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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 2010 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.7 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.8 2013 and decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.9 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.10 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.11 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.12 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Pirates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pirates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pirates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Profile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Methodology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponry_and_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry_and_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Weaponry and funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponry_and_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Root_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Root_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Root causes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Root_causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Root causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Root_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Economic factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weak_law_enforcement_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weak_law_enforcement_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Weak law enforcement and corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weak_law_enforcement_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_acceptability_and_legitimation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_acceptability_and_legitimation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cultural acceptability and legitimation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_acceptability_and_legitimation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_and_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_and_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Effects and perceptions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_and_perceptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects and perceptions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_and_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profiteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profiteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Profiteers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profiteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereignty_and_environmental_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereignty_and_environmental_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sovereignty and environmental protection </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sovereignty_and_environmental_protection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sovereignty and environmental protection subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sovereignty_and_environmental_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waste_dumping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_dumping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Waste dumping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_dumping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Illegal fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-piracy_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-piracy_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Anti-piracy measures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-piracy_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="القرصنة في القرن الإفريقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرصنة في القرن الإفريقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_d%C9%99niz_quldurlar%C4%B1" title="Somali dəniz quldurları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Somali dəniz quldurları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সোমালিয়ায় জলদস্যুতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোমালিয়ায় জলদস্যুতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_a_Som%C3%A0lia" title="Pirateria a Somàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pirateria a Somàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A1tstv%C3%AD_v_Som%C3%A1lsku" title="Pirátství v Somálsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pirátství v Somálsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r-ladrad_yn_Somalia" title="Môr-ladrad yn Somalia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr-ladrad yn Somalia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8veri_ud_for_Somalia" title="Sørøveri ud for Somalia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sørøveri ud for Somalia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterie_vor_der_K%C3%BCste_Somalias" title="Piraterie vor der Küste Somalias – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Piraterie vor der Küste Somalias" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaalia_piraadid" title="Somaalia piraadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Somaalia piraadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πειρατεία στη Σομαλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πειρατεία στη Σομαλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa_en_Somalia" title="Piratería en Somalia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piratería en Somalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateco_en_Somalio" title="Pirateco en Somalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pirateco en Somalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دزدی دریایی در سومالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دزدی دریایی در سومالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterie_autour_de_la_Corne_de_l%27Afrique" title="Piraterie autour de la Corne de l'Afrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piraterie autour de la Corne de l'Afrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratar%C3%ADa_en_Somalia" title="Pirataría en Somalia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pirataría en Somalia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%81" title="소말리아의 해적 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소말리아의 해적" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սոմալիի ծովահեններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոմալիի ծովահեններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratstvo_u_Somaliji" title="Piratstvo u Somaliji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Piratstvo u Somaliji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perompakan_di_Somalia" title="Perompakan di Somalia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perompakan di Somalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_al_litoral_de_Somalia" title="Pirateria al litoral de Somalia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pirateria al litoral de Somalia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_somala" title="Pirateria somala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pirateria somala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="שוד ימי לחופי סומליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוד ימי לחופי סומליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="მეკობრეობა სომალიში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეკობრეობა სომალიში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratavimas_Somalyje" title="Piratavimas Somalyje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piratavimas Somalyje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szom%C3%A1liai_kal%C3%B3zt%C3%A1mad%C3%A1sok" title="Szomáliai kalóztámadások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szomáliai kalóztámadások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanun_perairan_Somalia" title="Lanun perairan Somalia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lanun perairan Somalia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalische_piraterij" title="Somalische piraterij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Somalische piraterij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B2%96%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A" title="ソマリア沖の海賊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソマリア沖の海賊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratvirksomhet_ved_Somalia" title="Piratvirksomhet ved Somalia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Piratvirksomhet ved Somalia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraci_somalijscy" title="Piraci somalijscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piraci somalijscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirataria_na_Som%C3%A1lia" title="Pirataria na Somália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pirataria na Somália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_%C3%AEn_Somalia" title="Pirateria în Somalia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pirateria în Somalia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Сомалийские пираты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сомалийские пираты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhcad_badeeda_geeska_afrika" title="Budhcad badeeda geeska afrika – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Budhcad badeeda geeska afrika" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Сомалски пирати – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сомалски пирати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikan_sarven_merirosvous" title="Afrikan sarven merirosvous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afrikan sarven merirosvous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6veri_i_Somalia" title="Sjöröveri i Somalia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöröveri i Somalia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การกระทำอันเป็นโจรสลัดในโซมาเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกระทำอันเป็นโจรสลัดในโซมาเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali%27de_korsanl%C4%B1k" title="Somali'de korsanlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Somali'de korsanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Сомалійські пірати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сомалійські пірати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hijacking of ships by Somali pirates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">piracy around the Horn of Africa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>2000–present</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Inconclusive <ul><li>Suppression of pirate activities</li> <li>Continued presence of pirates<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Allies</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a 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Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Somali pirates <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Allies</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>Somali marines[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>National Volunteer Coast Guard (NVCG)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Marka group[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Puntland group[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul></li></ul> </div> Yemeni pirates<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy off Somalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2006</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_March_2006" title="Action of 18 March 2006">Action of 18 March</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2007</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_June_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 3 June 2007">Action of 3 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Al_Marjan" title="MV Al Marjan">MV Al Marjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2008</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MY_Le_Ponant" title="MY Le Ponant">MY Le Ponant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Iran_Deyanat" title="MV Iran Deyanat">MV Iran Deyanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident">Carré d'As IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FV_Ekawat_Nava_5" title="FV Ekawat Nava 5">FV Ekawat Nava 5</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2009</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_March_2009" title="Action of 3 March 2009">Action of 3 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">April raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">MV Maersk Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2009_Egyptian_hostage_escape" title="August 2009 Egyptian hostage escape">Action of 13 August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_September_2009" title="Action of 7 September 2009">Action of 7 September</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2010</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_March_2010" title="Action of 30 March 2010">Action of 30 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV Moscow University</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2011</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident">MV Beluga Nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_Nicobar_class_fast_attack_craft#Operation_Island_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Car Nicobar class fast attack craft">Operation Island Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Sinar_Kudus_hijacking" title="MV Sinar Kudus hijacking">MV Sinar Kudus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident">SY Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Umeed-e-Nuh" title="Operation Umeed-e-Nuh">Operation Umeed-e-Nuh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> 2012</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Spanish_oiler_Pati%C3%B1o" title="Attack on Spanish oiler Patiño">Patiño</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Piracy off the coast of Somalia occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Sea">Somali Sea</a>, in Somali territorial waters and other surrounding places and has a long troubled history with different perspectives from different communities. It was initially a threat to international fishing vessels during the early 2000s, only to rapidly escalate and expand to <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport#Ship" title="Freight transport">international shipping</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a>. Somali waters have high fisheries production potential, but the sustainability of those fisheries is compromised by the presence of foreign fishing vessels, many of them fishing illegally. The Somali domestic fishing sector is small and poorly developed, whereas foreign vessels have fished in Somali waters for at least seven decades. Some foreign vessels and their crew have been viewed by Somali artisanal fishers as a threat to their traditional livelihoods. Many foreign vessels directly compete for fish, reducing fish populations and destroying marine habitat through bottom trawling.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Foreign fishing has increased more than twenty-fold since 1981, and the most rapid increase occurred during the 1990s after the collapse of the Federal government under <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>. <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> was designated as a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a> in 1992,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> with extensive internal conflicts and major instability continuing until 2012, when the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> was established, which despite the intervention and support of foreign forces, could not fully establish its authority with threats from <a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a>, so Somalia remained characterised as a <a href="/wiki/Fragile_state" title="Fragile state">fragile state</a>. This disorder meant there was no longer effective government policing of Somali waters by the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Navy" title="Somali Navy">Somali Navy</a>, a weakness then exploited by often large foreign fishing boats, further threatening the livelihoods of local Somali <a href="/wiki/Fishing_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing community">fishing communities</a>. They in part responded by forming armed groups to deter what they perceived as invaders. These groups, using small boats such as skiffs and motorised boats, would sometimes hold vessels and crew for ransom. This practice grew into a lucrative trade, where large <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> payments were demanded and often paid. These groups were then considered to be pirates, especially after they began hijacking non-fishing commercial vessels. With the region badly affected by <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Government corruption">government corruption</a>, there was little political motivation at the local level to deal with the crisis. Large numbers of unemployed Somali youth began to see it as a means of making money. International organizations began to express concern over the new wave of piracy due to its high cost to global trade and the incentive to <a href="/wiki/Profiteering_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Profiteering (business)">profiteer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Insurance_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurance companies">insurance companies</a> and others. Some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believe that elements within Somalia collaborated with the pirates both to strengthen their political influence as well as for financial gain. After the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole bombing</a> in 2000 in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a> in 2001 on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> decided to step up its activities around the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, by establishing in stages a multinational anti-piracy coalition known as <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_150" title="Combined Task Force 150">Combined Task Force 150</a> (CTF 150), with an Area of Responsibility (AOR) including some of the world's busiest shipping lanes, spanning over two million square miles, covering the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> (but not inside the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, which is the responsibility of CTF 152). This area is a vital artery of world trade from the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the US, with thousands of shipping movements per year including the transportation of over 27 million barrels of oil. The participating nations have included <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the United States. Command of CTF 150 generally rotates between nations on a four monthly basis.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> By 2010, these patrols succeeded in steadily reducing the number of piracy incidents. In early 2017, a few incidents of piracy were reported as the navies of Asian and European nations began to more actively rescue hijacked ships, including the <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/OS35_(bulk_carrier)" title="OS35 (bulk carrier)">OS35</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marex-8">[8]</a> In January 2023, the Indian Ocean High Risk Area (HRA) was lifted by the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) due to a significant absence of Somali pirate attacks in previous years, although Somali pirates still reportedly possess the ability and resources to conduct attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> As a derivative effect of the escalating <a href="/wiki/Israel-Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war</a> at the end of 2023, new piracy-related activity rose on the Somalian coast.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_report-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nor-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-13">[13]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Bureau" title="International Maritime Bureau">International Maritime Bureau</a> (IMB) the first successful hijacking of a cargo vessel in the area after six years happened in December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Longley-14">[14]</a> On March 17 2024 Indian naval commandos led a rescue operation taking back control over the vessel about 500 km off the coast of Somalia bringing the 35 Somali pirates to prosecution in Mumbai.<a href="#cite_note-Aljazeera-15">[15]</a> This resurface of piracy in the area is closely linked to the unaltered root causes<a href="#cite_note-Karawita-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moss_et_al.-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nor-12">[12]</a> and the instability which the war creates in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Oyewole-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1980s, prior to the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia, the Somali Ministry of Fisheries and the Coastal Development Agency (CDA) launched a development program focusing on the establishment of agricultural and fishery cooperatives for artisanal fishermen. It also received significant foreign investment funds for various fishery development projects, as the Somali fishing industry was considered to have a lot of potential owing to its unexploited marine stocks. The government at this time permitted foreign fishing through official licensing or joint venture agreements, forming two such partnerships in the Iraqi-Somali Siadco and Italian-Somali Somital ventures.<a href="#cite_note-Mfrsfihpfg-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somcoralreef.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Somcoralreef.jpg/220px-Somcoralreef.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Somcoralreef.jpg/330px-Somcoralreef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Somcoralreef.jpg/440px-Somcoralreef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1949" /></a><figcaption>Somalia's <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, ecological parks and protected areas</figcaption></figure> After the collapse of the central government in the ensuing civil war, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Navy" title="Somali Navy">Somali Navy</a> disbanded in 1990–1991. With Somali territorial waters undefended, foreign <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">fishing trawlers</a> began illegally fishing on the Somali seaboard and ships began dumping industrial and other waste off the Somali coast. This led to erosion of the <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stock</a> and local fishermen started to band together to try to protect their resources. An escalation began, leading to weapons being used and tactics such as taking over a foreign ship until their owners paid a ransom.<a href="#cite_note-Gerforpol-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spafcfbol-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Pirate activity reportedly began off the coast around 2000, but rapidly escalated during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia from 2006 to 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Court Union's</a> six-month rule of southern Somalia in the months prior, pirate activity completely ceased due to the extensive <a href="/wiki/Anti-piracy_measures_in_Somalia" title="Anti-piracy measures in Somalia">anti-piracy</a> operations conducted by the courts.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> After the organization's collapse in early 2007, piracy sharply increased. Reportedly, elements within the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government</a> (TFG) were involved in the lucrative piracy business during this early period.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Seeing the profitability of ransom payments, some financiers and former militiamen started to fund pirate activities, sharing the profits equally with the pirates.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In most of the hijackings, the pirates have not harmed their prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_150" title="Combined Task Force 150">Combined Task Force 150</a>, a multinational coalition task force, subsequently took on the role of fighting piracy off the coast of Somalia by establishing a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Security_Patrol_Area" title="Maritime Security Patrol Area">Maritime Security Patrol Area</a> (MSPA) within the Gulf of Aden.<a href="#cite_note-MSPA-28">[28]</a> However, many foreign naval vessels chasing pirates were forced to break off when the pirates entered Somali territorial waters.<a href="#cite_note-CNN,_October_2007-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> To address this, in June 2008, following a letter from the Somali <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">TFG</a> to the President of the UN Security Council requesting assistance for the TFG's efforts to tackle acts of piracy off the coast of Somalia, the UN Security Council unanimously passed a declaration authorizing nations that have the consent of the Transitional Federal Government to enter Somali territorial waters to deal with pirates.<a href="#cite_note-UN_SPV5902_2008-31">[31]</a> On the advice of lawyers, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and other international naval forces have often released suspected pirates that they have captured because, although the men are frequently armed, they have not been caught engaging in acts of piracy and have thus not technically committed a crime.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Due to improved anti-piracy measures the success of piracy acts on sea decreased dramatically by the end of 2011, with only 4 vessels hijacked in the last quarter versus 17 in the last quarter of the preceding year.<a href="#cite_note-bahadur-33">[33]</a> In response, pirates resorted to increased hostage taking on land.<a href="#cite_note-bahadur-33">[33]</a> The government of the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> region has also made progress in combating piracy, evident in interventions by its <a href="/wiki/Puntland_Maritime_Police_Force" title="Puntland Maritime Police Force">maritime police force</a> (PMPF).<a href="#cite_note-Reuters:_2008-04-23-34">[34]</a> In part to further curtail piracy activity, the <a href="/wiki/London_Somalia_Conference" title="London Somalia Conference">London Somalia Conference</a> was convened in February 2012. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Bureau" title="International Maritime Bureau">International Maritime Bureau</a>, pirate attacks in the Indian Ocean had by October 2012 dropped to a six-year low.<a href="#cite_note-Bspftsylagds-35">[35]</a> Attempted hijackings fell from 237 in 2011 to 75 the following year, with successful attacks plummeting from 28 in 2011 to 14 in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Ssiparfylit-36">[36]</a> Additionally, only one ship was attacked in the third quarter of 2012 compared to 36 during the same period in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Bspftsylagds-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_events">Summary of events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summary of events">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></div> Somali pirates have attacked hundreds of vessels in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> region, though most attacks do not result in a successful hijacking. In 2008, there were 111 attacks which included 42 successful hijackings.<a href="#cite_note-FoxNews20000336-37">[37]</a> However, this is only a fraction of the up to 30,000 merchant vessels which pass through that area.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The rate of attacks in January and February 2009 was about 10 times higher than during the same period in 2008 and "there have been almost daily attacks in March",<a href="#cite_note-FoxNews20000336-37">[37]</a> with 79 attacks,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> 21 successful, by mid-April. Most of these attacks occurred in the Gulf of Aden but subsequently the pirates increased their range and started attacking ships as far south as off the coast of Kenya in the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Below are some notable pirate events which have garnered significant media coverage since 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005">2005</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2005">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Piracy off the coast of Somalia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> cutter <a href="/wiki/SLNS_Vijayabahu_(P627)" title="SLNS Vijayabahu (P627)">USCGC Munro</a>, working with the British aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(R05)" title="HMS Invincible (R05)">HMS Invincible</a> and destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nottingham_(D91)" title="HMS Nottingham (D91)">HMS Nottingham</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, intercepted a hijacked vessel at around noon on 17 March. The interception was ordered after Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) received telephone reports from the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Bureau" title="International Maritime Bureau">International Maritime Bureau</a>'s Piracy Reporting Center in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia, concerning the hijacking of the Thai-flagged fishing boat Sirichai Nava 12 by three Somalis on the evening of 16 March, as well as a fax indicating that the hijackers demanded U.S. $800,000 in ransom for the vessel's crew. Commander, Combined Task Force (CTF) 150 tasked Invincible, Nottingham and Munro to investigate the situation. A <a href="/wiki/Visit,_Board,_Search_and_Seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Visit, Board, Search and Seizure">Visit, Board, Search and Seizure</a> (VBSS) team from Munro boarded Sirichai Nava, while a boarding team from Nottingham went on to a second fishing vessel, Ekhwat Patana, which was with the Thai vessel. Munro's boarding team detained the Somalis without incident. One of the crew members of the Thai vessel had a minor flesh wound, which was treated by the Munro boarding team. The Coast Guardsmen also discovered four automatic weapons in the pilothouse, expended ammunition shells on the deck of the vessel, as well as ammunition on the detained suspects. The three suspects were transferred to Munro. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007">2007</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2007">edit</a>]</div> On 28 May 2007, a Chinese sailor was killed by the pirates because the ship's owners failed to meet their ransom demand.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On 5 October 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1838" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1838">resolution 1838</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_SRES18382008-43">[43]</a> calling on nations with vessels in the area to apply military force to repress the acts of piracy.<a href="#cite_note-UN-44">[44]</a> At the 101st council of the International Maritime Organization, India called for a United Nations <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> force under unified command to tackle piracy off Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> (There has been a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_751" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 751">general and complete arms embargo against Somalia</a> since 1992.) In October 2007, Somali pirates hijacked a North Korean cargo ship. This was called the <a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan incident</a>. Somali pirates took North Korean sailors hostage, prompting the United States to come to its aid—an uncommon occurrence between both nations at the time. A U.S. Naval vessel helped North Korean sailors get back their ship. Some Somali pirates were wounded during the operation. North Korea thanked the U.S. for its help shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008">2008</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2008">edit</a>]</div> In November 2008, Somali pirates began hijacking ships well outside the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>, perhaps targeting ships headed for the port of <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-ihtTanyo2008-11-14-47">[47]</a> The frequency and sophistication of the attacks also increased around this time, as did the size of vessels being targeted. Large cargo ships, oil and chemical tankers on international voyages became the new targets of choice for the Somali hijackers. This is in stark contrast to the pirate attacks which were once frequent in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, another strategically important waterway for international trade, which were according to maritime security expert <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Zara_Raymond" title="Catherine Zara Raymond">Catherine Zara Raymond</a>, generally directed against "smaller, more vulnerable vessels carrying trade across the Straits or employed in the coastal trade on either side of the Straits."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On 19 November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> warship <a href="/wiki/INS_Tabar" title="INS Tabar">INS Tabar</a> sank a suspected pirate <a href="/wiki/Mother_ship" title="Mother ship">mothership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Later, it was claimed to be a Thai trawler being hijacked by pirates.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Indian Navy later defended its actions by stating that its ship was fired upon first.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 21 November 2008, BBC News reported that the Indian Navy had received United Nations approval to enter Somali waters to combat piracy.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009">2009</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2009">edit</a>]</div> On 8 April 2009, four Somali pirates seized <a href="/wiki/MV_Tygra" title="MV Tygra">MV Maersk Alabama</a> 240 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (440 km; 280 mi) southeast of the Somalia port city of <a href="/wiki/Eyl" title="Eyl">Eyl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The ship was carrying 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of cargo, of which 5,000 tonnes were relief supplies bound for Somalia, Uganda, and Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-BBC7989474-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-55">[55]</a> On 12 April 2009, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">U.S. Navy SEAL</a> snipers killed the three pirates who were holding <a href="/wiki/Captain_Richard_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Richard Phillips">Captain Richard Phillips</a> hostage aboard a <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">lifeboat</a> from Maersk Alabama after determining that Captain Phillips' life was in immediate danger.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A fourth pirate, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Wali Muse">Abdul Wali Muse</a>, surrendered and was taken into custody.<a href="#cite_note-CNN04120901-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC041209-60">[60]</a> He pled guilty to hijacking, kidnapping and hostage taking charges, receiving a sentence of 33 years and 9 months in Federal prison.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On 20 April 2009, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> commented on the capture and release of seven Somali pirates by Dutch Naval forces who were on a NATO mission.<a href="#cite_note-CNN20090420-62">[62]</a> After an attack on Handytankers Magic, a petroleum tanker, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_De_Zeven_Provinci%C3%ABn_(F802)" title="HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën (F802)">De Zeven Provinciën</a> tracked the pirates back to a pirate mothership and captured them.<a href="#cite_note-CNN20090420-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters20090418-63">[63]</a> They confiscated the pirates' weapons and freed 20 Yemeni fishermen whom the pirates had kidnapped and who had been forced to sail the pirate mothership.<a href="#cite_note-CNN20090420-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters20090418-63">[63]</a> Since the Dutch Naval Forces were part of a NATO exercise, but not on an EU mission, they lacked legal jurisdiction to keep the pirates so they released them.<a href="#cite_note-CNN20090420-62">[62]</a> Clinton stated that this action "sends the wrong signal" and that additional coordination was needed among nations.<a href="#cite_note-CNN20090420-62">[62]</a> On 23 April 2009, international donors pledged over $250 million for Somalia, including $134 million to increase the African Union peacekeeping mission from 4,350 troops to 8,000 troops and $34 million for Somali security forces.<a href="#cite_note-ABC20090423-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAToday20090423-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> told delegates at a donors' conference sponsored by the UN that "piracy is a symptom of anarchy and insecurity on the ground" and that "more security on the ground will make less piracy on the seas."<a href="#cite_note-ABC20090423-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAToday20090423-65">[65]</a> Somali <a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif Ahmed">Sharif Ahmed</a> pledged at the conference that he would fight piracy and to loud applause said that "it is our duty to pursue these criminals not only on the high seas, but also on terra firma".<a href="#cite_note-ABC20090423-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAToday20090423-65">[65]</a> The Somali government has not gone after pirates because pirate leaders currently have more power than the government.<a href="#cite_note-ABC20090423-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAToday20090423-65">[65]</a> In 2008 the pirates are estimated to have gained about $80 million through ransom payments.<a href="#cite_note-ABC20090423-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAToday20090423-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> professor Peter Leeson suggested that the international community appropriate Somali territorial waters and sell them, together with the international portion of the Gulf of Aden, to a private company which would then provide security from piracy in exchange for charging tolls to world shipping through the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On 2 May 2009, Somali pirates captured MV Ariana with its 24 Ukrainian crew.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The ship was released on 10 December 2009 after a ransom of almost US$3,000,000 was paid.<a href="#cite_note-BBC8406303-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspected_pirate_skiff_near_Somalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Suspected_pirate_skiff_near_Somalia.jpg/220px-Suspected_pirate_skiff_near_Somalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Suspected_pirate_skiff_near_Somalia.jpg/330px-Suspected_pirate_skiff_near_Somalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Suspected_pirate_skiff_near_Somalia.jpg/440px-Suspected_pirate_skiff_near_Somalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Armed pirates in the Indian Ocean near <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. After the picture was taken, the vessel's crew members opened fire on <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> ships and the ship's crew members returned fire. One suspected pirate was killed and 12 were taken into custody (see <a href="/wiki/March_18,_2006_incident_off_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="March 18, 2006 incident off Somalia">engaged pirate vessels</a>).</figcaption></figure> On 8 November 2009, Somali pirates threatened that a kidnapped British couple, the Chandlers, would be "punished" if a German warship did not release seven pirates.<a href="#cite_note-FoxNews20091108-70">[70]</a> Omer, one of the pirates holding the British couple, claimed the seven men were fishermen, but a European Union Naval Force spokesman stated they were captured as they fired <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> assault rifles at a French <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">fishing vessel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FoxNews20091108-70">[70]</a> The Chandlers were released on 14 November 2010 after 388 days of captivity. At least two ransom payments, reportedly over <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>500,000, had been made.<a href="#cite_note-uk-11752027-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010">2010</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2010">edit</a>]</div> In April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) alluded to possible covert and overt action against the pirates. CIA officials had been publicly warning of this potential threat for months. In a <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a> article, a CIA official said, "We need to deal with this problem from the beach side, in concert with the ocean side, but we don't have an embassy in Somalia and limited, ineffective intelligence operations. We need to work in Somalia and in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, where a lot of the ransom money has changed hands. But our operations in Lebanon are a joke, and we have no presence at all in Somalia".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In early May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Russian special forces</a> retook a Russian oil tanker that had been hijacked by 11 pirates. One died in the assault, and a week later Russian military officials reported that the remainder were freed due to weaknesses in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> but died before reaching the Somali coast. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> had announced the day the ship was retaken that "we'll have to do what our forefathers did when they met the pirates" until a suitable way of prosecuting them is available.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 11 May 2010, Somali pirates seized a Bulgarian-flagged ship in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. Panega, with 15 Bulgarian crew members aboard, was en route from the Red Sea to India or Pakistan. This was the first such hijacking of a Bulgarian-flagged ship. On 12 May 2010, Athens announced that Somali pirates had seized a Greek vessel in the Gulf of Aden with at least 24 people on board, including two Greek citizens and several Philippine citizens. The vessel, sailing under the Liberian flag, was transporting iron from Ukraine to China. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011">2011</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2011">edit</a>]</div> On 14 January 2011, while speaking to reporters, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</a> Michiel Hijmans of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a> stated that the use of hijacked vessels in more recent hijackings had led to increased range of pirating activities, as well as difficulty to actively thwart future events due to the use of kidnapped sailors as <a href="/wiki/Human_shields" class="mw-redirect" title="Human shields">human shields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On 15 January 2011 13 Somali pirates <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">seized Samho Jewelry</a>, a Maltese-flagged chemical carrier operated by Samho Shipping, 650 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy" title="Republic of Korea Navy">Republic of Korea Navy</a> destroyer <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Choe_Yeong_(DDH-981)" title="ROKS Choe Yeong (DDH-981)">Choi Young</a> shadowed Samho Jewelry for several days. In the early morning of 21 January 2011, 25 <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy_UDT/SEAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea Navy UDT/SEAL">ROK Navy SEALs</a> on small boats launched from Choi Young boarded Samho Jewelry while Choi Young's <a href="/wiki/Super_Lynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Lynx">Westland Super Lynx</a> provided covering fire. Eight pirates were killed and five captured in the operation; the crew of 21 was freed with the captain suffering a gunshot wound to the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The captain fully recovered later. On 28 January 2011, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a> aircraft while responding to a distress call from CMA CGM Verdi, located two skiffs attempting a piracy attack near <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>. Seeing the aircraft, the skiffs immediately aborted their piracy attempt and dashed towards the mother vessel, MV Prantalay 14 – a hijacked Thai trawler, which hurriedly hoisted the two skiffs on board and moved westward. The Indian Navy deployed <a href="/wiki/INS_Cankarso_(T73)" class="mw-redirect" title="INS Cankarso (T73)">INS Cankaraso (T73)</a> which located and engaged the mothership 100 nautical miles (190 km) north of the <a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a> island. Ten pirates were killed while 15 were apprehended and 20 <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> and Burmese fishermen being held aboard the ship as hostages were rescued.<a href="#cite_note-google1-76">[76]</a> Within a week of its previous success, the Indian Navy captured another hijacked Thai trawler, MV Prantalay 11 and captured 28 pirates aboard in an operation undertaken by <a href="/wiki/INS_Tir_(A86)" title="INS Tir (A86)">INS Tir</a> pursuant to receiving information that a <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> merchant ship had been attacked by pirates on board high-speed boats, although it had managed to avoid capture. When INS Tir ordered the pirate ship to stop and be boarded for inspection, it was fired upon. INS Tir returned fire in which three pirates were injured and caused the pirates to raise a white flag indicating their surrender. INS Tir subsequently was joined by CGS Samar of the Indian Coast Guard. Officials from the Indian Navy reported that a total of 52 men were apprehended, but of that 24 are believed to be Thai fishermen who were hostages of the 28 African pirates.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In late February 2011, piracy targeting smaller yachts and collecting ransom made headlines when four Americans were killed aboard their vessel, Quest, by their captors, while a military ship shadowed them.<a href="#cite_note-Americans_slain_by_captors_on_hijacked_yacht;_pirates_killed,_arrested-78">[78]</a> A federal court in Norfolk, Virginia, sentenced three members of the gang that seized the yacht to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> On 24 February 2011 a Danish family on a yacht were captured by pirates.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In March 2011, the Indian Navy intercepted a pirate mother vessel 600 nautical miles (1,100 km) west of the Indian coast in the Arabian Sea and rescued 13 hostages, the names of the 13 hostages are James Blaydes, Thomas Walton, Lucas Pittman, Thomas Strauss, William Dickey, Jett Rice, Jude Coppola, and Rex Reeves. The names of the others were not found. Sixty-one pirates were also caught in the operation carried out by Navy's <a href="/wiki/INS_Kalpeni_(T75)" class="mw-redirect" title="INS Kalpeni (T75)">INS Kalpeni (T75)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In late March 2011, the Indian Navy seized 16 suspected pirates after a three-hour-long battle in the Arabian Sea, The navy also rescued 16 crew members of a hijacked Iranian ship west of the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshadweep Islands">Lakshadweep Islands</a>. The crew included 12 Iranians and four Pakistanis.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In October 2011, <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jessica_Buchanan_and_Poul_Hagen_Thisted" title="Rescue of Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted">Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted</a>, while working on a <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">demining</a> project with the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Refugee_Council" title="Danish Refugee Council">Danish Refugee Council</a>; were kidnapped by <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galkayo" title="Galkayo">Galkayo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>The pair were rescued in January 2012.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2012-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2012">edit</a>]</div> On 5 January 2012, an MH-60S Seahawk from the <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile destroyer">guided-missile destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Kidd_(DDG-100)" title="USS Kidd (DDG-100)">USS Kidd</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_3" title="Carrier Strike Group 3">Carrier Strike Group 3</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/USS_John_C._Stennis" title="USS John C. Stennis">USS John C. Stennis</a>, detected a suspected pirate skiff alongside the Iranian-flagged fishing boat, Al Molai. The master of Al Molai sent a distress call about the same time reporting pirates were holding him captive. A visit, board, search and seizure team from Kidd boarded the dhow, a traditional Arabian sailing vessel, and detained 15 suspected pirates who had been holding a 13-member Iranian crew hostage for several weeks. Al Molai had been hijacked and used as a mothership for pirate operations throughout the Persian Gulf, members of the Iranian vessel's crew reported.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On 21 January 2012, while researching a book on piracy via a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Center_for_Crisis_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting">Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting</a> grant; journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_Moore" title="Michael Scott Moore">Michael Scott Moore</a> was abducted in <a href="/wiki/Galkayo" title="Galkayo">Galkayo</a> by a local gang of pirates, who subsequently demanded $20 million.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] U.S. and <a href="/wiki/German_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="German Foreign Ministry">German officials</a> negotiated with the pirates until Moore was freed, September 22, 2014, after $USD1.6 million dollars ransom was paid, and following 977 days of captivity.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Moore's account is detailed in his memoir, The Desert and the Sea: 977 Days Captive on the Somali Pirate Coast.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> On 25 January 2012, <a href="/wiki/Navy_SEAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy SEAL">Navy SEALs</a> parachuted from a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">C-130 Hercules</a> twelve miles north of the Somali town of Adado, <a href="/wiki/Galguduud" title="Galguduud">Galguduud</a>, where pirates held hostages in order to seek ransom for them.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2012-84">[84]</a> The SEALs, traveling on foot from the <a href="/wiki/Drop_zone" title="Drop zone">drop zone</a>, attacked the compound, and engaged in battle, killing all nine pirates and rescuing two aid workers, <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jessica_Buchanan_and_Poul_Hagen_Thisted" title="Rescue of Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted">Jessica Buchanan and Poul Hagen Thisted</a> held captive since the previous October.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The rescue raid is detailed in A first-hand account of the raid appears in Buchanan's 2014 memoir, Impossible Odds: The Kidnapping of Jessica Buchanan and Her Dramatic Rescue by SEAL Team Six.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2013_and_decline">2013 and decline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2013 and decline">edit</a>]</div> On 11 October, pirates attacked Hong Kong registered tanker Island Splendor and attacked a Spanish fishing vessel three days later. Suspected to have been carried out by the same group of pirates, they were tracked down by RFA Fort Victoria, supported by <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(FFG_05)" title="HMAS Melbourne (FFG 05)">HMAS Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Wang_Geon_(DDH-978)" title="ROKS Wang Geon (DDH-978)">ROKS Wang Geon</a>, European Union flagship <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Johan_de_Witt" title="HNLMS Johan de Witt">HNLMS Johan de Witt</a>, and a Seychelles-based maritime patrol aircraft from Luxembourg. The pirate skiffs were tracked by Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk" title="Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk">Seahawk</a> helicopter, a boarding team from Melbourne searched the skiffs, they successfully apprehended nine pirates and later destroyed two skiffs and their equipment.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> By December 2013, the US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a> reported that only nine vessels had been attacked during the year by the pirates, with no successful hijackings.<a href="#cite_note-Qspwrtzty-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Control_Risks_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Risks Group">Control Risks</a> attributed this 90% decline in pirate activity from the corresponding period in 2012 to the adoption of best management practices by vessel owners and crews, armed private security on board ships, a significant naval presence, and the development of onshore security forces.<a href="#cite_note-Tspidnpfly-93">[93]</a> With the increase in <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing</a> off Somalia after the 2013 decline in piracy, fishing vessels became targets in a few incidents in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-kriel-94">[94]</a> In March two Iranian vessels and in November one Iranian and a Thai vessel were attacked.<a href="#cite_note-kriel-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015">2015</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, a report by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Navy_(Spain)" title="Chief of Staff of the Navy (Spain)">Office of the Chieff of Staff of the Navy</a> stated that the EU <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a> had been a "success" and that the "periodic reports prepared by intelligence units and sent to the Navy Staff reflect the “practical eradication of suspicious activity” in these waters."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> After a small rebound in 2017, the European Union has periodically extended Operation Atalanta, and the official position has been that "piracy in Somalia is contained, but not eradicated".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017">2017</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> The tanker Aris 13, which had been carrying fuel from Djibouti to <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, was hijacked off the coast of Somalia on 13 March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> This was the first reported hijacking of a large commercial vessel in five years. Two skiffs approached the tanker and boarded the vessel off the northern coast of Somalia. Eight Sri Lankan crew members were aboard at the time. After being captured, Aris 13 was taken to Alula and anchored there before its release without ransom was confirmed by security officials on 16 March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023">2023</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2023">edit</a>]</div> In January 2023, the "Indian Ocean High Risk Area" was removed, following no reported attacks by Somali pirates for several years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a> Piracy resurged in the region during the early 2020s,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> with incidents of piracy and hijacking in the Somali basin continuing to increase.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The March 2024 hijacking of the Ruen by Somali pirates was their first successful attack on commercial shipping tankers since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Splash-104">[104]</a> In November 2023, amid the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, the crew of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Mason_(DDG-87)" title="USS Mason (DDG-87)">USS Mason (DDG-87)</a> thwarted a suspected Somali pirate attack<a href="#cite_note-cppolitico-105">[105]</a> on the Central Park, a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">Liberian-flagged</a> tanker ship owned by <a href="/wiki/Zodiac_Maritime" title="Zodiac Maritime">Zodiac Maritime</a>, which is owned by an Israeli.<a href="#cite_note-cpwapo-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024">2024</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2024">edit</a>]</div> In the beginning of 2024, piracy seemed to have had a rebound in the region.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In March 2024, <a href="/wiki/MV_Abdullah" title="MV Abdullah">MV Abdullah</a> was hijacked by pirates and the crew taken hostage.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The increase has been attributed to a change of focus, from the Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea, according to the Maritime Policy Initiative at the <a href="/wiki/Observer_Research_Foundation" title="Observer Research Foundation">Observer Research Foundation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Pirates armed with Kalashnikov-style rifles and rocket-propelled grenades fired upon the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">flagged</a> Chrystal Arctic in an attempted hijacking as it voyaged through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> on May 10 but subsequently retreated after the vessel's security team returned fire. The vessel continued its voyage with all of its crew members safe.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Six suspected Somali pirates were later located and detained by <a href="/wiki/EUNAVFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="EUNAVFOR">EUNAVFOR</a> naval forces, as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Indian Navy has now emerged as a very important player in the western Indian Ocean and has repeatedly carried out operations against pirates. In March 2024, 35 Somali pirates captured from the hijacked bulk carrier MV Reun were sent to Mumbai to be tried. The Indian Navy had carried out a major long-range operation to free the ship.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pirates">Pirates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pirates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_Pirates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/220px-Somali_Pirates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/330px-Somali_Pirates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/440px-Somali_Pirates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Photomontage of Somali pirates on the <a href="/wiki/MV_Faina" title="MV Faina">MV Faina</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profile">Profile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Profile">edit</a>]</div> Most Somali pirates are young.<a href="#cite_note-Wpfeo-113">[113]</a> An official list issued in 2010 by the Somali government of 40 apprehended pirate suspects noted that 80% (32/40) were born in Somalia's southern conflict zones, while only 20% (8/40) came from the more stable northern regions.<a href="#cite_note-Mmsaokxs-114">[114]</a> As of 2012, the pirates primarily operated from the <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> region in the central section of the country.<a href="#cite_note-PMPFEE-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apclih-116">[116]</a> In previous years, they largely ventured to sea from ports located in the northeastern province of <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> until the regional administration launched a major anti-piracy campaign and operation and established a <a href="/wiki/Puntland_Maritime_Police_Force" title="Puntland Maritime Police Force">maritime police force</a> (PMPF).<a href="#cite_note-PMPFEE-115">[115]</a> According to a 2008 BBC report, the pirates can be divided into three main categories: <ul><li>Local <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fishermen</a>, considered the brains of the pirates' operations due to their skill and knowledge of the sea.</li> <li>Ex-militiamen, who previously fought for the local clan warlords, or ex-military from the former <a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a> government used as the muscle.</li> <li>Technical experts, who operate equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS devices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pirates_high_life-117">[117]</a></li></ul> The closest <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> term for 'pirate' is burcad badeed, which means "ocean robber". However, the pirates themselves prefer to be called badaadinta badah or "saviours of the sea" (often translated as "coast guard").<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodology">Methodology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Methodology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_boat_in_Baltiysk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Captured_boat_in_Baltiysk.jpg/220px-Captured_boat_in_Baltiysk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Captured_boat_in_Baltiysk.jpg/330px-Captured_boat_in_Baltiysk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Captured_boat_in_Baltiysk.jpg/440px-Captured_boat_in_Baltiysk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>A pirate <a href="/wiki/Skiff" title="Skiff">skiff</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a>, Russia — captured by the Russian Navy</figcaption></figure> The methods used in a typical pirate attack have been analyzed.<a href="#cite_note-bmp3-119">[119]</a> They show that while attacks can be expected at any time, most occur during the day; often in the early hours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] They may involve two or more <a href="/wiki/Skiff" title="Skiff">skiffs</a> that can reach speeds of up to 25 knots. With the help of motherships that include captured fishing and <a href="/wiki/Merchant_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant vessel">merchant vessels</a>, the operating range of the skiffs has been increased far into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. An attacked vessel is approached from quarter or stern; <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">RPGs</a> and small arms are used to intimidate the operator to slow down and allow boarding. Light ladders are brought along to climb aboard. Pirates then will try to get control of the bridge to take operational control of the vessel.<a href="#cite_note-bmp3-119">[119]</a> When pirates take control of the bridge, they do not seek to steal from the ship or to impose violence on any of the crew. Instead, they attempt to get into communications with the ship's bank via radio and telephone. Once they have reached communications with the bank, they hand the operation over to their negotiator, who is on land somewhere in or around Somalia. The negotiator often has a strong command of the English language and an understanding of finance. It is their job to win a large <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> money for the pirates from the ship's bank. While these negotiations go on, the pirates hold the crew hostage, maintaining as much order as possible. Oftentimes, these negotiations can take many hours and even several days. Once an agreement is reached between the negotiator and the ship's bank, a helicopter hovers over the ship and drops a package full of cash onto the ship's deck. When the pirates have retrieved their ransom money, they call back their mother ship to come pick them up. Once picked up from the ship, they flee the scene as quickly as possible, returning to the shores of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>, pirates often jettison their equipment in the sea before arrest, as this lowers the likelihood of a successful prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-Iteuapnc-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaponry_and_funding">Weaponry and funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Weaponry and funding">edit</a>]</div> The pirates obtain most of their weapons from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, but a significant number are sourced from <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, Somalia's capital. Weapons dealers in the capital receive a deposit from a <a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">hawala</a> dealer on behalf of the pirates and the weapons are then driven to <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a>, where the pirates pay the balance.<a href="#cite_note-Pirates_high_life-117">[117]</a> Various photographs of pirates in situ indicate that their weapons are predominantly <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a>, <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_56_assault_rifle" title="Type 56 assault rifle">Type 56</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPK" title="RPK">RPK</a>, <a href="/wiki/PK_machine_gun#PKM" title="PK machine gun">PKM</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokarev_pistol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokarev pistol">Tokarev pistols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Additionally, given the particular origin of their weaponry, they are likely to have <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">hand grenades</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/RGD-5" title="RGD-5">RGD-5</a> or <a href="/wiki/F1_grenade_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="F1 grenade (Russia)">F1</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The funding of piracy operations is now structured in a <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>, with investors buying and selling shares in upcoming attacks in a bourse in <a href="/wiki/Harardhere" title="Harardhere">Harardhere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Pirates say ransom money is paid in large-denomination US dollar bills. It is delivered to them in <a href="/wiki/Burlap" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlap">burlap</a> sacks, which are either dropped from helicopters or cased in waterproof suitcases loaded onto tiny <a href="/wiki/Skiff" title="Skiff">skiffs</a>. To authenticate the <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>, pirates use <a href="/wiki/Currency-counting_machine" title="Currency-counting machine">currency-counting machines</a>, the same technology used at foreign exchange bureaus worldwide. According to one pirate, these machines are, in turn, purchased from business connections in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, and other areas.<a href="#cite_note-Boomtowns-125">[125]</a> Hostages seized by the pirates usually have to wait 45 days or more for the ships' owners to pay the ransom and secure their release.<a href="#cite_note-Piratesgained-126">[126]</a> In 2008, there were also allegations that the pirates received assistance from some members of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a>. Somali expatriates, including some members of the Somali community in Canada, reportedly offered funds, equipment and information.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> According to the head of the UN's counter-piracy division, Colonel John Steed, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a> group in 2011 increasingly sought to cooperate with the pirate gangs in the face of dwindling funds and resources for their own activities.<a href="#cite_note-pirate_links-128">[128]</a> Steed, however, acknowledged that he had no definite proof of operational ties between the pirates and the Islamist militants. Detained pirates also indicated to <a href="/wiki/UNODC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNODC">UNODC</a> officials that some measure of cooperation with Al-Shabaab militants was necessary, as they have increasingly launched maritime raids from areas in southern Somalia controlled by the insurgent outfit. Al-Shabaab members have also extorted the pirates, demanding protection money from them and forcing seized pirate gang leaders in Harardhere to hand over 20% of future ransom proceeds.<a href="#cite_note-Prceuwsm-129">[129]</a> It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> have received funding from pirate operations. A maritime intelligence source told <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> that it was "'inconceivable' to Western intelligence agencies that al Qaeda would not be getting some financial reward from the successful hijackings". They go on to express concern about this funding link being able to keep the group satisfied, as piracy gains more publicity and higher ransoms.<a href="#cite_note-AQ_Urges-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Root_causes">Root causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Root causes">edit</a>]</div> A combination of root causes can be attributed to the pervasive presence of piracy off the coast of Somalia including; geography, weak law enforcement and corruption as well as economic factors. Most of these drivers display considerable overlap just like they can be viewed as derivative effects of land based problems<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The following section breaks down some of the identified root causes for the pervasiveness of piracy in the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> One of the most vital shipping routes of the world takes international trade across the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Indian_Ocean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Indian Ocean (page does not exist)">Western Indian Ocean</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Bab_el-Mandeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab el-Mandeb">Bab el-Mandeb</a> strait connecting the Red Sea with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> making it the perfect strategic place for pirates to operate. Generally, pirate activities thrive in areas with high value maritime traffic.<a href="#cite_note-Bueger_&_Edmunds-132">[132]</a> Thus, geography plays a significant role in making the coast of Somalia a lucrative place for pirates to hijack vessels. In this context, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> is one of the most lucrative places for piracy in the world, because of its close proximity to the main merchant shipping route.<a href="#cite_note-Akar-133">[133]</a> More than 20% of global trade passes through the Gulf of Aden.<a href="#cite_note-EUNAVFOR-134">[134]</a> The region is characterized by a diverse geography including one of the world’s most important maritime chokepoints, the Bab-el Mandeb strait as well as wide-open ocean off the coast of Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-EIA-135">[135]</a> The area had earlier been designated as a high risk area in 2010 during the peak of pirate attacks but this designation was removed again from 2023 as the level of attacks declined.<a href="#cite_note-Larsen-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICS_Shipping-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Maritime_Executive-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_factors">Economic factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic factors">edit</a>]</div> Given that the piracy in the area is a fundamentally profit-driven activity, economic factors also play a huge role in explaining the root causes. This is due to myriad factors such as socioeconomic factors, unemployment, a lack of viable economic alternatives to piracy,<a href="#cite_note-Moss_et_al.-17">[17]</a> and the emission of toxic waste by foreign companies causing the fishing industry as a source of income to crumble.<a href="#cite_note-PolyMatter-139">[139]</a> In general, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia" title="Economy of Somalia">economy of Somalia</a> is classified as a least developed country, being dependent on agriculture and livestock which is challenged by the harsh climate and poor soil. Furthermore, as a result of civil unrest, the Somali economy was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Karawita-16">[16]</a> Piracy is often linked to insecurity on land and caused by lack of other opportunities to make a living.<a href="#cite_note-Moss_et_al.-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMCA-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-PolyMatter,_2022-142">[142]</a> This has also been the case in Somalia, where especially incomes from fishing have drastically declined. Therefore, piracy creates an alternative economic opportunity to improve the living conditions due to the possibility of striking a good ransom deal.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In essence, elements of poverty, lack of education and unemployment are viewed as main drivers.<a href="#cite_note-IMCA-141">[141]</a> The combination of high unemployment and the decline in the possibility of making a living from fishing creates the incentives to make a profit from piracy which is often associated with large sums of money.<a href="#cite_note-Karawita-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-PolyMatter,_2022-142">[142]</a> In a country where poverty is rampant, piracy offers an alternative way to make a living, which attracts young Somali men.<a href="#cite_note-Karawita-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weak_law_enforcement_and_corruption">Weak law enforcement and corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Weak law enforcement and corruption">edit</a>]</div> Somalia was ranked the most corrupt country in the world in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Transparency_International-144">[144]</a> Corrupt actors can help facilitate the piracy activities by turning a blind eye to or providing means for the pirates to operate and thereby also taking share in the multimillion-dollar business.<a href="#cite_note-Bueger_&_Edmunds-132">[132]</a> This occurs as a result of Somalia being a failed state leading to weak law enforcement and an ineffective government.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The access to information regarding the level of security on board of the vessels as well as the general ship information is of high value to the pirates making bribery of port and government officials essential.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Furthermore, according to Bueger & Edmunds, studies of piracy operations in Somalia show that laundering of profits, protecting from other criminals and supplying and recruitment are among the elements pirates depend on<a href="#cite_note-Bueger_&_Edmunds-132">[132]</a> The weak law enforcement occurs as a result of the last decades instability and civil unrest. Moreover, the general lawlessness which has pervaded the region can be seen as a result of the absence of a central authority. The inability to control the maritime territory and perform security tasks left the 3,330 km coastline of Somalia unpatrolled, giving rise to several forms of blue crimes.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Furthermore, the lack of patrolling and thereby control over the Somali territorial waters entailed the illegal fishing and plundering of Somalis fish stocks by foreign fishing ships.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The insufficient and absent response from the authorities to both illegal fishing by foreign ships and the dumping of toxic waste forced the Somali fishermen to take up arms against the foreign ships. From here piracy evolved from charging smaller amounts from illegal trawlers as a way of concealing their illegal activities to more extensive piracy including hostage taking. Overall, the weak law enforcement capacity, ineffective government and level of corruption all contribute to the enabling of piracy activities in the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_acceptability_and_legitimation">Cultural acceptability and legitimation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural acceptability and legitimation">edit</a>]</div> In continuation of the actions from the local coastal communities and fishermen against the illegal fishing by foreign fishers the element of cultural acceptability and legitimation also plays a significant role. The estimated cost of illegal fishing has been calculated by the UN at more than 300 $ for Somalia each year.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The cultural acceptability of piracy in Somali coastal communities stems from the perception of the actions taken against the external actors in the Somali water as legitimate. Since the illegal fishing and pollution crimes by foreign ships has increased the economic hardship and destroyed the livelihood of fishermen, this justified the actions against the foreign ships committed by the local fishermen<a href="#cite_note-Bueger_&_Edmunds-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_and_perceptions">Effects and perceptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effects and perceptions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piracy_Decline_LRIT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Piracy_Decline_LRIT.png/400px-Piracy_Decline_LRIT.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Piracy_Decline_LRIT.png/600px-Piracy_Decline_LRIT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Piracy_Decline_LRIT.png/800px-Piracy_Decline_LRIT.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Time series of maritime traffic crossing the Indian Ocean showing the effect of piracy and its progressive decline in re-routing ships. Each sub-plot shows 6-month colour-coded trips, red southbound and green northbound, using Long Range Identification and Tracking <a href="/wiki/Long-range_identification_and_tracking_(ships)" title="Long-range identification and tracking (ships)">(LRIT)</a> historical data. Operational authorities requested an increase of LRIT reporting frequency from ships in 2009 and 2010 in order to better track them remotely in the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">High Risk Area</a>. The increase of tracking points can be erroneously perceived as an apparently higher volume of traffic with respect to other periods.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Costs">edit</a>]</div> Significant negative effects of piracy have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-Cweattcop-151">[151]</a> In 2005, a liquefied petroleum tanker, MS Feisty Gas, was hijacked and ransomed for $315,000 after being held for about two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Mcknight_2012_42-152">[152]</a> In 2009, pirate income derived from ransoms was estimated at 42.1 million euros (about $58 million),<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> rising to $238 million in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-eyeft-154">[154]</a> The average ransom had risen to $5.4 million in 2010, up from around $150,000 in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Ransom_cash-155">[155]</a> However, by 2011, pirate ransom income dropped to $160 million, a downward trend which has been attributed to intensified counter-piracy efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Cweattcop-151">[151]</a> Besides the actual cost of paying ransoms, various attempts have been made at gauging indirect costs stemming from the piracy; especially those reportedly incurred over the course of anti-piracy initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-Cweattcop-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-piracycostecon-156">[156]</a> During the height of the piracy phenomenon in 2008, local residents complained that the presence of so many armed men made them feel insecure and that their free spending ways caused wild fluctuations in the local <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a>. Others faulted them for excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages and <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pirates_high_life-117">[117]</a> A 2010 report suggested that piracy off the coast of Somalia led to a decrease of revenue for <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> as fewer ships use the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> (estimated loss of about $642 million), impeded trade with neighboring countries, and negatively impacted tourism and fishing in the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eyeft-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-piracycost-157">[157]</a> According to Sky News, around 50% of the world's containers passed through the Horn of Africa coastline as of 2012. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Naval_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Naval Force">European Union Naval Force</a> (EU NAVFOR) has a yearly budget of over 8 million Euros earmarked for patrolling the 8.3 million square kilometres (3,200,000 square miles).<a href="#cite_note-Iteuapnc-121">[121]</a> A 2011 report by Oceans Beyond Piracy (OBP) suggested that the indirect costs of piracy were much higher and estimated to be between $6.6 to $6.9 billion, as they also included insurance, naval support, legal proceedings, re-routing of slower ships, and individual protective steps taken by ship-owners.<a href="#cite_note-OBP2011-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cweattcop-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-eyeft-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Luck-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pirate_Raids-160">[160]</a> Another report from 2011 published by the consultancy firm Geopolicity Inc. investigated the causes and consequences of international piracy, with a particular focus on such activity off the coast of Somalia. The paper asserted that what began as an attempt in the mid-1990s by Somali fishermen to protect their territorial waters has extended far beyond their seaboard and grown into an emerging market in its own right. Due to potentially substantial financial rewards, the report hypothesized that the number of new pirates could swell by 400 persons annually, that pirate ransom income could in turn rise to $400 million per year by 2015, and that piracy costs as a whole could increase to $15 billion over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-piracy-161">[161]</a> In 2011 alone, it has been estimated that MAERSK, the world's largest shipping company, incurred costs upwards of $200 million. To help combat this, the company introduced a 'piracy risk surcharge', ranging from $110-$170 per 40 ft equivalent unit.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> According to a 2012 investigative piece by the Somalia Report, the OBP paper and other similar reports that attempt to calibrate the global cost of piracy produce inaccurate estimates based on a variety of factors. Most saliently, instead of comparing the actual costs of piracy with the considerable benefits derived from the phenomenon by the maritime industry and local parties capitalizing on capacity-building initiatives, the OBP paper conflated the alleged piracy costs with the large premiums made by insurance companies and lumped them together with governmental and societal costs. The report also exaggerated the impact that piracy has had on the shipping sector, an industry which has grown steadily in size from 25,000 billion tonnes/miles to 35,000 billion tonnes/miles since the rise of Indian Ocean piracy in 2005. Moreover, the global costs of piracy reportedly represent a small fraction of total maritime shipping expenses and are significantly lower than more routine costs, such as those brought on by port theft, bad weather conditions or fuel-related issues. In the United States alone, the National Cargo Security Council estimated that between $10–$15 billion were stolen from ports in 2003, a figure several times higher than the projected global cost of piracy. Additionally, while the OBP paper alleged that pirate activity has had a significantly negative impact on regional economies, particularly the Kenyan tourism industry, tourist-derived revenue in Kenya rose by 32% in 2011. According to the Somalia Report investigation, the OBP paper also did not factor into its calculations the overall decline in successful pirate attacks beginning in the second half of 2011, a downward trend largely brought about by the increasing use of armed guards.<a href="#cite_note-OBP2011-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cweattcop-151">[151]</a> According to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Terence_E._McKnight" title="Terence E. McKnight">Terence E. McKnight</a>, ransom demands and payments have risen exponentially and the financers and pirates decided they are willing to wait as long as it takes to receive "high seven-figure payouts".<a href="#cite_note-Mcknight_2012_42-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a>]</div> Some benefits from the piracy have also been noted. In the earlier years of the phenomenon in 2008, it was reported that many local residents in pirate hubs such as <a href="/wiki/Harardhere" title="Harardhere">Harardhere</a> appreciated the rejuvenating effect that the pirates' on-shore spending and restocking had on their small towns, a presence which often provided jobs and opportunity when there were comparatively fewer. Entire hamlets were in the process reportedly transformed into <a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">boomtowns</a>, with local shop owners and other residents using their gains to purchase items such as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generators</a> for uninterrupted electricity.<a href="#cite_note-Boomtowns-125">[125]</a> However, the election of a new administration in 2009 in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> region saw a sharp decrease in pirate operations, as the provincial authorities launched a comprehensive anti-piracy campaign and established an official <a href="/wiki/Puntland_Maritime_Police_Force" title="Puntland Maritime Police Force">maritime police force</a> (PMPF). Since 2010, pirates have mainly operated from the Galmudug region to the south. According to the Somalia Report, the significant infrastructural development evident in Puntland's urban centers has also mainly come from a combination of government development programs, internal investment by local residents returning to their home regions following the civil war in the south, and especially <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittance</a> funds sent by the sizable Somali diaspora. The latter contributions have been estimated at $1.3–$2 billion a year, exponentially dwarfing pirate ransom proceeds, which total only a few million dollars annually and are difficult to track in terms of spending.<a href="#cite_note-Srpppp-163">[163]</a> Additionally, impoverished fishermen in Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> area in the southeastern <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region have reported their largest catches in 40 years, catching hundreds of kilos of fish and earning 50 times the average daily wage as a result. They attribute the recent abundance and variety of marine stock to the pirates scaring away foreign fishing trawlers, which have for decades deprived local <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhows</a> of a livelihood. According to marine biologists, indicators are that the local <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> is recovering because of the lack of commercial-scale fishing.<a href="#cite_note-Kfcsp-164">[164]</a> Piracy off the coast of Somalia also appears to have a positive impact on the problem of overfishing in Somali waters by foreign vessels. A comparison has been made with the situation in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> further to the south, which is also affected by fishing by foreign ships and generally lacks the means to effectively protect and regulate its territorial waters. There, catches have dropped to dramatically low levels, whereas in Somalia they have risen back to more acceptable levels since the beginning of the piracy.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> Of the 4,185 seafarers whose ships had been attacked by the pirates and the 1,090 who were held hostage in 2010, a third were reportedly abused. Some captives have also indicated that they were used as human shields for pirate attacks while being held hostage.<a href="#cite_note-obp-166">[166]</a> According to Reuters, of the 3,500 captured during a four-year period, 62 died. The causes of death included suicide and malnutrition,<a href="#cite_note-reu-167">[167]</a> with 25 of the deaths attributed to murder according to <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Dry_Cargo_Shipowners" title="International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners">Intercargo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hostkprbm-168">[168]</a> In some cases, the captives have also reported being tortured.<a href="#cite_note-Torture_detailed-169">[169]</a> Many seafarers are left traumatized after release.<a href="#cite_note-reu-167">[167]</a> According to many interviewed maritime security firms, ship owner groups, lawyers and insurance companies, fear of pirate attacks has increased the likelihood of violent encounters at sea, as untrained or overeager vessel guards have resorted to shooting indiscriminately without first properly assessing the actual threat level. In the process, they have killed both pirates and sometimes innocent fishermen, as well as jeopardizing the reputation of private maritime security firms with their reckless gun use. Since many of the new maritime security companies that have emerged often also enlist the services of off-duty policemen and former soldiers who saw combat in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, worries of a "<a href="/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre" title="Nisour Square massacre">Blackwater</a> out in the Indian Ocean" have only intensified.<a href="#cite_note-Hostkprbm-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profiteers">Profiteers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Profiteers">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/German_Institute_for_Economic_Research" title="German Institute for Economic Research">German Institute for Economic Research</a> (DIW), a veritable industry of profiteers has also risen around the piracy. <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a> companies, in particular, have profited from the pirate attacks, as insurance premiums have increased significantly. DIW reports that, in order to keep premiums high, insurance firms have not demanded that ship owners take security precautions that would make hijackings more difficult. For their part, shipping companies often ignore naval guidelines on how best to prevent pirate attacks in order to cut down on costs. In addition, security contractors and the arms industry have profited from the phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Gerforpol-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sovereignty_and_environmental_protection">Sovereignty and environmental protection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sovereignty and environmental protection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faina_highjacked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Faina_highjacked.jpg/220px-Faina_highjacked.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Faina_highjacked.jpg/330px-Faina_highjacked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Faina_highjacked.jpg/440px-Faina_highjacked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The crew of the merchant vessel <a href="/wiki/MV_Faina" title="MV Faina">Faina</a> stand on the deck after a U.S. Navy request to check on their health and welfare. The Belize-flagged cargo ship owned and operated by Kaalbye Shipping, Ukraine, was seized by pirates 25 September 2008 and forced to proceed to anchorage off the Somali coast. The ship was carrying a cargo of Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> tanks and related military equipment.</figcaption></figure> The former UN envoy for Somalia, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedou_Ould-Abdallah" title="Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah">Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah</a>, has stated that "because there is no (effective) government, there is … much irregular fishing from European and Asian countries,"<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEast-170">[170]</a> and that the UN has reliable information that European and Asian companies are dumping <a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">toxic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">nuclear waste</a> off the Somali coastline.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera11Oct2008-171">[171]</a> However, he stresses that "no government has endorsed this act, and that private companies and individuals acting alone are responsible".<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera11Oct2008-171">[171]</a> In addition, Ould-Abdallah told the press that he approached several international <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a>, to trace the illicit fishing and waste-dumping. He added that he believes the toxic waste dumping is "a disaster off the Somali coast, a disaster (for) the Somali environment, the Somali population", and that what he terms "this illegal fishing, illegal dumping of waste" helps fuel the civil war in Somalia since the illegal foreign fishermen pay off corrupt local officials or warlords for protection or to secure counterfeit licenses.<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEast-170">[170]</a> Ould-Abdallah noted that piracy will not prevent waste dumping: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I am convinced there is dumping of solid waste, chemicals and probably nuclear (waste).... There is no government (control) and there are few people with high moral ground[…] The intentions of these pirates are not concerned with protecting their environment. What is ultimately needed is a functioning, effective government that will get its act together and take control of its affairs.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, the UN envoy for Somalia<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera11Oct2008-171">[171]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Somali pirates which captured <a href="/wiki/MV_Faina" title="MV Faina">MV Faina</a>, a Ukrainian ship carrying tanks and military hardware, accused European firms of dumping toxic waste off the Somali coast and declared that the $8m ransom for the return of the ship will go towards cleaning up the waste. The ransom demand is a means of "reacting to the toxic waste that has been continually dumped on the shores of our country for nearly 20 years", Januna Ali Jama, a spokesman for the pirates said. "The Somali coastline has been destroyed, and we believe this money is nothing compared to the devastation that we have seen on the seas."<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera11Oct2008-171">[171]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libyan president</a> <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> argued that piracy; "[is] a response to greedy Western nations, who invade and exploit Somalia's water resources illegally...[it] is not a piracy, it is self defence."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Pirate leader Sugule Ali said their motive was "to stop illegal fishing and dumping in our waters … We don't consider ourselves sea bandits. We consider sea bandits [to be] those who illegally fish and dump in our seas and dump waste in our seas and carry weapons in our seas." According to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Hari" title="Johann Hari">Johann Hari</a>, the independent Somali news-site <a href="/w/index.php?title=WardherNews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WardherNews (page does not exist)">WardherNews</a> found that 70 percent "strongly supported the piracy as a form of national defence of the country's territorial waters".<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_dumping">Waste dumping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Waste dumping">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste_dumping_by_the_%27Ndrangheta" title="Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta">Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004</a>, allegations have emerged that after the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in late 1991, Somalia's long, remote shoreline was used as a dump site for the disposal of toxic waste. The huge waves which battered northern Somalia after the tsunami are believed to have stirred up tonnes of nuclear and toxic waste that was illegally dumped in Somali waters by several European firms – front companies created by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian mafia">Italian mafia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-174">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a> followed up these revelations by presenting before the press and the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> copies of contracts signed by two European companies—the Italian Swiss firm, Achair Partners, and an Italian waste broker, Progresso—and representatives of the warlords then in power, to accept 10 million tonnes of toxic waste in exchange for $80 million (then about £60 million). According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) assessment mission, there are far higher than normal cases of respiratory infections, mouth ulcers and bleeding, abdominal hemorrhages and unusual skin infections among many inhabitants of the areas around the northeastern towns of <a href="/wiki/Hobyo" title="Hobyo">Hobbio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Benadir">Benadir</a> on the Indian Ocean coast. UNEP continues that the current situation along the Somali coastline poses a very serious environmental hazard not only in Somalia but also in the eastern Africa sub-region.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1992, reports ran in the European press of "unnamed European firms" contracting with local warlords to dump toxic waste both in Somalia and off Somalia's shores. The United Nations Environment Program was called in to investigate, and the Italian parliament issued a report later in the decade. Several European "firms" — really front companies created by the <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">Italian mafia</a> — contracted with local <a href="/wiki/Somali_warlords" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali warlords">Somali warlords</a> to ship hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic industrial waste from Europe to Somalia.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Troy S. Thomas, Warlords rising: confronting violent non-state actors<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Under Article 9(1)(d) of the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention_on_the_Control_of_Transboundary_Movements_of_Hazardous_Wastes_and_Their_Disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal">Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal</a>, it is illegal for "any transboundary movement of hazardous wastes or other wastes: that results in deliberate disposal (e.g. dumping) of hazardous wastes or other wastes in contravention of this Convention and of general principles of international law".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Nick_Nuttall" title="Nick Nuttall">Nick Nuttall</a> of the United Nations Environmental Programme, "Somalia has been used as a dumping ground for hazardous waste starting in the early 1990s, and continuing through the civil war there", and "European companies found it to be very cheap to get rid of the waste, costing as little as $2.50 a tonne, where waste disposal costs in Europe are closer to $1000 per tonne."<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera11Oct2008-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNEP16Mar05-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegal_fishing">Illegal fishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Illegal fishing">edit</a>]</div> At the same time, foreign trawlers began illegally fishing Somalia's seas, with an estimated $300 million of <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a> being taken each year, depleting stocks previously available to local fishermen. Through interception with speedboats, Somali fishermen tried to either dissuade the dumpers and trawlers or levy a "tax" on them as compensation, as Segule Ali's previously mentioned quote notes. Peter Lehr, a Somalia piracy expert at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St. Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a>, says "It's almost like a resource swap", Somalis collect up to $100 million a year from pirate ransoms off their coasts and the Europeans and Asians poach around $300 million a year in fish from Somali waters.<a href="#cite_note-Hari-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The UK's Department for International Development (DFID) issued a report in 2005 stating that, between 2003 and 2004, Somalia lost about $100 million in revenue due to illegal <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> fishing in the country's <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> by foreign trawlers.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2009-181">[181]</a> In an effort to curb illegal fishing the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> introduced new legislation in December 2014 which banned bottom trawling by domestic and foreign vessels, made all prior licenses null and void, and reserved the first 24 nm of Somali waters for Somali fishers.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Foreign fishing vessels caught an estimate 92,500 mt of fish in 2014, almost twice that caught by the Somali domestic fleet. Iran (48%) and Yemen (31%) accounted for the vast majority of foreign fish catch in the most recent year of analysis.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> According to Roger Middleton of <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a>, "The problem of <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> and illegal fishing in Somali waters is a very serious one, and does affect the livelihoods of people inside Somalia […] the dumping of toxic waste on Somalia's shores is a very serious issue, which will continue to affect people in Somalia long after the war has ended, and piracy is resolved".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> To lure fish to their traps, foreign trawlers reportedly also use fishing equipment under prohibition such as nets with very small mesh sizes and sophisticated underwater lighting systems.<a href="#cite_note-MiddleEast-170">[170]</a> Under Article 56(1)(b)(iii) of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Sea Convention">Law of the Sea Convention</a>:<blockquote>"In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State has jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to the protection and preservation of the marine environment".</blockquote> Article 57 of the Convention in turn outlines the limit of that jurisdiction:<blockquote>"The exclusive economic zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured".<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></blockquote> According to Amedeo Policante, a researcher from Goldsmiths College, University of London: "The devastating effect of these types of corporate-led form of capital accumulation cannot be overstated in a region where, according to the most recent reports of the UNEP, over 30 million people are dependent on maritime and coastal resources for their daily livelihoods. Nevertheless, there was little or no international will to insist on the implementation of the United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea, which banish both over-fishing and toxic dumping in oceanic waters. This form of illegality – despite the environmental disruption and the high cost in human life it implied – was not perceived as an existential threat by states and it was therefore left unchecked. Only when piracy appeared in the region the lack of effective sovereign control over the Gulf of Aden was problematized".<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-piracy_measures">Anti-piracy measures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Anti-piracy measures">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-piracy_measures_in_Somalia" title="Anti-piracy measures in Somalia">Anti-piracy measures in Somalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_piracy_operations_by_INS_Tabar,_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden_on_November_18,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anti_piracy_operations_by_INS_Tabar%2C_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden_on_November_18%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Anti_piracy_operations_by_INS_Tabar%2C_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden_on_November_18%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anti_piracy_operations_by_INS_Tabar%2C_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden_on_November_18%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Anti_piracy_operations_by_INS_Tabar%2C_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden_on_November_18%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anti_piracy_operations_by_INS_Tabar%2C_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden_on_November_18%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Anti_piracy_operations_by_INS_Tabar%2C_in_the_Gulf_of_Aden_on_November_18%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Anti piracy operations by Indian Navy's <a href="/wiki/INS_Tabar" title="INS Tabar">INS Tabar</a>, in the Gulf of Aden on 18 November 2008</figcaption></figure> As of 2013, four international naval task forces operated in the region, with numerous national vessels and task forces entering and leaving the region, engaging in counter-piracy operations for various lengths of time. The three international task forces which compose the bulk of counter-piracy operations are <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_150" title="Combined Task Force 150">Combined Task Force 150</a> (whose overarching mission is <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom</a>), <a href="/wiki/CTF_151" class="mw-redirect" title="CTF 151">Combined Task Force 151</a> (which was set up in 2009 specifically to run counter-piracy operations),<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> the EU naval task force operating under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a> and the SADC naval task force operating under Operation Copper.<a href="#cite_note-operation_copper-188">[188]</a> All counter-piracy operations are coordinated through a monthly planning conference called <a href="/wiki/Shared_Awareness_and_Deconfliction_(SHADE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE)">Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SHADE-189">[189]</a> Originally having representatives only from NATO, the EU, and the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Maritime_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Maritime Forces">Combined Maritime Forces</a> (CMF) HQ in Bahrain, it now regularly attracts representatives from over 20 countries. Between 2009 and 2010, the government of the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> region in northeastern Somalia enacted a number of reforms and pre-emptive measures as a part of its officially declared anti-piracy campaign.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In May 2010, construction also began on a new naval base in the town of Bandar Siyada, located 25 km west of <a href="/wiki/Bosaso" title="Bosaso">Bosaso</a>, the commercial capital of Puntland.<a href="#cite_note-Horseed-191">[191]</a> These numerous security measures appear to have borne fruit, as many pirates were apprehended in 2010, including a prominent leader.<a href="#cite_note-Abcpulas-192">[192]</a> Puntland's security forces also reportedly managed to force out the pirate gangs from their traditional safe havens such as Eyl and Gar'ad,<a href="#cite_note-PPDGA-193">[193]</a> with the pirates now primarily operating from <a href="/wiki/Hobyo" title="Hobyo">Hobyo</a>, El Danaan and Harardhere in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-PPDGA2-194">[194]</a> Government officials from the <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> administration in the north-central <a href="/wiki/Hobyo" title="Hobyo">Hobyo</a> district have also reportedly attempted to use pirate gangs as a bulwark against Islamist insurgents from southern Somalia's conflict zones;<a href="#cite_note-jgtle-195">[195]</a> other pirates are alleged to have reached agreements of their own with the Islamist groups, although a senior commander from the <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a> militia vowed to eradicate piracy by imposing <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">sharia law</a> when his group briefly took control of Harardhere in May 2010 and drove out the local pirates.<a href="#cite_note-jgtle-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sivteppfws-196">[196]</a> By the first half of 2010, these increased policing efforts by Somali government authorities on land along with international naval vessels at sea reportedly contributed to a drop in pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden from 86 a year prior to 33, forcing pirates to shift attention to other areas such as the Somali Basin and the wider Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Abcpulas-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_pirate_attacks_drop_18%-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spfawp-198">[198]</a> The government of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> has adopted stringent anti-piracy measures, arresting and imprisoning pirates forced to make port in <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prevent_Piracy-200">[200]</a> In addition to naval patrolling and marine capacity building, the shipping industry implemented Best Management Practices (BMP) in the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_High_Risk_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy High Risk Area">Piracy High Risk Area</a> (HRA), a maritime area bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. The Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">People's Liberation Army Navy</a> began participation in anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden/Horn of Africa, off the Somalian coast, in December 2008; this was the first time that the modern Chinese navy was deployed to an operational mission outside of China's claimed territorial waters.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> In 2017, China officially opened its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Support_Base_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti">first overseas military base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>; the base is used for anti-piracy operations, as well as unrelated Chinese efforts aimed at "intelligence collection, non-combat evacuation operations, peacekeeping operation support, and counterterrorism."<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trials">Trials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Trials">edit</a>]</div> In May 2010, a Yemeni court sentenced six Somali pirates to death and jailed six others for 10 years each, for hijacking a Yemeni oil tanker, killing one cabin crew member and leaving another missing in April 2009.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In May 2010, another Somali, <a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a>, pleaded guilty in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">New York federal court</a> to seizing a United States-flagged ship Maersk Alabama and kidnapping its captain and was sentenced to 33 years imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The first European trial of alleged Somali pirates opened in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in May 2010. They were arrested in the Gulf of Aden in January 2009, when their high-speed boat was intercepted by a Danish frigate while allegedly preparing to board the cargo ship Samanyolu, which was registered in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Dutch Antilles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The pirates were sentenced to five years in prison, which was less than the maximum possible sentence. It is unlikely the men will be returned to Somalia after their sentence, as Somalia is considered too dangerous for deportation. One of the five has already applied for <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> in the Netherlands. Consequently, there are concerns that trials in European courts would encourage, rather than deter, pirates.<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-206">[206]</a> However, trials are continuing in Europe. More recently in Paris, November 2011,<a href="#cite_note-google_news-207">[207]</a> five men were sentenced to between four and eight years; one man was acquitted. A trial was also held in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> for ten Somali pirates who had hijacked the freighter Taipan in 2010. They were found guilty in 2012 and sentenced to 6-7 years in prison with reduced time for the <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juveniles</a> among them. After release, five left Germany, the others filed for asylum.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In Italy, nine Somali pirates had been tried and sentenced to prison terms of 16 and 19 years.<a href="#cite_note-Crippa_Italian_sentence-209">[209]</a> They had been found guilty of attempted kidnapping for extortion and illegal possession of firearms, in connection with 10 October 2011 attack and seizure of an Italian-owned cargo vessel, the Montecristo.<a href="#cite_note-Crippa_Italian_trial-210">[210]</a> On 1 April 2010, <a href="/wiki/USS_Nicholas_(FFG-47)" title="USS Nicholas (FFG-47)">USS Nicholas</a> was on patrol off the Somali coast when it took fire from men in a small skiff. After chasing down the skiff and its mothership, US military captured five Somalis.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Alvin_Jackson" title="Raymond Alvin Jackson">Raymond A. Jackson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">Federal District Court</a> judge in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a> threw out the piracy charge, which dates from enactment in 1819 when piracy was defined only as robbery at sea. The penalty for piracy is mandatory life in prison. The U.S. government appealed the ruling.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In March 2011 the five Somalis were sentenced to life for piracy to run consecutively with the 80-year term.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In the same month 13 Somalis and one Yemeni suspected of hijacking and killing four Americans aboard a yacht made their first appearance in federal court in Norfolk.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> On 28 January 2011, pursuant to the naval engagement of the pirate mother vessel MV Prantalay (a hijacked Thai trawler) by Car Nicobar-class fast attack craft INS Cankarso, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a> killed 10 pirates and apprehended 15, while rescuing 20 Thai and Burmese fishermen that were held aboard the ship as hostages. The rescued fishermen were sent to <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> while the 15 pirates, of Somali, Ethiopian and Kenyan origin, were taken to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Police">Mumbai Police</a> confirmed that they registered a case against the pirates for attempt to murder and various other provisions under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> and the Passports Act for entering the Indian waters without permission.<a href="#cite_note-google1-76">[76]</a> In May 2012, a U.S. federal appeals court upheld the convictions of five pirates, a decision which prosecutors described as the first United States-based piracy convictions in 190 years.<a href="#cite_note-US_Pirate_Trial-215">[215]</a> In October 2013, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abdi_Hassan" title="Mohamed Abdi Hassan">Mohamed Abdi Hassan</a> ("Afweyne") was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> for having allegedly masterminded the 2009 hijacking of the Belgian dredge vessel Pompei, abducted its crew, and participated in a criminal organization. According to federal prosecutor Johan Delmulle, Hassan was responsible for the hijacking of dozens of commercial ships from 2008 to 2013.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In March 2016, Hassan was tried in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment for leading the 2009 hijacking of the Pompei.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_2009_Egyptian_hostage_escape" title="August 2009 Egyptian hostage escape">August 2009 Egyptian hostage escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">April 2009 raid off Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Italian_Navy_Marines_shooting_incident_in_the_Laccadive_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Italian Navy Marines shooting incident in the Laccadive Sea">2012 Italian Navy Marines shooting incident in the Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention_on_the_Control_of_Transboundary_Movements_of_Hazardous_Wastes_and_Their_Disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal">Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strikes in Somalia">Drone strikes in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_150" title="Combined Task Force 150">Combined Task Force 150</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_151" title="Combined Task Force 151">Combined Task Force 151</a> coalition force counter-piracy operations in the region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Group_on_Piracy_off_the_Coast_of_Somalia" title="Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia">Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Bureau" title="International Maritime Bureau">International Maritime Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Forces_Maritime_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia">People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Piracy around the Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Piracy in the Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Piracy on Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_Security_Alert_System" title="Ship Security Alert System">Ship Security Alert System</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6918582.stm">"Eritrea 'arming' Somali militia"</a>. 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height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Piracy_in_Somalia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Piracy in Somalia">Piracy in Somalia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007135656/http://somaliareport.com/index.php/category/3/Piracy%20REPORT">Somalia Report publishes a weekly piracy report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piracy-studies.org/">Piracy Studies</a> A knowledge resource and online bibliography on contemporary maritime piracy]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eunavfor.eu/">European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lessonsfrompiracy.net/">Website of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia Report including all official documents an papers on lessons from piracy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913213239/http://www.maritimesecurity.eu/fileadmin/content/news_events/workingpaper/PiraT_Arbeitspapier_Nr6_2011_Maouche.pdf">Alexandre Maouche: Piracy along the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Phenomena within Somalia, June 2011</a></li> <li>Christian Bueger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2015.960170">Learning from Piracy: Future Challenges of Maritime Security Governance, Global Affairs, 1(1), 33–42, 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Jarle_Hansen" title="Stig Jarle Hansen">Stig Jarle Hansen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501085654/http://www.nibr.no/uploads/publications/26b0226ad4177819779c2805e91c670d.pdf">Piracy in the greater Gulf of Aden, Myths, Misconception and Remedies, NIBR Report 2009:29</a>, Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080038/http://seadb.aperto-nota.fr/2011/12/maritime-transportation-the-impact-of-somalian-piracy/">aperto-nota.fr</a> maritime routes off Somalia (2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112112115/http://www.difesa.it/SMD/CASD/Istituti_militari/CeMISS/Pubblicazioni/News206/2009-12/Pagine/La_pirateria_nel_golfo_di_Aden_11754.aspx">Lorenzo Striuli, La pirateria nel golfo di Aden</a>, Italian Military Center for Strategic Studies report (2009) (In Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208124219/http://vsos.sc/about-vsos/">VSOS</a> Indian Ocean Maritime Security</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402205646/http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html">Global Governance Institute publishes on Somalia and the EU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre">International Maritime Bureau Piracy Reporting Centre</a>, International Chamber of Commerce, Commercial Crime Services</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/safer-waters-global-piracy-menace-wane">Interactive Map, Attacks in 2013</a>, TODAY Online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5145475/Quaderni_Asiatici_101_-_marzo_2013_PIRACY_IN_SOMALIA_A_LONG_TERM_MENACE_OR_A_PHENOMENON_IN_ITS_LAST_THROES,">Martino Sacchi, Piracy in Somalia: a long term menace or a phenomenon in its last throes?</a> Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a> and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident">Beluga Nomination incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident">Carré d'As IV incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident">Irene incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">Maersk Alabama hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT Zafirah hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT Orkim Harmony hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV Moscow University hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair">North Star affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident">Quest incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">Amistad Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the Veloz Passagera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig Brillante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_Somalia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Template:Human rights in Somalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Template talk:Human rights in Somalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in Somalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_Somalia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Human rights in Somalia">Human rights in Somalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia" title="Child marriage in Somalia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somalia">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Somalia" title="Polygamy in Somalia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Piracy_in_Somalia" title="Template:Piracy in Somalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Piracy_in_Somalia" title="Template talk:Piracy in Somalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Piracy_in_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Piracy in Somalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ships attacked by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somali pirates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2005">2005</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Breeze" title="Star Breeze">Seabourn Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2006">2006</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cape_St._George" title="USS Cape St. George">Cape St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gonzalez" title="USS Gonzalez">Gonzalez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_March_2006" title="Action of 18 March 2006">incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwon-ho_628" title="Dongwon-ho 628">Dongwon-ho 628</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2007">2007</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MV_Danica_White" title="MV Danica White">Danica White</a> (<a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_June_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 3 June 2007">incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Al_Marjan" title="MV Al Marjan">Al Marjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Golden_Nori" title="MV Golden Nori">Golden Nori</a> (<a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai Hong Dan">Dai Hong Dan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">incident</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2008" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2008">2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MY_Le_Ponant" title="MY Le Ponant">Le Ponant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Iran_Deyanat" title="MV Iran Deyanat">Iran Deyanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident">Carré d'As IV incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Stolt_Valor" title="MT Stolt Valor">Stolt Valor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Faina" title="MV Faina">Faina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Yasa_Neslihan" title="MV Yasa Neslihan">Yasa Neslihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Stolt_Strength" title="MV Stolt Strength">Stolt Strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Powerful" title="MV Powerful">Powerful</a> (<a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Karag%C3%B6l" title="MV Karagöl">Karagöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Sirius_Star" title="MV Sirius Star">Sirius Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Delight" title="MV Delight">Delight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FV_Ekawat_Nava_5" title="FV Ekawat Nava 5">Ekawat Nava 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Biscaglia" title="MV Biscaglia">Biscaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Astor" title="MS Astor">Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Nautica" title="MS Nautica">Nautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Astoria" title="MV Astoria">Athena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2009" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2009">2009</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MV_S_Venus" title="MV S Venus">S Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Hansa_Stavanger" title="MV Hansa Stavanger">Hansa Stavanger</a></li> <li>Tanit (<a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Tygra" title="MV Tygra">Maersk Alabama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Qana" title="MV Qana">Qana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2009#April" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2009">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Almezaan" title="MV Almezaan">Almezaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2009#April" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2009">Sea Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Safmarine_Asia" title="MV Safmarine Asia">Safmarine Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Liberty_Sun" title="MV Liberty Sun">Liberty Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSC_Melody" class="mw-redirect" title="MSC Melody">MSC Melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Horizon-1" title="MV Horizon-1">Horizon-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2010" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2010">2010</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2010#January" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2010">Pramoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Iceberg_1" title="MV Iceberg 1">Iceberg 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Asian_Glory" title="MV Asian Glory">Asian Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Almezaan" title="MV Almezaan">Almezaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Samho_Dream" title="MV Samho Dream">Samho Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Yasin_C" title="MV Yasin C">Yasin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University" title="MV Moscow University">Moscow University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Oceanic_(1963)" title="SS Oceanic (1963)">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Sun_Express" title="MV Sun Express">Magellan Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Izumi" title="MV Izumi">Izumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2011" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2011">2011</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MV_Samho_Jewelry" title="MV Samho Jewelry">Samho Jewelry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Irene_SL" title="MV Irene SL">Irene SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savina_Caylyn" title="Savina Caylyn">Savina Caylyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Guanabara" title="MV Guanabara">Guanabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Sinar_Kudus_hijacking" title="MV Sinar Kudus hijacking">Sinar Kudus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates_in_2012" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates in 2012">2012</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_oiler_Pati%C3%B1o" title="Spanish oiler Patiño">Patiño</a> (<a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_January_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 12 January 2012">incident</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_India" title="Template:Military of India"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(India)" title="Defence Secretary (India)">Defence Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">Chief of Defence Staff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">Chief of the Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (India)">Chief of the Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Chief of Integrated Defence Staff">Vice Chief of Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_General_Armed_Forces_Medical_Services_(India)" title="Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)">Director General Armed Forces Medical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Indian Army">Serving generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy">Serving admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_marshals_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force">Serving marshals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministry and committees/councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Military_Affairs" title="Department of Military Affairs">Department of Military Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Department of Defence Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ex-servicemen_Welfare" title="Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare">Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_Security" title="Cabinet Committee on Security">Cabinet Committee on Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Defence_(India)" title="Standing Committee on Defence (India)">Standing Committee on Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Planning_Committee" title="Defence Planning Committee">Defence Planning Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)" title="Nuclear Command Authority (India)">Nuclear Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Integrated Defence Staff">Integrated Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">Defence Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">Joint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_Tri-Service_Commands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands">Integrated Theatre Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Andaman and Nicobar Command">Andaman and Nicobar Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Strategic Forces Command">Strategic Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Northern Theatre Command (India)">Northern Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Western Theatre Command (India)">Western Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Theatre_Command" title="Maritime Theatre Command">Maritime Theatre Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Cyber_Agency" title="Defence Cyber Agency">Defence Cyber Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division" title="Armed Forces Special Operations Division">Armed Forces Special Operations Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_(India)" title="Central Command (India)">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(India)" title="Southern Command (India)">Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Command_(India)" title="South Western Command (India)">South Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Training_Command" title="Army Training Command">Army Training Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Command_(India)" title="Central Air Command (India)">Central Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Air Command (India)">Eastern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Air_Command" title="South Western Air Command">South Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Air_Command_(India)" title="Western Air Command (India)">Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_Command_(India)" title="Training Command (India)">Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Command" title="Maintenance Command">Maintenance Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_India" title="Special forces of India">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(India)" title="Territorial Army (India)">Territorial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_India" title="Military academies in India">Military Academies</a></li> <li>Ranks and insignia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Army ranks and insignia of India">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ranks and insignia of India">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard#Rank_insignia" title="Indian Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation#Ranks" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India#Ranks_and_insignia" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces">Awards and Decorations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_India" title="List of military operations of India">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asal_Uttar" title="Battle of Asal Uttar">Battle of Asal Uttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations_(1971)" title="East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)">Air War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Battle of Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation Trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly">Operation Cactus-Lilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">External conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">Operation Parakram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Sino-Indian border skirmish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_standoff" title="Sumdorong Chu standoff">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">Doklam standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">Operation Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_airlift_of_Indians_from_Kuwait" title="1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait">Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Raahat" title="Operation Raahat">Operation Raahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devi_Shakti" title="Operation Devi Shakti">Operation Devi Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_counter-insurgency_operation_in_Myanmar" title="2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar">Indo-Myanmar border strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Annexations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Operation Polo (Hyderabad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Operation Vijay (Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Insurgencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation Woodrose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Counter-insurgency operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LOC surgical strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Factory Board">Ordnance Factory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_military_missiles" title="List of Indian military missiles">Ballistic missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of equipment of the Indian Army">List of equipment of the Indian Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Indian Navy ships">Active Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of ships of the Indian Navy">Historical Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_systems_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Weapon systems of the Indian Navy">Weapon Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Future of the Indian Navy">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">Active Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_aircraft_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force">Historical Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons">Aircraft Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Future of the Indian Air Force">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensuring_Secure_Seas:_Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy" title="Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy">Indian Maritime Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_fleet_review" title="President's fleet review">President's fleet review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Colour_Award" title="President's Colour Award">President's Colour Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Indian Armed Forces">Women in the Indian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Flag_Day" title="Armed Forces Flag Day">Armed Forces Flag Day</a></li> 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