and Literature of Early Christianity, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 64–65</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament%2C+Vol.+2%3A+History+and+Literature+of+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2008" class="citation cs2">Vermes, Geza (2008), The Resurrection, London: Penguin, pp. 151–52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection&rft.place=London&rft.pages=151-52&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2024:34&version=nrsv">Matt 24:34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pixner-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Pixner_114-0">^</a> Bargil Pixner, The Church of the Apostles found on Mount Zion, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a> 16.3 May/June 1990, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centuryone.org/apostles.html">centuryone.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309011150/http://www.centuryone.org/apostles.html">Archived</a> 2018-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen198820-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen198820_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%201:13–15">Acts 1:13–15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVidmar200519–20_117-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVidmar2005">Vidmar 2005</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schreck130-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Schreck130_118-0">^</a> Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1999), p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:26&version=nrsv">Acts 11:26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–68-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–68_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1987">Cohen 1987</a>, pp. 167–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987168-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1987168_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1987">Cohen 1987</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Bromiley1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">G. Bromiley, ed. (1982). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, "God". Fully Revised. Vol. Two: E-J. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 497–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3782-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3782-4"><bdi>0-8028-3782-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%2C+%22God%22&rft.series=Fully+Revised&rft.pages=497-99&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8028-3782-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:9">Galatians 2:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%201:13">Acts 1:13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200545_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels2005">Pagels 2005</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLüdemannÖzen1996">Lüdemann & Özen 1996</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels200545–46-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels200545–46_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels2005">Pagels 2005</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–17-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–17_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–17_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen1996116–17_132-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLüdemannÖzen1996">Lüdemann & Özen 1996</a>, pp. 116–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl2010" class="citation cs2">Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (2010), The Remembered Peter: In Ancient Reception and Modern Debate, Mohr Siebeck, p. 52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Remembered+Peter%3A+In+Ancient+Reception+and+Modern+Debate&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus+N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1993224-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1993224_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1993224_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1993">Taylor 1993</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Eusebius, Church History 3, 5, 3; Epiphanius, Panarion 29,7,7–8; 30, 2, 7; On Weights and Measures 15. On the flight to Pella see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgel2010" class="citation book cs1">Bourgel, Jonathan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4909339">"The Jewish Christians' Move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dan_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Dan Jaffé">Dan Jaffe</a> (ed.). Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity. Leyden: Brill. pp. 107–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Christians%27+Move+from+Jerusalem+as+a+pragmatic+choice&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Rabbinic+Judaism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Leyden&rft.pages=107-138&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bourgel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4909339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988">; P. H. R. van Houwelingen, "Fleeing forward: The departure of Christians from Jerusalem to Pella," Westminster Theological Journal 65 (2003), 181–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009246–47_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, pp. 246–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009277_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2013). The Oral Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6782-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-6782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oral+Gospel+Tradition&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6782-7&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Horsley, Richard A., Whoever Hears You Hears Me: Prophets, Performance and Tradition in Q, Horsley, Richard A. and Draper, Jonathan A. (eds.), Trinity Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-272-7">978-1-56338-272-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n66bw8rUz5QC&pg=PA150">"Recent Studies of Oral-Derived Literature and Q"</a>, pp. 150–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Dunn, James D. G., Jesus Remembered, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2">978-0-8028-3931-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA192">"Oral Tradition"</a>, pp. 192–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Mournet, Terence C., Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency: Variability and Stability in the Synoptic Tradition and Q, Mohr Siebeck, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148454-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148454-4">978-3-16-148454-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJUy8mw4ZPwC&pg=PA54">"A Brief History of the Problem of Oral Tradition"</a>, pp. 54–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullmann1949[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullmann1949[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCullmann1949">Cullmann 1949</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeufeld196447-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeufeld196447_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeufeld1964">Neufeld 1964</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Collins1978112-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Collins1978112_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Collins1978">O'Collins 1978</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1973100-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1973100_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter1973">Hunter 1973</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196890-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPannenberg196890_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPannenberg1968">Pannenberg 1968</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullmann196666-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullmann196666_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCullmann1966">Cullmann 1966</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingnewtesta00perk/page/20">Reading the New Testament: An Introduction (originally published 1978)</a>. Mahwah NJ: Paulist Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingnewtesta00perk/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809129393" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809129393"><bdi>978-0809129393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+%28originally+published+1978%29&rft.place=Mahwah+NJ&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0809129393&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingnewtesta00perk%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament vol 1, pp. 49, 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannenberg1968118,_283,_367-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPannenberg1968118,_283,_367_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPannenberg1968">Pannenberg 1968</a>, pp. 118, 283, 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014125-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014125_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke2017-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke2017_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoke2017">Loke 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbert20113–6-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbert20113–6_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbert2011">Talbert 2011</a>, pp. 3–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014120,_122-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014120,_122_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, pp. 120, 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetland2001175-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetland2001175_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNetland2001">Netland 2001</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20173-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke20173_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoke2017">Loke 2017</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2003">Ehrman 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_HJBG_CG-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_HJBG_CG_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_HJBG_CG_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_HJBG_CG_163-2">c</a> Bart Ehrman, How Jesus became God, Course Guide </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoke20173–4-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoke20173–4_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoke2017">Loke 2017</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbert20113-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbert20113_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbert2011">Talbert 2011</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Geza Vermez (2008), The Resurrection, pp. 138–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBird2017ix,_xi-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBird2017ix,_xi_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBird2017">Bird 2017</a>, pp. ix, xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014132-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014132_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014132_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014122-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014122_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005650-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005650_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 650. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005155-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005155_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2006" class="citation cs2">Ehrman, Bart (2006), Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend, Oxford University Press, USA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530013-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530013-0"><bdi>0-19-530013-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%2C+Paul%2C+and+Mary+Magdalene%3A+The+Followers+of+Jesus+in+History+and+Legend&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-530013-0&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_177-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2012" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/796754060">History of the Catholic Church : from the Apostolic Age to the Third Millennium</a>. Ignatius Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58617-664-8"><bdi>978-1-58617-664-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/796754060">796754060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Catholic+Church+%3A+from+the+Apostolic+Age+to+the+Third+Millennium&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F796754060&rft.isbn=978-1-58617-664-8&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F796754060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2004127-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2004127_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2004">White 2004</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005187-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005187_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-2006Coveney-182"><a href="#cite_ref-2006Coveney_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoveney2006" class="citation book cs1">Coveney, John (2006). Food, Morals and Meaning: The Pleasure and Anxiety of Eating. Routledge. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134184484" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134184484"><bdi>978-1134184484</bdi></a>. <q>For the early Christians, the agape signified the importance of fellowship. It was a ritual to celebrate the joy of eating, pleasure and company.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Morals+and+Meaning%3A+The+Pleasure+and+Anxiety+of+Eating&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1134184484&rft.aulast=Coveney&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns2012-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Burns2012_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2012" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Jim (2012). Uncommon Youth Parties. Gospel Light Publications. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0830762132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0830762132"><bdi>978-0830762132</bdi></a>. <q>During the days of the Early Church, the believers would all gather together to share what was known as an agape feast, or "love feast." Those who could afford to bring food brought it to the feast and shared it with the other believers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncommon+Youth+Parties&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Gospel+Light+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0830762132&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WallsCollins2017-184"><a href="#cite_ref-WallsCollins2017_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallsCollins2010" class="citation book cs1">Walls, Jerry L.; Collins, Kenneth J. (2010). Roman but Not Catholic: What Remains at Stake 500 Years after the Reformation. <a href="/wiki/Baker_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker Academic">Baker Academic</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1493411740" title="Special:BookSources/978-1493411740"><bdi>978-1493411740</bdi></a>. <q>So strong were the overtones of the Eucharist as a meal of fellowship that in its earliest practice it often took place in concert with the Agape feast. By the latter part of the first century, however, as Andrew McGowan points out, this conjoined communal banquet was separated into "a morning sacramental ritual [and a] prosaic communal supper."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+but+Not+Catholic%3A+What+Remains+at+Stake+500+Years+after+the+Reformation&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1493411740&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Jerry+L.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1999-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1999_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1999" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Horton (1999). Bread of Life and Cup of Joy: Newer Ecumenical Perspectives on the Eucharist. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_%26_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf & Stock Publishers">Wipf & Stock Publishers</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579102098" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579102098"><bdi>978-1579102098</bdi></a>. <q>Agape (love feast), which ultimately became separate from the Eucharist...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bread+of+Life+and+Cup+of+Joy%3A+Newer+Ecumenical+Perspectives+on+the+Eucharist&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1579102098&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Horton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daughrity2016-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Daughrity2016_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaughrity2016" class="citation book cs1">Daughrity, Dyron (2016). Roots: Uncovering Why We Do What We Do in Church. ACU Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0891126010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0891126010"><bdi>978-0891126010</bdi></a>. <q>Around AD 250 the lovefeast and Eucharist seem to separate, leaving the Eucharist to develop outside the context of a shared meal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots%3A+Uncovering+Why+We+Do+What+We+Do+in+Church&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=ACU+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0891126010&rft.aulast=Daughrity&rft.aufirst=Dyron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC-187"><a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"agape". Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=agape&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvesen–Law-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Salvesen–Law_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvesenLaw2021" class="citation book cs1">Salvesen, Alison G; Law, Timothy Michael, eds. (2021). The Oxford Handbook of the Septuagint. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199665716" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199665716"><bdi>978-0199665716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Septuagint&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0199665716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2005115-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2005115_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2005">Davidson 2005</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009297-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009297_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009297_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchcock_281-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_281_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_281_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock_281_193-2">c</a> Hitchcock, Geography of Religion (2004), p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418_194-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200418_194-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen198829-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen198829_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman201287–90-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman201287–90_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2012">Ehrman 2012</a>, pp. 87–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1961" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, Werner (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYfAUnFMhPMC&pg=PA108">Early Christianity and Greek Paideia</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 6, 108–09. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674220522" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674220522"><bdi>978-0674220522</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2015-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christianity+and+Greek+Paideia&rft.pages=6%2C+108-09&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0674220522&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYfAUnFMhPMC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy20153-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy20153_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffy2015">Duffy 2015</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009302-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009302_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2009308-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2009308_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2009">Dunn 2009</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_203-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Ronald Y.K. Fung as cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_PiperWayne_Grudem2006" class="citation book cs1">John Piper; Wayne Grudem (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DECfuM4_YuoC&pg=PA254">Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood: A Response to Evangelical Feminism</a>. Crossway. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-1918-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-1918-5"><bdi>978-1-4335-1918-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2012-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+Biblical+Manhood+and+Womanhood%3A+A+Response+to+Evangelical+Feminism&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-1918-5&rft.au=John+Piper&rft.au=Wayne+Grudem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDECfuM4_YuoC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Paul"-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Paul"_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Paul". </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackSmithSpivey2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MSHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles"</a>. Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. pp. 187–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17">10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6"><bdi>978-1-5064-5711-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082543536">1082543536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242771713">242771713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%3A+Apostle+to+the+Gentiles&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=187-226&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082543536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242771713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-5711-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MSHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:15–16&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:15–16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:7–9&version=nrsv">2:7–9</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2011:13&version=nrsv">Romans 11:13</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%202:7&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 2:7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%201:11&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 1:11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_209-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack1997109-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack1997109_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_L._Mack" title="Burton L. Mack">Mack, Burton L.</a> (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNSbW8hWRzwC&pg=PA98">"The Congregations of the Christ"</a>, A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins, Fortress Press, p. 98, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2549-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2549-8"><bdi>978-0-8006-2549-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Congregations+of+the+Christ&rft.btitle=A+Myth+of+Innocence%3A+Mark+and+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2549-8&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Burton+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfNSbW8hWRzwC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005156–157-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005156–157_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005168-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005168_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051243–1245-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051243–1245_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051243–1245_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051243–1245_215-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, pp. 1243–1245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1963">Stendahl 1963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1982">Dunn 1982</a>, p. n.49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinlan2004">Finlan 2004</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419–21-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419–21_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419–21_220-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005162–165-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005162–165_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005162–165_221-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005162–165_221-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 162–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–175-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–175_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–75-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–75_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–75_225-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, pp. 174–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges2001-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges2001_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges2001_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/">"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_History_of_Medicine" title="Bulletin of the History of Medicine">Bulletin of the History of Medicine</a>. 75 (Fall 2001). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 375–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119">10.1353/bhm.2001.0119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11568485">11568485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29580193">29580193</a>. Retrieved 2020-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Ideal+Prepuce+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Male+Genital+Aesthetics+and+Their+Relation+to+Lipodermos%2C+Circumcision%2C+Foreskin+Restoration%2C+and+the+Kynodesme&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=Fall+2001&rft.pages=375-405&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29580193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11568485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fhodges2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin_1980-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_1980_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_1980_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/rubin/">"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urology_(journal)" title="Urology (journal)">Urology</a>. 16 (1). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 121–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4">10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6994325">6994325</a>. Retrieved 2020-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Celsus%27+Decircumcision+Operation%3A+Medical+and+Historical+Implications&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-24&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6994325&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jody+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Frubin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen201810–11-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen201810–11_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen201810–11_228-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFredriksen2018">Fredriksen 2018</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner,_Jacob1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1993). Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scholars_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scholars Press (page does not exist)">Scholars Press</a>. p. 149. <q>Circumcised <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>, along with any others who revealed the glans penis, were the butt of ribald <a href="/wiki/Roman_jokes" title="Roman jokes">humor</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek art</a> portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as <a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a>, that was aimed at elongation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Ancient+Judaism%2C+New+Series%3A+Religious+and+Theological+Studies&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–76-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174–76_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, pp. 174–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051244–1245-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051244–1245_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, pp. 1244–1245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005131-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005131_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharry1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Charry" title="Ellen Charry">Charry, Ellen T.</a> (1999), By the Renewing of Your Minds: The Pastoral Function of Christian Doctrine, Oxford University Press, pp. 35–36</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Renewing+of+Your+Minds%3A+The+Pastoral+Function+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Charry&rft.aufirst=Ellen+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015&version=nrsv">Acts 15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-McManners37-240"><a href="#cite_ref-McManners37_240-0">^</a> McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (2002), p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeck1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeck1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeck1988">Keck 1988</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1975113-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelikan1975113_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPelikan1975">Pelikan 1975</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051244-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051244_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 1244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002263-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002263_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Candida_Moss" title="Candida Moss">Moss, Candida</a> (2013). The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom. HarperCollins. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-210452-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-210452-6"><bdi>978-0-06-210452-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Persecution%3A+How+Early+Christians+Invented+a+Story+of+Martyrdom&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-06-210452-6&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Candida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroix2006105–52-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroix2006105–52_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroix2006105–52_247-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroix2006">Croix 2006</a>, pp. 105–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> The traditional title is: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.xii.ii.html">The Divine Liturgy of James the Holy Apostle and Brother of the Lord</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a> in the public domain </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders200272-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders200272_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders 2002</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> published by J. P. Audet in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050714031555/http://jts.oxfordjournals.org/">JTS</a> 1950, v1, pp. 135–54, cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibri.org/DVD-1/RRs/RR013/13jamnia.html">The Council of Jamnia and the Old Testament Canon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210102404/http://www.ibri.org/DVD-1/RRs/RR013/13jamnia.html">Archived</a> February 10, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Robert C. Newman, 1983. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations, Dr. Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, Cambridge University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82692-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82692-6">0-521-82692-6</a>, p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecock2008" class="citation journal cs1">Decock, Paul B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43048677">"Jerome's turn to the Hebraica Veritas and his rejection of the traditional view of the Septuagint"</a>. Neotestamentica. 42 (2): 205–222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-8356">0254-8356</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43048677">43048677</a>. Retrieved 2021-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neotestamentica&rft.atitle=Jerome%27s+turn+to+the+Hebraica+Veritas+and+his+rejection+of+the+traditional+view+of+the+Septuagint&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-222&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43048677%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0254-8356&rft.aulast=Decock&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43048677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman120ce-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman120ce_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart_D._Ehrman1997" class="citation book cs1">Bart D. Ehrman (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ">The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508481-8"><bdi>978-0-19-508481-8</bdi></a>. <q>The New Testament contains twenty-seven books, written in Greek, by fifteen or sixteen different authors, who were addressing other Christian individuals or communities between the years 50 and 120 (see box 1.4). As we will see, it is difficult to know whether any of these books was written by Jesus' own disciples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508481-8&rft.au=Bart+D.+Ehrman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpoNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_258-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a>. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972 </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Magnesians_(Ignatius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Magnesians (Ignatius)">Magnesians</a> 2, 6–7, 13, <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Trallians" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Trallians">Trallians</a> 2–3, <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Smyrnaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Smyrnaeans">Smyrnaeans</a> 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper2006178-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper2006178_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDraper2006">Draper 2006</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003vii-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003vii_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilavec2003">Milavec 2003</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> As translated by Molly Whittaker, Jews and Christians: Graeco-Roman Views, (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2005146-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2005146_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson2005">Davidson 2005</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranzen198825-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranzen198825_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranzen1988">Franzen 1988</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190_266-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWylen1995">Wylen 1995</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112–113-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112–113_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerard2006">Berard 2006</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1992164–165-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1992164–165_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1992164–165_268-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright1992">Wright 1992</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190–192-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190–192_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylen1995190–192_269-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWylen1995">Wylen 1995</a>, pp. 190–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn199933–34-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn199933–34_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn199933–34_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1999">Dunn 1999</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatwrightGargolaTalbert2004426-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatwrightGargolaTalbert2004426_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoatwrightGargolaTalbert2004">Boatwright, Gargola & Talbert 2004</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDauphin1993235,_240–242-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauphin1993235,_240–242_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDauphin1993235,_240–242_272-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauphin1993">Dauphin 1993</a>, pp. 235, 240–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabor1998-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabor1998_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTabor1998">Tabor 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsler2004157–159-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsler2004157–159_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsler2004">Esler 2004</a>, pp. 157–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1991" class="citation cs2">Dunn, James (1991), The Partings of the Ways</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partings+of+the+Ways&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Marginal_Jew:_Rethinking_the_Historical_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus">A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus</a>, v. 1, ch. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Suetonius, <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Twelve Caesars">Lives of the Twelve Caesars</a>, Tiberius 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett200223-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200223_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200223_283-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnett200223_283-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnett2002">Barnett 2002</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200515,_38–39,_41–42-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200515,_38–39,_41–42_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200515,_38–39,_41–42_284-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 15, 38–39, 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula, pp. 254–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane198210-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane198210_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1982">Kane 1982</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker195926-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker195926_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker195926_287-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1959">Walker 1959</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08537a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers</a> see section titled: "The Incident at Antioch" </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_1993-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1993_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (Autumn 1993). <a href="/wiki/Adele_Reinhartz" title="Adele Reinhartz">Reinhartz, Adele</a> (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a>. 112 (3). <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>: 459–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267745">10.2307/3267745</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267745">3267745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Echoes+of+Intra-Jewish+Polemic+in+Paul%27s+Letter+to+the+Galatians&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=459-477&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267745%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267745&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker195927-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker195927_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker195927_290-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1959">Walker 1959</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Pauline_Chronology.htm">Pauline Chronology: His Life and Missionary Work</a>, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholic-resources.org">Catholic Resources</a> by Felix Just, S.J. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeill198644–45-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeill198644–45_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeill1986">Neill 1986</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Wood, Roger, Jan Morris and Denis Wright. Persia. Universe Books, 1970, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913737-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913737_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerbermann1913">Herbermann 1913</a>, p. 737. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatourette1941vol._I,_p._103-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatourette1941vol._I,_p._103_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatourette1941">Latourette 1941</a>, vol. I, p. 103. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Printed sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2002" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Paul (2002). Jesus, the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2699-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2699-8"><bdi>0-8308-2699-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+the+Rise+of+Early+Christianity%3A+A+History+of+New+Testament+Times&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8308-2699-8&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerard2006" class="citation cs2">Berard, Wayne Daniel (2006), When Christians Were Jews (That Is, Now), Cowley Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56101-280-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56101-280-7"><bdi>1-56101-280-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Christians+Were+Jews+%28That+Is%2C+Now%29&rft.pub=Cowley+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-56101-280-7&rft.aulast=Berard&rft.aufirst=Wayne+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermejo-Rubio2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando (2017). Feldt, Laura; Valk, Ülo (eds.). "The Process of Jesus' Deification and Cognitive Dissonance Theory". <a href="/wiki/Numen_(journal)" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a>. 64 (2–3). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 119–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341457">10.1163/15685276-12341457</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5276">1568-5276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44505332">44505332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148616605">148616605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Process+of+Jesus%27+Deification+and+Cognitive+Dissonance+Theory&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=119-152&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148616605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1568-5276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-12341457&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44505332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bermejo-Rubio&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2017" class="citation cs2">Bird, Michael F. (2017), Jesus the Eternal Son: Answering Adoptionist Christology, Wim. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Eternal+Son%3A+Answering+Adoptionist+Christology&rft.pub=Wim.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blomberg, Craig L. (1987), The Historical Reliability of the Gospels, Leicester, UK: Inter-Varsity Press, ISBN 9780877849926, OCLC 15415029, 2nd ed. 2007</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatwrightGargolaTalbert2004" class="citation cs2">Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro; Gargola, Daniel J.; Talbert, Richard John Alexander (2004), The Romans: From Village to Empire, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511875-8"><bdi>0-19-511875-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans%3A+From+Village+to+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-511875-8&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rft.au=Gargola%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Talbert%2C+Richard+John+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation cs2">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C">A Concise History of the Catholic Church</a> (Revised and expanded ed.), Doubleday, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1"><bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50584-1&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDISK1e7JXA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Bond" title="Helen Bond">Bond, Helen K.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXcr1S1d09UC">The Historical Jesus: A Guide for the Perplexed</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567125101" title="Special:BookSources/9780567125101"><bdi>9780567125101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780567125101&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Helen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXcr1S1d09UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brown, Schuyler. The Origins of Christianity: A Historical Introduction to the New Testament. Oxford University Press (1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826207-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826207-8">0-19-826207-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyarin2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Boyarin, Daniel</a> (2012). The Jewish Gospels: the Story of the Jewish Christ. The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-878-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-878-4"><bdi>978-1-59558-878-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Gospels%3A+the+Story+of+the+Jewish+Christ&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-878-4&rft.aulast=Boyarin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a>, ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D</a>. 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Eerdmans Publishing Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6"><bdi>0-8028-3781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+A-D&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=Fully+Revised&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8028-3781-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwo8csizDv0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2002" class="citation cs2">Burkett, Delbert (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&q=%2213+The+Gospel+of+Luke%22&pg=PA195">An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00720-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+Origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00720-7&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcsQknxV-xQC%26q%3D%252213%2BThe%2BGospel%2Bof%2BLuke%2522%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans2002" class="citation book cs1">Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A., eds. 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(1987), From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, The Westminster Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25017-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25017-3"><bdi>0-664-25017-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah&rft.pub=The+Westminster+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-664-25017-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxEasley2007" class="citation cs2">Cox, Steven L.; Easley, Kendell H. (2007), Harmony of the Gospels, B&H Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9444-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9444-0"><bdi>978-0-8054-9444-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmony+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft.au=Easley%2C+Kendell+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2001" class="citation book cs1">Craig, A. Evans (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391041189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391041189"><bdi>978-0391041189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+His+Contemporaries%3A+Comparative+Studies&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0391041189&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=A.+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroix1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._de_Ste._Croix" title="G. E. M. de Ste. Croix">Croix, G. E. M. de Sainte</a> (1963). "Why Were The Early Christians Persecuted?". 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Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDzRCwAAQBAJ">Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972712-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972712-4"><bdi>978-0-19-972712-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003053097">2003053097</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003053097&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972712-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDzRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. 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Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusasfigurehis00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford2007" class="citation cs2">Redford, Douglas (2007), The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels, Standard, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7847-1900-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7847-1900-8"><bdi>978-0-7847-1900-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Ministry+of+Jesus%3A+The+Gospels&rft.pub=Standard&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7847-1900-8&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rowland_(theologian)" title="Christopher Rowland (theologian)">Rowland, Christopher</a> (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZfYAAAAMAAJ">Christian Origins: An Account of the Setting and Character of the Most Important Messianic Sect of Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281041107" title="Special:BookSources/9780281041107"><bdi>9780281041107</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Origins%3A+An+Account+of+the+Setting+and+Character+of+the+Most+Important+Messianic+Sect+of+Judaism&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780281041107&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, E. P. (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9059-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9059-1"><bdi>978-0-7139-9059-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9059-1&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifrid1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Seifrid" title="Mark A. Seifrid">Seifrid, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUkuOtOw68C&pg=PA210">"'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument"</a>. Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum, Supplements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7"><bdi>90-04-09521-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Justification+by+Faith%27+and+The+Disposition+of+Paul%27s+Argument&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Central+Pauline+Theme&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%2C+Supplements&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=90-04-09521-7&rft.aulast=Seifrid&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdUkuOtOw68C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1969" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, J. 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Michael (2004), From Jesus to Christianity, HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-052655-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-052655-6"><bdi>0-06-052655-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Jesus+to+Christianity&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-06-052655-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=L.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2013a" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA6">"Beginning in Jerusalem"</a>. The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 6–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bd7m">j.ctt32bd7m</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012021755">2012021755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160590164">160590164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beginning+in+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Global+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=6-16&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012021755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160590164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bd7m%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11884-1&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiW1-JImrwQUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2013b" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA37">"Divisions Within"</a>. The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 37–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bd7m">j.ctt32bd7m</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012021755">2012021755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160590164">160590164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divisions+Within&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Global+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=37-46&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012021755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160590164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bd7m%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11884-1&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiW1-JImrwQUC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilckens1970" class="citation cs2">Wilckens, Ulrich (1970), Auferstehung, Stuttgart and Berlin: Kreuz Verlag</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auferstehung&rft.place=Stuttgart+and+Berlin&rft.pub=Kreuz+Verlag&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wilckens&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1992" class="citation cs2">Wright, N.T. (1992), The New Testament and the People of God, Fortress Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2681-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2681-8"><bdi>0-8006-2681-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+and+the+People+of+God&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8006-2681-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wright, N.T. (2003), The Resurrection of the Son of God, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, ISBN 978-0-8006-2679-2</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylen1995" class="citation cs2">Wylen, Stephen M. (1995), The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction, Paulist Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3610-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3610-4"><bdi>0-8091-3610-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Jesus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8091-3610-4&rft.aulast=Wylen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Web-sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc06/htm/iii.lvii.lviii.htm">Zahn, Theodor. "John the Apostle", The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. VI, (Philip Schaff, ed.) CCEL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurtado2017.Paul-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado2017.Paul_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado2017.Paul_9-1">b</a> Larry Hurtado (August 17, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2017/08/17/paul-the-pagans-apostle/">"Paul, the Pagans' Apostle"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb//acts/19.htm">"Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary on Acts 19"</a>. Bible Hub. Retrieved 2015-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Hub&rft.atitle=Jamieson-Fausset-Brown+Bible+Commentary+on+Acts+19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fjfb%2F%2Facts%2F19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> See also: <a href="/wiki/Jamieson-Fausset-Brown_Bible_Commentary" title="Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary">Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/American_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="American King James Version">American King James Version</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Douai-Rheims_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Douai-Rheims Bible">Douai-Rheims Bible</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/acts/19.htm">"Gill's Exposition, commentary on Acts 19:23"</a>. 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Retrieved 2014-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persecution+in+the+Early+Church&rft.pub=Religion+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fchristianity%2Fhistory%2Fpersecution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/swete/greekot/Page_112.html">"Swete's Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, p. 112"</a>. Ccel.org. Retrieved 2019-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swete%27s+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+in+Greek%2C+p.+112&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fswete%2Fgreekot%2FPage_112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04012c.htm">"Pope St. Clement I"</a>. newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Pope+St.+Clement+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04012c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-276"><a href="#cite_ref-JVL_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/christianity-2">"Christianity: Severance from Judaism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American%E2%80%93Israeli_Cooperative_Enterprise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (page does not exist)">AICE</a>. 2008. Retrieved 2018-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Christianity%3A+Severance+from+Judaism&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fchristianity-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=352&letter=R&search=Sejanus#1006">"Rome"</a>. jewishencyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D352%26letter%3DR%26search%3DSejanus%231006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudy.org/maps/pauls-third-journey-map.html">"Apostle Paul's Third Missionary Journey Map"</a>. biblestudy.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblestudy.org&rft.atitle=Apostle+Paul%27s+Third+Missionary+Journey+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudy.org%2Fmaps%2Fpauls-third-journey-map.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=183&letter=F&search=Fiscus%20Iudaicus">"Fiscus Judaicus"</a>. jewishencyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Fiscus+Judaicus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D183%26letter%3DF%26search%3DFiscus%2520Iudaicus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bockmuehl, Markus N.A. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79678-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79678-4">0-521-79678-4</a>.</li> <li>Bourgel, Jonathan, From One Identity to Another: The Mother Church of Jerusalem Between the Two Jewish Revolts Against Rome (66–135/6 EC). Paris: Éditions du Cerf, collection Judaïsme ancien et Christianisme primitive, (French). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-10068-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-10068-7">978-2-204-10068-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a>: An Introduction to the New Testament (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a>)</li> <li>Conzelmann, H. and Lindemann A., Interpreting the New Testament. An Introduction to the Principles and Methods of N.T. Exegesis, translated by S.S. Schatzmann, Hendrickson Publishers. Peabody 1988.</li> <li>Dormeyer, Detlev. The New Testament among the Writings of Antiquity (English translation), Sheffield 1998</li> <li>Dunn, James D.G. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul. Cambridge University Press (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78694-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78694-0">0-521-78694-0</a>.</li> <li>Dunn, James D.G. Unity and Diversity in the New Testament: An Inquiry into the Character of Earliest Christianity. SCM Press (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02998-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02998-8">0-334-02998-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z9acTl-jAkAC">Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church</a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754662914" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754662914"><bdi>978-0754662914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicity+and+Heresy+in+the+Early+Church&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0754662914&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9acTl-jAkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Freedman, David Noel (Ed). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2400-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2400-5">0-8028-2400-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC">Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</a>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3167-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3167-5&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk32wZRMxltUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_L._Mack" title="Burton L. Mack">Mack, Burton L.</a>: Who Wrote the New Testament?, Harper, 1996</li> <li>Mills, Watson E. Acts and Pauline Writings. Mercer University Press (1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-512-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-512-X">0-86554-512-X</a>.</li> <li>Malina, Bruce J.: Windows on the World of Jesus: Time Travel to Ancient Judea. Westminster John Knox Press: Louisville (Kentucky) 1993</li> <li>Malina, Bruce J.: The New Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology. 3rd edition, Westminster John Knox Press Louisville (Kentucky) 2001</li> <li>Malina, Bruce J.: Social Science Commentary on the Gospel of John Augsburg Fortress Publishers: Minneapolis 1998</li> <li>Malina, Bruce J.: Social-Science Commentary on the Synoptic Gospels Augsburg Fortress Publishers: Minneapolis 2003</li> <li>McKechnie, Paul. The First Christian Centuries: Perspectives on the Early Church. Apollos (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85111-479-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85111-479-2">0-85111-479-2</a></li> <li>Stegemann, Ekkehard and Stegemann, Wolfgang: The Jesus Movement: A Social History of Its First Century. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: Minneapolis 1999</li> <li>Stegemann, Wolfgang, The Gospel and the Poor. Fortress Press. Minneapolis 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1783-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1783-5">0-8006-1783-5</a></li> <li>Thiessen, Henry C. Introduction to the New Testament, Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids 1976</li> <li>Wilson, Barrie A. "How Jesus Became Christian". St. Martin's Press (2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31493-6">978-0-679-31493-6</a>.</li> <li>Wright, N.T., "The New Unimproved Jesus", in Christianity Today, 1993-09-13</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Zahn" title="Theodor Zahn">Zahn, Theodor</a>, Introduction to the New Testament, English translation, Edinburgh, 1910.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_series">Book series</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Book series">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dunn, James D.G. (2005), Christianity in the Making Volume 1: Jesus Remembered, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+Making+Volume+1%3A+Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dunn, James D.G. (2009), Christianity in the Making Volume 2: Beginning from Jerusalem, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+Making+Volume+2%3A+Beginning+from+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dunn, James D.G. (2009), Christianity in the Making Volume 3: Neither Jew nor Greek, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+Making+Volume+3%3A+Neither+Jew+nor+Greek&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+the+1st+century" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_1st_century&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/First_Century_Christianity" class="extiw" title="q:First Century Christianity">First Century Christianity</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101209052136/http://www.tyndale.ca/sem/mtsmodular/viewpage.php?pid=67">New Testament Reading Room</a> Extensive online NT resources (incl. commentaries), Tyndale Seminary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114133638/http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/N/New+Testament">Scholarly articles on the New Testament from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook11.html">Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Christian Origins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827073339/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook11.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819040856/http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/christian-history.html">Guide to Early Church Documents</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="11"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="11" style="padding:0;"> <table style="margin:0; border-spacing:0; border-collapse:collapse;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaa 1px solid; border-right:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">First century</a> </td> <td>Followed by: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Christianity in the ante-Nicene period</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">BC</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">C2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 3rd century">C3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">C4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">C5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">C6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">C7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">C8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">C9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">C10</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">C11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">C12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">C13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">C14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">C15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">C16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">C17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">C18</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">C19</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">C20</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">C21</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apostles" title="Template:Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apostles" title="Template talk:Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apostles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">the Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_disciples" title="Calling of the disciples">calling of the disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Mission Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Persecutions" title="Coming Persecutions">coming persecutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament#Relics_and_burial_sites" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Relics and burial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 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religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a 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